DOCSLIB.ORG

Traumatic Shock

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Traumatic Shock University of Nebraska Medical Center DigitalCommons@UNMC MD Theses Special Collections 5-1-1939 Traumatic shock Robert E. Barton University of Nebraska Medical Center This manuscript is historical in nature and may not reflect current medical research and practice. Search PubMed for current research. Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unmc.edu/mdtheses Part of the Medical Education Commons Recommended Citation Barton, Robert E., "Traumatic shock" (1939). MD Theses. 719. https://digitalcommons.unmc.edu/mdtheses/719 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Special Collections at DigitalCommons@UNMC. It has been accepted for inclusion in MD Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNMC. For more information, please contact [email protected]. -' TBA ID4A.TIC SHOCK Robert E. Bartoa Senior fteaia - Presente4 to &e mu:v:ersit7 of liebre.aka. Co1lege of Medicine Omaha. - 1959 TABLE OF CON TENTS I - Clinical Picture II - Mechanism: Basie Faotore III- Mechsnism: Ultimate Factors IV - Personal Reflections V - Modern Conception. TI - Me.nagemen~ 481010 l PREFACE Because of its mysterious onset and nature, traumatic shock has lou.g suggeste4 problema of UD..usual cli.niceJ. awl scientific interest. It• frequent occurrence eapeoiall.7 in association with severe wolUlla anl extensive surgical operations renders a solution of these probleme particularlN important. Notw1thataadillg the large amount of attention which it has receiTed ani the resulting Toluminous literature deTotel to this subject, the conception of the ultime.te Dature of the phenomenon of shock at the present time stands not ill universal agreeaqt. It woul4 be of little practical va.l.ue to examine in detail all of the literature aTailable on the subject, for many of the older ideas relevant to the aature of tra111l8tie shock have been definitel.J' iiaproven. Furthermore, muoh of the literature showa extensive recapitulation. HoweTer, reference •111 be made to some of the more notable attempt& to aolYe the problem bJ ce.rtaia prominent inveatigators. As a result of observa­ ~io.us me.de during the World War by members of the Shock Commission, a lltlmber of facts stand out to disprove 2 ma.Q oia. theories ant1 provide a basis for the devel­ opment of new oaea. outstanding among these reeearehers waa Cannoa. profeasor of pQ'aiologJ at Hane.rd. whoa• brilliant work ai Beth.ue perhaps aontribute4 more toward the modern coaceptioa of traumatic shook than that of a.Q other 111.vestigator. It ia the purpoee of thia theaia to set forth, firet of e.11, the cliaieal features of shook; aecoat\17, aaaocia.ted baaie factors; thir4l.7, theoretical ultimate faotore; fouzthl.7, the reelll.tant of the ntlllerous clinical ant experimental obaervatioas, 1.e., the modern eonoeption of traumatic shook; ani fiaallJ fifthl.J', ratioaal thera­ peutics aa pertains to thia eoaditioa. I ~ CLINICAL PICTURI For many 7eara, aurgeou have noted a atarlling clillieal. picture whieh appears 1Jll patieata followiag aevere 1n3uriea. MaJl1' ll&lllea have been given to thia aya­ iroae, ad4.ing further to the co.n:fusioa of its uni.e:rstancting, but notwithatandi.ag Dl8.n7 objec.tiona the term shock haa been almoat wli.versall.y adopted and was first used b7 Latta in 1795 to 4eaigute this coniitioa. Shook appea.ra typically in patient• after ex.­ tensive surgical. operations ani in vietima of burns, war wounla, ani industrial ant transportatioaal accidents. The common occurrence of this complication in the World War lei to the formation of a eommission of surg•oas anl p:Q.ysiologista to study its nature. This effort which is deseribe4 in Cannon's monograph on "Ti-aumatic Shook" was productive of 11.x_perimental and elinieal. evidence that went far toward the eluoidation of the problem. Cl.inieal. accounts of shock through the 7ears have varied somewhat since earl.ier obeeners appliei. the term loosely to diverse aoaditions associated •1th sudden weakness, fainting, unoonsciousnesa, and sudden death. On the other hand, there were some very aacurate ea~l7 descriptions of shock that are in aooori with our 4 present-lay 01111.ical reeognition of thia coad.ition. The following is an abbreviation of an aaeouat given by Fiaohe:r ( ' ) 1a 1870. The patient, a strong and perfeet:ty heal.thy young man, we.a atruck in the abdomen by a pole of a carriage ira11n by runa.wa1 horaea • .A.fter careful. eXUliaation, there waa nothing founi. to iaiicate an injury to &BY of the internal. organs. Never-.. thel.eaa, the grave symptoms ancl the a].arai.o.g look which he still. presents male their appearance immediately after the aocileat. He J.iea perfectl7 quiet and pa.ya no attention whatever to events about him. fhe pupils are dilated and react slowly to light. He stares purposelessly ancl apathetically straight before him. His akin ana. suc.h parte of the mucous .raembranes as are visible are as pale aa marble, an4 his ha.n.i.s a.ad lipa have a bl.uiah tiage. Large dropa of sweat hang oa llis forehead and eyebrowa, his whole body feels cold to ta. he.nd, a.ad a thermometer indicates a degree an.cl a h&.l.f Centigrade ia the axilla ancl a degree in the rectllm. below normal. Sensibility is much blunted over the whole body, and only when a very painful. impression is made on the patient does he fretfullJ' make a wr1 face and thea a languid iefensive movement. If the limbs are lifted and then let go, they imrnediateJ.y fall aa if dead. 5 ~he uril.\e is soant7 and dense but free from any traces of auga~ and alblllllea. The pulse is e.laoet iJaperoeptillle ana. very rapid. The patient is conscious, but replies •101117 and onl.1 when repeated17 and importunely quea~­ i1oaei. Oa being thus queetioned, he oomplains of eol4, faintness, and leadneas of the '9Xtremities. Bia voice is hoarse. Ria reepiratioa 1a characterised by long, ieep, sighiag inspirations alternatiag with very superficial ones which are scarcel,J' visibl.e or audible. While being brought to the hospital, he vomited several times, and nausea and hicooughs still remain. A typical case of woUD.4 shock aa desoribed by Caaaoa ( {, ) may be briefly svmmerized. A man belonging to the garrison we.a wounded by a bomb which partly shattered the forepart of his foot and sprink1ei his neck and shoulder with tiny fragments. Ria chum, stand­ ing by his aide, was killed. !I!he blood pressure, which waa l.l.0/70 mm Hg a short while previously, wae still the same immediately after he was wouaded. It was a eol4 night with a ohill.J' 111.ud -.nitae the mall waare&i'ried along shallow trenehea 111a41ag over a hill, he became colder and cold~. At this time, too, there waa oooasioaa1 enemy aotivity. By the time he reached the aid post, aa hour a.ui a half later, he was pulaeless. filo hours later. when examined at the next post, he waa stil.1 pulseless, and a serious view wae taken of his eondition. He was hurried on to the casualty clearing station where he arrived with a blood pressure of 60/65 mm Hg and no palpable pulse. After being warmed up 1a bed, the pulse soon returned and the shock passed off in the absence of any heroic measures of treatment. When this characteristic syndrome occurs shortly after trauma or during the course of an operation, it is designated aa primary shock; when tlae S1Df.ptoms are i.elayed until seTeral. hours after an 1njur1 or operation. it 1a designated as second­ ary shock. The primary type is relativel.y transient and resemblea the nerToue phenomena of fainting or ia aaaoeiated with so extensive destruetioa of tissue aa to make conti.uuanoe of life impossible. Siua such cases either recover without treatment, at least temporarily. or are hopeless, primary shook does not constitute as important a. clinical problem as does secondary shock. Consequently, to thie latter type. laboratory and field investigators ha.Te chiefl7 directei. their researchea. It is iaporta.Jlt to mention here that Blalock ( a ) , a recent investigator• empha­ sizes the fact that fundamental physiologic disturb­ aneee associated with prima.ry an4 secondary shock may '1 ....• ~ ... - co-exist. In order to elarify the course of events in primary e.M. seoonda.r~ shock, Cowell { 1 ) ha.a represented graphioall7 the blood pressure changes tat JUJ be aeea in oaaes of oae or other of the two types. Refer to fig. l, p.8 aai to fig. 2. p.9. 8 PRIMARY WOUND SHOCK - ONSET AND COURSE -Hrs.- 120 110 100 90 ~ , I I \ 80 \ :B. \ l\D ?O I - . P. 60 \ E ' IS 50 40 11 30 ll 0 l 2 3 4 5 Fig. l. Following the receipt of a severe injury, such that death must ensue or life oan be saved only by prompt surgical intervention, instant shock appears. Thia may be fatal. in a. short time (A). If a.l.l precautions are taken in the careful transit of tha patient, the blood pressure may rise enroute (C) or remain leve1 without further drop (BE). After lapse of a few hours, the con­ dition of primary wound shock may merge into that of seaondary wound shock (D or E). 9 SECONDARY ~·; oUND SHOCX - ONSET Ah"'D COURSE -Hrs.- 120 110 II re \ I 100 I 90 \ ' ' I f 80 B. 70 v / :p . a '( I 60 \ 50 40 \ 30 \., 0 l 2 3 4 5 Fig. 2.. In many wound aaaea, the blood pressure will remain level (A). In others, as a. result of hemorrhage.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Derived Resuscitation Fluids on Euvolemic and Hypovolemic Rats
    PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES INDUCED BY INTRAVENOUS INFUSION OF KERATIN- DERIVED RESUSCITATION FLUIDS ON EUVOLEMIC AND HYPOVOLEMIC RATS By FIESKY A. NUÑEZ JR, MD A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Physiology and Pharmacology May 2012 Winston-Salem, North Carolina ApProved by Thomas L. Smith, PhD, Advisor Mark Van Dyke, PhD, Chair George Christ, PhD Patricia Gallagher, PhD Ann Tallant, PhD DEDICATION To my wife: Alejandra, your infinite patience and understanding allowed me to mature as a Person and as a scientist. Without you I would not have accomplished this feat. I love you To my Parents, for your unconditional support that allowed this road to be filled with joy and success. To my sister: Mary, your wisdom and emotional suPPort gave me the strength and hope I needed in order to achieve many things. You always make me think of a better tomorrow and a better me. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special Thanks to: Tom: For your impeccable mentorshiP and disPosition to always put my best interests first. Mark: For your dedication and Patience to teach such an impatient subject. Mike: For your knowledge and hard work in day-to-day lab efforts. Maria: Thank you for your patience in the lab and for sharing your immense knowledge of keratin with me. Keratin Krew and Biomaterials core: Roche, Bailey, Chris, Lauren, Mary, Julie, Jill, Carmen, DeePika. Your collaborations allow individual contributions to flourish into an extraordinary lab. OrthoaPedic Lab: Beth, Eileen, Martha, Jan, Casey.
    [Show full text]
  • THE CARDIO-CIRCULATORY EFFECTS in MAN of NEO- SYNEPHRIN (1-Α-Hydroxy-Β-Methylamino-3-Hydroxy- Ethylbenzene Hydrochloride)
    THE CARDIO-CIRCULATORY EFFECTS IN MAN OF NEO- SYNEPHRIN (1-α-hydroxy-β-methylamino-3-hydroxy- ethylbenzene hydrochloride) Ancel Keys, Antonio Violante J Clin Invest. 1942;21(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI101270. Research Article Find the latest version: https://jci.me/101270/pdf THE CARDIO-CIRCULATORY EFFECTS IN MAN OF NEO-SYNEPHRIN (1-a-hydroxy-,8-methylamino-3-hydroxy-ethylbenzene hydrochloride) 1 BY ANCEL KEYS AND ANTONIO VIOLANTE (From the Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis) (Received for publication June 20, 1941) Neo-synephrin 2 differs chemically from epi- at least one day was allowed to elapse between studies nephrine only in the absence of the hydroxy group on any one subject. The general procedure in all studies was the same. para on the benzene ring. The in the position The subject rested quietly for 10 to 30 minutes and then first pharmacological studies with this substance measurements and observations were begun and continued emphasized the conclusion that the pharmacologi- for 10 minutes or more before the drug was adminis- cal action of neo-synephrin resembles that of epi- tered. Observations were continued for 1 to 4 hours nephrine in all respects, but the potency is less and following the administration. In all cases blood pressure the duration of effects is longer (12, 13, 21). and pulse rate were measured at frequent intervals throughout the entire experimental period. The same Inspection of the data in these papers shows, how- observer measured blood pressures throughout any one ever, that the pressor effect is relatively much experiment.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Treatment for Abdominal Surgical Shock
    Where it is possible the mucous membrane of and the skin is closed, except for a point at the the roof of the canal should not be destroyed and lower angle through which the catheter is brought the ends of the urethra will thus be prevented out. When the closure of the wound is complete, from retracting excessively. In the worst cases, ¿he patient is placed in a horizontal position, the where the urethra has been practically destroyed, catheter is adjusted at the proper point and is transverse division may be necessary. In many then fastened in position by a suture in the skin. of the inflammatory strictures, however, it is After-treatment. The important points in the possible to leave this strip on the roof which does after-treatment are— the care of the anterior not in any way interfere with the free mobilization urethra and the retention of the catheter until the of the anterior segment. For convenience of wound is completely healed. The care of the description, the steps of the operation will be anterior urethra has been described above, and given in order. the essential thing is that the urethra should be (1) With the patient in the lithotomy position a kept entirely clean with some solution which will free median incision is made down to the urethra, not produce undue irritation, and by some method dividing the structures of the bulb in the median which will not traumatize the suture. It has line and turning them aside. It is important that seemed to us that injection with a small syringe is this incision should be carried well backward so preferable to irrigation, either with a catheter or that the membranous urethra can be exposed.
    [Show full text]
  • Coronary Thrombosis
    University of Nebraska Medical Center DigitalCommons@UNMC MD Theses Special Collections 5-1-1938 Coronary thrombosis R. W. Karrer University of Nebraska Medical Center This manuscript is historical in nature and may not reflect current medical research and practice. Search PubMed for current research. Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unmc.edu/mdtheses Part of the Medical Education Commons Recommended Citation Karrer, R. W., "Coronary thrombosis" (1938). MD Theses. 669. https://digitalcommons.unmc.edu/mdtheses/669 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Special Collections at DigitalCommons@UNMC. It has been accepted for inclusion in MD Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNMC. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CORONARY THROMBOSIS by R. w. Karrer Senior Thesis presented to the College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Omaha, 1938. 480947 INTRODUCTION The terms coronary thrombosis, coronary occlusion, and cardiac or myocardial infarction are often em- ployed as synonyms, although there are useful differences in their meanings. In this thesis the author will deal only with that special type of coronary occlusion in which coronary thrombosis is the final event in the process of occlusion. Also, the thesis will be limited, more or less, to that type of thrombosis which is acute thrombosis of a coronary artery, rather than to the chronic type which is neither as spec­ tacular a disease nor as clean cut in its clinical picture. The definition of coronary thrombosis as given by Dorland {1935} is, "The formation of a clot in a branch of the coronary arteries which supply blood to the heart muscle, resulting in obstruction of the artery and infarction of the area of the heart supplied by the occluded vessel." Cecil (1935) modifies the definition in that he mentions the obstruction is generally acute.
    [Show full text]
  • The Action of Epinephrin Upon the Muscle Tissue of the Vein
    Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science Volume 18 Annual Issue Article 27 1911 The Action of Epinephrin upon the Muscle Tissue of the Vein J. T. M'Clintock Copyright ©1911 Iowa Academy of Science, Inc. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias Recommended Citation M'Clintock, J. T. (1911) "The Action of Epinephrin upon the Muscle Tissue of the Vein," Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, 18(1), 125-129. Available at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol18/iss1/27 This Research is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa Academy of Science at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science by an authorized editor of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. M'Clintock: The Action of Epinephrin upon the Muscle Tissue of the Vein THE ACTION OF EPINEPHBIN UPON THE MUSCLE TISSUE OP THE VEIN. The physiology of the venous circulation has, in comparison to that of the arterial, received very little consideration. It has been looked upon as a circulation carried on in a system of inert, elastic tubes, carrying the blood back to the heart from the periphery and without much, if any, physiological action on the part of the venous wall in the process. We are in the habit of looking to the heart, the arterial tension and the skeletal muscle action as being the forces driving the blood through the venous system. The venous part of the circulation is of equal importance to the arterial, for under the conditions as they exist the one cannot be with out the other and it is hardly to be expected that in so important a process the tissue would be left with only the physical force of elas ticity upon which to depend for meeting the variable conditions to which it must be subjected.
    [Show full text]
  • Controlled Hypotension 443 Some Other Than That at the Neuro-Muscular GRIFFITH, H
    Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pgmj.31.359.443 on 1 September 1955. Downloaded from September 1955 SCURR: Control of the Blood Pressure and Controlled Hypotension 443 some other than that at the neuro-muscular GRIFFITH, H. R., and JOHNSON, G. E. (1942), Anaesthesiology action, 3, 4I8. junction, which is as yet unknown. BENNETT, A. E. (1940), J.A.M.A., 144, 322. GRAY, R. W., et al. (I941), Psych. Quart., 15, 159. BIBLIOGRAPHY WATERTON. C. (x812), 'Wanderings in S. America,' Everyman BERNARD, CLAUDE (1843), ' Note sur la Curarine et ses effects Series, Dent, London. physiologiques,' Paris. BEECHER, H. K., and TODD, D. P. (I954), Ann. Surg., I, 140. >CONTROL OF THE BLOOD PRESSURE AND CONTROLLED HYPOTENSION By C. F. SCURR, M.V.O., M.B., B.S., D.A., R.C.S., F.F.A. Consultant Anaesthetist, Westminster Hospital; Honorary Anaesthetist, Hospital of Ss. John and Elizabeth Control of the Blood Pressure during the vagus and sympathetic, it can be improved by Anaesthesia humoral agents (adrenaline) and inotropic drugs, Blood pressure is the lateral pressure exerted by and is readily depressed by certain anaesthetic the blood on the vessel walls; our considerations agents which produce dilatation. Protected by copyright. are especially directed to the arterial system. The (b) Cardiac Filling: This depends on the length difference between systolic and diastolic pressure of diastole and the effective venous pressure. is the pulse pressure which depends on the stroke Venous pressure: The venous system accounts volume of the heart and the volume, elasticity and for 70 per cent.
    [Show full text]
  • Vascular Responses to Acute Intracranial Hypertension
    J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.34.5.587 on 1 October 1971. Downloaded from J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1971, 34, 587-601 Vascular responses to acute intracranial hypertension S. S. HAYREH1 AND J. EDWARDS From the Department of Experimental Ophthalmology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University of London SUMMARY In 27 rhesus monkeys the cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP) was raised by injections into the cisterna magna to about 40 to 50 mm Hg in steps of 5 mm Hg every five minutes. During the initial phase of the rise of the CSFP to about 15 mm Hg normal animals showed a significant fall in the systolic arterial blood pressure. With a further elevation of the CSFP the BP rose till the CSFP reached 30 to 40 mm Hg. If the CSFP were raised higher than that, a large number of the animals showed a significant fall in the BP. In animals which were shocked before the CSFP was raised there was no drop in the systolic BP during the initial phase. This study indicates that vascular decompensation occurs in the majority of animals when the CSFP goes higher than 30 to 40 mm guest. Protected by copyright. Hg; there is a significant rise in the pulse rate, superior sagittal sinus pressure (SSP), and internal jugular vein pressure (JVP). The JVP was related to the SSP, indicating that the JVP most probably reflected the pressure changes in the intracranial venous sinuses. Four animals suddenly collapsed at the highest CSFP. In the remaining 23 animals, on a sudden lowering of the CSFP to zero from the highest level, 13 monkeys died in less than half an hour and four in about an hour, while six animals stood this elevation of the CSFP well, with a good recovery.
    [Show full text]
  • Resuscitation-Fluid Replacement W
    Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pgmj.43.503.592 on 1 September 1967. Downloaded from Postgrad. med. J. (September 1967) 43, 592-598. Resuscitation-fluid replacement W. G. PROUT R. VAUGHAN JONES M.B., F.R.C.S. M.B., M.R.C.P., M.C.Path. Surgical Registrar, Consultant Pathologist, St Peter's Hospital, Chertsey, and St Thomas' Hospital, London North West Surrey Group Laboratory St Peter's Hospital, Chertsey THIS short account will be confined to the dromes with no common single clinical manifesta- management of circulatory failure in the first few tion. hours after reception of the patient in a Casualty Bloch et al. (1966) define shock as a state of Department. Where shock is due to trauma the progressive circulatory failure in which the cardiac cause will usually be obvious, but many shocked output is insufficient to meet tissue requirements cases brought to Casualty Departments suffer for nutrition, oxygenation or waste disposal. This from other diseases in which circulatory failure definition serves to emphasize the basic patho- may be complex in origin. For this reason we have logical feature, that of defective tissue perfusion. also discussed non-traumatic causes. For the different forms of shock, further terms have been introduced. Shires (1967) has suggested Traumatic shock subdivision into haematogenic, neurogenic, vaso- It is generally agreed that reduction in the genic and cardiogenic forms, but these are termsby copyright. circulating blood volume is the main factor in the without therapeutic implication. McGowan & production of traumatic shock. When external or Walters (1966) point out that clinically two internal haemorrhage takes place, the fluid lost is, patterns of circulatory upset are most often seen of course, blood.
    [Show full text]
  • Cardiogenic Shock
    Res Medica, Spring 1969, Volume VI, Number 3 Page 1 of 8 Cardiogenic Shock Andrew G. Leitch B.Sc. Abstract DEFINITION AND PATHOGENESIS INCIDENCE Cardiogenic shock is shock occurring after myocardial infarction. It has been variously described as occurring in 6%, 8%, 10%, 12% and 20% of patients with myocardial infarction. Shock accompanies the onset of pain in few eases and most cases occur in the first twenty-four hours after infarction although they may occur several days after. CLINICAL CRITERIA The criteria for diagnosis of shock may vary with different authors (hence the anomalous 20% above) but, in general, it is agreed that shock is suggested clinically by the following features: cold, clammy extremities, pallor and cyanosis, rapid, thready pulse, anuria or oliguria, anxiety, restlessness or apathy, and prolonged hypotension. The only objective assessment is of blood pressure and this alone does not define shock. Considerable variation may therefore be expected in diagnosis. In view of the difficulties in defining the criteria for diagnosis of shock, the individual criteria and the interpretations placed upon them warrant further discussion. Copyright Royal Medical Society. All rights reserved. The copyright is retained by the author and the Royal Medical Society, except where explicitly otherwise stated. Scans have been produced by the Digital Imaging Unit at Edinburgh University Library. Res Medica is supported by the University of Edinburgh’s Journal Hosting Service: http://journals.ed.ac.uk ISSN: 2051-7580 (Online) ISSN: 0482-3206 (Print) Res Medica is published by the Royal Medical Society, 5/5 Bristo Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9AL Res Medica, Spring 1969, 6(3): 13-19 doi: 10.2218/resmedica.v6i3.851 Leitch, A.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Total Sympathectomy on the Occurrence of Shock from Hemorrhage
    THE EFFECT OF TOTAL SYMPATHECTOMY ON THE OCCURRENCE OF SHOCK FROM HEMORRHAGE N. E. Freeman, … , H. E. Holling, N. E. Marean J Clin Invest. 1938;17(3):359-368. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI100960. Research Article Find the latest version: https://jci.me/100960/pdf THE EFFECT OF TOTAL SYMPATHECTOMY ON THE OCCURRENCE OF SHOCK FROM HEMORRHAGE By N. E. FREEMAN, S. A. SHAFFER, A. E. SCHECTER AND H. E. HOLLINGi WITH THE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE OF N. E. MAREAN (From the Harrison Department of Surgical Research, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia) (Received for publication January 20, 1938) Shock has been differentiated from hemor- shock in the experimental animal. This apparent rhage on the basis of hemoconcentration, nega- paradox was attributed to a reduction in the tive reaction to blood transfusions, and pathologi- volume flow of blood to the peripheral tissues cal changes in the tissues (1). In hemorrhage, produced by constriction of the arterioles. The dilution of the blood occurs while concentration hypothesis was advanced that vasoconstriction takes place in shock. After simple loss of blood, enabled the organism to adjust to the immediate prompt recovery follows transfusion, whereas in crisis. If this reaction were so intense and pro- severe shock, the administration of blood is fre- tracted, however, as to reduce the nutrient flow quently unavailing. It has been held that the to the tissues, shock would be produced. tissues are anemic after hemorrhage while the The reaction of normal dogs to hemorrhage pathological picture of shock is that of " dilatation was, therefore, compared with that of completely and engorgement of capillaries and vessels " (2).
    [Show full text]
  • Study on Alterations of Blood Flow and Blood Viscosity Under Hemorrhagic Shock and Effects of Plasma Expander
    Nagoya J. me d. Sci. 31: 339-355. 1969. STUDY ON ALTERATIONS OF BLOOD FLOW AND BLOOD VISCOSITY UNDER HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK AND EFFECTS OF PLASMA EXPANDER YosHIKAzu MATSUNAGA 1st Department of Surgery, Nagoya Univeys?fy School of Medicine (Director: Prof. Yoshio Hashimoto) ABSTRACT Experiments were performed in 48 dogs subjected to a shock produced by hemorrhage after the modified Wiggers' method. Dogs were infused 90 minutes after hemorrhage with one of six test substances; shed blood, 5% glucose solution, or four kinds of dextran ( mw. 75,000, 47,000, 29,000 and 12,000 ). Infusion of dextran with mw. 29,000 produced the most remarkable increase in femoral arterial blood flow above the prehemorrhagic level. This flow improvement was thought to be more attributable to reduction in blood viscosity than an increase in blood volume. INTRODUCTION The development of shock is a complicated phenomenon not necessarily causally related to any one factor. The shock may be resulted from a multi­ plicity of influences such as hormonal, neural, circulatory and so onn. Hemorrhage, if it is significant in amount, may cause irreversible responses of the circulatory system. Maintenance of blood volume and blood pressure is necessary, but there is no guarantee to restore capillary circulation even with an adequate blood replacement. The circulatory conditions after hemorrhage are accompanied by cellular aggregation or sludging, increased blood viscosity and venular stasis of cells11 - 41 • Cellular aggregation, if uncorrected, may reduce nutritive capillary blood flow and result in hypoxic damages of the parenchy­ matous organs. A failure of capillary circulation is related to a principal cause of a fatal process.
    [Show full text]
  • Irwin and Rippe's Intensive Care Medicine
    BOOKS,SOFTWARE,&OTHER MEDIA findings. This chapter emphasizes a step- therapy and explains the various classes of ment chart would have been extremely help- ␤ by-step approach to thorough physical ex- drugs, such as anti-infectives, 2 adrener- ful. amination and defining normal findings with gics, corticosteroids, and xanthines. In- The highlights in each of these chapters abnormal findings that the practitioner may cluded in this section are drug-delivery were the author’s inclusion of educational encounter. The chapter also includes “age methods (eg, metered-dose inhaler, powder discharge notes, which will help clinicians awareness” alerts to which the clinician inhaler), indications, adverse effects, and and student prepare the patient and family should pay close attention when assessing points to which the clinician should pay close for discharge by making them aware of pos- children or the elderly, and “red flags” to attention when delivering medications. Also sible outcomes. Overall, each of these chap- highlight subjects that could be of great im- included are discussions on inhalation ther- ters was what I would call the “CliffNotes” portance (eg, during chest inspection, watch apy, continuous positive airway pressure, for most common respiratory diseases and for areas of abnormal collapse during inspi- mechanical ventilation, and bronchial hy- problems. These supplement big heavy ration or abnormal expansion during expi- giene. I found all the treatments to be very pathophysiology books very well, and this ration, which could signify paradoxical accurate and according to the American As- book is an easy-to-use reference. movement). The “age awareness” and “red sociation for Respiratory Care clinical prac- The last chapter, on emergencies, mainly flag” alerts appear throughout the book and tice guidelines.
    [Show full text]