A STUDY OF HANK HOOTEN’S MOTIVATION IN KILLING

THE JURORS IN GRISHAM’S THE LAST JUROR

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By

ISWAHYUDI

Student Number: 984214088 Student Registration Number : 980051120106120087

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2007 ii

iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Above all, my supreme gratitude goes to my JC (Jesus Christ) for His assistance and eternal love in giving me inspiration to finish my thesis. Without

Him I am hopeless.

My immense gratitude and tribute go to Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka.

MHum, as my major sponsor, for his patience, criticisms, and contributions in assisting my thesis writing. My endless thanks go Dra. Th. Enny Aggraini, M.A. I thank her for criticizing my work.

I excessively will bestow my life for people I love to whom I share my thoughts in completing my study. I owe my thankfulness to my beloved Mother and Father, who have dedicated their whole support and prayer to me to finish this thesis. I am also indebted many thanks to my beloved brother, who has patiently and wisely encouraged me to get my S.S. degree. A friend is someone who will do anything to cheer you up. I do not only have a friend, but many friends beside me who always cheer my thesis writing days with their encouragement, smiles and laughs. I especially bestow my gratitude to My Girlfriend, Titik Ariwarsi for the crazy times we have shared together, the ups and the downs. I will also grant my thanks to all friends Beni, and Satrio, mba Yatmi, Yanti, and mba Sri for their helpfulness and friendship for all the times, along with the other Sastra’ers.

May God bless them all!

Iswahyudi

iv TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE PAGE...... i APPROVAL...... ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE...... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...... iv TABLE OF CONTENT ...... v ABSTRACT...... vi ABSTRAK ...... vii

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Background of the Study...... 1 B. Problem Formulation...... 3 C. Objective of the Study...... 3 D. Definition of Terms...... 3

CHAPTER II : THEORETICAL REVIEW ...... 5 A. Review of Related Studies ...... 5 B. Theory of Related Theories...... 7 1. Theory of Character and Characterization...... 7 2. Theory of Psychology...... 12 a. Motivation...... 12 b. Mental Disorder...... 14 c. Destructiveness ...... 17 d. Aggression...... 18 3. Theory of Crime ...... 19 C. Theoretical Framework ...... 21

CHAPTER III : METHODOLOGY...... 23 A. Object of the Study...... 23 B. Approach of the Study...... 24 C. Method of the Study...... 25

CHAPTER IV : ANALYSIS ...... 27 A. Hank Hooten’s Psyche ...... 27 B. Hank Hooten’s Motivation in Killing the Jurors...... 37 1. Internal Drive ...... 40 a. The Unlearned Motive...... 40 b. The Learned Motive ...... 44 2. External Incentive...... 45 CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION ...... 49

BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 51

v ABSTRACT

ISWAHYUDI. (2007). A Study of Hank Hooten’s Motivation in Killing the Jurors in Grisham’s The Last Juror Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Sanata Dharma University.

This study discusses a novel entitled The Last Juror. The objective of writing this thesis is derived from the writer’s curiosity to find out the Motivation of Hank Hooten in killing the jurors. In this novel, Hank Hooten is characterized as a man who was suffering from mental disorder, Schizophrenia. The disease, formerly, was actually “sleeping” in his body, but something made it awoke. There are two problems related to the topic of this thesis: (1) How is Hank Hooten’s psyche described? (2) What is Hank Hooten’s motivation in killing the jurors? In order to answer the problems, a psychological approach is used because this thesis analyzes one’s motivation in doing certain action and how a disease and love can be a strong motivation in doing crime. A library study method is also applied in this study. There are two sources used: primary and secondary sources. The Last Jurors, the novel, is the primary source in this study. The secondary sources are obtained from books on literature and psychology. Based on the analysis, Hank Hooten is suffering from schizophrenia, a mental disorder that made him hallucinating. His main motivation in killing is based on his psychological needs, safety needs, and also belonging and love needs. In order to satisfy his needs, he had to kill the jurors who refused to send the murderer in the gas chamber, to kill the murderer to make his imaginary family live in comfort and safety, and also to threaten people around him so that nobody would harm him or his imaginary family. His crime was also based on his seek of revenge. He wanted to take revenge to people who had taken his beloved woman. He became obsessed with the revenge because Rhoda Kasselaw was very precious to him. Finally when he had finished and achieved his goals, kill the juror, the murderer, and take revenge, he left the last bullet for himself. He was satisfied with what he had done.

vi ABSTRAK

Iswahyudi. (2007). A Study of Hank Hooten Motivation in Killing the Jurors in Grisham’s The Last Juror Yogyakarta:. Jurusan Sastra Inggris. Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Penelitian ini membicarakan sebuah novel berjudul The Last Juror. Tujuan penulisan skripsi ini berawal dari keingintahuan penulis untuk mengetahui motivasi apa yang mendorong Hank Hooten untuk membunuh para anggota juri. Di dalam novel ini, Hank Hooten di cirikan sebagai seorang yang menderita penyakit mental, yaitu Schizophrenia. Sebenarnya penyakit ini “tidur” di dalam diri Hank Hooten,tetapi sesuatu telah membangunkannya. Ada dua masalah yang diajukan yang berhubungan dengan topik skripsi ini; (1) Bagaimanakah kondisi kejiwaan Hank Hooten digambarkan?; (2) apakah motivasi Hank Hooten dalam membunuh para anggota jury Untuk menjawab pertanyaan, pendekatan psikologi digunakan karena skripsi ini menganalisa motivasi seseorang dalam berbuat sesuatu dan juga bagaimanakah sebuah penyakit dan cinta dapat menjadi subuah motivasi yang kuat dalam melakukan kejahatan. Metode penelitian perpustakaan digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Ada dua buah sumber yang digunakan yaitu sumber utama dan sumber pendukung. Novel The Last Juror menjadi sumber utama penelitian ini. Sedangkan sumber pendukung didapatkan dari buku-buku sastra dan psikologi Berdasarkan analisis, Hank Hooten menderita Schizophrenia, sebuah penyakit mental yang membuatnya berhalusinasi. Motivasi utamanya dalam membunuh para juri adalah dikarenakan kebutuhan psikologisnya, kebutuhan keamanan , dan juga kebutuhan rasa memiliki dan cinta. Dalam rangka memenuhi kebutuhannya, dia harus membunuh para juri ynag menolak menghukum mati sang pembunuh di kamar gas, membunuh sang pembunuh untuk membuat keluarga bayangannya hidup dalam kenyamanan dan rasa aman, dan juga menakuti orang- orang sekitarnya agar supaya tidak seorangpun menyakitinya atau keluarga bayangannya. Kejahatannya juga didasarkan pada rasa ingin membalas dendam. Dia ingin membalas dendam kepada orang-orang yang telah merenggut wanita yang dikasihinya. Dia menjadi terobsesi dengan balas dendam karena Rhoda Kasselaw sangat berharga untuknya. Akhirnya setelah dia selesai dan mencapai tujuannya, membunuh para jury, membunuh sang pembunhu, serta membalas dendam, sia menyisakan peluru terakhirnya untuk dirinya sendiri. Dia puas atas apa yang telah dia lakukan.

vii CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Crimes, recently, have spread all over the world as a contagious epidemic. Every day, we will find people do crimes. A robber kills his victim in order to obtain some money. A husband tortures his wife to have a control of her life. We can see it on the television, hear it on the radio and read it on the newspapers. Crimes like robbery, murder, thief and cruelty, as a part of malicious behaviors, have become common things to encounter in our society. We have been and still are witnesses of these crimes.

There are so many reasons why crimes happen, but whatever causes the crime, we know that crimes are intentional acts. It means that, people do it consciously, but we rarely know what is the motivation behind the crimes.

It is a fundamental premise of law and behavioral science that violent crimes are intentional acts. However, we have only a very limited understanding of what motivates criminal behavior, and this is especially true of violent criminal behavior (Felson & Tedeschi, 1993: 3).

The motivation is observed through the behaviors of the people. The behaviors are the important aspects of motivation, and these can be seen through the character of a person. It is believed that every person has an innate destructive character trait since he was born. That negative trait, such as torturer and killer,

1 2

can occur if it is made stronger by other stimulus, such as conflict and genetic disorder.

Conflict can be a strong motivation to one who commits a crime, e.g. someone has hurt his/her family and it would be a good reason for him/her to take revenge that mostly will be resulted in a crime action. Genetic disorder also can be a cause of a crime, e.g. Schizophrenia, a mental illness that is usually associated with crime.

Crime can also be portrayed in literary works, such as a novel, because literary works are other copied versions of human reality in real life. Therefore, they portray realities of human life. One of literary works that tells about crime is

Grisham’s The Last Juror. The novel is about the murder of a young woman and some jurors.

Seeing the complexity of crime portrayed in the literary work, the writer is interested in analyzing the stem of crime, that is motivation of crime itself. Here, the writer tries to reveal Hank Hooten’s motivation in killing the jurors in The Last Juror by John Grisham. The Last Juror was initially published by Bantam Dell on 14 December 2004. It consists of 496 pages and has not been translated into Bahasa Indonesia, yet. John Grisham, the best storyteller that has written 18 thriller books, wrote The Last Juror as his seventeenth’s effort.

This book has come to the writer as the most interesting book he has ever read. The book contains not only crimes and its trial, but also human moral value that can be taken as our advantages. It is also about absolute faith and discipline. 3

B. Problems Formulation

The writer wants to analyze Hank Hooten’s motivation. Therefore, the writer needs to formulate problems in order to focus the analysis. The writer, then, formulate the problems as follows:

1. How is the Hank Hooten’s psyche described?

2. What is Hank Hooten’s motivation in killing the jurors?

C. Objectives of the Study

The objectives of this study are to answer the questions stated in the problems formulation. Firstly, the writer has to find out how Hooten is characterized and his psyche condition. Secondly, the writer intends to reveal the motivation behind the killing of the jurors.

D. Definition of Terms

There is a term that needs to be explained in order to avoid misunderstanding, the motivation. Motivation can be said as the process of behaving that is organized and that defines its end states (Bootzin et al., 1983:

367). Motivation leads people to behave in the ir manner to get some attainment.

Motivation in this study is described as the motive of the narrators in doing 4

destructive action. This motivation is divided based on two components; they are internal drive and external incentives

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

A. Review of Related Studies

The last Juror, written by John Grisham, was published on March 2004.

John Grisham is famous with his legal thriller. Deirdre Donahue from USA

Today says “The novel will satisfy those with an appetite for legal thrillers and those who believe Grisham possesses more talent than those breathless page- turners sometimes reveal. It ranks among his best-written and most atmospheric novels.”

( http://www.book browse.com/reviews/index.cfm?book_number=1344)

Another comment also says similar thing that Grisham is a great author that can bring his character into life. Janet Maslin from New York Times says

Miss Callie might be pure caricature if Mr. Grisham did not write about her with such incontrovertible warmth. Here, as in A Time to Kill, he is able to populate Clanton with flesh-and-blood characters and make readers care about them, which only heightens concern after a renegade Padgitt begins "pickin' off the jurors." ...The Last Juror does not need to coast on its author's mega popularity. It's a reminder of how the Grisham juggernaut began. (http://www.bookbrowse.com/reviews/index.cfm?book_number=1344)

Comment also comes from David Large (www.amazon.com ), John

Grisham is best known for his slick courtroom thrillers, featuring a dashing young lawyer fresh out of law school who, more often than not, finds himself embroiled in a huge legal battle with some kind of big corporation. It comes to

David’s surprise then, when Grisham’s latest legal offering comes out, and it

5 6

isn’t about a lawyer. It’s still a bit of a thriller, but most of the action (and inaction) takes place outside of the courtroom.

True to form, though, Grisham’s main character is a young man making his mark on the world. It would be tiresome, but somehow Grisham seems to be able to keep a good deal of freshness in his works, although they all seem to be ‘coming-of-age’ stories. Maybe he’s as tired of the old stock plots as his readers are – they have certainly dropped off since the height of his popularity, which included such greats as The Pelican Brief, Runaway Jury and The Firm.

His previous book, A Painted House, based mainly on his childhood in rural

America, drew a lot of criticism, probably because most people didn’t read the cover of the book before buying it. It had very little to do with the law, and probably benefited greatly from that. Maybe that’s just me, though.

Recommended for fans of Grisham and for those that appreciate an author who has the courage to change his style of writing, especially a style that has proven so lucrative over the years.

In this thesis the writer will analyze deeper about this Grisham’s work,

The Last Juror. According to the writer, this is the Grisham’s most interesting work. It rather different with the other Grisham’s novel. In this novel, Grisham includes a little picture about his homeland, Mississippi. There is something loving and stirring when John Grisham writes about his native Mississippi. His affection for his home state shows, as he describes not only the people of the

South but the lifestyle they have cultivated. As Grisham describes the region during the tumultuous time frame of the Civil Rights era and the Vietnam War, 7

he is honest enough to acknowledge both the good and bad of the region.

Reading Grisham, the reader is struck by the fact that the South is not as evil as most Northerners often portray, but also not as noble as most Southerners would like to believe. In addition to the historical ruminations about his beloved South, Grisham delivers the twisting and turning conclusion that his readers have grown to expect.

B. Review of Related Theories

This part presents the theory of Psychology, theory of character and

characterization, theory of schizophrenia, theory of crime, and theory of

critical approach.

1. Theory of Character and Characterization

Character is holding a main responsibility in the flow of a story.

Therefore, it can make story more alive. Character is generally used in two ways. The first, character marks out the person in the story, the person who appears in the story. The second, character refers to the mixture of interest, desires, emotion, and moral principles that make up each of the person. A character’s reason for behaving as he does is his motivation (Stanton, 1965:

17)

Another expert says that character means a literary genre: a short, and usually amusing, draft in prose of a distinctive type of a person. He also says that character presents as the person in dramatic or narrative work of 8

literature that is bestowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say and what they do. The basis in a character’s temperament and moral nature for his speech and action constitute his motivation (Abrams, 1981:20)

Furthermore, Holman and Harmon (1986:81) define character as a term applied to a literary form that embrace the idea of human’s moral foundation, the occurrence of moral uprightness, and the simpler concept of the creature’s presentation in art the seem to be human of another. Character is also a brief descriptive drawing of an important person, described not as an individualized personality but as an example of some qualities, such as a garrulous man or a happy milkmaid. From the five definitions of character explained in the previous paragraphs, the writer will use Abrams’ definition of character. The theory is the most suitable to be applied in this study.

Character can be divided into some different categories as proposed by different experts. Character can be divided into round character and flat character. A round character cannot be described in a single phrase; it needs much more observation and does not create types. The readers can identify a round character by examining whether it is capable of surprising in convincing way. If it never surprises, it is flat. A flat character is not changed by circumstances, he moves through circumstances. The readers can easily recognize him with their emotional eyes. Therefore, we can express the flat character in a single sentence (Forster, 1974: 46-54) 9

Character can also be major character and minor character. Henkle

(1997:87-97) says that a major character, most often, is the center of the story.

His words and his action are the focus of the whole story. A major character is also the most complex character. On the other hand, a minor character has more limited function in some ways. His characterization is less complex and necessary to become the background of the major character.

Character can also be classified into static character and dynamic character. Perrine (1978: 71) gives further explanation that static character has the same characterization since the opening until the end of the story. He also explains that dynamic character is a character that undergoes certain changes in some aspect of his character, personality, and outlook.

Character will have no meaning without characterization.

Characterization is the process of how the author makes a character to exist

(Rohrberger and woods, Jr, 1971:20). Furthermore, he explains that characterization can be described by using two ways, namely direct and dramatic principles. Direct principle is to draw physical appearances of the character, such as height, weight, color of slim or eyes, hair, and others.

Dramatic principle is to put the character in certain situation so that the reader can understand what she is, through his way on behaving or speaking.

Abrams (1981: 21) defines characterization as process for distinguishing the person in a narrative. This process may use two techniques, they are showing and telling. In showing (the dramatic method), the author simply presents his character talking and acting. He leaves the reader to infer 10

what motives and disposition lay behind what they say and do. In telling, the author intervenes authoritatively in order to describe and to evaluate the motives and dispositional qualities of his characters.

Furthermore, Holman and Harmon (1986:83) define characterization as the creation of the imaginary person in fiction so that they are present for the reader as lifelike. The person in a story may resemble the actual person in a real life, so they may share the same character. These characters are built by the author to make the story appealing to the readers.

Characterization is used by the author to show the aspects of his characters in the story. According to Murphy (1972: 161-171), there are nine ways to make characters more alive through characterization, namely personal description, character as seen by other, speech, past life, conversation of others, reaction, direct comments, thoughts, and mannerism.

The first is personal description. Through personal description, the author shows the character’s appearance and clothes in a story. The author describes the character in details, such as the face, eyes, skin, and the clothing to the reader.

The second is character as seen by other. The author describes the character through another character’s opinion. In other word, we can say that the readers get a reflected image.

The third is the speech in which the author gives an insight into the character of a person in the story through what that person says. The person 11

gives the readers clue to his character whenever he speaks, whenever he has a conversation with another, and whenever he proposes an opinion.

Next is past life. The author, sometimes, gives us a journey through the past life of the character, so that we can catch a clue to events that shape a person’s character. The fifth, conversation of others, can give us clues to a person’s character. We can draw a conclusion about a person’s character through the conversation of other character and the things they say about him.

The sixth is reaction. How a person reacts to various situations and events can give us a clue to a person’s character. The seventh is direct comment. The author can describe or give comment on a person’s character directly.

The eighth is the thoughts. With this way, the author gives us direct knowledge of what a person thinking about. He can tell us what different people are thinking. In the last, mannerism, the author describes a person’s mannerisms, habits, or peculiar behavior.

Perrine (1974:69) states ”there are three related principles in characterization”. First, the character must be consistent in their behavior that they must not behave one way on one occasion and a different way on another unless there is a sufficient reason for the change. Second, the character must be motivated in whatever they do, especially when there is a change in their behavior. We must be able to understand the reason for what they do. It can be found in the beginning or the end of the story. Third, the character must be 12

plausible or life like. It means that they are not paragons of virtue or monster of evil or impossible combination of contradictory traits.

2. Theory of Psychology

The theory of psychology is applied because this thesis uses the psychological approach to answer the problem formulations written in the previous chapter. This discussion focuses on four points: motivation, mental disorder, destructiveness, and aggression. a. Motivation

Motivation is the intentions, desires, goals, and needs that determine human and animal behavior. An inquiry is made into a person's motives in order to explain that person's actions.

People conduct an action with motive. This motive leads them to behave in their manner to get some achievement. It would be impossible to discover motivation unless behavior was organized (Bootzin et al., 1983: 367).

It is believed that some purposes guide a person’s behavior to get an end state, which may be a goal or the satisfaction of some need. Therefore, motivation can be inferred as the process of behaving that is organized and that defines its end states.

Motivation cannot rouse without any stimulus. Some stimuli are needed to evoke goal-directed behavior, as Bootzin et al. (1983: 368) explain in their book. Thus, the concept of motivation is based on two components: internal 13

drive and external incentives. The internal drive activates and adjusts the being toward some goals. Whether, the external incentive is the goal itself.

As stated in the first paragraph of this point, there are some drives or reasons or motives which cause people to conduct an action. Maslow (Goble,

1971:38-42) says that people conduct an action to fulfill their needs. He develops a five-level hierarchy of needs that each need level must be generally satisfied before the person attempts to fill those needs on the next level.

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs consists of physiological needs, safety needs, belonging and love needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs.

The first two needs are considered primary or lower-order needs; the remaining three are secondary or higher-order needs.

The physiological needs are the fundamental needs for food, clothing, shelter, comfort, and self-preservation. Someone who faces death by starvation or any other need of this level may resort to murder to meet fundamental, life- sustaining need, despite what society might think.

The safety needs are the needs to avoid bodily harm an uncertainty about one’s well being. An insecure person behaves as if a great tragedy is almost always impending. This person has an over need for order and stability, and tries hard to avoid the strange and the unexpected.

The next needs are the belonging and love needs. Love is a healthy- loving relationship between two people which includes mutual trust. In the proper relationship, there are lack of fear and dropping of defenses. The absence of love will stifle growth and the development of potential. The 14

thwarting of love needs is considered as a prime cause of maladjustment. Love hunger is a deficiency disease.

The esteem needs have two categories, they are self-esteem and respect from other people. Self-esteem comprises such needs as desires for confidence, competence, mastery, adequacy, achievement, independence, and freedom.

Respect encloses such concepts as prestige, recognition, acceptance, attention, status, reputation, and appreciation.

The self-actualization needs are described as the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming.

These needs are the identification of the psychological need for growth, development, and utilization of potential. These needs also appear after reasonable satisfaction of love and esteem needs.

b. Mental Disorder

The diversity of world’s inhabitants cannot be separated from the occurrence of people who suffer from psychological disorders. They can make this world either interesting or frightening. From the ancient until the modern world, there are lots of people live in psychological disorders condition. Baron

(1995: 547) says that “many mental disorders can be traced to unconscious urges or impulse and to struggle over their expression that takes place in the hidden depths of human personality.”

The most recent guide or manual to recognize and correctly identify specific disorders is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental 15

Disorders-IV or DSM-IV (Baron, 1995: 549). The descriptions of the specific disorders focus on observable features and symptoms that must be present before a person is diagnosed as suffering from a particular disorder.

One example of the mental disorders commonly suffered by people is schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder denoting an often chronic, major mental illness primarily affecting thinking, with attendant difficulties in perception of reality, which in turn can affect behavior and emotion. (http://en.wikipedia.org)

The primary sign of schizophrenia is considered to be fragmentation of basic thought structure and cognition, and the inability to distinguish between internal and external experience. People with schizophrenia may report hallucinations or be observed responding to them and may express clearly delusional beliefs, disorganized speech (e.g., frequent derailment or incoherence; speaking in abstracts), grossly disorganized behaviour (i.e. dressing inappropietly, crying frequently) or catatonic behavior.

Social or occupational dysfunction, a number of secondary signs, and the lack of an identifiable organic cause may be used to confirm the diagnosis.

(http://en.wikipedia.org) biological test for schizophrenia, and diagnosis is based on the basis of the self-reported experiences of the patient combined with the observations of the psychiatrist or other responsible clinician.

Schizophrenia is often associated with crime. The Northern Finnish

Birth Cohort Study found that “individuals with schizophrenia were three times 16

more likely to be convicted of a crime and seven times more likely to be convicted of a violent crime.” (Tiihonen et al, 1997: 840-855). Researchers are still examining the connection between schizophrenia and crimes (Humphreys et al, 1992: 501-505) examines dangerous behavior preceding first admission for schizophrenia and specifically excludes patients with a history of drug or alcohol misuse. One-fifth of cases are found to have behaved in a life- threatening manner towards others prior to their initial admission. Another researcher, Wessely, says that male with schizophrenia has greater tendency to do crime than female.

looked at the criminological histories of incident cases of schizophrenia and found that violence in male patients with schizophrenia was 3.8 times greater than in other mentally disordered groups. In women this three-fold increase applied to all forms of crime. They found that the strongest predictors of crime were gender, ethnicity, unemployment, younger age at onset, substance misuse and a history of previous offending.( Wessely,1994: 483-502)

One of the characteristics of schizophrenia is delusion. Delusion, by some researchers, is associated with aggression and crime. Schizophrenia patients perceived the delusion as a real facts and they react to that. Wessely reports that 60% of his patients react to a delusional belief.

in a study of 83 patients admitted to an acute psychiatric hospital with psychotic illness, mainly schizophrenia, found that 60% of participants reported at least one action based on a delusional belief and 20% reported three or more. Delusions of a persecutory nature were most likely to be associated with aggression. Acting on delusions was associated with identification of evidence for it, especially in the past week; anxiety, sadness or fear arising from it; uncertainty if a belief was challenged; and actively seeking information to support or refute the delusional belief. (Wessely ,1993: 67-76) 17

c. Destructiveness

These days, murder and cruelty, as the manifestation of destructive behavior, have became frequent life’s realities to be faced by people all over the world. Destructiveness, put under the term of malignant aggression by

Fromm (1973: 186-187), can cause a person to feel intense satisfaction.

Malignant aggression is a characteristic only of man; it is harmful in nature because it is generally disruptive.

Lorenz in Fromm (1973: 4-6) describes malignant aggression, especially of sadism, as the passion for unrestricted power over another being.

He believes all human aggression, covering the passion to kill and to torture, as being a result of biologically given aggression, altered from a beneficial to a destructive force because of a number of factors.

While, Freud (Fromm, 1973: 7) identifies life as ruled by two passions, they are love and destruction. These life instinct and death instinct thereby give human destructiveness its dignity as one of the two basic passions in man.

These passions are freed as the striving to love, to be free, to destroy, to torture, and to control.

Fromm (1973: 218) shows that destructiveness is one of the potential answers to psychic needs that are bound in the existence of man, and that its generation results from the interaction of various social conditions with man’s existential needs. Man is forced to conquer the conflict of life and to find new form of relating himself to the world to let him survive. These existential 18

conflict needs are necessary to be fulfilled for him to remain alive. These needs can be satisfied in different ways, which differ according to the differences of the social conditions.

d. Aggression

Motive is not merely a whole package that we got since we were born.

Besides the unlearned motives (such as hunger, thirst, and sex), as we develop, our behavior turns out to be developed by new motives that are entirely learned

(Morris, 1990: 422). These learned motives could produce an effect just as much control as unlearned motives do.

One of the important learned motives is aggression. Morris (1990: 422-

423) describes aggression as all human beings’ behaviors that are intended to inflict physical or psychological harm on others. An action is called aggression if it is intended. Aggression may be learned as a response to some stimuli, such as pain and frustration.

Beck (1978: 292) also shares the same definition of aggressive behaviors as Morris has explained. Furthermore, he explains that intent is inferred from the choice of one act over another when expected outcome of each is known. We do physical harm when we hit, torture, or kill other people.

When we make a cutting remark, verbal barbs or damaging other’s self-esteem, we are regarded as doing psychological harm.

Frued in Beck (1978: 293) firstly states that frustration produces aggression. Next, Beck clarifies that frustration always leads to aggression and 19

aggression is always caused by frustration. Interference with a goal response can also produce frustration. If a goal-oriented behavior is obstructed from occurring, a person will have a frustration situation. This condition will determine a person to be aggressive.

3. Theory of Crime

According to The American Heritage Dictionary of the English

Language, the Fourth Edition, crime is defined as an act committed or omitted in violation of a law forbidding or commanding it and for which punishment is imposed upon conviction. There are two types of crimes; they are property or non-violent and violent crime. Violent crimes are presumed to be intentional acts and typically involve recurrent behavior, it follows that they are positively reinforced. There are a number of reasons to think that the motivations for property crimes and violent crimes are fairly similar. First, a number of persons have argued that there is a high level of versatility among criminals, and that criminals manifest a low level of planning and do not specialize in specific times of crime. Second, the literature consistently indicates that persons are very likely to be using drugs and alcohol at the time crimes committed. Third, there are substantial reasons to believe that the risk and challenge associated with committing crime is a major motivator for both property and violent crimes. 20

Peter Wood, Walter Gove, and John Cochran in their paper,

Motivations for violent crime among incarcerated adults: a consideration process, note that there are reasons why people commit crimes. They are: a. Criminals tend to be especially high on impulsivity, hyperactivity, sensation

seeking, and risk taking. The evidence indicates these attributes are

manifest very early in childhood. b. Criminals are particularly likely to have had an unstable and unpleasant

family environment as children and they typically have conflictual,

unstable relationships as adults. Most criminals have a history of poor

performance at instrumental tasks. This typically results in a very limited

education, and, as an adult, a poor work history and a limited income. Not

unexpectedly, such persons have a low investment in conventional society

and often have an antagonistic orientation towards conventional society.

For such persons the potential loss of the rewards associated with normal

society do not pose a substantial cost (Geerken and Gove, 1975), and they

often turn elsewhere for symbolist situations that provide meaning to their

lives. c. Criminals tend to have very high levels of alcohol and drug abuse. Such

abuse is often criminogenic in itself, impairs one’s performance in

conventional roles, is a motive for crimes and can trigger violent criminal

behavior. d. Ethnographic studies are rich in detail and much of what we know about

the motivations for crime come from them. Most ethnographic studies, 21

however, are primarily concerned with describing the way persons act, and

typically do not focus on motivation.

The developments in neurophysiology have made it clear why some persons and not others would find risk-taking behaviors to be intrinsically very rewarding. It is true that humans and other animals find amphetamines, cocaine, morphine, heroin (and their synthetic derivatives) to be intrinsically rewarding. Furthermore, most persons have heard of the "runner's high" and that it is activated by endorphines, an endogenous opiate.

B. Theoretical Framework

There are theories and approach, which are applied in this study.

They are literary theories and theories of psychology. From the literary

theories, the writer uses the theories to reveal the characterization of Hank

Hooten.

First, the writer uses character and characterization theory to reveal

the characterization of Hank Hooten in the novel and then applies the

theory of psychology and theory of schizophrenia to inspect his mental

health. Next the writer will try to find the connection between his

characterization, mental health and his motivation in killing the juror. The

motivation will be divided into internal drive and external incentive. CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

This research uses a literary work as the object of the study. This thesis deals with one of literary works, namely a novel as the object of the study. The novel that is going to be analyzed in this thesis is a novel entitled The Last Juror.

The Last Juror was initially published by Bantam Dell on 14 December 2004. It consists of 496 pages and has not been translated into Bahasa Indonesia. John

Grisham, the best storyteller that has written 18 thriller books, wrote The Last

Juror as his seventeenth’s effort.

The Last Juror is about a brutal rape and murder committed by Danny

Padgitt, scion of a powerful outlaw Ford County family. The story took place in

1970.

The story began in one of Mississippi's more colorful weekly newspapers,

The Ford County Times. The times went bankrupt. To the surprise and dismay of many, ownership was assumed by a 23 year-old college dropout, named Willie

Traynor. The future of the paper looked grim until a young mother was brutally raped and murdered by a member of the notorious Padgitt family. Willie Traynor reported all the gruesome details, and his newspaper began to prosper.

The murderer, Danny Padgitt, was tried before a packed courthouse in

Clanton, Mississippi. The trial came to a startling and dramatic end when the

23 24

defendant threatened revenge against the jurors if they convicted him.

Nevertheless, they found him guilty, and he was sentenced to life in prison.

But in Mississippi in 1970, "life" didnot necessarily mean "life," and nine years later Danny Padgitt managed to get himself paroled. He returned to Ford County, and the retribution began.

B. Approach of the Study

According to Rohrberger and Woods (1971: 6-15), there are five approaches that can be used to evaluate the literary works. They are formalist approach, biographical approach, socio cultural historical approach, mythopoeia approach, and psychological approach. These approaches are very important to evaluate a literary work because every researcher needs to have a reasonable judgment when he/she evaluates literary works. Therefore, he/she employs the approaches to get the reasonable judgement. The critical approaches to literature guide the researcher to better understanding of its nature, function, and positive values of the literary works. Researchers may have different views in learning and understanding the literary works, even though they may work on the same work of literature.

Considering the topic of this study, the writer employs the psychological approach. The approach involves the effort to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent patterns. The theory is applied in order to explain the character’s personality in the story. The proponents of this approach insist that each character’s behavior refers to the psychology of human beings (Rohrberger

25

and Woods Jr. 1971: 3-13). This approach will be used to analyze Hank Hooten’s mental disorder, as the subject of the study.

Moreover, personality and mental condition are the subjects of psychology. It involves patterns of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings. The psychological approach, therefore, will help the writer to reveal the issue of this study because it views a literary work based on psychological interpretation.

Psychological approach is applied since every human being during his or her life is related with psychological development.

In this study, the writer uses the theory of schizophrenia to analyze

Hooten’s psyche. Theory of crime is also used for analyzing Hooten’s crime killing the jurors.

C. Method of the Study

This thesis applied a library research as the method of the study so that the materials were taken from library. The sources were used for evidence to support this thesis; they are the primary source and the secondary source. The primary source of the study was the novel itself, which is The Last Juror written by John Grisham, meaning that all data for supporting the analysis were collected from the novel itself. The secondary sources were including books and selected criticism on the novel. In other words, those secondary sources were the observations of authorities in the literary fields. The secondary sources were used to help strengthen this thesis.

There were some steps needed to be done in the process of conducting this study. Firstly, the writer decided to take John Grisham’s The Last Juror as the

26

main book. The writer searched and read the novel. The writer tried to understand what the novel is about by reading it many times. In this process of understanding the novel, the writer found some interesting elements in the novel, such as the characters of each person in the novel. All the investigation was attained through reading books.

Secondly, writer used other data, such as review about John Grisham or about the novel. The writer tried to get the best answers for the problems.

Thirdly, the writer analyzed the character related to the problems. It was in order to get a better understanding about Hooten’s character. In this case, the writer used the theory of character and characterization from Abram and

Murphy.

The fourth step was the writer used the theory of psychology to analyze Hooten’s psyche. These theories and approaches were used to answer the first problem.

Fifth, the writer analyzed the last problem in the problem formulation.

The theory of motivation was used in this part. Last, the writer drew conclusion of the study. The conclusion consisted to the summary of the answers of the problems formulated. Some suggestions were also presented.

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

This chapter contains the analysis of the study. It consists of three parts.

The first part is the revelation of Hooten’s characterization, especially his psyche and the second part of this chapter is the revelation of Hooten’s motivation in killing the jurors in the story, including some possible influences on the motive.

A. Hank Hooten’s Psyche

Before describing the Hank Hooten’s psyche, the writer would like to see at a glance the general description of him. Hank Hooten is a minor character in this novel. He is also a dynamic character because Hank Hooten undergoes certain changes in some aspects of his character, personality, and outlook. Although he is a minor character, Hank Hooten is the story machine.

The story goes smoothly across the pages because of his action killing the jurors. Hank Hooten only appears in one page in part one and seven pages in part three.

According to Forster’s theory, Hank Hooten character can be categorized as a round character because he cannot be described in a single phrase and need deeper observation. Furthermore, he surprisingly becomes the story machine that makes the story flows. He also changes by the

27 28

circumstances. He becomes a person with mental disorder in the end of the story.

Hank Hooten is a man about forty years old, has prematurely gray hair, dressing nicely, and also handsome (Grisham, 2004: 163). Hank Hooten is a part-time prosecutor who accompanied Ernie Gaddis the prosecutor for Danny

Padgit’s trial. Hank Hooten is one of his assistants.

Hank Hooten is also described to have an affair with the victim of the murder, Rhoda Kasselaw. Baggy, the Times worker, says that in the courtroom before Danny Padgit’s trial.

[...] Gaddis had two assistants, one a paralegal and one a part-time prosecutor named Hank Hooten. The paralegal carried the files and briefcase. Hooten seemed to do little but just be there so Ernie would have someone to confer with [...] Baggy leaned over as if it was time to whisper. “that guy there, brown suit,” he said, nodding at Hooten. “he was screwin’ Rhoda Kasselaw.” [...] Hooten appeared to be about forty with prematurely gray hair, nicely dressed, somewhat handsome. (Grisham, 2004: 163)

This fact is also strengthened by Hooten’s doctor, Dr. Vero, who says that Hank Hooten adores woman but he cannot survive in the relationship. In fact, according to Dr. Vero, Hank Hooten is quite enamored with Rhoda

Kasselaw and asks her to marry him several times.

After his second divorce, he moved to Clanton in the mid-sixties, looking for a place to start over. Another divorce followed. He adored women, but could not survive in a relation. He was quite enamored with Rhoda Kasselaw and claimed he asked her to marry him repeatedly. I’m sure the young lady was somewhat wary of him (Grisham, 2004: 475).

From the facts above, it is obvious that Hank Hooten loves Rhoda

Kasselaw very much. For Hank Hooten, Rhoda Kasselaw is very important 29

person in his life. We cannot imagine if we lose someone we love. It will be hard and hurting and sometimes also makes us lost our mind. It happens to

Hank Hooten.

The death of Rhoda Kasselaw is a great pressure to Hank Hooten. It must be very hard to him and also hurting, it makes him depressed. The depression has lead him to the “sleeping disease” the schizophrenia. Hank

Hooten is diagnosed to have Schizophrenia since he was a college student. His doctor says that his family has a history of Schizophrenia. His mother and grandmother suffered from it. Unfortunately, Schizophrenia is hereditary. It means that it is inherited to their next generation. So, Hank Hooten is suffering from Schizophrenia. His disease is “sleeping” until something awakens it.

Once, his disease is awakening when he was in college and he was institutionalized. Fortunately, the disease is calming down and he is able to finish his study in the law school.

His family had a history of Schizophrenia. His mother and possibly his grandmother suffered from it. Quite often genetics play a role in the disease. He was institutionalized while he was in college, and remarkably, managed to finish law school (Grisham, 2004: 475).

But, after the trial of Danny Padgit, the Schizophrenia is awakening again. The trigger would be the murder of Rhoda Kasselaw that is very traumatic to him and the refusal of the jury to send Danny Padgitt, the murderer, to death. Those two things have distracted the balance of his mind.

Then, he slips over the edge.

Her murder was very traumatic. And when the jury refused to send her killer to death, he, shall I say, slipped over the edge (Grisham, 2004: 475). 30

According to an article, the disease is also affecting thinking, with attendant difficulties in perception of reality, which in turn can affect behavior and emotion (http://en.wikipedia.org). So be it to Hank Hooten, the disease has affected his thinking and makes him undergo some difficulties in perception of reality and it affects his behavior and emotion. The difficulties in perception of reality has made him undergoes some hallucination, delusional beliefs, and disorganized behavior. Hallucination, according to Oxford learner’s Pocket

Dictionary is seeing something that is not really there. According to his doctor,

Dr. Vero, Hank Hooten often hallucinates and hears voices, especially Rhoda

Kasselaw, the victim. He also hears voices from Rhoda Kasselaw’s children.

Michael and Teresa, the children, beg him to protect their mother and save her.

In the hallucination, the children tell him about the murder. They tell him how their mother get raped and murdered in her own bed. They seem to blame

Hank Hooten for not helping their mother. In fact, Rhoda Kasselaw and her children never come to see Hank Hooten and ask his help.

Besides hallucination on Rhoda Kasselaw and her children, Hank

Hooten is also experiencing delusion about Danny Padgitt, the killer. Delusion, according to Oxford learner’s Pocket Dictionary is a false belief. For patient with Schizophrenia, it is said that they perceived the delusion as a real facts and they react to that (Wessley, 1993: 7). In his delusion, Hank Hooten is having a belief that Danny Padgitt mocks him and therefore, he is reacting by screaming at Danny Padgitt. 31

“He heard voices, the principal one being that of Miss Kasselaw. Her two small children also talked to him. They begged him to protect her, to save her. They describe the horror of watching their mother get raped and murderer in her own bed, and they blamed Mr. Hooten for not saving her. Her killer, Mr. Padgitt also tormented him with taunts from prison. On many occasion I watched by close circuit as Mr. Hooten screamed at Danny Padgitt from his room here” (Grisham, 2004: 475)

He also curses the jury who has refused to send Danny Padgitt, the killer, to death. He screams their names in the middle of the night.

“Did he mention the Jurors?” “Oh yes, all the time. He knew that three of them—Mr. Fargasson, Mr. Teale, and Mrs. Root—had refused to bring back a death penalty. He would scream their names in the middle of the night.” (Grisham, 2004 : 476)

Wessely (1993: 7) adds that delusion, one characteristic of

Schizophrenia, is associated with aggression and crime. He also adds that male with Schizophrenia has greater tendency to do crime than female.

Schizophrenia also makes Hank Hooten have disorganized behavior. He often dresses inappropriately. Once, he is shooting around wildly in the town, he stays at the top of the courthouse and shooting at the Times office and its surrounding. When finally he gets caught, he is naked. His face and chest is painted with shoe polish, like a soldier in the battle field.

[...] The sniper was identified as Hank Hooten, the local lawyer who had assisted Ernie Gaddis in the prosecution of Danny Padgitt. He was in custody and unharmed. [...] “Mr. Hooten was found in the small stairwell that leads up to the cupola,” Cooley was saying, but I was too stunned to take notes, “He did not resist arrest and is now in custody.” “What was he wearing?” someone asked. “Nothing” “Nothing?” 32

“Absolutely nothing. He had what appeared to be black shoe polish on his face and chest, but other than that he was as naked as a newborn.” (Grisham, 2004: 289)

The death of Rhoda Kasselaw, the Schizophrenia, and its characteristics as described above, such as hallucination, delusion, and the uncontrollable behavior, has affected Hank Hooten. Those factors raise his destructive behavior. Like what Fromm (1973:218) says that destructiveness is “one of the potential answer to psychic needs that are bound in the existence of man, and that its generation results from the interaction of various social condition with man’s existential needs.” Man is forced to conquer the conflict of life and to find new form of relating himself to the world to let him survive. Hank Hooten is seeking the way out from his conflict and to release himself from the burden.

Another expert says that frustration produces aggression (Frued in

Beck, 1978: 293). Beck, next clarifies that frustration always leads to aggression and aggression is always caused by frustration. Furthermore, he adds that interference with goal response can also produce frustration. If a goal-oriented behavior is obstructed from occurring, a person will have a frustration situation. This condition will determine a person to be aggressive.

(Beck, 1978: 293) This is what happens to Hank Hooten. On the trial he expects the highest punishment for the killer of Rhoda Kasselaw, Danny

Padgitt, but when his expectation is failed or cannot be achieved, he becomes frustrated. The frustration happens because he loves Rhoda Kasselaw and when she is taken away from him, he expected a revenge. But when the 33

revenge cannot be accomplished, it makes him frustrated. The frustration condition makes Hank Hooten to be aggressive. In fact, he is already aggressive by shooting around from the top of the courthouse.

The hallucination and delusion has made Hank Hooten an aggressive person and do destructive action. This combination is the perfect cause of someone to be criminal. This combination is the main characteristic of

Schizophrenia. Whereas, researcher have associated Schizophrenia with crime.

They say that “Individuals with Schizophrenia were three times more likely to be convicted of a crime and seven times more likely to be convicted of a violent crime,” (Tiihonen et al, 1997: 13). It means that there is a bigger chance for schizophrenic patient to do crime and violent crime. The chance will be bigger if the person consumes drugs and alcohols (Humprey et al,

1992: 23). Hank Hooten is suffering from schizophrenia and he has a bigger chance to commit a crime. It can be seen from his action killing the jurors.

Hank Hooten kills the juror one by one. The first one is Lenny

Fargasson. Lenny Fargasson is one of the jurors who refuse to send the killer to the gas chamber. Lenny is shot using 30.06 hunting rifle. The killer kills him from distance.

The single shot that killed Lenny Fargasson was fired from a 30.06 hunting rifle. The killer could have been as far as two hundred yards away from the front porch where Lenny died. Thick woods began just beyond the wide lawn around the house, and there was a good chance whoever pulled the trigger had climbed a tree and had a perfectly concealed view of poor Lenny (Grisham, 2004 : 403)

Hank Hooten kills Lenny while he is sitting on the porch, reading books he borrows from the Clanton Library. The house is empty, only Lenny alone is 34

there. His father is delivering mails and his mother is shopping at Bargain

City. The bullet hits his right side of his head and create massive wound above his left ear. Unfortunately, no one hears the shot.

No one heard the shot. Lenny was sitting on the porch, in his wheelchair, reading one of the many books he borrowed each week from the Clanton library. His father was delivering mails. His mother was shopping at Bargain City. In all likelihood, Lenny felt no pain and died instantly. The bullet entered the right side of his head, just over the jaw, and created a massive exit wound above his left ear (Grisham, 2004 : 403)

Next Hooten’s victim is Mo Teale, he is one of jurors who refuses to send Danny Padgitt to death. He is shot at Ned Ray Zook’s farm. He is shot in the upper back and tears his chest. Mo Teale’s friend only hears a fierce grunt.

The music muffled the crack of a distant rifle shot. It hit Mo Teale directly in the upper back, ripped through his lungs, and tore a hole in his chest as it exited. Teale’s partner, red, said over and over that the only thing he heard was a fierce grunt just a second or two before Mo fell under the front axle (Grisham, 2004: 418)

Mo’s friend thinks that something from the tractor has snapped loose in a violent way and injured Mo. He tries to help mo by bringing him to the equipment shed and calling an ambulance, but it is too late, Mo has died

He thought at first that something from the tractor had snapped loose in a violent way and injured Mo. Red dragged him to the truck and raced away, much more concerned about his buddy than what might hane injured him. at the equipment shed, the farm manager called an ambulance, but it was too late. Mo Teale died there, on the concrete floor of a small, dusty office. “Mr. John Deere” we’d called him during the trial. (Grisham, 2004: 418)

The sheriff is searching for evidence. He and his men looking for a fingerprints and they do not find it. Finally, The sheriff finds a shell near the tractor and it is matched with the one that killed Fargarson. The weapon that 35

the killer uses is like what killed Fargarson, a 30.06 hunting rifle. It strengthens their assumption that the killer is one person.

[...] they would dust for finger prints and finds none. They would look for footprints on the gravel flooring, and find none. They would scour the woods around the soybean field and find no sign of the killer. In the dirt beside the tractor they did find the 30.06 shell, and it was quickly matched with the one that killed Lenny Fargarson. (Grisham, 2004: 419)

Hank Hooten, beside killing Mo Teale and Fargasson, also tries to kill

Maxine Root, the third juror that do not want to give death sentence. He tries to kill her by sending her a bomb that is packed with nails, glass, and ball bearings. The bomb is packed as a pecan pie from Maxine’s sister Jane. Maxine is happy to receive the pecans pie from her sister then she calls her and thanks for the pecan. Her sister are surprised because she never send her pecan pies.

Travis, the part-time deputy and Teddy ray are curious. They bring the box outside and tries to shot it

With great hesitation, Travis picked up the box and shook it slightly. “seems a might heavy for pecans,” he observed [..] “you think it’s a bomb?” the neighbor asked “could be,” Travis said, then gawked down in horror at what he was holding. “get it outside,” Maxine said. [...] Travis carefully placed the box at the very edge, three feet or so above the ground. When he removed his .44 Magnum, Maxine said, “What are you doing?” “we’re gonna see if it’s a bomb,” Travis said “You’re gonna shot my pecans?” Maxine asked. “you got a better idea?” Travis snapped back. (Grisham, 2004: 460)

Travis shot the box; the first shot is absolutely missed. The second shot hit the box, the box explodes and sprays nails, glass, and ball bearings. Unfortunately, there are so many people in Maxine house. 36

The explosion ripped the porch completely from the house, tore a gaping hole in the back wall behind the kitchen, and sprayed shrapnel for a hundred yards. It shattered windows, peeled up planks, and it wounded the four observers. [...] for a moment, they were all unconscious, knocked silly by three pound of plastic explosives packed with nails, glass, and ball bearings. (Grisham, 2004 : 461)

Many people get hurts; Teddy Ray and the neighbor get hit in their chests and legs. Travis’ right arm and his firing hand are mangled. The worst is

Maxine, she gets hit twice in the head. A piece of glass rips off her right earlobe and a small nail hits her right jaw.

The explosion ripped the porch completely from the house, tore a gaping hole in the back wall behind the kitchen, and sprayed shrapnel for a hundred yards. It shattered windows, peeled up planks, and it wounded the four observers. Teddy Ray and the neighbor both took bits of metal in their chests and legs. Travis’ right arm and his firing hand were mangled. Maxine was hit twice in the head—one piece of glass ripped off the lobe of her right ear, and a small nail penetrated her right jaw. (Grisham, 2004: 461)

Unfortunately, Hank Hooten is consuming alcohol. He probably drinks alcohol while he is shooting from the top of the courthouse. He also probably has drunk because he is stupidly jumped from third floor and only suffered from a broken arm.

“Just broken arm,” she said, obviously disappointed that it was not more serious. “Some scrapes and bruises. What’d the fool do?” I looked at Wiley and Wiley looked at me. “was he drunk?” she asked. Baggy was always drunk. “Don’t know” I said. “ He fell out of a window at the courthouse.” “Oh brother. He was drunk.” I gave a quick version of Baggy’s escape and tried to make it sound as if he’d done something heroic in the midst of all that gunfire. “The Third floor?” she asked “Yes” “So he was playing poker, drinking whiskey, and he jumped out of a third-floor window.” 37

“Basiccaly, yes,” Wiley said, unable to stop himself. “Not exactly,” I said, but she was already walking away (Grisham, 2004: 289-290)

From the explanation above, it is clear that Hank Hooten is influenced by his disease. The disease and its characteristics and also his love to Rhoda

Kasselaw has made him a destructive people and do some aggressions that leads him to a criminal, he kills the jurors, the killer, and also shooting at building. The action is worsening by his alcoholic consumption.

B. Hank Hooten’s Motivation in Killing the Jurors

In this point, the writer will discuss the motivation of Hank Hooten in committing destructive actions as analyzed above. The writer believes that

Hank Hooten has his own motives to do the crimes. The crimes, shooting around and killing the jurors are assumed to acquire an end and to fulfill the

Hooten’s needs.

Behavior is organized to get a goal or the satisfaction of some needs.

This behavior is guided by some purposes, which Bootzin et al. (1983: 367) call it as motivation. Motivation is evoked by an internal drive that activates and adjusts a person toward some goals and also aroused by an external incentive that is the goal itself. Both of them are the stimuli for people to conduct any behavior, whether it is constructive or destructive.

The satisfaction of human basic needs is put into a hierarchy by

Maslow (Goble, 1971: 38-42). The five-level hierarchy of needs consists of physiological needs, safety needs, belonging and love needs, esteem needs, and 38

self-actualization needs. Each need has its own motive to be fulfilled as explained in chapter 2. Hank Hooten, as a human, also has needs to be fulfilled. He has physiological needs, safety needs, belonging and love needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. Hank Hooten’s physiological needs are the needs for food, clothing, shelter, comfort, and self-preservation. As said in chapter II, someone who faces death by starvation or any other need of this level may resort to murder to meet fundamental, life sustaining need, despite what society might think.

The safety needs that Hank Hooten needs to avoid bodily harm an uncertainty about his well being. An insecure person behaves as if a great tragedy is almost always impending. So does Hank Hooten, he has an over need for order and stability, and tries hard to avoid the strange and the unexpected.

Hank Hooten also has belonging and love needs. Love is a healthy- loving relationship between two people which includes mutual trust. In the proper relationship, there are lack of fear and dropping of defenses. The absence of love will stifle growth and the development of potential. The thwarting of love needs is considered as a prime cause of maladjustment. Love hunger is a deficiency disease. Hank Hooten lack of this need. His beloved woman has taken away by the murder. Therefore, he is suffering from love hunger.

The esteem needs that Hank Hooten has is having two categories, they are self-esteem and respect from other people. Self-esteem comprises such 39

needs as desires for confidence, competence, mastery, adequacy, achievement, independence, and freedom. Respect encloses such concepts as prestige, recognition, acceptance, attention, status, reputation, and appreciation.

The self-actualization needs are described as the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming.

These needs are the identification of the psychological need for growth, development, and utilization of potential. These needs also appear after reasonable satisfaction of love and esteem needs. Hank Hooten does not have these needs. It because he does not achieve the satisfaction for love and esteem needs.

Morris says that people are not born with all their motives intact (1990:

422). As they develop, their behavior becomes governed by the new motives that are almost entirely learned. The unlearned motive is served in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. The learned motive is aggression, which includes all behavior that is intended to inflict physical or psychological harm on others

As we know from the analysis in the previous point, Hank Hooten is suffering from mental disorder, the Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is affecting thinking. People with Schizophrenia will have difficulties in perception of reality that can affect behavior and emotion. (http://en.wikipedia.org) They will not be able to distinguish between internal and external experience. They also will have hallucinations and responding to them and often expresses clearly delusional beliefs. In brief, people with Schizophrenia will consider illusions, delusion, and hallucination as real facts and they often react to it. 40

In the next point of the analysis, the writer will describe the motivation of Hank Hooten in doing the crimes. The analysis explains the internal drive and the external incentive of him.

1. The Internal Drive

Morris (1990: 422) explains that motive or drive can be divided into two. They are learned and unlearned motives. Unlearned motives are motives that we got since we were born such as hunger, thirst, and sex. Whereas, learned motives are motives that respond to some stimuli. Hank Hooten as human also has unlearned and learned motives. He has not only hunger, thirst, and sex motives but also some motivations evoked from certain stimulus.

a. The Unlearned Motive

As told in the story, Hank Hooten is falling in love with Rhoda

Kasselaw and asks her to marry several times. It shows that Hank Hooten’s love is true and deep. It makes him consider Rhoda Kasselaw as his wife, although Rhoda Kasselaw refuses his proposals. Unfortunately, the

Schizophrenia worsens it. The disease makes him hallucinates that Rhoda

Kasselaw and her children is his real family. It is a hallucination but Hank

Hooten perceives it as real. And as being the head of the family, he feels responsible for what happen to the family and also responsible for the family needs such as clothing, safety, and comfort. 41

After the murder of his real-but-imaginary beloved wife, it is only real in his perception; the Schizophrenia makes him experiences hallucination about

Rhoda Kasselaw’s children who ask him to help their mother,

“He heard voices, the principal one being that of miss Kasselaw. her two small children also talked to him. They begged him to protect her, to save her. They describe the horror of watching their mother get raped and murderer in her own bed, and they blamed Mr. Hooten for not saving her (Grisham, 2004: 475). and delusion about Danny Padgitt, the killer, who mocks him from prison

Her killer, Mr. Padgitt also tormented him with taunts from prison. On many occasion I watched by close circuit as Mr. Hooten screamed at Danny Padgitt from his room here” (Grisham, 2004: 475). and he also screams the jurors’ name who do not want to put the murderer in the gas chamber.

“Did he mention the Jurors?” “Oh yes, all the time. He knew that three of them—Mr. Fargasson, Mr. Teale, and Mrs. Root—had refused to bring back a death penalty. He would scream their names in the middle of the night.” (Grisham, 2004 : 476)

The disease makes him perceives it as a reality. He, then, reacts to it. As a head of the family, he should satisfy the family needs. He tries to fulfill his family needs that are psychological needs, safety needs, and belonging and love needs.

For the psychological needs, he tries to fulfill the state of being comfort and self-preservation. He is afraid that the children will not be well taken care.

There will be no mother who cooks for them anymore. Hank Hooten also tries to preserve his family. The way he maintains the comfort and preservation of his family is by eliminating the source of the problem, the murderer and also the jurors who refuse to give death sentence to the murderer. In his opinion, by 42

eliminating the murderer and the juror will make him and his family will live in a more comfort situation.

Another psychological need is the need of safety. Hank Hooten also feels that the safety of his family is threatened. He thinks that the murder may also kill the children. In his hallucination, he heard the children screaming; ask him to help their mother. He feels that he should do something to overcome it.

He should do something to avoid the danger from his imaginary family and make sure that his family is in a secure condition.

He also blames the jury who do not want to put the murderer in the gas chamber. He blames them because of their refusal has make his imaginary family in danger. He is afraid that the murder will hurt his children. He kills the jury one by one, starting from Lenny Fargason. He is fired using a hunting rifle.

The bullet enters the right side of his head and creates a massive exit wound.

The single shot that killed Lenny Fargason was fired from a 30.06 hunting rifle. The killer could have been as far as two hundred yards away from the front porch where Lanny died.

[...] No one heard the shot. Lenny was sitting on the porch, in his wheelchair, reading one of many books he borrowed each week from the Clanton Library. His father was delivering mail. His mother was shopping at Bargain City. In all likelihood, Lenny felt no pain and died instantly. The bullet entered the right side of his head, just over the jaw, and created a massive exit wound above his left ear. (Grisham, 2004 : 403)

Hank Hooten also kills Mo Teale, another juror on Danny Padgitt trial.

The shot hits him in the upper back and tear a hole in his chest. 43

The music muffled the crack of a distant rifle shot. It hit Mo Teale directly in the upper back, ripped through his lungs, and tore a hole in his chest as it exited. (Grisham, 2004 : 418)

Hank Hooten, beside killing Mo Teale and Fargasson, also tries to kill

Maxine Root, the third juror that do not want to give death sentence. He tries to kill her by sending her a bomb that is packed with nails, glass, and ball bearings.

The explosion ripped the porch completely from the house, tore a gaping hole in the back wall behind the kitchen, and sprayed shrapnel for a hundred yards. It shattered windows, peeled up planks, and it wounded the four observers. [...] for a moment, they were all unconscious, knocked silly by three pound of plastic explosives packed with nails, glass, and ball bearings. (Grisham, 2004 : 461)

Hank Hooten also needs to fulfill his belonging and love needs. He is falling in love with Rhoda Kasselaw. And when she is taken away from him, he tries to get her back. Rhoda Kasselaw is his true love. Furthermore, Rhoda

Kasselaw is taken away by being raped and killed. It makes Hank Hooten very frustrated. He cannot accept the reality that his beloved woman is raped and killed. She means so much to him, no wonder that he will defends her and do anything for her including killing others.

Those unlearned motives have lead Hank Hooten to do the crimes. He is shooting around in the top of the courthouse to show to people in the town that he is able to protect his family. It also a threat to other people that if they want to hurt his family. He also kills the jurors. He blames them for not sending the murderer to death. He kills the jurors as a revenge because the jury’s decision is not fair to him and also make his imaginary family lives in danger and 44

discomfort. He also tries to kill the murderer in the bail hearing. He kills him because he is the murderer of his imaginary wife.

b. The Learned Motive

As clarified in the previous analysis about the characterization of the

Hank Hooten in this novel, it can be said that Hank Hooten has conducted an aggression or destructive behavior since he intends to inflict a physical harm to the jurors as the response of the frustration stimulus. Aggression is one important trait of the learned motive (Morris, 1990: 422-423).

In view of the fact that Hank Hooten is intended to do physical harm to the jurors and the murderer, therefore, Hank Hooten can be said to have done an aggression. This aggression is burst as the reaction of a stimulus that is frustration. The Hank Hooten s frustration of losing his beloved woman may be learned as the stimulus to express the aggressive behavior of the jurors and the murderer. He also feels frustrated because he hears the victim’s children yielding to him to help their mother. He feels frustrated because he cannot do anything when Rhoda Kasselaw is raped and killed.

The physical harm can also be clearly seen in this story. The way Hank

Hooten shoots and kills the jurors and the murderer can give strong evidence that he has done an aggressive behavior. He murders the jurors by shooting them in the head and placing booms in their house. He plans it carefully as if

Danny Padgitt, the murderer, does it. It can be seen from the way Hank Hooten plans the revenge. He plans the killing after the release of Danny Padgit, the killer from prison. People are shocked with the release because they actually 45

want Danny Padgitt to be seated in the gas chamber, but now after nine years of his punishment, he is free.

Clanton was quietly disappointed. During the trial, the town had a real thirst for blood and was bitter when the jury didn’t deliver the death penalty. But nine years had passed, and since the parole hearing it had been accepted that Danny Padgitt would eventuall get out. No one expected it to soon, but after the hearing we were over the shock (Grisham, 2004 : 397)

He uses the people’s fears to create a tension to the town and he hopes that the people will blame Danny Padgitt as the criminal for the murder of the jurors. And it works. The whole county starts blaming Danny Padgitt. They think that only Padgitt family who knows how to make bombs and had access to explosive.

But something had to be done. Someone had to be arrested. The sheriff had a population to protect; he had to take action, even if it wasn’t entirely proper. [...] How many people in Ford County knew how to make package bombs? Who had access to explosives? Who had motives? As we argued these questions in the courtroom, they were evidently being argued back in chamber as well. Noose, Buckley, and McNatt were all elected official. The good people of Ford County needed their protection. Since Danny Padgitt was the only conceivable suspect, judge Noose finally issued a warrant for his arrest (Grisham, 2004 : 462-463)

2. The External Incentive

The external incentive of Hank Hooten is his own goal in committing the aggressive behavior. His goal is to take revenge for the murder of Rhoda

Kasselaw by killing the jurors who do not want to send the murderer to gas chamber and also killing the murder who has taken away his beloved Rhoda

Kasselaw. Hank Hooten is triggered by unfair decision of the trial. The trial has failed to send Danny Padgitt to gas chamber. Therefore, he automatically has 46

life in prison as his punishment. A life sentence in Mississippi is only ten years or less.

“It took them less than sixty minutes to find him guilty,” I said. “Isn’t that a good sign? “Maybe, but Jurors do strange things when it’s time to sign a death warrant.” “So? Then he’ll get life. From what I hear about Parchman, life there would be worse than the gas chamber.” “life ain’t life Willie,” he said, wiping his face with a paper towel. I put my sandwich down while he took another bite. “What is life?” I asked “Ten years, maybe less.” I tried to understand this. “you mean a life sentence in Mississippi is ten years?” (Grisham, 2004: 227)

Furthermore, those ten years sentence will be brought into a parole if the criminal is having good attitudes in the prison.

“You got it. After ten years, less with good time, a murderer sent to prison for life is eligible for parole. Insane, don’t you think?” (Grisham, 2004 : 227)

Ten years for committing capital murder is not fair to the victims. But the law of Mississippi legalized it. It has been on the book of law for fifty years. Unfortunately the jury does not know it. If the jury knows it, they will be more inclined to give death penalty. Thus, it’s unfair to the defendant.

“Don’t try to understand it, Willie, it’s just the law. Been on the book for fifty years. And what’s worse is the jury doesn’t know it. Can’t tell ‘em. Want some coleslaw?” I shook my head “our distinguished Supreme Court has said that the jury if it knows how light a life sentence really is, might be more inclined to give the death penalty. Thus, it’s unfair to the defendant (Grisham, 2004 : 227)

47

From the quotation above it is clear that the life sentence is fair for the defendant but it would not be fair for the victims because the victims want the killer to be dead.

His behavior is certainly moved out by the force to get rid the source of the unfair decision and also the murderer at once. Hank Hooten is finally able to accomplish his mission. He kills the jurors and also the killer of Rhoda

Kasselaw. He finalizes his goal in the courtroom when Danny Padgitt is brought into a bail hearing.

A cannon exploded somewhere above us, and for a split second I thought we’d all been shot. Something cracked sharply through the heavy air of the courtroom, and for a town so jittery to begin with we all froze in one horrible snapshot of disbelief. Then Danny Padgitt grunted in a delayed reaction, and all hell broke loose. Women screamed. Men screamed. Someone yelled, “get down” as half the spectators ducked low, some hitting the floor. Someone yelled, “he’s been shot” (Grisham, 2004 : 469)

The shot is fired from the ceiling above the balcony but no one realizes it. They are looking at Danny Padgitt.

[...] the second shot drew the attention of a deputy in the front of the courtroom. I was ducking even lower, but I saw him pointing to the balcony. The shots that hit Danny were fired from the ceiling above the balcony. And, though the balcony was filled with people, no one saw the rifle drop down a few inches ten feet above their heads. Like the rest of us, they were preoccupied with getting a first glance at Danny Padgitt. (Grisham, 2004 : 469)

The shot killed Danny Padgitt. It hits his head on the first shot and then the second shoot hits his ribs

[...] the second shot was no more than three seconds behind the first. It hits Danny in the ribs, but it had not been necessary. The first had gone through his head. (Grisham, 2004 : 469)

48

After killing Danny Padgitt, Hank Hooten is also take revenge to Lucien

Wilbanks, the lawyer that assists Danny Padgitt. He shot his office wildly.

His only target was the law offices of Lucien Wilbanks, specifically the upstair windows. With great deliberation he was blowing them out, one by one. Downstairs, Ethel Twity was under her desk, bawling and screaming at the same time (Grisham, 2004 : 470)

Therefore, when his goal is accomplished, though he has to finish some people’s life, he seems to acquire the joy of life. And finally, he kills himself with the last bullet.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

From the analysis above, the writer can conclude that Hank Hooten is about forty with gray hair, handsome and he is a part-time prosecutor. He had an affair with the victims of the murder, Rhoda Kasselaw. His feeling toward her was very strong. Hank Hooten was also characterized as minor character.

He is also a dynamic character, he experienced certain changes during his life.

He is also said to be the round character because his personality is very complicated.

The also writer can conclude that Hank Hooten was suffering from mental disorder, especially Schizophrenia. The disease, formerly, was actually

“sleep” in his body, but something made it awake. The murder of Rhoda

Kasselaw has lead him to a frustration and it trigger the disease to be active.

The disease made Hank Hooten hallucinating and perceived an illusion as real fact. The disease also influence his motivation in killing the jurors.

His main motivation in killing is based on his psychological needs, safety needs, and also belonging and love needs. In order to satisfy his needs, he had to kill the juror who refused to send the murderer in the gas chamber, kill the murderer to make his imaginary family live in comfort and safety, and also threatened people around him so that nobody would harm him or his imaginary family.

49 50

His crime was also based on his seek of revenge. He wanted to take revenge to people who had taken his beloved woman. He became obsessed with the revenge because Rhoda Kasselaw was very precious to him. Finally when he had finished and achieved his goals, kill the juror, the murderer, and take revenge, he left the last bullet for himself. He was satisfied with what he had done.

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Peter Wood, Walter Gove, and John Cochran . Motivations for violent crime among incarcerated adults: a consideration process (http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/6/4/252#) accessed on November 25, 2006 http://www.book browse.com/reviews/index.cfm?book_number=1344 accessed

on November 25, 2006 http://www.amazon.com. accessed on November 25, 2006