DOCSLIB.ORG

GAMOS 5.2.0 User's Guide

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
GAMOS 5.2.0 User's Guide GAMOS 5.2.0 User’s Guide Release 5.2.0 GAMOS Collaboration January 20, 2018 CONTENTS 1 Introduction 3 1.1 About this document...........................................3 1.2 Introduction to GAMOS.........................................3 1.3 Structure of GAMOS...........................................4 1.4 The plug-in concept...........................................4 2 Getting started 5 2.1 Getting the code and installing it.....................................5 2.1.1 Installing in Linux and Mac OS................................5 2.1.2 Installing in Windows......................................8 2.2 Running an example in Linux or Mac OS................................8 2.3 Running an example in Windows....................................9 2.3.1 GAMOS Graphical User Interface...............................9 2.4 Compiling GAMOS........................................... 10 2.4.1 Compiling your new code.................................... 10 3 Geometry 13 3.1 Building your geometry with a text file................................. 13 3.1.1 Description of geometry text file format............................ 13 3.1.2 Dumping your Geant4 geometry in text file format...................... 37 3.1.3 Adding new tags to your input text file............................. 37 3.1.4 Parallel geometries....................................... 39 3.2 Building complex geometries in a simple way.............................. 40 3.3 Building a simple geometry with one material.............................. 40 3.4 Building your geometry with C++ code................................. 40 3.5 Phantom geometries........................................... 40 3.5.1 Simple phantom geometries.................................. 40 3.5.2 Setting off visualization of phantom geometries........................ 41 3.5.3 Reading DICOM files...................................... 41 3.6 Movements................................................ 41 3.7 Geometry utilities............................................ 43 3.8 Magnetic and electric fields....................................... 44 4 Visualization 47 4.1 3D Geant4 visualization......................................... 47 4.2 2D visualization............................................. 47 5 Generator 49 5.1 Using GAMOS generator........................................ 49 5.1.1 Introduction........................................... 49 5.1.2 Particle sources......................................... 49 i 5.1.3 Distributions.......................................... 51 5.2 Reading your generator particles from a text file............................ 56 5.3 Reading your generator particles from a binary file........................... 57 5.4 Event generator changing energy and material............................. 58 5.5 Event generator histograms....................................... 58 5.6 Biasing generator distributions...................................... 58 5.7 Building your generator with C++.................................... 59 5.8 Using ions................................................ 59 6 Physics 61 6.1 GAMOS electromagnetic physics lists.................................. 61 6.1.1 Basic electromagnetic physics list............................... 61 6.1.2 GAMOS electromagnetic extended physics list........................ 63 6.1.3 Standard electromagnetic physics list options......................... 63 6.1.4 Multiple scattering models................................... 63 6.1.5 Bremsstrahlung angular distributions.............................. 64 6.2 GAMOS hadrontherapy physics list................................... 64 6.3 Microdosimetry physics list....................................... 65 6.4 Other physics lists............................................ 65 6.5 Optical photons.............................................. 66 6.5.1 Using optical photons as primary generator.......................... 68 6.6 X-ray refraction............................................. 68 6.7 Coulomb scattering............................................ 68 6.8 Atomic deexcitation processes...................................... 68 6.9 Decay process.............................................. 69 6.10 Radioactive decay process........................................ 69 6.11 Cerenkov process............................................. 69 6.12 Coulomb scattering............................................ 70 6.13 Nuclear processes of electromagnetic particles............................. 70 6.14 Replacing process models........................................ 70 6.14.1 Replacing a set process models................................. 70 6.14.2 Replacing one process model.................................. 70 6.15 Removing a process from a physics list................................. 71 6.16 Production cuts.............................................. 72 6.16.1 Production cuts by region.................................... 72 6.16.2 Energy cuts to range cuts conversion.............................. 73 6.16.3 Minimum and maximum production cuts........................... 73 6.16.4 Apply cuts for all processes................................... 73 6.17 User limits................................................ 74 6.18 Automatic optimisation of cuts..................................... 74 6.18.1 Range rejection......................................... 75 6.19 Building your physics list with C++ code................................ 76 7 User Actions 77 7.1 Adding a filter.............................................. 77 7.2 Adding a classifier............................................ 77 7.3 User action name............................................. 78 7.4 Creating your GAMOS user action................................... 78 8 Sensitive Detector and Hits 79 8.1 Sensitive detectors............................................ 79 8.1.1 Attaching a sensitive detector to a volume........................... 79 8.1.2 Building your sensitive detector with C++ code........................ 80 8.2 Hits.................................................... 80 ii 8.3 Hits digitization and reconstruction................................... 81 8.3.1 Hits digitization......................................... 81 8.3.2 Hits and digits reconstruction.................................. 81 8.3.3 Examples of reconstructed hit builders............................. 82 8.4 Detector effects.............................................. 83 8.4.1 Energy resolution........................................ 83 8.4.2 Time resolution......................................... 83 8.4.3 Detector measuring time.................................... 84 8.4.4 Detector dead time....................................... 84 8.4.5 Minimum hit energy...................................... 85 8.5 Identifying each sensitive detector copy................................. 86 8.6 Storing and retrieving hits........................................ 86 8.6.1 File format........................................... 87 8.6.2 Storing reconstructed hits.................................... 87 8.7 Hits histograms.............................................. 88 9 Scoring 91 9.1 Creating a scorer............................................. 91 9.2 Scorer classes............................................... 92 9.2.1 Scoring in voxelised phantoms................................. 95 9.3 Filter classes............................................... 96 9.4 Scorer printers.............................................. 96 9.5 Classifiers................................................ 97 9.6 Multiplying by data........................................... 97 9.7 Multiplying by distribution........................................ 97 9.8 Convergence testing........................................... 97 9.9 Point detector scorer........................................... 99 9.9.1 Theoretical basis........................................ 99 9.9.2 GAMOS implementation.................................... 100 9.9.3 Variance reduction techniques................................. 103 9.9.4 Sum scoring results and plot them............................... 105 10 Variance reduction techniques 107 10.1 Introduction............................................... 107 10.2 Importance sampling........................................... 107 10.3 Geometrical biasing........................................... 108 10.4 Biasing operations............................................ 108 10.4.1 Cross section biasing...................................... 109 10.4.2 Force collision......................................... 109 10.4.3 Uniform bremsstrahlung splitting................................ 109 10.4.4 Directional bremsstrahlung splitting.............................. 110 10.4.5 Equal weight particle splitting................................. 110 11 Histogramming 111 11.1 Histogram formats............................................ 111 11.2 Histograms in CSV format........................................ 111 11.3 Changing histogram minimum, maximum and number of bins..................... 112 11.4 Histograms name separator....................................... 112 11.5 Output files name............................................. 112 11.6 Analysing your histograms with ROOT................................. 113 11.6.1 Printing the histograms in graphics files............................ 113 11.6.2 Comparing histograms in two files............................... 113 11.7 Creating your own histogram...................................... 114 12 Analysis (extracting data) 115 iii 12.1 Introduction: GAMOS data......................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Understanding the Ultimate Structure of Matters and Some Scientific Doubts of Nature Through Simple Hypotheses
    IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) e-ISSN: 2278-4861.Volume 9, Issue 2 Ver. I (Mar. – Apr. 2017), PP 64-68 www.iosrjournals.org Understanding the Ultimate Structure of Matters and Some Scientific Doubts of Nature through Simple Hypotheses Bao-Yu Zong (Temasek Laboratories, National University of Singapore, Singapore) Abstract: There are numerous unanswered scientific doubts/phenomena in Nature which still perplex scientific researchers currently. To solve these puzzles, unveiling the ultimate structure of matters, which make up the Nature world, is essential. Here four hypotheses, namely the fundamental matter component (basic particle) and its property, construction process of the basic particles into other particles/matters, repulsion of particles of the same type, and direct relationship between matter and energy, are proposed. These simple hypotheses can well explain some natural phenomena, such as the existence of huge atom energy and various particles/matters of different properties, and conversion balance between matters and energy. Due to the existence of diverse infinite fine particles and repulsion of particles of the same types, matters and the Nature world are submerged in a sea of particles and there is not a real vacuum space (without any particle) in the Nature world. This in turn reveals Thermal Laws, the component of dark energy/matter, as well as a minimum temperature of ~3K that exists in the deep Universe. The suggested relationships between particles and/or matters also shed light on the mechanisms of interaction forces of same or different polarity particles, and intermedia of gravitational, electrical and magnetic fields. Keywords: Basic particle, elementary particle, dark energy/matter, smallest transporter of energy, fundamental component of matter I.
    [Show full text]
  • Reconstruction Study of the S Particle Dark Matter Candidate at ALICE
    Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Heidelberg Reconstruction study of the S particle dark matter candidate at ALICE Master Thesis in Physics submitted by Fabio Leonardo Schlichtmann born in Heilbronn (Germany) March 2021 Abstract: This thesis deals with the sexaquark S, a proposed particle with uuddss quark content which might be strongly bound and is considered to be a reasonable dark matter can- didate. The S is supposed to be produced in Pb-Pb nuclear collisions and could interact with detector material, resulting in characteristic final states. A suitable way to observe final states is using the ALICE experiment which is capable of detecting charged and neutral particles and doing particle identification (PID). In this thesis the full reconstruction chain for the S particle is described, in particular the purity of particle identification for various kinds of particle species is studied in dependence of topological restrictions. Moreover, nuclear interactions in the detector material are considered with regard to their spatial distribution. Conceivable reactions channels of the S are discussed, a phase space simulation is done and the order of magnitude of possibly detectable S candidates is estimated. With regard to the reaction channels, various PID and topology cuts were defined and varied in order to find an S candidate. In total 2:17 · 108 Pb-Pb events from two different beam times were analyzed. The resulting S particle candidates were studied with regard to PID and methods of background estimation were applied. In conclusion we found in the channel S + p ! ¯p+ K+ + K0 + π+ a signal with a significance of up to 2.8, depending on the cuts, while no sizable signal was found in the other studied channels.
    [Show full text]
  • Particle Mass Ratios Nearly Equaling Geometric Ratios, More Examples
    x Particle Mass Ratios nearly equaling Geometric Ratios, more examples Carl Littmann 25 Washington Lane #313, Wyncote PA 19095 USA [email protected] April 2021 Abstract There are many important Particle Mass ratios in Physics, such as the 'Proton to electron' mass ratio, about 1836.15 to 1. And there are many major Volumetric ratios in 'Solid Geometry', some of which we may have seen in high school. And, remarkably, some of the major particle Mass ratios nearly equal some of those major geometric Volumetric ratios! This article gives many additional examples of these matches, which couldn't be included in my earlier article - which preferably should be read first. Ref. https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Quantum%20Theory%20/%20Particle%20Physics/Download/6726 (But even both articles don't give all the important examples -- to prevent unwieldy length.) Keywords: Particle mass ratios, Geometric volume ratios, 1836.15 to 1, Proton to electron mass ratio Introduction As implied by the above Abstract, the goal of this article is to find out why the different Particles in physics have the different masses they do! And that was the goal of many Nobel Laureates. But that goal illuded them. But this article largely succeeds. In many cases, we have importantly discovered that a major particle mass ratio, existing in Nature, nearly equals a volume ratio in a basic, symmetrical sphere pattern. In many cases, we have also found that the Average of two different major volumetric ratios nearly equals a major particle mass ratio. Or simply averaging the masses of two different particles together -- nearly equals the mass of a third particle! Quite remarkable, and unlikely to be just 'chance'.
    [Show full text]
  • © in This Web Service Cambridge University Press
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-40426-7 - The Standard Model: A Primer C. P. Burgess and Guy D. Moore Index More information Index 2π counting, 156 Anomalous magnetic moment of a proton, 322 1 ∆I = 2 Rule, 356 Anomaly matching, 365 ∆ baryon, 302 Anti-fundamental representation, 491 Λ baryon, 302 Antiparticles, 14 Ω baryon, 302 Antisymmetry of the baryonic wave function, Σ baryon, 302 301 Σ∗ baryon, 302 Asymmetries, left-right, 199 Θ3, and electric dipole moments, 464 Asymmetry, forward-backward, 200 Ξ baryon, 302 Asymptotic freedom, 454 Ξ gauges, 506 Atmospheric neutrino oscillations, 402 Ξ∗ baryon, 302 Axioms of field theory, 7 γ5, convention for, 518 Axion, 459 ΛQCD, 278 Axion potential, 467 ρ parameter, 236 Axions, as cold dark matter, 468 SUc(3) SUL(2) UY (1), 54 × × B-L conservation, 104 A terms, Supersymmetry breaking, 450 B-L symmetry, gauged, 108 Abelian Higgs model, 41 BaBar experiment, 229 Accidental conservation laws, in the standard Barn, 197 model, 96 Baryon masses, 300 Accidental symmetries, 239, 241 Baryon masses, and chiral symmetry breaking, Accidental symmetries, and the Fermi theory, 316 241 Baryon number, 96, 286 Accidental symmetry, 68 Baryon number, anomalies, 102 Action, 12 Baryon number, of QCD bound states, 287 Ademollo-Gatto theorem, 324, 361 Baryons, 71, 281 Adjoint Higgs models, 107 Baryons, and flavor symmetry, 300 Adjoint representation, 490 Baryons, defined, 281 Altarelli-Parisi (DGLAP) equations, 347 Baryons, octet and decuplet, 302 Angular momentum operators, 497 Baryons, valence quark content of, 302
    [Show full text]
  • Meson and Baryon Spectrum for QCD with Two Light Dynamical Quarks
    Meson and baryon spectrum for QCD with two light dynamical quarks Georg P. Engel1, C. B. Lang1, Markus Limmer1, Daniel Mohler1,2, and Andreas Sch¨afer3 (BGR [Bern-Graz-Regensburg] Collaboration) 1Institut f¨ur Physik, FB Theoretische Physik, Universit¨at Graz, A–8010 Graz, Austria 2TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada 3Institut f¨ur Theoretische Physik, Universit¨at Regensburg, D–93040 Regensburg, Germany (Dated: November 4, 2018) We present results of meson and baryon spectroscopy using the Chirally Improved Dirac operator on lattices of size 163 × 32 with two mass-degenerate light sea quarks. Three ensembles with pion masses of 322(5), 470(4) and 525(7) MeV and lattice spacings close to 0.15 fm are investigated. Results for ground and excited states for several channels are given, including spin two mesons and hadrons with strange valence quarks. The analysis of the states is done with the variational method, including two kinds of Gaussian sources and derivative sources. We obtain several ground states fairly precisely and find radial excitations in various channels. Excited baryon results seem to suffer from finite size effects, in particular at small pion masses. We discuss the possible appearance of scattering states, considering masses and eigenvectors. Partially quenched results in the scalar channel suggest the presence of a 2-particle state, however, in most channels we cannot identify them. Where available, we compare our results to results of quenched simulations using the same action. PACS numbers: 11.15.Ha, 12.38.Gc I. INTRODUCTION fermions are very expensive, typically two orders of mag- nitude more expensive than simulations with the simple, The overwhelming majority of hadronic states in the improved Wilson Dirac operator.
    [Show full text]
  • Status of Xic0 Analysis Using Semileptonic Decay Channel in P+
    Status of Xic0 analysis using semileptonic decay channel in p+Pb collisions Nov 16th 2019 Jeongsu Bok (Inha University) Motivation • Heavy quarks are • sensitive probes to study the Quark-Gluon Plasma in heavy-ion coll isions. • Due to their large masses, they are formed in initial hard scattering of parton before the timescale of QGP formation • àproduced early in the collision, live long enough to sample QGP • experience the whole system evolution • Baryon containing Heavy Quark • Charm-baryon measurements provide unique insight into hadroniz ation processes • Baryon-to-Meson ratio is expected to be higher in p+Pb and Pb+Pb 11/16/19 2 Charmed baryon-to-meson ratio • Charmed baryon-to-meson ratio in p+p and p+Pb higher tha n than model calculations 11/16/19 3 0 0 �c / D • Phys. Lett. B. 781 (2018) 8–19 • Theories underestimate it 11/16/19 4 Charmed baryon-to-meson ratio in Pb+Pb • Enhancement in Pb+Pb • Compatible with models that include recombination 11/16/19 5 Charmed baryon-to-meson ratio in terms of multiplicity • Increase from low to high multiplicity • ratio in high multiplicity in pp comparable Pb-Pb • àrecombination already saturated in p+p? 11/16/19 6 0 + �c (�c ) • Charm hadronization not fully understood • à we need more result with different channel such as �c • Possibility to be hadronized via coalescence in QGP? • Strange enhancement? • Multiplicity dependence? 11/16/19 7 0 Studying �c using semi-leptonic decay • Analysis procedure • Reconstruct �- Hadronic decay channel: 0 • Reconstruct electron �c à π+ Ξ- → π+ π- Λ →
    [Show full text]
  • Stable and Semi-Stable Particles
    STABLE AND SEMI-STABLE PARTICLES The Positron: Particles and Antiparticles Until 1932 the only elementary particles known in physics were the proton, the electron and the photon which we called stable particles. In that year two new elementary particles were discovered, viz. the neutron and the positron. The existence of a positron had been predicted by Dirac in 1930 in his relativistic theory of the free electron. Dirac set up the relativistic wave equation for the electron and showed that solutions were possible for all values of the total energy Et whenever where m is the actual mass of the moving electron and c is the velocity of light. According to the Dirac theory there exists a set of mathematically possible positive energy states with energies greater than mc2 and also a set of possible negative energy states with energies less than - mc2. the following simple argument may help the reader. The relativistic equation connecting the momentum and total energy of a moving particle is where mo is the rest mass of the moving particle and p is its momentum. Thus and for any given value of the momentum p the energy Et can be positive or negative. In the case of the electron there are therefore positive energy states corresponding to observable energies, but the negative energy states have no simple physical meaning and can only be interpreted mathematically. Since electrons in the positive states would make radiative transitions to the negative states, and since this is not observed, Dirac proposed that all the negative energy states in a perfect vacuum were completely occupied by electrons, whereas all the positive states were normally empty.
    [Show full text]
  • Preprint DTP/90/82 Etc
    ********************************************************************** ********************************************************************** ** ** ** June 1991 ** ** ** ** A Manual to ** ** ** ** The Lund Monte Carlo for Hadronic Processes ** ** ** ** PYTHIA version 5.5 ** ** ** ** Hans-Uno Bengtsson ** ** Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Uppsala ** ** ** ** Torbjorn Sjostrand ** ** CERN/TH, CH-1211 Geneva 23 ** ** BITNET/EARN address TORSJO@CERNVM ** ** Tel. +22 - 767 28 20 ** ** ** ** Copyright Hans-Uno Bengtsson and Torbjorn Sjostrand ** ** ** ********************************************************************** ********************************************************************** * * * Table of Contents * * * * 1. Introductory Material * * 1.1. Program Objective * * 1.2. Update History * * 1.3. Major Changes from PYTHIA 4.8 to 5.3 * * 1.4. Major Changes from PYTHIA 5.3 to 5.4 * * 1.5. Major Changes from PYTHIA 5.4 to 5.5 * * 1.6. Installation of Program * * 1.7. Programming Philosophy * * * * 2. The Program Components * * 2.1. The Main Subroutines * * 2.2. The Physics Processes * * 2.3. Comments on Physics Processes * * 2.4. Switches for Event Type and Kinematics Selection * * 2.5. The General Switches and Parameters * * 2.6. General Event Information * * 2.7. The Event Record * * 2.8. Other Routines and Commonblocks * * 2.9. The JETSET Routines * * 2.10. On Cross-Sections * * 2.11. Examples * * * * Acknowledgements * * References * * * ********************************************************************** * Legend:
    [Show full text]
  • Masses of the Five New Narrow States of Neutral Charmed Omega Baryon Calculated Within the Atom-Like Structure of Baryons
    Copyright © 2017 by Sylwester Kornowski All rights reserved Masses of the Five New Narrow States of Neutral Charmed Omega Baryon Calculated Within the Atom-Like Structure of Baryons Sylwester Kornowski Abstract: The phase transitions of the inflation field, which are described within the Scale- Symmetric Theory (SST), lead to the atom-like structure of baryons. Here, within such a model, we calculated mass of the charged charmed Xi baryon (2467.89 MeV) and mass of neutral one (2468.51 MeV). We calculated also mass of ground state of the neutral charmed Omega baryon (2949.02 MeV) - it is below the threshold mass (2961.61 MeV) for the decay to charged charmed Xi (2467.93) and charged kaon (493.68 MeV), and we calculated masses of the five new narrow states of the neutral charmed Omega baryon with a mass of 2949.02 MeV: 3000 MeV (it is the ground state above the threshold mass), 3051 MeV, 3067 MeV, 3084 MeV, and 3118 MeV. We showed as well that there should be a structure around 3186 MeV. Within presented here model, we calculated mass of the charm quark (1276.4 MeV). 1. Introduction Recently, the LHCb collaboration have reported the discovery of the five new narrow states o of neutral charmed Omega baryons Ω*c [1]. Here, applying the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST), we showed the origin of such resonances and we calculated mass of the charm quark. Table 1 Masses of neutral loops, mS(o), and relativistic masses of neutral pion, mW(o), in d states in baryons [2] d mS(o) mW(o) [MeV] [MeV] 1 421.494 208.643 2 297.151 175.709 4 186.886 156.668 The phase transitions of the inflation/Higgs field, which are described within SST, lead to the atom-like structure of baryons [2].
    [Show full text]
  • LA-UR-13-22934 Approved for Public Release; Distribution Is Unlimited
    LA-UR-13-22934 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Title: Initial MCNP6 Release Overview - MCNP6 version 1.0 Author(s): Goorley, John T.; James, Michael R.; Booth, Thomas E.; Brown, Forrest B.; Bull, Jeffrey S.; Cox, Lawrence J.; Durkee, Joe W. Jr.; Elson, Jay S.; Fensin, Michael Lorne; Forster, Robert A. III; Hendricks, John S.; Hughes, H. Grady III; Johns, Russell C.; Kiedrowski, Brian C.; Martz, Roger L.; Mashnik, Stepan G.; McKinney, Gregg W.; Pelowitz, Denise B.; Prael, Richard E.; Sweezy, Jeremy Ed; Waters, Laurie S.; Wilcox, Trevor; Zukaitis, Anthony J. Intended for: For distribution with MCNP6 code and executables, but also for upload to MCNP website. Report Issued: 2013-04-24 (Draft) Disclaimer: Los Alamos National Laboratory, an affirmative action/equal opportunity employer,is operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the National NuclearSecurity Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC52-06NA25396. By approving this article, the publisher recognizes that the U.S. Government retains nonexclusive, royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or to allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes. Los Alamos National Laboratory requests that the publisher identify this article as work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Departmentof Energy. Los Alamos National Laboratory strongly supports academic freedom and a researcher's right to publish; as an institution, however, the Laboratory does not endorse the viewpoint of a publication or guarantee its technical correctness. LA-UR 13-22934 INITIAL MCNP6 RELEASE OVERVIEW – MCNP6 VERSION 1.0 T.
    [Show full text]
  • Measurement of Secondary Cosmic Rays Lithium, Beryllium, and Boron
    Measurement of Secondary Cosmic Rays Lithium, Beryllium, and Boron by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer by Yi Jia B.S., Xi’an Jiaotong University, China (2016) Submitted to the Department of Physics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY September 2018 c Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2018. All rights reserved. ○ Author................................................................ Department of Physics August 8th, 2018 Certified by. Samuel C. C. Ting Thomas Dudley Cabot Professor of Physics Thesis Supervisor Accepted by . Nergis Mavalvala Associate Department Head, Physics 2 Measurement of Secondary Cosmic Rays Lithium, Beryllium, and Boron by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer by Yi Jia Submitted to the Department of Physics on August 8th, 2018, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Abstract Secondary cosmic rays are mainly produced by the collisions of nuclei with the in- terstellar medium. The precise knowledge of secondary cosmic rays is important to understand the origin and propagation of cosmic rays in the Galaxy. In this thesis, my work on the precision measurement of secondary cosmic rays Li, Be, and B in the rigidity (momentum/charge) range 1.9 GV to 3.3 TV with a total of 5.4 million nuclei collected by AMS is presented. The total error on each of the fluxes is 3%-4% at 100 GV, which is an improvement of more than a factor of 10 compared to previ- ous measurements. Unexpectedly, the results show above 30 GV, these three fluxes have identical rigidity dependence and harden identically above 200 GV.
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:2004.04551V1 [Hep-Th] 9 Apr 2020 and Resonances
    Nucleons and higher spin baryon resonances: an AdS/QCD configurational entropic incursion Luiz F. Ferreira1, 2, ∗ and Roldao da Rocha1, y 1Federal University of ABC, Center of Mathematics, Santo Andr´e,Brazil 2Federal University of ABC, Center of Physics, Santo Andr´e,Brazil. P 1 + Families of J = 2 nucleons (N(939), N(1440), N(1710), N(1880), N(2100), N(2300)) and P 3 − J = 2 nucleons (N(1520), N(1700), N(1875) and N(2120)) are scrutinized from the point of view of the configurational entropy (CE). The mass spectra of higher J P resonances in each one of these families are then obtained when configurational-entropic Regge trajectories, that relate the CE of nucleon families to both their J P spin and also to their experimental mass spectra, are interpolated. The mass spectra of the next generation of nucleon resonances are then compared to al- ready established baryonic states in PDG. Besides the zero temperature case, the finite temperature analysis is also implemented. I. INTRODUCTION stance, the hard wall model consists in introducing an infra-red (IR) cut-off corresponding to the confinement The configurational entropy (CE) represents a mea- scale [7]. On the other hand, in the case of the soft wall sure of spatial correlations, in the very same sense of the model is included a dilaton field acting as a smooth IR pioneering Shannon's information entropy. The funda- cut-off. mental interpretation of the CE consists of the limit to In both these regimes, the CE provides new procedures a lossless compression rate of information that is inher- to figure out and unravel distinct physical phenomena.
    [Show full text]