HISTORY 75500 SOJOURNERS, SULTANS, AND SLAVES: AND FREEDOM IN NORTH AMERICA AND THE INDIAN OCEAN

Spring 2020 Instructor: Gunja SenGupta Room 5212, 4:15-6:15 GC Office Hours: Wednesdays: 3-4, and by appointment Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Telephone: 7189515303

COURSE DESCRIPTION:

As the 19th century dawned, global systems of and empire knit and Indian Ocean worlds into international networks of trade and travel, and conquest and colonization, of labor and capital, and politics and ideology. The controversies over slavery, colonialism, and freedom’s meanings that resulted from this integration, offer U.S. scholars an analytical framework for “cross-fertilizing” national histories, historiographies, and epistemologies, with the burgeoning scholarship on the Indian Ocean. This course introduces students to transnational and comparative perspectives that illuminate the interoceanic scale of the Anglophone contexts in which Americans engaged with the politics and representations of slavery, abolition and empire. Such engagements emerged in a moment of transition between empires in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean worlds during the 18th century. The backdrop against which they occurred, however, was shaped by developments that date as far back as what European historians would consider early modern periods in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean worlds. So we will begin there, reflecting, as we proceed to the 19th century, on questions like: how exceptional was “American” slavery, and its relationship with notions of freedom? How did British colonial traditions of legal pluralism translate in the Indian Ocean world? How do we theorize “agency,” “diaspora,” and “difference,” in African diasporic history, and evaluate scholarly debates over the boundaries between law and practice, family and the market, and nation and empire within that history? In what ways did “subaltern” migrations remake identities and produce change? How did free labor experiments in British Asia influence debates over sectionalism in the U.S.? What do the struggles of American slaveholders in Indian Ocean Sultanates over land, labor, cultural politics, and international power rivalries tell us about comparative slavery histories? We will grapple with these questions by placing U.S. historiography in dialogue with scholarship and multinational archival materials on slavery and freedom in the Indian Ocean, comparing, for instance, the with on the Trans-Saharan and Arabia Sea routes; considering the ways in which tropes of difference (race, religion, class, caste, gender, sex) and ideas about dependence (especially kinship) shaped ideologies and practices of “master-slave” relationships; discussing the workings of the state, law, political economy, religious institutions, and demography, in constructing systems of bondage, hierarchy and patronage; considering how formal institutions and informal customs influenced marginalized people’s 1 material conditions, and regulated their access to community membership/citizenship; examining the dynamics of “subaltern” family, culture, community, and resistance; tracing the transoceanic circulation of debates over slavery and poverty, and abolition and empire; and contextualizing emancipation in the U.S, within the framework of comparative chronicles of freedom.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Students will: 1) contextualize U.S. slavery and abolition histories and historiographies within comparative and transnational frames of reference, especially in relation to the Indian Ocean; 2) develop a critical understanding of the ways in which context influences concepts central to African diasporic history (“agency,” “difference,” “diaspora,” “freedom,” etc); 3) reflect on the relationship of the past with memory, identity, and representation in literature, popular culture, and sites of public commemoration (like museums); 4) analyze and synthesize scholarly works; 5) frame research questions, and build arguments from a spectrum of primary and secondary sources.

CLASS FORMAT:

Each class will consist of seminar-style discussions and debate over the assigned readings. We will read and interpret scholarly pieces, in juxtaposition with a variety of other sources on the same themes. Such sources may include archival documents and audiovisual materials that prompt us to think critically about the ways in which historians use primary sources. Students will take turns introducing and leading class discussions on selected readings assigned for each period. Details of these requirements follow.

COURSE MATERIALS AND WHERE TO FIND THEM

1) Required readings: E-book links and pdf copies of articles, book chapters, primary documents, and images will be posted on Blackboard [hereafter BB, and available through https://cunyportal.cuny.edu/]. These materials are listed in the schedule of readings below. 2) Film clips/podcasts/images: will be supplied by instructor in class, as per schedule. 3) References: The required readings for each week are followed by supplementary bibliographies, listing works which you are NOT expected to read for class discussion purposes. These materials – not posted on BB -- are designed to give you overviews of the topics under discussion, help you with more specialized research in areas that interest you, and on occasion, to help you place the required readings in historiographical context.

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COURSE REQUIREMENTS

Attendance and class participation: You are required to attend class regularly, complete reading assignments carefully and according to schedule, and participate in class discussions. All absences MUST be excused.

Leading discussions in rotation: Students will take turns leading discussions on selected readings, with one student-led discussion scheduled for each class period for much of the semester. Each student will lead discussions of TWO required readings (essays or book chapters) in the course of the semester, picking their selections from lists distributed in class. The lead discussant of each reading must introduce the piece and pose questions for class discussion that address the main ideas, arguments, supporting evidence, historiographical context (where appropriate), and connections with other readings assigned for that class period.

Journal: Please maintain a journal that helps you to engage with the readings and our class discussions. For each journal entry – one per class period starting with the second week of class– reflect on the arguments, supporting evidence and historiographical context where appropriate – of any TWO pieces assigned for the day. Each entry should be between one to two pages long (typed, double-spaced). Please submit the journal entries to me three times in the course of the semester: March 11, April 7, and May 17, either in hard copy or via SafeAssign on BB.

Research paper or historiographical essay or dissertation/thesis chapter: Submit a 10 page research paper (typed, double-spaced) or historiographical essay on any topic related to the themes of slavery/abolition/freedom that interests you or is related to your dissertation/thesis project. If you choose to write a research paper, you must identify and draw on primary sources, in addition to secondary works. All papers must be accompanied by notes and a bibliography, citing all sources of information used in the paper. Details will be supplied in class. The paper is due no later than11 pm, on May 24, via SafeAssign, on BB.

GRADING:

Your course grade will be computed according to the following percentages: Attendance and general class participation: 15%; leading discussions: 30%; journal: 25% (10% each); term paper: 30%. COURSE PLAN AND SCHEDULE OF READINGS

Week 1(Jan 29) 3

Topics: 1) Syllabus 2) Introduction: Comparative and Transnational Perspectives on Slavery, Abolition, and Meanings of Freedom

Overviews for your reference (optional, not posted on BB): On the transnational/global perspectives of African American historians, see Robin D. G. Kelley, “ ‘But a Local Phase of a World Problem’: Black History’s Global Vision, 1883-1950,” Journal of American History 86 (December 1999), 1045-1077. For overviews of slavery and abolition, see Robin Blackburn, The American Crucible: Slavery, Emancipation and Human Rights (London: Verso, 2011, repr. 2013); David Brion Davis, : The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World (New : Oxford University Press, 2007), and “The Origins and Nature of New World Slavery,” in Richard A. Posner and David Brion Davis, Challenging the Boundaries of Slavery (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009); Joseph C. Miller, “Problematizing Slavery in the Americas as History,” in The Problem of Slavery as History: A Global Approach (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012), 119-162; Orlando Patterson, Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982). On recent surveys of abolition in the U.S., see Manisha Sinha, The Slave’s Cause: A History of Abolition (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016); Ira Berlin, The Long Emancipation: The Demise of Slavery in the (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 2015); Patrick Rael, Eighty-Eight Years: The Long Death of Slavery in the United States, 1777-1865 (Athens: Georgia, 2015). On the Indian Ocean see Sugata Bose, A Hundred Horizons: the Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006.); Gwyn Campbell, Suzzanne Miers, and Joseph C. Miller eds., Women and Slavery: Africa, The Indian Ocean World, and the Medieval North Atlantic (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2007); Gywn Campbell and Edward A. Alpers, “Introduction: Slavery, Forced Labor and Resistance in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia,” Slavery and Abolition 25(August 2004), ix-xxvii; Joseph E. Harris, The African Presence in Asia (Evanston, Ill: Northwestern University Press,1977); Isabel Hofmeyr, “Universalizing the Indian Ocean,” PMLA 125 (May 2010), 721-729.

Week 2 (Feb 5) Topics: 1) Historiography, Contexts, and Concepts 2) Memory and Diasporic Consciousness Readings: PDF/E-Book Links on BB: 1) Suzanne Miers, “Slavery: A Question of Definition,” in Gwyn Campbell ed., The Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia (Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 2004) 1-2.

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2) Stephanie M. H. Camp and Edward E. Baptist, “Introduction,” in Baptist and Camp eds., New Studies in the History of American Slavery (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2006), 1-18. 3) Colin Palmer, “Defining and Studying the Modern African Diaspora,” Perspectives on History (September 1998) (https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/septembe r-1998/defining-and-studying-the-modern-african-diaspora). 4) Bayo Holsey, Routes of Remembrance: Refashioning the Slave Trade in Ghana (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), 27-47, and 151-174 5) “The Last Slave,” article with excerpts from Zora Neale Hurston’s Barracoon: the story of the last “black cargo,” April 30, 2018, issue of New York Magazine. (https://www.vulture.com/2018/04/zora-neale-hurston-barracoon-excerpt.html) 6) Robert Harms, “Introduction,” in Harms, Bernard K. Freamon, and David W. Blight eds., Indian Ocean Slavery in the Age of Abolition (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013), 1-19. 7) Pier M. Larson, “Reconsidering Trauma, Identity, and the African Diaspora: Enslavement and Historical Memory in Nineteenth-Century Highland ,” The William and Mary Quarterly 56 (April 1999), 335-362

Film Clips: Daughters of the Dust; Rue cases nègres

Recommended background reading on survey of slavery and freedom in the Atlantic World (posted on BB): “Introduction: The ,” in Patrick Rael, Eighty-Eight Years: The Long Death of Slavery in the United States, 1777-1865

References C.A. Bayly, Sven Beckert, Matthew Connelly, Isabel Hofmeyr, Wendy Kozol, and Patricia Seed, “AHR Conversation: On Transnational History,” American Historical Review 111 (December 2006): 1440-1464; essays by Nancy F. Cott, Stephen Tuck, Jean Allman, and Matthew Pratt Guterl in “AHR Forum: Transnational Lives in the Twentieth-Century,” American Historical Review 118 (February 2013): 45-139; Vincent Brown, “Social Death and Political Life in the Study of Slavery,” American Historical Review 114 (December 2009): 1231-1249; Peter Coclanis, “Atlantic World or Atlantic/World?” William and Mary Quarterly 63(October 2006), 727-28; Alison Games, “Atlantic History: Definitions, Challenges, and Opportunities,” American Historical Review 111(June 2006), 741-757; Jeff Forret and Christine E. Sears, New Directions in Slavery Studies: Commodification, Community, Comparison (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 20155): James Sidbury, “Globalization, Creolization, and the Not-So-Peculiar Institution,” Journal of Southern History

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73(August 2007), 618; Thomas Sowell, Race and Culture: A World View (New York: Basic Books, 1994); Saidiya Hartman, “Fugitive Dreams,” in Lose Your Mother: A Journey Along the Atlantic Slave Route (New York, 2009); Joseph E. Harris, “Expanding the Scope of African Diaspora Studies: The Middle East and India, a Research Agenda,” Radical History Review 87 (Fall 2003): 157-68; Patrick Manning, “Africa and the African Diaspora: New Directions of Study,” Journal of African History 44 (2003):487-506; Gwyn Campbell, “The African-Asian Diaspora: Myth or Reality?” African and Asian Studies 5 (2006), 305-324; Torry Threadcraft, “The Power of Untold Slave Narratives,” book review of Zora Neale Hurston, Barracoon: The Story of the Last Black Cargo, The Atlantic, October 1, 2018 (https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2018/10/zora-neale-hurston-highlights-unpop ular-narratives-barracoon/571789/); Indrani Chatterjee and Richard Eaton eds., Slavery and South Asian History (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006); Utsa Patnaik and Manjari Dingwaney eds., Chains of Servitude: Bondage and Slavery in India (Hyderabad: Sangam Books, 1985); Gyan Prakash, Bonded Histories (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Deryck Scarr, Slaving and Slavery in the Indian Ocean (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998); James L. Watson ed., Asian and African Systems of Slavery (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980).

Week 3 (Feb 19)

Topics: 1) The Atlantic Slave Trade in Comparative Perspective; Debates over Reparations. 2) Reading the “Black Atlantic”: History and Literature.

Readings: E-book link/PDF on BB: 1) John K. Thornton, Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800 (Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 1-9, 72-97. 2) Stephanie E. Smallwood, Saltwater Slavery: A from Africa to American Diaspora (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), “Introduction,” 1-8, 33-64. 3) Thomas Phillips, “Buying Slaves at Whydah, 1694, “ excerpted from Thomas Phillips, “A Journey of Voyage Made in the Hannibal of London in 1694,” in Documents Illustrative of the Slave Trade to America, ed., Elizabeth Donnan (Washington D.C.: Carnegie Institute, 1930). 4) Excerpts from , The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, Written by Himself, vol. I (London, 1789) (http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/prince/prince.html). 5) Richard Eaton, “The Rise and Fall of Military Slavery in the Deccan, 1450-1650,” in Indrani Chatterjee and Richard Eaton eds., Slavery and South Asian History (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006), 115-135.

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6) Henry Louis Gates Jr., “Ending the Blame Game,” New York Times Op-Ed, April 23, 2010 and responses to Gates in Letters to the Editor, New York Times, April 26, 2010. 7) “272 Slaves Were Sold to Save Georgetown. What Does it Owe Their Descendants?” New York Times, April 17, 2016

Film: Scenes from Wonders of the African World: The Slave Kingdoms (1999)

References John W. Sweet, “The Subject of the Slave Trade: Recent Currents in the Histories of the Atlantic, Great Britain, and Western Africa,” Early American Studies 7 (Spring 2009), 1-45; Ian Baucom, Specters of the Atlantic: Finance, Capital, Slavery, and the Philosophy of History (Durham: Duke University Press, 2005); David Eitis, Stephen D. Behrendt, David Richardson, and Herbert S. Kîein,eds. The Transatlantic Slave Trade: A Database on CD-ROM (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); and online at http://www.slavevoyages.org/tast/index.faces; Sean M. Kelley, “DB or Not DB: Writing the History of the Slave Trade to North America in the Era of the Database,” History Compass 17 (May 2019); Sowande Mustakeem, Slavery at Sea: Terror, Sex, and Sickness in the Middle Passage (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2016); Vincent Brown, The Reaper’s Garden; Death and Power in the World of Atlantic Slavery (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008); Nicholas Trinehart, “The Man That Was a Thing: Reconsidering Human Commodification in Slavery,” Journal of Social History 50 (Fall 2016): 28-50; Awam Amkpa and Gunja SenGupta, “Picturing Homes and Border Crossings: The Slavery Trope in Films of the Black Atlantic,” Ana Lucia Araujo ed., Paths of the Atlantic Slave Trade: Interactions, Identities, and Images (Amherst, NY: Cambria Press, 2011), 359-387; Rochelle R Zuck, “Rethinking the Black Atlantic: Gallows Literature, Slave Narratives, and Visual Culture,” Early American Literature 51 (2016): 683-696; Nicole N. Aljoe and Ian Finseth, eds., Journeys of the in Early Americas (Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2014); Wendy W. Walters, Archives of the Black Atlantic: Reading Between Literature and History (Routledge, 2013); Richard B. Allen, European Slave Trading in the Indian Ocean, 1500-1850 (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2014); Patrick Manning, Slavery and : African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Bernard Moitt ed., Sugar, Slavery and Society: Perspectives on the Caribbean, India, the Mascarenes, and the United States (Gainesville, Fl: University of Florida Press, 2004); Jeanette Pinto, Slavery in , 1510-1842 (Bombay: Himalaya Publishing, 1992); The 1619 Project – New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/black-history-american-democracy.ht ml;

Week 4 (Feb 26) Topic: 1) Emergence of Slave Societies: Diaspora and Difference in the United States 7

Readings (E-book link/PDF on BB) : 1) Selections from Jennifer L. Morgan, Laboring Women: Reproduction and Gender in New World Slavery (Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004). 2) Ira Berlin, Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998), 142-176. 3) Selections from Jill Lepore, New York Burning: Liberty, Slavery, and Conspiracy in Eighteenth-Century Manhattan (New York: Alfred Knopf, 2005). 4) Selections from Slave Law and the Politics of Resistance in the Early Atlantic World (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018)

References Alden T. Vaughan, “The Origins Debate: Slavery and Racism in Seventeenth-Century, in of American Racism: Essays on the Colonial Experience (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 136-174; Edmund S. Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom (New York: Norton, 1975); Judith A. Carney, Black Rice: The African Origins of Rice Cultivation in the America (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009); Essays by S. Max Edelson, Gwendolyn Midlo Hall, Walter Hawthorne, David Eltis, Philip Morgan, and David Richardson in “AHR Exchange: The Question of Black Rice,” American Historical Review 115 (February 2010), 123-171; Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, “African-American Women’s History and the Metalanguage of Race,” Signs 17 (Winter 1992): 251-75; Craig S. Wilder, Ebony and Ivory: Race, Slavery, and the Troubled History of America’s Universities (New York: Bloomsbury, 2013); Bruce Dain, A Hideous Monster of the Mind: American Race Theory in the Early Republic (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002); Thelma W. Foote, Black and White Manhattan: The History of Racial Formation in Colonial New York City (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004). On bibliographies of slavery in New York, see also the notes section of Gunja SenGupta, From Slavery to Poverty: The Racial Origins of Welfare in New York (New York: Press, 2009), 281-283.

Week 5 (March 4) Topic: Reverberations: Revolution, Nation, and Empire Readings (E-book link/PDF on BB): 1) Manisha Sinha, The Slave’s Cause: A History of Abolition (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016), chapters 2 &3. 2) Mia Bay, “In Search of Sally Hemings in the Post-DNA Era,” Reviews in American History 34(December 2006), 407-426 3) Annette Gordon Reed, “The Hemings-Jefferson Treaty: Paris, 1789,” Womens America: Refocusing the Past, 7th edition (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 139-146 4) Van Gosse, " ‘As a Nation, the English Are Our Friends’: The Emergence of African American Politics in the British Atlantic World, 1772-1861,” American Historical Review 113 (October 2008): 1003-1028 5) Tiya Miles, Ties that Bind: The Story of an Afro-Cherokee Family in Slavery and Freedom 8

(Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2005), Chapters 1-3. 6) Documents from British colonial archives on the rise of a new Orientalist discourse of “Slavery in the East,” versus “Slavery in the West.”

References Christopher Leslie Brown, Moral Capital: Foundations of British (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006); Kirsten Sword, “Remembering Dinah Nevil: Strategic Deceptions in Eighteenth-Century Antislavery,” Journal of American History (September 2010), 315-342; John Davies, “Taking Liberties: Saint Dominguan Slaves and the Formation of Community in Philadelphia, 1791-1805,” in Forret and Sears eds., New Directions in Slavery Studies, 93-110; Kit Candlin and Cassandra Pybus, Enterprising Women: Gender, Race, and Power in the Revolutionary Atlantic (Athens, University of Georgia Press, 2015); David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1966), and The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770-1823 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1975); Edward Alpers, “On Becoming a British Lake: Piracy, Slaving, and British Imperialism in the Indian Ocean in the First Half of the Nineteenth-Century,” in Harms et al., eds., Indian Ocean Slavery, 45-60; Andrea Major, Slavery, Abolitionism and Empire in India, 1772–1843, Liverpool Studies in International Slavery (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2012).

Weeks 6 ,7, 8 Topics: 1) “Mammy,” Magnolias and Mint Juleps: Old South Fantasies amid “War Capitalism” 2) Global Capitalism, Empire, and Transoceanic Debates over Slavery as “Poor Law.” Readings (E-book link/PDF on BB):

Week 6 (March 11)

1) Excerpts from George Fitzhugh, Sociology for the South, or the Failure of Free Society (Richmond, VA: A. Morris Publisher, 1854), electronic edition, “Documenting the American South,” or “DocSouth,” a digital publishing project of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. (http://docsouth.unc.edu) 2) Stanley M. Elkins, Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1959, repr.,1976), Chapter III: “Slavery and Personality.” 3) Selections from Jasmine Nicole Cobb, Picture Freedom: Remaking Black Visuality in the Early Nineteenth Century (New York: New York University Press, 2015). 4) Deborah Gray White, Ar’n’t I a Woman? Female Slaves in the South (New York: Norton, 1985), 1-61

Film: Scenes from Gone With the Wind (1939).

FIRST SET OF JOURNAL ENTRIES DUE.

Week 7 (March 18)

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1) Sven Beckert, Empire of Cotton: A Global History (New York: Vintage Books, 2014), 98-135 2) Daina Ramey Berry, “Broad is de Road dat Leads ter Death: Human Capital and Enslaved Mortality,” in Sven Beckert and Seth Rockman eds., Slavery’s Capitalism: A New History of American Economic Development (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016), 146-162 3) Frederick Cooper, Plantation Slavery on the East Coast of Africa (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), 23-79. 4) Documents on Africans in the Indian Ocean. 5) Documents on Mississippi overseers and free labor experiments in India

References: Dale Tomich, “The Second Slavery and World Capitalism: A Perspective for Historical Inquiry,” International Review of Social History 63 (December 2018), 477-501; Erik Mathisen, “The Second Slavery, Capitalism, and Emancipation in Civil War America,” The Journal of the Civil War Era 8 (December 2018), 677-699; Eugene D. Genovese, Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made (New York: Vintage Books, 1972, repr., 1974); Walter Johnson, Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999) and River of Dark Dreams: Slavery and Empire in the Cotton Kingdom (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2017); Gwyn Campbell, “The Changing Face of Labor in the Indian Ocean World, c., 1800-1900,” in Harms et al. eds., Indian Ocean Slavery in the Age of Abolition, 23-44; Pedro Machado, Ocean of Trade: South Asian Merchants, Africa and the Indian Ocean, c.1750–1850 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014); Matthew S. Hopper, Slaves of One Master: Globalization and Slavery in Arabia in the Age of Empire (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015); Johan Matthew, Margins of the Market: Trafficking and Capitalism Across the Arabian Sea (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2016); Henry Charles Carey, “How Slavery Grows in India,” in The Slave Trade: Why it Exists and How it May be Extinguished (Philadelphia: Hart, Carey, and Hart, 1853), 130-173. (Carey became Lincoln’s economic advisor).

Weeks 8,9,10

Topics: 1)“From Sundown to Sunup”: Enslaved Communities, Culture, “Creolization.” 2) Resistance and the Problem of Agency Readings (E-book link/PDF on BB)

Week 8 (March 25) 1) Walter Johnson, “On Agency,” Journal of Social History (Fall 2003), 113-124 2) John W. Blassingame, : Plantation Life in the Antebellum South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1972), Chapters 2 & 5 10

3) Lawrence W. Levine, “The Slaves World-View Revealed in Their Stories,” excerpted from Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), in Thomas C. Holt and Elsa Barkley Brown eds., Major Problems in African American History, Volume I: From Slavery to Freedom, 1619-1877 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000), 277-293. 4) Shane White and Graham White, “Slave Hair and African American Culture in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth-Centuries,” Journal of Southern History 61(February 1995), 45-76. OR Michael Gomez, Exchanging Our Country Marks: The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 1-16, 59-87. 5) James H. Sweet, “Defying Social Death: The Multiple Configurations of African Slve Family in the Atlantic World,” The William and Mary Quarterly, 70 (April 2013), 251-272.

Week 9 (April 1) 1) Sylvia R. Frey and Betty Wood, Come Shouting to Zion: African American Protestantism in the American South and the British Caribbean to 1830 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), Chapters 1&5. 2) Marcus Rediker, “The African Origins of the Amistad Rebellion, 1839,” International Review of Social History 58 (December 2013): 15-34. 3) Helene Basu, “Music and the Formation of Sidi Identity in Western India,” History Workshop Journal 65(Spring 2008): 161-178. Week 10 (April 7) 1) Wilma King, “‘Mad’ Enough to Kill: Enslaved Women, Murder, and Southern Courts,” Journal of African American History 92 (Winter 2007): 37-56. 2) Anne Twitty, Before : Slavery and Legal Culture in the American Confluence, 1787-1857, Cambridge Historical Studies in American Law and Society. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016), Introduction and Chapter 5. 3) Documents on subaltern engagement with formal institutions of empire in the Indian Ocean.

Film: Scenes from Amistad (1997); Scenes from (1998)

SECOND SET OF JOURNAL ENTRIES DUE

References: Norman R. Yetman, “Ex-Slave Interviews and the Historiography of Slavery,”

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American Quarterly 36 (Summer 1984), 181-210; John Samuel Harpham, “ ‘Tumult and Silence’ in the Study of the American Slave Revolts,” Slavery and Abolition 36 (2015), 257-274; Juan M. Floyd-Thomas, “Towards a Religious History of the Black Atlantic: Charles H. Long’s Significations and New World Slavery,” Journal of Religious History 42 (March 2018), 3-24; Herbert G. Gutman, The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750-1925 (New York: Random House, 1976), xvii-xxv, 3-44; Wilma A. Dunway, The African American Family in Slavery and Emancipation (Cambridge University Press, 2003); Melissa Milewski, “New Directions in the Historiography of and the Law,” Slavery and Abolition 40 (2019), Issue 3, 606-613; Clare Anderson, “Convicts and : Rethinking Indentured Labour in the Nineteenth Century,” Slavery and Abolition 30(March 2009):93-109; Diana Williams, “Can Quadroon Balls Represent Acquiescence or Resistance?,” in Mary E. Frederickson, Darlene Clarke Hine and Delores Walters eds., Gendered Resistance: Women, Slavery, and the Legacy of (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2013), 115-131; W. Jeffrey Bolster, Back Jacks: African American Seamen in the Age of Sail (Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1997): Thomas C. Buchanan, Black Life on the Mississippi: Slaves, Free Blacks, and the Western Steamboat World (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004); Janet J. Ewald, “Bondsmen, Freedmen, and Maritime Industrial Transportation, c. 1840-1900,” Slavery and Abolition 31 (September 2010), 451-466; Sylvia R. Frey, “The Visible Church: Historiography of African American Religion Since Raboteau,” Slavery and Abolition 29 (March 2008):83-110; Gwendolyn Midlo Hall, Slavery and African Ethnicities in the Americas: Restoring the Links (Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press, 2005); Marcus Rediker, The Amistad Rebellion: An Atlantic Odyssey (New York: Penguin Books, 2012); James Sidbury, Ploughshares into Swords: Race, Rebellion, and Identity in Gabriel's Virginia, 1730-1810 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Brenda Stevenson, “The Question of the Slave Female Community and Culture in the American South: Methodological and Ideological Approaches,” Journal of African American History 92(Winter 2007): 74-95.

Week 11 (April 22) Topics: Kinship, Labor, and the Market A) Households in the American South and Ghana. B) Courtesans, Concubines, and Eunuchs in the Indian Ocean

Readings (E-book link/PDF on BB): 1) Letter by Louisa S. McCord to an abolitionist Englishwoman, the Duchess of Sutherland, and published in the newspaper, the Charleston Mercury, 1853. 2) Dylan C. Penningroth, “The Claims of Slaves and Ex-Slaves to Family and Property: A Transatlantic Comparison,” American Historical Review 112(October 2007), 1039-1069. 3) Excerpts from Memoirs of an Arabian Princess by Emily Ruete (Salamah bint Saïd; Sayyida Salme, Princess of Zanzibar and Oman) (1844-1924), Translated by Lionel Strachey. New York: Doubleday, Page and Co., 1907 (http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/ruete/arabian/arabian.html)

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4) Documents on “slaveholding” courtesans in 19th century South Asia from the British colonial archives.

References Thavolia Glymph, Out of the House of Bondage: The Transformation of the Plantation Household (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008); Kendra Field, “The Violence of Family Formation: Enslaved Families and Reproductive labor in the Marketplace,” Reviews in American History 42 (2014): 255-264.

Week 12 (April 29) Topic: How Space, Mobility, and Migration Made Meaning in Local and Imperial Contexts Readings (E-book link/PDF on BB): 1) Stephanie M. H. Camp, “The Pleasures of Resistance: Enslaved Women and Body Politics in the Plantation South, 1830-1861,” in Camp and Baptist eds., New Studies in the History of American Slavery, 87-124 2) Gunja SenGupta, "Migration as a Woman's Right: Stories From Comparative and Transnational Slavery Histories in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean Worlds," in Deborah Willis et al eds., Women and Migration: Responses in Art and History (Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2019), 561-580 3) William and Ellen Craft, “Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom, Or, the Escape of William and Ellen Craft from Slavery,” (1860), in Sterling LeCarter Bland, African American Slave Narratives: Anthology, Vol. 3 (Westport: Greenwood Press, 2001), 891-946. References Edward Alpers, “Flight to Freedom: Escape from Slavery Among Bonded Africans in the Indian Ocean World, 1750-1962,” Slavery and Abolition 24 (August 2003), 51-68; Lindsay Doulton, “ ‘The Flag That Sets Us Free’: Antislavery, Africans, and the Royal Navy in the Western Indian Ocean,” in Harms et al., Indian Ocean Slavery, 101-119; Brian Russell Roberts, “Abolitionist Archipelago: Pre-and Post-Emancipation Islands of Slavery and Emancipation,” Atlantic Studies 8 (June 2011) 233-252; Edlie L. Wong, Neither Fugitive nor Free: Atlantic Freedom Suits and the Legal Culture of Travel (New York: New York University Press, 2009).

Week 13&14 (December 4, 11) Topics: 1) Diverse Paths to Abolition and Emancipation 2) U.S. Connections with Indian Ocean Slavery after the Civil War Readings (E-book link/PDF on BB): Week 13 (April 6) 1) Selections from David Blight, : Prophet of Freedom (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2018).

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2) Selections from Harriet Beecher Stowe, ’s Cabin (1852). 3) Stephanie McCurry, Confederate Reckoning: Power and Politics in the Civil War South (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010), “Prologue” and Chapter 6

Film: Scene from 12 Years a Slave (2013)

Week 14 (May 13)

1) Tera Hunter, “Reconstruction and the Meanings of Freedom,” in To 'Joy my Freedom: Southern Black Women's Lives and Labors after the Civil War (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997), 21-43. 2) Johan Mathew, “Trafficking Labor,” in Margins of the Market: Trafficking and Capitalism Across the Arabian Sea (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2016), 52-81 3) Barnard K. Freamon, “Straight, No Chaser: Slavery, Abolition, and Modern Islamic Thought,” in Harms et al. eds., Indian Ocean Slavery, 61 -80 OR Elisabeth McMahon, “Networked Family: Defining Kinship in Emancipated Slave Wills on Pemba Island,” Journal of Social History 46(Summer 2013): 916-930. 4) Documents on American slaveholders and African fugitives in the Indian Ocean

THIRD SET OF JOURNAL ENTRIES DUE

References

Ira Berlin, The Long Emancipation ; Patrick Rael, Eighty-Eight Years ; Manisha Sinha, The Slave’s Cause ; Martha S. Jones, Birthright Citizens: A History of Race and Rights in Antebellum America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018); Heather Andrea Williams, Help Me Find My People: The African American Search for Family Lost in Slavery (Durham: Duke University Press, 2012); Brenda E. Stevenson, “Filming Black Voices and Stories: Slavery on America’s Screens,” Journal of the Civil War Era 8 (September 2018), 488-519; Howard Temperley, “The Delegalization of Slavery in British India,” in Temperley ed., After Slavery: Emancipation and its Discontents (London: Routledge, 2000), 169-187; Matthew Hopper, “Slaves of One Master: Globalization and the African Diaspora in Arabia in the Age of Empire,” in Harms et al., eds., Indian Ocean Slavery, 223-240; Richard B Allen, “Slaves, Convicts, Abolitionism and the Global Origins of the Post-Emancipation Indentured Labor System,” Slavery and Abolition 35 (June 2014), 328-348; Ira Berlin, et al., eds., The Destruction of Slavery (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Gwyn Campbell ed., Abolition and its Aftermath in Indian Ocean African and Asia (London: Routledge, 2005); Frederick Cooper, Thomas C. Holt and Rebecca J. Scott, Beyond Slavery: Explorations of race, Labor, and Citizenship in Postemancipation Societies (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000); Seymour Drescher, From Slavery to Freedom: Comparative Studies 14 in the Rise and Fall of Atlantic Slavery (New York: New York University Press, 1998); Stanley L. Engerman, Slavery, Emancipation, and Freedom: Comparative Perspectives (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2007); Eric Foner, Nothing but Freedom: Emancipation and its Legacy (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1983); Andrea Major, Slavery, Abolitionism, and Empire in India (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2012) Jeffrey R. Kerr-Ritchie, Freedom’s Seekers: Essays in Comparative Emancipation (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2014); Martin A. Klein, ed., Breaking the Chains: Slavery, Bondage and Emancipation in Modern South Africa and Asia (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993); Barbara Krauthamer, Black Slaves, Indian Masters: Slavery, Emancipation, and Citizenship in the Native American South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013); Dharma Kumar, Land and Caste in South India (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge U. Press, 1965) Leon Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Emanciption (New York: Knopf, 1979); Pamela Scully and Diana Paton eds., Gender and Slave Emancipation in the Atlantic World (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005); Salamishah Tillet, Sites of Slavery: Citizenship and Racial Democracy in the Post-Civil War Imagination (Durham: Duke University Press, 2012).

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