Introduction 1 the Challenge of Comparative Religion

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NOTES

Introduction

1. Google searches conducted on July 28, 2009. 2. Pascal Boyer, Religion Explained: The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Thought (New York: Basic Books, 2001); Richard Dawkins, The God Delusion (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2006); Victor J. Stenger, God: The Failed Hypothesis: How Science Shows That God Does Not Exist (New York: Prometheus Books, 2007); Daniel C. Dennett, Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon (New York: Viking, 2006); Dean H. Hamer, The God Gene: How Faith Is Hardwired into Our Genes (New York: Anchor, 2005); Sam Harris, The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004); Harris, Letter to a Christian Nation (New York: Knopf, 2006); David Sloan Wilson, Darwin’s Cathedral: Evolution, Religion, and the Nature of Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002). 3. Nonreductive functionalism is a term of art in the philosophy of mind. David Chalmers popularized the concept in his 1996 book The Conscious Mind. He argues that “consciousness can only be understood within a non-reductionist science of the mind.” Consciousness is “supervenient” on physical states of the brain. Chalmers argues for “property dualism,” that is, mental states cannot be fully reduced to and understood through biochemical, neuron-level analyses of the brain, contrary to the ambitions of physicalist reductionists such as John Searle and Daniel Dennett. See David J. Chalmer, The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996). My use of the term is related but greatly expanded beyond the domain of the cognitive sciences and the philosophy of mind. 4. Edwin A. Abbott, Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions (Project Gutenberg, 1884). 5. Alfred North Whitehead, Science and the Modern World (New York: Free Press, [1925] 1967), 51. 6. “Metanexus Institute,” http://www.metanexus.net. 7. “Television” and “automobile” are examples of other modern bastard combinations of Greek and Latin words. 8. Edwin Schrödinger, “What Is Life?” http://whatislife.stanford.edu/Homepage/LoCo_files/ What-is-Life.pdf.

1 The Challenge of Comparative Religion

1. “Adherents.Com: National & World Religion Statistics,” http://www.adherents.com/ Religions_By_Adherents.html. 2. Another source puts the number of distinct religions in the world at ten thousand, of which 150 have 1 million or more members. These statistics are put together to support Christian missionaries in David Barrett, George Kurian, and Todd Johnson, World Christian Encyclopedia (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001). The authors count some 33,830 denominations within Christianity. 3. Anthony F. C. Wallace, Revitalizations and Mazeways: Essays on Culture Change, ed. Robert S. Grumet, vol. 1 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2003). 4. Daniel L. Overmyer, “Chinese Religion: An Overview,” in Encyclopedia of Religion, ed. Lindsay Jones (New York: Macmillan Reference, 2005). 222 Notes 5. See, for instance, Sam Harris, The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004); Harris, Letter to a Christian Nation (New York: Knopf, 2006); Richard Dawkins, The God Delusion (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2003); Christopher Hitchens, God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything (New York: Hachette Books, 2007). For a thoughtful rebuttal, see John Haught, God and the New Atheism: A Critical Response to Dawkins, Harris, and Hitchens (Louisville, KY: Westminister John Knox Press, 2008). 6. Donald E. Brown, Human Universals (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991). 7. See Mircea Eliade, Patterns in Comparative Religion (New York: Sheed & Ward, 1958); Eliade, The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion, trans. Willard R. Trask (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1961); Eliade, The Myth of the Eternal Return: Cosmos and History, trans. Willard R. Trask (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971); and Eliade, Myths, Rites, Symbols: A Mircea Eliade Reader, ed. Wendell C. Beane and William G. Doty, vol. 2 (New York: Harper Colophon, 1976). For critics of Eliade, see G. S. Kirk, Myth: Its Meaning and Functions in Ancient and Other Cultures (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973); Kirk, The Nature of Greek Myths (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1974); Guilford Dudley III, Religion on Trial: Mircea Eliade & His Critics (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1977). 8. Carl Gustav Jung, Psychology and Religion (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, [1938] 1966); The Portable Jung, ed. Joseph Campell (New York: Penguin, 1971). 9. It is not the case that Christianity and other religions necessarily reject the validity of other faiths, even as they might argue for their own superiority over other approaches. Part of the genius of Hindu civilization is its ability to absorb and incorporate many diverse religions and incompatible philosophies into its synthesizing spirit. Jews understand themselves to be a chosen people with a special covenant with God, but this is not to say that God does not also relate to other peoples and faiths. Islam also affirms the diversity of faiths as part of God’s plan: “We have created you male and female, and have made you nations and tribes that you may know one another. The noblest of you, in the sight of Allah, is the best in conduct” (Qu’ran, Sura 49:13). These are complex texts and traditions, so other verses and examples also can be cited to con- tradict this implied inclusivity. At this stage, I need only note that particular religions recognize and sometimes affirm the legitimacy of other particular religions. Concerns about orthodoxy and heterodoxy are historically mostly matters internal to particular traditions, not so much between traditions. 10. George Santayana, Life of Reason, vol. 3, Reason in Religion (New York: Prometheus Books, [1905–06] 1998). 11. John Bowker, The Sense of God (Oxford: Oneworld Publications, [1973] 1995), x. 12. Paul Ricoeur, Interpretation Theory: Discourse and the Surplus of Meaning (Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press, 1976). 13. Jack Miles, God: A Biography (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995). 14. Stanley H. Ambrose, “Late Pleistocene Human Population Bottlenecks, Volcanic Winter, and Differentiation of Modern Humans,” Journal of Human Evolution 34, no. 6 (1998); Ambrose, “Volcanic Winter, and Differentiation of Modern Humans,” Bradshaw Foundation, http:// www.bradshawfoundation.com/stanley_ambrose.php. Accessed June 12, 2009.

2 The Old Sciences of Religion

1. Michel Bourdeau, “Auguste Comte,” in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Edward N. Zalta (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University, 2008). 2. Ibid.; Frederick Ferré, Introduction to Positive Philosophy Auguste Comte (New York: Bobbs- Merrill Company, 1970); Andrew Wernick, Auguste Comte and the Religion of Humanity: The Post-Theistic Program of French Social Theory (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001); Henri de Lubac, The Drama of Atheist Humanism, trans. Edith M. Riley and Anne Englund Nash (San Francisco: Ignatious Press, [1944] 1983); Gertrud Lenzer, “Introduction: Auguste Comte and Modern Positivism,” in Auguste Come and Positivism: The Essential Writings, ed. Gertrud Lenzer (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2008). 3. Auguste Comte, “Plans for the Scientific Operations Necessary for Reorganizing Society” (1822), in The Crisis in Industrial Civilization: The Early Writings of Auguste Comte, ed. Ronald Fletcher (London: Heinemann, 1974), 144. Notes 223 4. Ibid., 134. 5. Comte, “Philosophical Considerations on the Sciences and Savants” (1825), in The Crisis in Industrial Civilization: The Early Writings of Auguste Comte, ed. Ronald Fletcher (London: Heinemann, 1974), 192. 6. Comte, “Plans for the Scientific Operations,” 134. 7. Comte, “Philosophical Considerations,” 185. 8. Auguste Comte, The Positive Philosophy, trans. Harriet Martineau (New York: AMS Press, [1842] 1974), 558. 9. Comte, “Philosophical Considerations,” 185. 10. Ibid., 187. 11. Ibid. 12. Comte, Positive Philosophy, 36. 13. Auguste Comte, “Considerations on the Spiritual Power” (1826), in The Crisis of Industrial Civilization: The Early Essays of Auguste Comte, ed. Ronald Fletcher (London: Heinemann, 1974), 236. 14. Ibid., 241. 15. Comte, “Philosophical Considerations,” 199. 16. Comte, System of Positive Polity, or Treatise on Sociology: Instituting the Religion of Humanity, trans. Frederic Harrison, 3 vols., vol. 2 (New York: B. Franklin, [1852] 1968), 47. 17. Ibid., 296. 18. Richard McCarty, “Comte’s Positivist Calendar,” East Carolina University, http://personal. ecu.edu/mccartyr/pos-cal.html. 19. Comte, System of Positive Polity, 45. 20. John Stuart Mill, Auguste Comte and Positivism (Project Gutenberg, 1865). 21. This analysis of Comte’s significance in ten points in the thinking of other nineteenth- and early twentieth-century theorists of religion draws on primary-source material as well as the follow- ing books: Daniel L. Pals, Eight Theories of Religion, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006); Eric J. Sharpe, Comparative Religion: A History, 5th ed. (Chicago, IL: Open Court Publishing, 1986); J. Samuel Preus, Explaining Religion: Criticism and Theory from Bodin to Freud, ed. Terry Godlove, Texts and Translation Series, American Academy of Religion (Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1996); and Ronald Fletcher, ed. The Crisis of Industrial Civilization: The Early Essays of Auguste Comte (London: Heinemann Educational Books,1974). 22. Sigmund Freud, Totem and Taboo (New York: Prometheus Books, [1918] 2000); Freud, Future of an Illusion ([1927]); Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents (New York: W.W. Norton, [1930] 1961). 23. Ludwig Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity, trans. George Eliot (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1843 [1957]); Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy, ed. Lewis S. Feuer (New York: Doubleday, 1959). 24. J. H. Brooke, Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1999); Richard Boyd, Philip Gasper, and J. D. Trout, eds., The Philosophy of Science (Cambridge, MA, and London: MIT Press,1991). 25. In Plato’s Republic we get a similar account of religion in the need for a Noble Lie to motivate the service and sacrifice of the Guardians. 26. Émile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, trans. Joseph Ward Swain (New York: The Free Press, [1912] 1915), 44. 27. Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (New York: Harper, 1973). 28. Mary Midgley, Science as Salvation: A Modern Myth and Its Meaning (New York: Routledge, 1994). 29. George M. Marsden, Soul of the American University: From Protestant Establishment to Established Nonbelief (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996); David A. Hollinger, Science, Jews, and Secular Culture: Studies in Mid-Twentieth-Century American Intellectual History (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996). 30. Freud, Totem and Taboo; Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents. 31. Maximillian Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, [1905] 1958); Weber, The Sociology of Religion, trans. Ephraim Fischoff (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, [1922] 1963); Weber, The Religion of India, trans. Hans Gerth and Don Martindale (Glencoe, IL: Free Press, [1920] 1958); Weber, The Religion of China, trans. Hans Gerth (Glencoe, IL: Free Press, [1920] 1951). 224 Notes 32. Andrew Dickson White, A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom (Project Gutenberg, 1896). 33. William James, Varieties of Religious Experience (New York: Macmillian, [1902] 1961). 34. Geertz, Interpretation of Cultures, 90. 35. E. B. Tylor, Religion in Primitive Culture (New York: Harper Torchbooks, [1871] 1958), 9. 36. Walter Burkert, Creation of the Sacred: Tracks of Biology in Early Religion (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), 177. 37. Scott Atran, In Gods We Trust: The Evolutionary Landscape of Religion (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 4. 38. Pascal Boyer, Religion Explained: The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Thought, 7, 307. 39. See for instance, Stephen M. Kossyln, “A Science of the Divine,” Edge, http://www.edge.org/ q2006/q06_9.html#kosslyn. 40. For background on transhumanism, see Nick Bostrom et al., “H+: Transhumanism Answers Its Critics,” Metanexus, http://www.metanexus.net/magazine/PastIssues/tabid/126/Default. aspx?PageContentID=33. For a critique of transhumanism, see Hava Tirosh-Samuelson et al., “Special Issue on Transhumanism,” Metanexus, http://www.metanexus.net/magazine/ PastIssues/tabid/126/Default.aspx?PageContentID=27. 41. For an excellent analysis of these authors, see John Haught, God and the New Atheism: A Critical Response to Dawkins, Harris, and Hitchens (Louisville, KY: Westminister John Knox Press, 2008).

3 The Economics of Religion

1. These are 2008 estimates. See Central Intelligence Agency, “The World Factbook,” https://www. cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html. See also Eric D. Beinhocker, The Origin of Wealth: Evolution, Complexity, and the Radical Remaking of Economics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business Press, 2006), 9. 2. The question of limits of growth and sustainable development are real and serious. See J. Robert McNeill, Something New under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000); J. Robert McNeill and William H. McNeill, The Human Web: A Bird’s-Eye View of World History (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003). See also William J. Grassie, “Re-Reading Economics: In Search of New Economic Metaphors for Biological Evolution,” Metanexus (2007), http://www.metanexus.net/Magazine/ArticleDetail/tabid/68/ id/9932/Default.aspx. 3. Beinhocker, Origin of Wealth. 4. Robert Wright, Non-Zero: The Logic of Human Destiny (New York: Pantheon, 2000). 5. See, for instance, D. Stephen Long, Divine Economy: Theology and the Market (New York: Routledge, 2000). 6. One can also argue that religions are discovered, that religions offer fundamental insights about the nature of ultimate reality, while at the same time recognizing that religions create and invent new forms of thought and behavior. 7. The term social capital first appeared in 1916. The term human capital first appeared in a 1961 article by the Nobel Prize–winning economist Theodore W. Shultz. See also Robert D. Putnam, Making Democracy Work (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993) and Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000). For other citations and a review of the literature, see Theodore Roosevelt Malloch, “Social, Human, and Spiritual Capital in Economic Development,” Metanexus, http://www.metanexus. net/spiritual_capital/research_articles.asp.; and Laurence R. Iannaccone and Jonathan Klick, “Spiritual Capital: An Introduction and Literature Review,” Metanexus, http://www.metanexus.net/spiritual_capital/research_review.asp. 8. At the Metanexus Institute, I helped manage a major grants project on “spiritual capital” with funding from the John Templeton Foundation. We loosely defined spiritual capital as “the effects of spiritual and religious practices, beliefs, networks and institutions that have a measur- able impact on individuals, communities and societies.” 9. “Spiritual Capital,” Metanexus, http://www.metanexus.net/spiritual_capital. 10. See “Society for the Scientific Study of Religion,” http://www.sssrweb.org./, and “Association for the Study of Religion, Economics and Culture,” http://www.religionomics.com/. Notes 225 11. Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, [1905] 1958); Weber, The Sociology of Religion, trans. Ephraim Fischoff (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, [1922] 1963). See also Peter L Berger and Robert W. Hefner, “Spiritual Capital in Comparative Perspective,” Metanexus, http://www.metanexus.net/spiritual_capital/pdf/Berger.pdf. 12. Rodney Stark, The Victory of Reason: How Christianity Led to Freedom, Capitalism, and Western Success (New York: Random House, 2006). 13. Peter L. Berger et al., The Desecularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and World Politics (New York: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1999). 14. Francis Fukuyama, “Social Capital,” in Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress, ed. Lawrence Harrison and Samuel P. Huntington (New York: Basic Books, 2000), 106. 15. Rodney Stark, The Victory of Reason. 16. Timur Kuran, Islam & Mammon: The Economic Predicaments of Islamism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004). 17. United Nations Development Programme, “Arab Human Development Report,” http://www. arab-hdr.org., 2004, 2005, #940. 18. Bernard Lewis, What Went Wrong? The Clash between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002). 19. Korinna Horta, “Dateline Chad: Return of the ‘Resource Curse’?” The Globalist, August 25, 2006. 20. Kuran, Islam & Mammon, 58. 21. Ibid., 21. 22. Ibid., 16. 23. Ibid., 20–21. 24. Notes from a lecture given by Timur Kuran, “The Role of Islamic Law in the Economic Evolution of the Middle East,” at the Association of the Study of Religion, Economics and Culture (ASREC), Rochester, NY, 2005. 25. David Landes, “Culture Makes Almost All the Difference,” in Harrison and Huntington, Culture Matters, 2–13. 26. Jen’nan Ghazal Read, “Muslims in America,” Contexts: Understanding People in their Social Worlds, Fall 2008, 37–41. 27. Deirdre N. McCloskey, The Bourgeois Virtues: Ethics for an Age of Commerce (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007). See also McCloskey, “What Would Jesus Spend? Why Being a Good Christian Won’t Hurt the Economy,” John Templeton Foundation, http://www.incharacter. org/article.php?article=8. 28. Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, 1790 ed. (London: A. Millar, 1759). 29. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (London: Methuen and Co., 1776), book 1, ch. 1, p. 4. 30. The term sacred canopy is taken from Peter L. Berger, The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion (New York: Doubleday, 1967). 31. I would argue that the religious impulse expresses itself in Western Europe in new forms like Communism and environmentalism, recalling our earlier discussion of “primary subgroup identity.” 32. Gary Becker, “Keynote Address,” paper presented at the “Spiritual Capital Conference,” Cambridge, MA, October 9, 2003. Reprinted in Spiritual Capital (Philadelphia, PA: Metanexus Institute, 2003); Laurence R. Iannaccone, “The Economics of Religion: A Survey of Recent Work,” Journal of Economic Literature 36 (September1998): 1465–1496. 33. Robert Woodbury, “Missionary Data (1813–1968) as a Resource for Testing Religious Economies and Secularization Theory,” paper presented at the Association for the Study of Religion, Economics and Culture, Rochester, NY, November 4, 2005. 34. Rodney Stark, The Rise of Christianity: How the Obscure, Marginal Jesus Movement Became the Dominant Religious Force (New York: HarperCollins, 1997). 35. As quoted by Beinhocker, Origin of Wealth, 52. 36. Rodney Stark and Roger Finke, Acts of Faith: Explaining the Human Side of Religion (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), 121, 123. 37. David Sloan Wilson, Darwin’s Cathedral: Evolution, Religion, and the Nature of Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002). 38. A survey of paper topics recently presented at one of the annual meetings of the Association for the Study of Religion, Economics and Culture (ASREC) gives us some idea of the wealth of 226 Notes empirical and theoretical insights derived from this new research program in the field of economics, sociology, and political science. I can only list a few here and refer you to the website for the details: ● Spirituality, Socially Referenced Preferences, and the Afterlife ● Efficiency Comparison between Conventional Development Aid and Missionary Work ● Religion, Attitudes toward Working Mothers and Wives’ Full-time Employment: Evidence for Germany, Italy, and the UK ● Did Religion Have Anything to Do with Success and Failure in the Post-Communist Transition? ● Greedy Sects and the Jealous States: The Political Logic of Religious Regulation ● Egalitarianism and Economics: American Jewish Families ● Does Low Religious Market Share Boost Recruitment Efforts? ● The Marketplace of Religion: Reflections on the Rise of the Dge lugs School in Tibet ● The Afterlife as a Disciplinary Device: On Purgatory and the Credibility of Postmortem Prayers in Medieval Christian Chantries ● Religion and Economic Development: Weber was Right! ● Cultural Transformations and “Islamic Capitalism” in Malaysia from 1971 to the Present ● Performance Incentives and Contracts for Clergy Labor ● Moving on Over: Geographic Mobility as a Predictor of Switching and Attendance Frequency in American Religion This list is presented to illustrate that there are lots of interesting questions and research projects that can result from using economic models to study religious behavior. See ASREC, http:// www.religionomics.com/asrec/asrec07_program.html. 39. Robert H. Nelson, Economics as Religion: From Samuelson to Chicago and Beyond (State College: Penn State University Press, 2001). 40. Plato, The Last Days of Socrates: Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Phaedo, trans. Hugh Tredennick and Harold Tarrant (New York: Penguin Classics, 1993), 53. Of course, Job would disagree! He was a righteous man who suffered of no fault of his own. Jesus and Buddha are also ambivalent on this point. Goodness, in their view, leads to voluntary poverty. A cross to bear!

4 The Evolution of Religion

1. McNeill and McNeill, The Human Web: A Bird’s-Eye View of World History (New York: W.W. Norton, 2003); Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997, 1999); Ian Tattersall, Becoming Human: Evolution and Human Uniqueness (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1998); David Christian, Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004). 2. Phineas Taylor Barnum (1810–1891) was an American showman who founded a circus that is known today as “The Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus—The Greatest Show on Earth.” In another age, P. T. Barnum might have been a very successful religious entrepreneur. The quote that is ascribed to him, apocryphally, makes the point. People believe and pass on lots of hearsay that is not true, though it quickly becomes taken for granted. 3. In this discussion, I follow a similar overview presented by Pascal Boyer, Religion Explained: The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Thought (New York: Basic Books, 2001), 1–50. 4. See, for instance, John Cartwright, Evolution and Human Behavior: Darwinian Perspectives on Human Nature (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000). 5. See Donald E. Brown, Human Universals (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991). 6. When traced on the male side through the Y-chromosome, our earliest common male ancestor appeared about sixty thousand years ago. When traced on the female side through mitochondrial DNA, our earliest common female ancestor would be about 140,000 years old. “Adam” and “Eve,” if we want to be playful, did not know each other, not in the biblical sense or oth- erwise; and they would not have been lonely, as there would have been lots of other human around in their respective tribes. For more information on our common ancestors, see Richard Dawkins, The Ancestors’ Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2004). Notes 227 7. Stanley H. Ambrose, “Late Pleistocene Human Population Bottlenecks, Volcanic Winter, and Differentiation of Modern Humans,” Journal of Human Evolution 34, no. 6 (1998): 623–51; Ambrose, “Volcanic Winter, and Differentiation of Modern Humans,” Bradshaw Foundation, http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/stanley_ambrose.php. 8. See William H. Durham, Coevolution: Genes, Culture, and Human Diversity (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992). 9. Take the Asian elephant as an example. With an average life span of sixty years, it reaches sexual maturity around twelve years of age. Pregnancy lasts for about 1.5 years, followed by three years of nursing. If we assume a female fertility of forty years, a single female is capable of giving birth to perhaps ten offspring in her lifetime. That is a growth rate of .25 per year over forty years, which with compound exponential growth would “take off” in a steep climb within a hundred years, thus covering the entire island of Sri Lanka with elephants shoulder to shoulder. The same calculations taken for the tiny aphids in the corner of the room show that aphids would cover the entire surface of the planet within a year of unconstrained reproduction. 10. Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species (1859). http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/2009. 11. See Edward J. Larson, Summer of the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America’s Continuing Debate over Science and Religion (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997). 12. See Edward O. Wilson, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975); Wilson, On Human Nature (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978). 13. See Cartwright, Evolution and Human Behavior. 14. Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man (1871). http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/2300. 15. Wilson, On Human Nature. 16. Luke 10:29–37. See also Holmes Rolston, “The Good Samritan and His Genes,” Metanexus (1999), http://www.metanexus.net/Magazine/tabid/68/id/3021/Default.aspx. 17. Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976). 18. William D. Hamilton, “The Genetical Evolution of Social Behavior,” Journal of Theoretical Biology 7 (1964): 1–16. 19. This is an example of the Nash equilibrium, also known as an evolutionary stable strategy. Prisoner A defects and Prisoner B defects, and that’s that. 20. Paul Ekman, Emotions Revealed: Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve Communication and Emotional Life (New York: Times Books, 2003). 21. Michael T. Ghiselin, The Economy of Nature and the Evolution of Sex (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974). 22. Wilson, On Human Nature, 167. 23. See Pitrim A. Sorokin, The Ways and Power of Love: Types, Factors, and Techniques of Moral Transformation (Conshohocken, PA: Templeton Foundation Press, [1954] 2002); Stephen G. Post, Unlimited Love: Altruism, Compassion, and Service (Conshohocken, PA: Templeton Foundation Press, 2003); Stephen G. Post et al., eds., Research on Altruism and Love: An Annotated Bibliography of Major Studies in Psychology, Sociology, Evolutionary Biology, and Theology (Conshohocken, PA: Templeton Foundation Press,2003). 24. Mary Midgley, The Ethical Primate: Humans, Freedom, and Morality (New York: Routledge, 1994). 25. Daniel C. Dennett, “Review of Burkert’s Creation of the Sacred,”(1996), http://philpapers. org/rec/DENROB. 26. Two recent anthologies bring this literature and many of the scholars together in edited vol- umes. See Joseph Bulbulia et al., eds., The Evolution of Religion: Studies, Theories, & Critiques (Santa Margarita, CA: Collins Foundation Press, 2008), and Jay R. Feierman, ed, The Biology of Religious Behavior: The Evolutionary Origins of Faith and Religion (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2009). 27. Dawkins, Selfish Gene. 28. Susan Blackmore, The Meme Machine (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). 29. Richard Dawkins, Unweaving the Rainbow: Science, Delusion, and the Appetite for Wonder (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1998). 30. Richard Dawkins, A Devil’s Chaplain: Reflections on Hope, Lies, Science, and Love (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 2003). 31. Stephen Jay Gould and R. D. Lewontin, “The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 205 (1979). 32. Boyer, Religion Explained, 50. 228 Notes 33. Ilkka Pyysiäinen and Veikko Anttonen, eds., Current Approaches in the Cognitive Science of Religion (New York: Continuum, 2002). 34. The analysis of the Balinese Water Temple system might be applied also to understanding the role of Buddhism in the distributed maintenance of the irrigation system in ancient Sri Lanka civilization. 35. David Sloan Wilson, Darwin’s Cathedral: Evolution, Religion, and the Nature of Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), 217. 36. Ibid., 228. 37. Ibid., 230. 38. Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829) was a French biologist who advanced a theory of evolution prior to Darwin. Lamarck theorized that acquired characteristics of species striving in their environments would be passed on to the next generation. This turns out not to be true in nature, at least not directly, but it is certainly true of human culture.

5 The Neurosciences of Religion

1. Boyer, Religion Explained: The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Thought (New York: Basic Books, 2001). 2. F. A. Azevedo et al., “Equal Numbers of Neuronal and Nonneuronal Cells Make the Human Brain an Isometrically Scaled-up Primate Brain,” Journal of Comparative Neurology 513, no. 5 (2009); R. W. Williams and K. Herrup, “The Control of Neuron Number,” Annual Review of Neuroscience 11 (1988). 3. Andrew Newberg, “Religious and Spiritual Practices: A Neurochemical Perspective,” in Where God and Science Meet, ed. Patrick McNamara (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2006). 4. David B. Larson et.al., “Religious Content in the Dsm-Iii-R Glossary of Technical Terms,” American Journal of Psychiatry 150 (1993). 5. David J. Hufford, “An Analysis of the Field of Spirituality, Religion, and Health,” Metanexus (2005), http://www.metanexus.net/metanexus_online/show_article2.asp?id=9387. 6. V. S. Ramachandran and Sandra Blakeslee, Phantoms in the Brain (New York: HarperCollins, 1998). 7. V. S. Ramachandran, “Beyond Belief 2006 Conference Lecture,” TSN: The Science Network, http://thesciencenetwork.org/programs/beyond-belief-science-religion-reason-and-survival. 8. David J. Hufford, The Terror That Comes in the Night: An Experience-Centered Study of Supernatural Assault Traditions (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982). 9. See Ian Barbour, Myths, Models, and Paradigms (New York: Harper and Row, 1974). 10. Paul Ricoeur, Interpretation Theory: Discourse and the Surplus of Meaning (Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press, 1976). 11. Ramachandran and Blakeslee, Phantoms in the Brain. 12. Julian Jaynes, The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1976). 13. John Horgan, Rational Mysticism (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2003). 14. Andrew Newberg and Eugene D’Aquili, The Mystical Mind (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 1999); Newberg and D’Aquili, “The Neuropsychology of Religious and Spiritual Experience,” Journal of Consciousness Studies 7, nos. 11–12 (2000). 15. Andrew Newberg and Eugene D’Aquili, Why God Won’t Go Away: Brain Science and the Biology of Belief (New York: Ballantine Books, 2001). 16. Ronald Siegel, Intoxication (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1989). 17. Horgan, Rational Mysticism. 18. Ibid. 19. Jeremy Sherman, “Meditation and Future Pharmaceuticals: A Short Science Fiction,” Metanexus (1999), http://www.metanexus.net/Magazine/tabid/68/id/3062/Default.aspx. 20. D. Kelemen, “Are Children “Intuitive Theists”?: Reasoning About Purpose and Design in Nature,” Psychological Science 15 (2004); Justin L. Barrett, Why Would Anyone Believe in God? (Lanham, MD: Altamira, 2004); Paul Bloom, “Is God an Accident?” Atlantic Monthly, December 2005, http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200512/god-accident. 21. Candace S. Alcorta, “Religion and the Life Course: Is Adolescence An ‘Experience Expectant’ Period for Religious Transmission?” in McNamara, Where God and Science Meet. Notes 229 22. This is a compilation of different typologies of religious experience. See Ian Barbour, Religion in an Age of Science: The Gifford Lectures 1989–1991, vol. 1 (San Francisco: Harper, 1990), 36–38; Carolyn F. Davis, The Evidential Force of Religious Experience (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), ch 2; and James Fowler, Stages of Faith: The Psychology of Human Development and the Quest for Meaning (San Francisco: Harper, 1981). 23. John B. S. Haldane, “When I Am Dead,” in Possible Worlds and Other Essays (London: Chatto and Windus, [1927] 1932). 24. B. Allan Wallace, The Taboo of Subjectivity: Towards a New Science of Consciousness (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000). 25. Petr Janata is conducting these kinds of studies at UC Davis with funding from the Metanexus Institute and the John Templeton Foundation. Petr Janata, Center for Mind and Brain, UC Davis, http://atonal.ucdavis.edu. 26. Horgan, Rational Mysticism. 27. William J. Grassie, “Useless Arithmetic and Inconvenient Truths: A Review,” Metanexus (2007), http://www.metanexus.net/Magazine/tabid/68/id/9854/Default.aspx. 28. Jaron Lanier, “One-Half of a Manifesto: Why Stupid Software Will Save the Future from Neo- Darwinian Machines,” WIRED 8, no.12 (1999). 29. William James, A Pluralistic Universe (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, [1909] 1977), 142. 30. William James, Varieties of Religious Experience (New York: Macmillian, [1902] 1961), 456.

6 The Medicine of Religion

1. H. G. Koenig, M E. McCullough, and D. B. Larson, Handbook of Religion and Health (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 18. 2. Peter C. Hill and Ralph W. Hood, Measures of Religiosity (Birmingham, AL: Religious Education Press, 1999). 3. Fetzer Institute, “Multidimensional Measurement of Religiousness/Spirituality for Use in Health Research”(1999), http://www.fetzer.org/research/248-dses. 4. R. Barker Bausell, Snake Oil Science: The Truth about Complementary and Alternative Medicine (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 41–42. 5. Ibid., 169. 6. For a review of religion and mortality studies, see Koenig, McCullough, and Larson, Handbook of Religion and Health, 318–30. 7. Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000). 8. Metanexus Institute ran a multidimensional scientific study of spiritual transformation. One of the interesting results was survey work that suggested that 50 percent of people in the United States have had such a dramatic spiritual transformation. Tom W. Smith, “The National Spiritual Transformation Study,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 45, no. 2 (2006). 9. Edward F. Kelly et al., Irreducible Mind: Toward a Psychology for the 21st Century (Lanham, MD: Rowan & Littlefield, 2007), 367–422. 10. Koenig, McCullough, and Larson, Handbook of Religion and Health. 11. J. D. Kark et al., “Does Religious Observance Promote Health? Mortality in Secular vs. Religious Kibbutzim in Israel,” American Journal of Public Health 86, no. 3 (1996). This study is also reviewed in Koenig, McCullough, and Larson, Handbook of Religion and Health, 327–28. 12. G. Ironson, R. Stuetzle et al., “View of God Is Associated with Disease Progression in HIV,” in Society of Behavioral Medicine (San Francisco: Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 2006). See also Gail Ironson, R. Stuetzle R, and M. A. Fletcher, “An Increase in Religiousness/Spirituality Occurs after HIV Diagnosis and Predicts Slower Disease Progression over 4 Years in People with HIV,” Journal of General Internal Medicine, no. 5 (2006); G. Ironson, O’Cleirigh et al., “Psychosocial Factors Predict Cd4 and Vl Change in Men and Women with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment,” Psychosomatic Medicine 67, no. 6 (2005); G. Ironson, G. F. Solomon et al., “The Ironson-Woods Spirituality/Religiousness Index Is Associated with Long Survival, Health Behaviors, Less Distress, and Low Cortisol in People with HIV/AIDS,” Annals of Behavioral Medicine 24, no. 1 (2002); and Gail Ironson, Heidemarie 230 Notes Kremer, and Dale Ironson, “Spirituality, Spiritual Experiences, and Spiritual Transformation in the Face of HIV,” in Spiritual Transformation and Healing, ed. Philip and Joan D. Koss-Chioino Hefner (Lanham, MD: Altamira Press, 2006). 13. L. Roberts et al., “Intercessory Prayer for the Alleviation of Ill Health,” Cochrane Database System Review 2, no. CD000368 (2009). 14. H. .Benson et al., “Study of the Therapeutic Effects of Intercessory Prayer (Step) in Cardiac Bypass Patients: A Multicenter Randomized Trial of Uncertainty and Certainty of Receiving Intercessory Prayer,” American Heart Journal 151, no. 4 (2006). 15. Benedict Carey, “Can Prayers Heal? Critics Say Studies Go Past Science’s Reach,” New York Times, October 10, 2004. 16. Richard P. Sloan, “Field Analysis of the Literature on Religion, Spirituality, and Health,” Metanexus (2005), http://www.metanexus.net/metanexus_online/show_article2.asp?id=9467. 17. Stephen G. Post, ed., Altruism and Health: Perspectives from Empirical Research (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007). 18. Herbert Benson, “Institute for Mind-Body Medicine,” http://www.mbmi.org/; Benson, Timeless Healing (New York: Fireside, Simon and Schuster, 1996); Benson, The Relaxation Response (New York: Harper, 1975). 19. Jon Kabat-Zinn, “Center for Mindfulness in Medicine, Health Care, and Society,” University of Massachusetts Medical School, http://www.umassmed.edu/Content.aspx?id=41252; Kabat- Zin, Wherever You Go You Are There (New York: Hyperion, 1995). 20. Noah Schachtman, “Army’s New PTSD Treatment: Yoga, Reiki, ‘Bioenergy,’ ” WIRED, March 25, 2008; Schachtman, “Walter Reed Using Yoga to Fight PTSD,” WIRED, May 6, 2008. 21. Dolores Krieger, The Therapeutic Touch: How to Use Your Hands to Help or Heal (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1979); , “Therapeutic Touch: The Imprimatur of Nursing,” American Journal of Nursing 75 (1975). 22. David J. Hufford, “An Analysis of the Field of Spirituality, , Religion, and Health,” Metanexus (2005), http://www.metanexus.net/metanexus_online/show_article2.asp?id=9387. 23. Koenig, McCullough, and Larson, Handbook of Religion and Health, 5. 24. NIH Consensus Development Program, “Acupuncture—Consensus Development Conference Statement,” May 15, 1997, http://consensus.nih.gov/1997/1997Acupuncture107html.htm. 25. Bausell, Snake Oil Science. 26. Arthur K. Shapiro and Elaine Shapiro, “The Placebo: Is It Much Ado About Nothing?” in The Placebo Effect: An Interdisciplinary Exploration, ed. Anne Harrington (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997). 27. Howard L. Fields and Donald D. Price, “Toward a Neurobiology of Placebo Analgesia,” in Harrington, The Placebo Effect; P. Petrovic et al., “Placebo and Opioid Analgesia—Imaging a Shared Neuronal Network,” Science 295, no. 5560 (2002). 28. Esther Sternberg, The Balance Within: The Science Connecting Health and Emotions (New York: W.H. Freeman, 2001). 29. National Institutes of Health, “The Science of the Placebo,” http://placebo.nih.gov. 30. Ibid. 31. In 1955, H. K. Beecher claimed a 35 percent placebo effect in fifteen studies; Henry K. Beecher, “The Powerful Placebo,” Journal of the American Medical Association 159 (1955). This study and others were reanalyzed in 2001 and 2004 by Hrobjartsson and Gotzsche, who found no significant placebo effect. Improved health outcomes were instead “due to spontaneous improvements, fluctuation of symptoms, regression to the mean, additional treatment, conditional switching of placebo treatment, scaling bias, irrelevant response variables, answers of politeness, experimental subordination, conditioned answers, neurotic or psychotic misjudgment, psychosomatic phenomena, misquotation, etc.” Note that many of the confounders listed in their study are actually placebo-linked variables, for example, “answers of politeness, conditioned answers, psychosomatic phenomena.” A. Hrobjartsson and P. Gotzsche, “Is the Placebo Powerless? An Analysis of Clinical Trial Comparing Placebo with No Treatment,” New England Journal of Medicine 344 (2001): 1594–1602 ; Hrobjartsson and Gotzsche, “Is the Placebo Powerless? Update of a Systematic Review of 52 New Randomized Trials Comparing Placebo with No Treatment,” Journal of Internal Medicine 256 (2004): 91–100. Notes 231 32. Sissela Bok, “The Ethics of Giving Placebos,” Scientific American 231 (1975). 33. Patricia Leigh-Brown, “A Doctor for Disease, a Shaman for the Soul,” New York Times, September 19, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/20/us/20shaman.html?_r=1&hp. 34. Koenig, McCullough, and Larson, Handbook of Religion and Health. 35. Richard P. Sloan, Blind Faith: The Unholly Alliance of Religion and Medicine (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2006), 4. 36. Christopher Peterson and Martin E. P. Seligman, Character Strengths and Virtues (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004); Martin E. P. Seligman, Authentic Happiness: Using the New Postive Psychology to Realize Your Potential for Lasting Fulfillment (New York: Free Press, 2002). 37. Sloan, “Field Analysis of the Literature on Religion, Spirituality, and Health.” 38. See N.A. Christakis and J.H. Fowler. Connected: The Surprising Power of Our Social Networks and How They Shape Our Lives. (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2009); Clive Thompson, “Are Your Friends Making You Fat?” New York Times Magazine, September 10, 2009, http:// www.nytimes.com/2009/09/13/magazine/13contagion-t.html?ref=magazine. 39. See Anne Harrington, The Cure Within: A History of Mind-Body Medicine (New York: W.W. No r t on , 2 0 0 8); A n ne H a r r i n g t on e t a l ., “ T he S c ie nc e o f t he Pl a c e b o: Tow a r d a n I n t e r d i s c ipl i n a r y Research Agenda,” paper presented at the NIH, Bethesda, MD, 2000, http://placebo.nih.gov; and Harrington, The Placebo Effect. 40. T. J. Kaptchuk et al., “Sham Device V Inert Pill: Randomised Controlled Trial of Two Placebo Treatments,” British Medical Journal 132, no. 7538 (2006): 391–97; A. J. M. de Craen, P. J. Roos et al., “Effect of Colour of Drugs: Systematic Review of Perceived Effect of Drugs and of Their Effectiveness,” British Medical Journal 313, no. 7072 (1996). 41. Bausell, Snake Oil Science, 291–94. 42. Thomas Szasz, The Second Sin (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1974), 128.

7 The Narratives of Religion

1. Robert Wright provides a thorough review of the historical critical perspective on sacred texts in his new book The Evolution of God (New York: Little, Brown, 2009). 2. “Catechism of the Catholic Church,” http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc.htm. 3. Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989). Paul Ricoeur, Time and Narrative, trans. Kathleen and David Pellauer McLauglin, 3 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984, 1985, 1986); Christian Smith, Moral, Believing Animals: Human Personhood and Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003). 4. Jerome Bruner, “The Narrative Creation of Self,” in The Handbook of Narrative Psychotherapy: Practice, Theory, and Research, ed. Lynne E. and McLeod Angus, John (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2002). 5. Taylor, Sources of the Self. 6. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971). 7. Paul C. Vitz, “The Uses of Stories in Moral Development: New Psychological Reasons for an Old Education Method,” American Psychologist 45 (1990). 8. Paul Ricoeur, “Hermeneutics and the Critique of Ideology,” in Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences, ed. John P. Thompson (New York: Cambridge University Press, [1973] 1981). 9. Smith, Moral, Believing Animals, 87. 10. Ibid., 85–86. 11. Thomas Berry and Brian Swimme, The Universe Story: From the Primordial Flaring Forth to the Ecozoic Era (San Francisco: Harper, 1992). 12. Eric Hobsbawn, On History (New York: The New Press, 1997). 13. Smith, Moral, Believing Animals, 71. 14. Elsewhere I have argued that interpretation is central to the natural sciences as well. See William J. Grassie, “Reinventing Nature: Science Narratives as Myths for an Endangered Planet,” Ph.D. diss., Temple University, 1994; and Grassie, “Hermeneutics in Science and Religion,” in The Encyclopedia of Religion and Science, ed. Wentzel Van Huysstenn (New York: Macmillan, 2003). 15. Hans Georg Gadamer, Truth and Method, trans. J. Weinsheimer and D.G. Marshall (New York: Crossroad, 1989). 232 Notes 16. Jurgen Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action, vol. 1, Reason and the Rationalization of Society, trans. T. McCarthy (Boston, MA: Beacon, 1984); Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action, vol. 2, Lifeworld and System, trans. T. McCarthy (Boston, MA: Beacon, 1987). 17. Paul Ricoeur, Interpretation Theory: Discourse and the Surplus of Meaning (Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press, 1976). 18. Abdolkarim Soroush, Reason, Freedom, and Democracy in Islam, trans. Mahmoud Sadri and Ahmad Sadri (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000). 19. Ralph W. Hood, Peter C. Hill, and William Paul Williamson, The Psychology of Religious Fundamentalism (New York: Guilford Press, 2005). 20. Paul Ricoeur, Lectures on Ideology and Utopia (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986). 21. Ibid., 2. 22. See Tim LaHaye and Jerry B. Jenkins, Left Behind: A Novel of the Earth’s Last Days, 16 vols. (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1995–2007). As of 2007, some 42 million copies of the books had been sold. The series inspired a movie version, a video game, and many other products. For more information, go to www.leftbehind.com. 23. Alasdair MacIntyre, Three Rival Versions of Moral Enquiry: Encyclopaedia, Genealogy, and Tradition (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1990). 81. 24. Gustavo Gutiérrez, A Theology of Liberation: History, Politics, Salvation (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, [1971] 1973). 25. G. W. F. Hegel, The Phenomenology of Spirit, trans. A. V. Miller (Oxford: Clarendon Press, [1807] 1977). 26. Sandra Harding, The Science Question in Feminism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1986). 27. Hayden White, Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978). White’s four plots may not be enough. See, for instance, Christopher Booker, The Seven Basic Plots: Why We Tell Stories (New York: Continuum, 2004). 28. Richard Rorty, Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity (New York: Cambribge University Press, 1989). 29. For an extended discussion of Niebuhr’s understanding of sin, see chapters 7, 8, and 9 in volume 1 of Reinhold Niebuhr, The Nature and Destiny of Man (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, [1941] 1996). 30. Jeffrey Stout, Democracy and Tradition (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004), 287–88. 31. Reinhold Niebuhr, Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, [1932] 1960). 32. Ricoeur, Lectures on Ideology and Utopia, 313. 33. Ibid., 312.

8 The New Religion of Science

1. Richard E. Rubenstein, Aristotle’s Children: How Christians, Muslims, and Jews Rediscovered Ancient Wisdom and Illuminated the Middle Ages (New York: Harcourt, 2003); Norbert M. Samuelson, Judaism and the Doctrine of Creation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Samuelson, Jewish Faith and Modern Science: On the Death and Rebirth of Jewish Philosophy (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2009). 2. Carolyn Merchant, The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology, and the Scientific Revolution (New York: Harper & Row, 1980). 3. See, for instance, Sandra Harding, ed., The “Racial” Economy of Science (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993); Harding, The Science Question in Feminism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1986). 4. The corollary of this is that someone might be competent in linguistics and quite incompetent in learning foreign languages. Similarly, one can be competent in the philosophy of science and not really be an expert in any particular science. 5. Aristotle, “Physics,” MIT, http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/physics.2.ii.html. 6. For a discussion of the Aristotle’s four causes as they pertain to the modern scientific revolution, see Holmes Rolston, Science and Religion: A Critical Survey (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987), 34–36; and Merchant, Death of Nature, 11–12. Notes 233 7. This presentation of the scientific method was taught to me in middle school. As the discussion below indicates, what science really is as a methodology is not so clear. For an excellent collec- tion of essays on the philosophy of science, see Richard Boyd, Philip Gasper, and J. D. Trout, eds., The Philosophy of Science (Cambridge, MA, and London: MIT Press, 1991). 8. Alfred North Whitehead, Science and the Modern World (New York: Free Press, [1925] 1967), 35. 9. Boyd, Gasper, and Trout, Philosophy of Science. 10. Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, [1962] 1972), 92–94. 11. See, for instance, Trevor Pinch, “Theory Testing in Science—The Case of Solar Neutrinos: Do Crucial Experiments Test Theories or Theorists?” Philosophy of Sociology of Science 15 (1985); H. M. Collins and T. J. Pinch, “The Construction of the Paranormal: Nothing Unscientific Is Happening,” in On the Margins of Science: The Social Construction of Rejected Knowledge, ed. Roy Wallis (Keele: The Sociological Review, 1978); Ronald N. Giere, “The Philosophy of Science Naturalized,” Philosophy of Science 52 (1985); and Paul Thagard, “The Conceptual Structure of the Chemical Revolution,” Philosophy of Science 57 (1990). For a bibliography and review of the literature, see Steve Fuller, “The Philosophy of Science since Kuhn: Readings on the Revolution That Has yet to Come,” Choice 27 (1989). 12. Kuhn responds to his critics in a Postscript to The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 174–75. 13. Perhaps Ludwig Wittgenstein is the background here. In the Tractatus (1921), Wittgenstein is a logical positivist, indeed an active member of the Vienna School along with Moritz Schlick. Late in his life, Wittgenstein wrote Philosophical Investigations (1953), in which he promotes the idea of incommensurate “language games.” One could talk about rationality and irrational- ity within particular language games, but comparing language games was comparing other-rationalities. Ludwig Wittgenstein, The Wittgenstein Reader, ed. Anthony Kenny (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994). 14. Carl Sagan, The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark (New York: Ballantine Books, 1996). 15. David Abram prefers the term “more-than-human” in his effort to build a nature-centric understanding of human language. See David Abram, The Spell of the Sensuous: Perception and Language in a More-Than-Human World (New York: Pantheon, 1996). 16. Here I am drawing on the synthetic philosophy of Paul Ricoeur, which I discussed in chapter three of my dissertation. William J. Grassie, “Reinventing Nature: Science Narratives as Myths for an Endangered Planet,” Ph.D. diss., Temple University, 1994. 17. See Abram, Spell of the Sensuous; and Terrence W. Deacon, The Symbolic Species: The Co-Evolution of Language and the Brain (New York: Norton, 1997). 18. Bill Bryson, A Short History of Nearly Everything: Special Illustrated Edition (New York: Broadway Books, 2003, 2005), 477–78. 19. Scott F. Gilbert and David Epel, Ecological Developmental Biology: Integrating Epigenetics, Medicine, and Evolution (Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 2009), 98. 20. Paul Shepard and Daniel McKinley, eds., The Subversive Science: Essays toward an Ecology of Man (Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin,1969). 21. Robert B. Laughlin, “Fractional Quantisation,” Review of Modern Physics 71, no. 4 (1998). 22. Naturalism is a similarly tricky term, an abstraction that defines itself largely by what it opposes. In other words, “naturalism” is anything that is not “supernaturalism,” so we are thrown back into metaphysics. This is one of the reasons that I spurn the use of the term “supernatural” in my preferred definition of religion. If God exists, then God is completely “natural” and only works through emergent “natural” processes. Mythological stories are not description of real events in history but profound metaphorical interpretations produced by prescientific peoples. 23. Varadaraja V. Raman, Truth and Tension in Science and Religion (Center Ossipee, NH: Beech River Books, 2009), 115. 24. David Harel, Computers Ltd.: What They Really Can’t Do (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); John D. Barrow, Impossibility: The Limits of Science and the Science of Limits (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999); Orrin H. Pilkey and Linda Pilkey-Jarvis, Useless Arithmetic: Why Environmental Scientists Can’t Predict the Future (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007); William Grassie, “Useless Arithmetic and Inconvenient Truths: A Review,” Metanexus (2007), http://www.metanexus.net/Magazine/tabid/68/id/9854/Default.aspx. 25. John Horgan, The End of Science: Facing the Limits of Knowledge in the Twilight of the Scientific Age (New York: Addison-Wesley, 1996). 234 Notes 26. For a discussion of emergent hierarchies in science, see George F. R. Ellis and Nancey Murphy, On the Moral Nature of the Universe: Theology, Cosmology, and Ethics (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 1996). 27. Joel R. Primack and Nancy Ellen Abrams, The View from the Center of the Universe: Discovering Our Extraordinary Place in the Cosmos (New York: Riverhead, 2006). 28. Eric Chaisson, Epic of Evolution : Seven Ages of the Cosmos (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006). 29. Chaisson, Cosmic Evolution: The Rise of Complexity in Nature (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), 139; Chaisson, Epic of Evolution, 293—96; Christian, Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004). 30. One possible exception to the second law of thermodynamics is the impact of gravity in giving structure to the early universe. By drawing clouds of hydrogen and helium together into denser and denser regions, gravity ignited stellar fusion. Once stellar fusion begins, the second law applies to the life cycle of a star, but apparently not before. 31. This interpretation has been advanced by physicist-turned-theologian John Polkinghorne. See, for instance, John C. Polkinghorne, Science and Providence (London: SPCK, 1989); Polkinghorne, Faith of a Physicist, The: Reflections of a Bottom-up Thinker, Gifford Lectures for 1993–4 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994); Polkinghorne, Belief in God in an Age of Science (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998). 32. Hindu cosmologies are the only ones in traditional religion that approach the scale of our contemporary understanding of the universe, albeit framed in unbelievable characters and details that have nothing to do with science. 33. Freeman Dyson, Disturbing the Universe (New York: Basic Books, 1979), 250. 34. Paul C. W. Davies, “Science and Religion in the 21st Century,” Metanexus (2000), http:// www.metanexus.net/magazine/tabid/68/id/2592/Default.aspx. 35. As quoted by Dennis Overbye, “Pure Math, Pure Joy,” New York Times, June 29, 2003, http:// www.nytimes.com/2003/06/29/weekinreview/29OVER.html. 36. The pre-Socratic philosopher Heraclitus (ca. 535–475 b.c.e.) famously proposed an early vision of a universe characterized by transformation and change. Certainly, Buddhism, arising in a different place around the same time, also promoted a concept of endless change as the fundamental characteristic of reality. In the modern Europe, we encounter the French philosopher Denis Diderot (1713–1784) speculating about evolution in a 1769 book. The French biologist Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829) proposed a theory of evolution prior to Darwin’s theory of natural selection in the first decade of the nineteenth century. In 1803, Erasmus Darwin, Charles’s grandfather, invoked evolutionary concepts in his book The Temple of Nature. Erasmus appeals to his Muse to tell him “how rose from elemental strife / Organic forms, and kindled into life.” The Muse responds with an evolutionary story of how “imperious man, who rules the bestial crowd, / . . . Arose from rudiments of form and sense.” Richard Lewontin, “Why Darwin?” New York Review of Books 56, no. 9 (2009). 37. Theodosius Dobzhansky, “Biology, Molecular and Organismic,” American Zoology 4 (1964): 443. 38. See, for instance, Daniel C. Dennett, Darwin’s Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meaning of Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995). 39. A. N. Whitehead, The Concept of Nature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1926), 163. 40. See a standard introductory biology textbook, for instance, William K. Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology (Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 1998). For discussions of the inadequa- cies of natural selection as explanation, see David Depew and Bruce Weber, Darwinism Evolving: Systems Dynamics and the Genealogy of Natural Selection (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996); Robert Wesson, Beyond Natural Selection (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991); Simon Conway Morris, Life’s Solution: Inevitable Humans in a Lonely Universe (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003); Ian Stewart, Life’s Other Secret: The New Mathematics of the Living World (New York: Wiley & Sons, 1998). See especially Gilbert and Epel, Ecological Developmental Biology. 41. For a discussion of the philosophical implications of developmental systems theory, see the coda in Gilbert and Epel, Ecological Developmental Biology. 42. Jacques Monod, Chance and Necessity: An Essay on the Natural Philosophy of Modern Biology, trans. Austryn Wainhouse (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1971). 43. Carl Friedrich von Weizsaecker, Die Geschichte Der Natur (Frankfurt: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1962), cited in the foreword to Bernd-Olaf Küppers, Der Ursprung biologischer Notes 235 Information (Munich: R. Piper and Co., 1986); Küppers, Information and the Origin of Life, trans. Paul Wooley (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990), xi. 44. Christian, Maps of Time; Cynthia Stokes Brown, Big History : From the Big Bang to the Present (New York: New Press : Distributed by W.W. Norton, 2007); Chaisson, Epic of Evolution; McNeill and McNeill, The Human Web: A Bird’s-Eye View of World History (New York: W.W. Norton, 2003); Bryson, A Short History of Nearly Everything; Primack and Abrams, The View from the Center of the Universe; Berry and Swimme, The Universe Story.

9 God-by-Whatever-Name

1. John Bowker, Is Anybody out There? Religion and Belief in God in the Contemporary World (Westminster, MD: Christian Classics, 1987), 74. 2. Paul Tillich, Dynamics of Faith (New York: HarperCollins, [1957] 2001). 3. Wilfred Cantwell Smith, Faith and Belief: The Difference between Them (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987). 4. Bowker, The Sense of God (Oxford: Oneworld Publications, [1973] 1995), 94. 5. George F. R. Ellis and Nancey Murphy, On the Moral Nature of the Universe: Theology, Cosmology, and Ethics (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 1996). 6. Holmes Rolston, for instance, argues that the observed pattern of evolution of life on the planet, in spite of a number of setbacks, favors this interpretation of increasing complexity. See Holmes Rolston, Genes, Genesis, and God: Values and Their Origins in Natural and Human History (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998). 7. A. N. Whitehead, Science and the Modern World (New York: Free Press, [1925] 1967), 35. 8. Whitehead developed this metaphysical system in Process and Reality (1929). This is a very difficult text to read, so it is advised to start with an introductory book. See, for instance, C. Robert Mesle, Process-Relational Philosophy (West Conshohocken, PA: Templeton Foundation Press, 2008). Whitehead’s process philosophy has been very influential in theology. Claremont School of Theology, for instance, is host to the Center for Process Studies http://www.ctr4process. org/. 9. Thomas Berry and Brian Swimme, The Universe Story: From the Primordial Flaring Forth to the Ecozoic Era (San Francisco, CA: Harper, 1992). For my discussion of Berry and Swimme’s ethics, see chapter five of my dissertation, Grassie, “Reinventing Nature: Science Narratives as Myths for an Endangered Planet,” Ph.D. diss., Temple University, 1994. 10. Raymond Chang, Chemistry, 9th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007), 52. 11. This interpretation of information is a common theme in the writings of John Polkinghorne. See Polkinghorne, Faith of a Physicist, The: Reflections of a Bottom-up Thinker, Gifford Lectures for 1993–94 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994); and Polkinghorne, Belief in God in an Age of Science (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998). 12. Martin Gardner (1914–), a founding member of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP) and a regular contributor to the organization’s periodical, The Skeptical Inquirer, campaigned tirelessly against pseudoscience and yet maintained a very open mind toward some of the religious interpretations articulated in this chapter. His book The Whys of a Philosophical Scrivener makes a number of these arguments, with chapters titles such as “Why I Am Not an Ethical Relativist,” “Why I Am Not an Atheist,” “Prayer, Why I Do Not Think It Foolish,” “Immortality, Why I Am Not Resigned, Why I Do Not Think It Strange, Why I Do Not Think It Impossible,” and “Why I Do Not Believe God’s Existence Can Be Demonstrated.” Michael Gardner, The Whys of a Philosophical Scrivener (New York: St. Martin’s Press, [1983] 1999). 13. Julian Barbour, The End of Time: The Next Revolution in Physics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). 14. I picked up this expression in graduate school and have long attributed this sentence to Alfred North Whitehead, but have never been able to find the actual citation in his writings. For the insight, I am certainly in debt to Whitehead. 15. Bowker, Sense of God, 113–14. 16. Ellis and Murphy, On the Moral Nature of the Universe. 17. Bowker, Sense of God, x. 18. For a discussion of religion and obsessive-compulsive disorder, see Sigmund Freud, “Obsessive Actions and Religious Practices,” in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of 236 Notes Sigmund Freud, Volume 9 (1906–1908): Jensen’s ‘Gradiva’ andOther Works, 115–128 (London: Hogarth Press, [1907] 1959); S. Dulaney and A. P.Fiske, “Cultural Rituals and Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder: Is There a Common Psychological Mechanism?” Ethos 22, no. 3 (1994); and Pascal Boyer and P. Lienard, “Why Ritualized Behavior? Precaution Systems and Action Parsing in Developmental, Pathological, and Cultural Rituals,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 29, no. 595–650 (2006). 19. The founder of modern linguistics, Ferdinand de Saussure, is noted for separating the semiotic structure of language from the semantic meaning or parole. Saussure held that a science of language could be obtained by ignoring the individual uses of language in different contexts and focusing only on the systematic structure of signs. In his discussion of Saussure, Paul Ricoeur argues for a dialectic between the semiotic structure of language and the semantic uses of language. Without the latter, we would not be able to account for how languages evolved and continue to evolve. I am making the same distinction here between the semiotics of religion and the semantics of religion. See Ricoeur, Interpretation Theory: Discourse and the Surplus of Meaning (Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press, 1976).

10 Reiterations and Reflections

1. W.H. Auden, W. H. Auden: Selected Poems, ed. Edward Mendelson (New York: Faber & Faber, 1979), 17. 2. Edward O. Wilson, Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge (New York: Knopf, 1998), 265. 3. John Paul II, “Letter to Reverend George V. Coyne, S.J.,” June 1, 1988, http://clavius. as.arizona.edu/vo/R1024/ppt-Message.html. BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Abbott, Edwin, 8 algebra, 86 anthropology, 3, 43–4, 88, Abraham, 37 alien abductions, 75 103, 216 Abrahamic faiths, 160 alienation, 39 anthropomorphic, 33 Absolute Unitary Being, 100, Al Jazeera, 4 anthropomorphization, 39 109 Al-lah, 19, see also Allah antibiotics, 125, 163 Absolute, the, 154 Allah, 6, 175, 189, 204 anticolonial movements, 57 abstract generalities, 215 alms to the poor, 83 antievolution, 183 abstractions, 2 alternative medicine, 112, aphasia, 94 academe, 97 120–1, 127, 163 apologetic modern, 156 Althusser, Louis, 148 agenda, 5 academics, 12, 84 altruism, 63, 68, 81–4, 85, biases, 217 acoustics, physics and 119, 201 dialogue of, 152 physiology of, 107–8 ambiguity, 155 apologetics, 6, 136, 151 acupuncture, 115, 121, 125, American Academy of modern, 136 128 Religion, 24 apologia, 217 adaptation, 86, 90 Americas, the, 101 Arab adaptationist program in amygdala, 94 countries, 57 evolution, 87 anarchistic tendencies, 35 world, the, 57 adaptive function, 85 anarchy, 32, 34, 36, 40 Arabia, 50, 175 addiction, 120 anatman, 106, 110 Arabic, 86, 175 adolescence, 7, 102–3 ancestors, 77 Arabs, 56 adolescent-initiation practice, ancient languages, Aramaic, 135 103 philological analysis architecture, 87 Adonai, 188 of, 134 Aristotelianism, 160 adrenaline, 123 ancient poetry, 38 evolutionary, 195 advertisements, 86 ancient religious cosmologies, Aristotle, 38, 160, 173, 195 aesthetic experience, 104 mythological Armageddon, biblical, 150 affirmations, 204 interpretation of, 181 Art, 80 Afghanistan, 57 ancient scriptures, 52, 200 Arctic regions, 77 Africa, 54, 68, 73, 77–8, 101 angels, 76, 188 artificial environment, 93 African Americans, 69 Anglican tradition, 197 artificial intelligence, 88 African American woman, animal ethology, 89 artistic elaboration, 87 152 animals, 77, 80 ascension, 152 afterlife, 24, 76, 201–3, 214 animism, 39 asceticism, 43 agape, 192 animistic, 33 worldly, 53 agency detection, 87, 93 religions, 45 Asia, 54, 68, 101 aggression, 42 animus, 44, 216 Central and South, 56 agriculture, 73, 77–8, 86, 93 Antarctica, 78 South and Southwest, 53 labor, 42 anthropic principle, the, 177 Asian revolution, 50 Anthropocene, 184 countries, 114 alcohol, 58, 115, 117 anthropologists, 62 religions, philosophical Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), anthropologist, Victorian- forms of, 188 67 era, 217 societies, 54 250 Index Association for the Study of belief(s), 73, 89, 105, 112–13, scientific approach to Religion (ASREC), 115, 117, 127, 189, reading the, 134 52 192, 215 scriptural interpretation astrology, 75, 176 and faiths, 189, 215 of, 137 astronomers, 177 distinction between, 192 translation into vernacular astronomy, 32, 34, 39 and practices, 75, 88, 122 language, 136 atheism, 5, 134, 203 dominant and orthodox, biblical anthology, 134 and theism, false 112 biblical literalism, 176 dichotomy, 192 religious, 10, 45 Big Crunch, 174 atheist, 14, 89, 181 and rituals, 127 bìla kaif, 190 scientifically minded, structures, 117 bilingual, 26 190–1, 219 subjective and variable, 115 bioanthropological, 28 atheistic materialism, 175 bell curve, 64 biochemical, 122–3 atman, 110 Bennett, Jack, 84 biochemistry of life, 196 atom, 105, 107, 167–9, 171, Benson, Herbert, 119–20 bioethical issues, 96 174, 182, 202–3 Berger, Peter, 54 bioethicist, 85 atomic particles, 172 betrayal, 83 biofeedback device, 99 Atran, Scott, 45 Bhagavad Gita, 91, 144 biological origins, 91 Auden, W. H., 211 bias, 24 biology and evolution, 179 Aumann, Robert, 83 biases, definitional, 114–15, biology, 23, 32, 39, 42, 82, 86, Australia, 73, 78 120, 126, 133, 206 106, 167–8 Austria, 43 hermeneutical, 206 developmental, 106, 167–8 authorities, 75, 114 ideological and apologetic, evolutionary, 106, 167–8 autocratic societies, 61 14 reductionist approach to, autonomic sectarian, 133 167–8 activities, 99 self-selection, 126 bipolar disorder, 32 nerves, 122 societal and institutional, birth, 7–8, 95, 102, 123, 201, autopoiesis, 198, 214 114 203 ayurveda, 121 socioeconomic, 115 culture of, 102 ayurvedic medicine, 114, 123 theological, 115 black, 152 Aztec, 133 Western medical, 120 Blackmore, Susan, 86 Bible-code, the, 176 blind faith, 128 Bach, Johann Sebastian, 103, Bible, the, 19, 27–8, 62–3, bodhisattva, 27, 188 107–8 91, 134, 146, 175, 191, bodies, human, 202 Bacon, Francis, New Atlantis 199–200 bodily functions, 122 (1627), 148 (1 Tim. 6:9–10), 63 bodily resurrection, 202–3 Baha’i faith, 26 (Deut. 5:6–21), 191 body baksheesh, 62 (Deut. 15:7–12), 63 the human, 107, 111, 122, Bali, 89, 103 (Gen. 1:31), 137 129 Bangladesh, 57 (Ex 20:2–17), 191 metaphor, the, 89 banking, 53, 58 (Ex. 20:17), 63 mutilation, 103 banks, Islamic, 58 (Matt. 6:19, 24,), 62 and soul, 96 Barks, Coleman, 65 (Matt. 6:25–31), 62 states, 113 base, 41 (Matt. 19:24), 62 Body of Christ, the, 136 Baseball, 46 (Matt. 25:40), 63 Book of Mormon, the, 136 base-state brain, 105 (Romans 9,), 191 book of nature, 157 base-superstructure model, appropriations of, Book of Revelations, the, 176 43, 56 27–8 born again, 22 Bausell, R. Barker, 121, 128, Western, 27 botany, 166–7 205 theological, 28 Bowker, John, 25, 190, 192, beauty, 104, 154, 198 characters in the, 137 203–4 Becker, Gary, 66 fundamentalist reading Boyer, Pascal, 45, 87–8 behavior, 115 of, 146 Brahma, 6, 27, 175, 189 behavioral diseases, 128 historical criticism of, 134 brain, 29, 88, 93–6, 98–100, behavior-conditioning Job, the book of, 191 103–4, 107–8, 123, experiments, 205 and the printing press, 136 127, 129 Index 251 anatomy, 96 Hebrew, 27 Catholics, 8 body function, 123 philosophical, 28 causal cell, 106 Pure Land, 27 analysis, historical, 162 chemistry, 96, 123, 127 burial, 201 antecedents, 194, 196 damaged, 96 Burkert, Walter, 45 consequences, 194, 196 disease, 97 Bush administration, the, 149 influences, 196 disorders, 99 business, 50 pathways, 11, 111, 122–3 functional, 107 patterns, 154 functions, 93–4, 96, 99 calculus, 86 relationship(s), 127, 184, metabolism, 100 calendar, 37 160–1, 166, 194, 212 and mind, 96 Gregorian, 37 the four types, 160 science, 108 International Fixed cave paintings, 78 states, 103, 104 Calendar, 37 celibacy, 84 stem, 94 Julian, 37 cell body, the, 94 surgery, 98 liturgical calendar, 108 cell phone, 184 tumor, 98 Positivist, 37–8 cells, 167–8, 202 brains, 78, 86, 93, 102 postrevolutionary France, Central Asia republics, 57 functional, 95 37 cerebellum, 94 of scientists, 105 calories, 95 cerebral cortex, 94 brain, the human, 42, 88, Calvin, John (1509–1564), 89 Chaisson, Eric, 172 93–7, 99–102, 106–7, Calvinism, 43, 53 chance, 180 124, 170, 172 Calvinist, 180 chanting, 100 brain-mind, 87 CAM, 120–3, 125, 128, 205 chanting monks, 129 machine language of, 96 practitioners, 121 chaos, 180 opiates in the, 124 therapies, 121–2 charisma, 74 reductionist description treatments, 11, 205 charismatic Christian groups, of, 107 Canada, 8–9, 68 118 regions of, 94 cancer, 120, 127 charities, 58 two hemispheres of the, 99 remissions, 118 charity, 59, 62–3 brain-washing, religious, 108 cannabis, 101 charlatans, 121 Brazil, Republic of, 32 Capgras syndrome, 97 Charles Bonnet syndrome, 97 Brazil, Sao Paolo, 153 capital, 113 chauvinistic tribalism, 91 British colonies, 104 capitalism, 42, 54, 62–3, 70, chemical, 123 Brown, Donald, 23 80, 153 chemically, 105 Bruner, Jerome, 137 early, 42 chemical properties, 108 Buddha, 37–8, 188 global, 153 chemicals, 101, 122 Buddha, Guatama, 87 modern, 53 chemist, 101 Buddha-nature, 6, 98, 175 predatory, 80 chemistry, 8, 32, 39, 106, Buddhism, 46, 54, 63, 66, capitalist, 63, 68, 141 171–2, 174, 196 109, 188, 190, 201 greed, 62 complex, 171–2, 174 congregational, 54 societies, 68 complex and dynamic, 196 in Sri Lanka, 66 society, 63 Ch’i, 6, 188 in Thailand, 66 virtues and Christian chi, 19 Buddhist, 8, 49, 61, 68, 84, 89, narrative, 141 childhood, 75, 78, 102, 128 93, 103, 106, 110, 120, capitalists, 53 childish beliefs, 44 188, 208 caste, low, Dalit, 88 children, 9, 82, 94 doctrine, 106 catharsis, 104 chimpanzee, 81, 101, 201 Economics, 49 cathedrals, 86, 198 China, 43, 53–4, 56, 89 master, 208 Catholic, 42, 93, 103, 151–2 mainland, 54 monasteries, 89 Church, the, 42 the People’s Republic of, 56 monks, 68, 84, 93 nuns, 93 Chinese, 6, 19, 54–5, 68, 107, mythology, 188 social teaching, 152 115, 121–2, 128, 188 practices, 120 Thomist tradition, 151 acupuncture, 121 taxonomy, 110 Catholic catechism, 134 culture, 128 Buddhists, 26–8, 100, 206 Catholicism, 38, 43, 53, 65, 84 descendants in Southeast American, 100 medieval, 33 Asia, 68 252 Index Chinese—Continued modern human, 172 structures, 182 herbal medicine, 121–2 technoscientific, 163 complexities in communion, Indonesian shops, 68 civil societies, 60 194 researchers, 115 civil society organizations, 60 complexity, 155, 169, 170, revolutionaries, 55 class-stratified societies, 60 174, 177, 179, 182–4, traditions, 6, 188 class struggle, 147 194, 197, 213–14 choir, 107 claustrophobia, 100 degrees of, 194 Christ, 36, 89, 171 clerics, 76 horizon, 170 Body of, 89 climate change, 27, 41, 46 theory, 50, 179 cosmic, 171 anthropogenic, 41 complex-thought processes, Christian, 8, 24, 49, 54, 61–3, climates, 77 97 84, 113, 115, 118, 136, clinical depression, 102 compulsive behavior, 120 138, 152, 188 clinical practice, 120 computer(s), 98–9, 108, 170, Church, 89 clinical trials, 125 180 Economics, 49 clinician, 125 industry, programmers, 180 Evangelical, 84 clinics, 112 programs, 108 faith and practice, 136 closed system, 173–4 science(s), 98, 180 fundamentalist reading of CNN, 200 computer, the, 170 the Bible, 138 coding, 25, 204 Comte, Auguste Marie history, 136 cognitive Françoise (1798–1857), idiom, 24 capacities, 77 10, 31–2, 34–5, 41, missions, 188 dissonance, 114, 176 43–4, 75, 159, 171 Pentecostalism, 54 lives, 36 conditioned behavioral Pentecostal, Nigerian, 113 modules, 96 stimuli, 124 piety, 136 neurosciences, 10, 88, 93, conflict, 51 Scientist, 125 96, 110 conflicts and narratives, 139 traditions, 118 colonialism, European, 57 conflicts, religiously Christianity, 5, 8, 24, 27, 46, commerce, 5, 51, 60, 63 motivated, 64 52, 54, 57, 59, 66, 68, common law, 55 confounding factors, 126 126, 135–6, 154, 159, common moral conversation, Confucian sensibilities, 56 188–90, 200–1 198 Confucianism, 46, 55, 188 the doctrine of, 154 communication, 50, 88 Confucius, 37–8, 188 Eastern Orthodox, 54 technologies and narratives, congregation, 8 foundational story of, 200 139 Conrad Joseph, 207 Pentacostal, 27, 66 communion, 198, 214 conscious awareness, 95 Christians, 8, 21, 26, 65, 85, Communism, 40–1, 46, 80, conscious control, 129 118, 134, 183, 189, 206 147 conscious humans, 98 conservative, 134 Communist, 138 consciousness, 96, 106–7, 147, Evangelical, 65 Communist Manifesto, 144 151, 164, 171–2, 199, Lebanese Maronite, 21 Communist Party, the, 18 202 chronic condition, 128 communities, 51, 90, 113, false, 147, 151 chronic illness, 122 201, 209 conscious self-reflection, 182 church, 40, 68, 105, 134, 136 community, 67, 89–90, 103, consensus, 109, 164 the early, 134 112 consequences, 44 church attendance, 115 comparative religion, 6, 10, considered optimism, 209 health efficacy of, 115 23–4 consumerism, 20 church leaders, 118 scholar of, 75 contagion template, 88 Church of the Great Being, comparative religions, 198 contemplative practice, 103 32, 36, 38 compassionate acts, 82 contemporary city, 85 competition, 89, 180 science(s), 198, 213 Civilization and its complementary and reductionism and holism Discontents, 43 alternative medicine, in, 213 civilizations, 12, 35, 40, 50, 111, see also CAM world, 52 56, 73–4, 78, 89, 155, complex contextual variables, 180 163, 172 chemistry, 182 control, 42 fragmented, 12 distributed systems, 109, controlled substances, 101 Islamic, 56 195 conversion, 7, 67, 152 Index 253 convert, 8, 67, 126, 207 criticism, historical, 135 deductive reasoning, 161 cooperation, 81, 85, 89 cross-cultural data, 116 defector-detection devices, 84 cooperators, 85 cross, the, 129 deities, 27 Cornell University, 44 cults, 24 delusions, 97 coronary artery bypass grafts cultural democracies, liberal, 150 (CABG), 119 anthropology, 45 democracy, 149–50 corpus callosum, 94, 99 capital, 52 democratic corruption, 36, 198 chauvinism, 56 cultures, 54 cosmic collapse, 173 context, 121 reforms and governments of cosmologies, 74, 181 environment, 86 the Middle East, 150 traditional, 181 evolution, 3 socialism, 51 cosmologists, 177 identity, 150 demographic data, 114 cosmology, 3, 137, 174, 176, idioms, the environmental demon(s), 76, 97–8 180, 184, 213 movement, 140 demonization, 85 new evolutionary, 213 practices, 73 demystified world, 53 new scientific and relativist, 51 dendrite “trees,” 94 evolutionary, 184 structures, 39 dendrology, 24 scientific and evolutionary, transmission and Dennett, Daniel, 46, 85 184 storytelling, 137 depression, 96, 103, 117 scientific, and creation, 137 Cultural Revolution (1960s), deterministic system, 96 theistic interpretation of, 121 deterministic theologies, 180 213 culture, 2, 54, 86, 88, 91, 103 Deus semper maior, 192 cosmos, 20, 29, 193, 200 closed, 146 developmental biases, 102 nature of the, 177 popular, 75 developmental biology, 77 new objective story of, 183 of sickness and healing, Devi, 189 the evolution of the, 181 liturgy in, 128 devil, the, 98 cosmos conversation, the, 177 wars, 89 devils, 76 counterintuitive stories, 87–88 cultures, 56, 65, 73, 75, 114, dharma, 20 covenant, 206 122, 128 Diagnostic and Statistical creation, 1, 136–7, 183, 188 culture and nature, complex Manual of Mental Christian, Genesis, 1, 137 distributed systems Disorders (DSMMD), concept of, 188 of, 154 97 the doctrine of, 136 culture-war debates, 198 dialectic, 207 story, 183 culture(s), human, 23–4, 26 dialectic of generalization and creative artists, 98 living, 26 specialization, 215 creative synthesis, 12 currency, 56 dialectic, the, 157 creator, 102 dialectical materialism, 147 credulity, 75 D’Aquili, Eugene, 100, 109 dialects, 109 credulous belief, 76 Dante, 74 Diaspora, 89 crisis, 176 Inferno, 144 dictatorship, 149–50, 197 critical Dao, 6, 38 differentiation, 198, 214 analyses, 205, 215 Darwin, Charles (1809–1882), dilemma, 40, 156, 205 reading, 144 31, 42, 79–81, 178 din, 20 realism, 184 Darwinian paradigm, 91 dinero, 63 critical-realist, 11 Darwinism, 80, 179–80 diplomacy, 5 critical theory, 144–5 dat, 20 disease(s), 41, 74, 79, 97, 118, French-Russian data-dredging, 127 123–5, 127, 129, 197 structuralist, Marxist, Davies, Paul, 178 disgust, 88 psychoanalytic, Dawkins, Richard, 46, 86–7, disillusionment, 7, 188 feminist, 145 209 with Christianity, 188 gender, postcolonial, death, 3, 7–8, 74, 79, 96, 127, with Judaism, 188 Foucauldian power- 155, 173, 191, 197, distanciation, 216 knowledge, 145 201–3, 218 diversity and hermeneutics, 144 the mystery of, 203 racial, 28 postmodernism, 145 decency system, 64 genetic, 28 criticism, higher, source, deductive logical processes, religious, 21, 27 historical, 134 181 diversity, of sciences, 32 254 Index divine, 2 econometrics, 113 embodied self, 110 divine intervention, 188 economic(s), 10, 29, 41, 44, emergence, 106, 168, 174–6, divinities, superhuman, 39 49–55, 60–1, 63–6, 182, 184, 194, 197, division of labor, 51, 87 68–9, 70–1, 93, 113, 200, 213 DMT, 101 150, 153, 174, 216 chronology of, 182 DNA, 23, 27, 167 the academic discipline concept of, 174, 175, 176 Dobzhansky, Theodosius, 179 of, 70 hierarchy, chronology of, doctors, 98, 126, 128 academic study of, 50 184 doctrines, 6, 26 base, 65 metaphysics of, 200 dogma(s), 5, 26, 146 boom, 50 in nature, 106 dogmatic thought, 155 bubbles, 70 ontological, dominant culture, 68–9 classical, 66 epistemological, 174 dopamine, 101, 123 coercion, 68 phenomena of, 213 double-blind experiments, development, 49, 52, 54, time and scales of, 197 125 56–7, 60, 150 emergent dreams, 74 growth, 50, 70, 153 complexity, 172 droughts, 74 history, 50 meaning, 215 drug(s), 8, 101–2, 109, 122, impact of religion on, 64 phenomena, 4, 106–7, 175, 124–5 markets, 55, 70, 93, 174 199 companies, 102 models, 49, 66, 69 properties of the universe, drug-induced experience, opportunity, 52 214 102 production, 68 emotional psychedelic, 101 productivity, 64 manipulations, 91 psychotropic, 101 rationality, 53 outrage, 85 ritual use of, 101 reforms, 61 programs, 88 soma, 101 religions as a variable in, 10 states, 96 therapy, 124 structures, 65 valence, 205 treatment, 124 system, 41, 49, 53 emotion(s), 88, 95, 205 trials, 125 of values, 71 empathy, 217 dual inheritance system, economists, 50 empirical 86, 91 economy, 41 data, 82 dualism(s), 96, 110, 194–5 eco-romantics, 173 evidence and narrative, 140 Dublin, 13 ecosystems, 78, 89 observation, 161 DuPont, 8 ecstasy, (MDMA), 101 reality, 45 Durkheim, Émile (1858– ecstatic experiences, 104 reality, transcendent, 193 1917), 10, 31, 40, education, 40, 50, 78, 86, research, 109 43, 45 91, 152 empiricism, 109 dysfunctional, 43 higher, 156 emplotment, 153, 183 Dyson, Freeman, 177 egotism, 36 endocrine system, 128–9 dystopia, 150 Egypt, 59 endogenous dystopias, religious or secular, Egyptian Coptic churches, chemicals, 123 150 135 neurochemicals, 101 Eight-Fold Path, the, 120 opioids, 123 early humans, 77–8 electrical implants, 99 transformations, 128 early modern period, 34 electroencephalographs, 99, endorphins, 123 Earth Day (1970), 8 see also brain, the energy, 50, 173 Earth, the, 91, 172, 174, 182, elementary particles, 168 energy flow, 202 191 elements, heavy, 172 English, 111 earthquakes, 74 elements, the, 202 enlightenment, 29, 43, 96, East Germany, 207 elephants, 201 102, 105, 109, 133 East, the, 188 Eleusian mysteries, 101 Enlightenment, the, 10, 31, Eastern religious traditions, Eliade, Mircea (1907–1986), 40, 159, 216 117 24 Enlightenment Europe, 43 ecological niche, 80 Ellis, George, 192, 204 En Soph, 190 ecologies, 79 Elohim, 171, 188 entangled narratives, 181, 212 ecology, 168 El Shaddai, 188 entertainment, 50 Index 255 entheogens, 101 ethos, 2, 8, 192 evolved natural mechanism entrepreneurship, 54 eugenics, 80 for morality in entropy, 173–4, 203 Eurasia, 78 humans, 84 environment, 70, 78, 87, 89 Europe, 9, 53, 66, 68 exclusivist claim, 24 environmental northern, 53 exclusivist-universalist degradation, 49 European(s), 34, 73 challenge, 176 engineering, 91 capitalism, 53, 62 existence, 50 ethics, 198 colonial expansion, 73 individual and collective, 193 problems, 90 colonialism, 80, 188 existential protection, 150 scientists and explorers, 73 angst, 197 environmentalism, 46 Evangelical Christian, 126, anguish and outrage, 192 environmentalists, 173 150 challenge, 201 epidemics, 101 evidence-based medicine, 123 concerns, 74 epidemiological studies, 116 evil, 3, 59, 74, 85, 139, 181, crisis, 8 epidemiology, 85 191, 198 doubts, 7 epilepsy, left temporal lobe, evo-devo or developmental- issues, 6 97, 104 systems theory, 180 terror, 74, 154, 203 epiphany, 200 evolution, 3, 10, 27–8, 34, existentialism, 219 Episcopalians, 115 40, 45, 50, 77–81, Existentialist, 176 epistemological abstractions, 85–7, 90–1, 93, 163, experimenter-expectancy, 114 163 174, 178–82, 184, explanatory gap, 96 epistemology, 4, 127, 156, 196–7 exploitation, 84, 86 160–2, 164, 166, 170, biological, 196 external stresses, 123 182, 195, 213 cultural, 33 (subject extinction, 109 privileged, 182 heading) extreme genetic reductionism, and science, 213 Darwinian, 176 84 and theology, domains, 127 designer, 91 extremism, 46, 209 unified scientific, 164 the epic of, 181–2, 184 ergot, epidemic, 101 human cognitive, 10 factual knowledge, 90 eros, 192 of humanity, 34 fact-value distinction, 164 escalating dynamic, 85 integrated developmental fairy tales, 137 Esperanto, 26 perspective on, 180 faith(s), 27, 40–1, 44, 46, 74, eternal ontological emergence in, 109, 118, 120, 175, bliss, 109 174 189, 191–2, 207, 218 happiness, 74, 109 rejection of, 163 Abrahamic, 27 souls, 76 sciences of, 77, 181 commitments, 175 eternal, the, 190 scientific, 34 community of, 191 ethical theory of, 79, 180 faith-healing rituals, 118 behavior, 198 evolutionary healers, 120 dilemma, 80 adaptationists, 87 in the future, 218 environment, 125 arms race, 84 a leap of, 192 intuition, and religion, 137 biology, 87 in science, 8, 41 problems, 124, 198 cosmology, unified, 13 fallacy, 116 ethical-moral experiences, downfall, 85 false absolutes, 218 104 epic, the, 170, 180 false god, 63 ethics and religion, 217 models, 68 family, 7, 85, 103, 129 ethics, 34, 49, 62, 125, 157, morality tale, 173 networks, 61 164, 219 paradigm, 33, 82 fanatical fans, 104 Christian, 62 principles, 80 fantasy, 148, 150 codes of, 164 psychology, 39, 76, 79–80, escapist, 148 social, 157 82, 84–5, 88, 176, fatalism, 54 ethnic and religious 180, 216 Father, the, 136 dimension, 68 sciences, 77 fatwa, 59 ethnicity, 69 theories, 39, 178, 181 favoritism, 84 ethnic-minority groups, 66, evolutionists, 82–3 fear, 74, 76 77, 152 evolved inference systems, 87 of defection, 84 256 Index feedback loops, 95, 109, 180 frontal lobe, 94 genetic analysis, 77, 82 feminist philosophy, 152 frugality, 54 genetic engineering, 91 fertility statuary, 78 Fukuyama, Francis, 54 genetics, 80, 179 fetishism, 33–4 fulfillment, 85 Geneva, 89 Fetzer Institute, 113 functional genius, 108 Fetzer questionnaire, the, adaptations, 87 genius, mathematical, 108 114–15 brain imaging, 99 Genoa, 53 feudalism, 33, 65 diversity, 10 genocide, 80 feudal system, 42 imaging, 97 geology, 77 Feuerbach, Ludwig, (1804– mental systems, 87 German, 25, 86, 111, 207 1872), 31, 39 functionalism, 4, 44 German socialist tradition, fideism, 55, 160 functionalist approach to the 144 fight and flight, 123 study of religion, 45 Germany, 43 filia, 192 fundamental human rights, gestalt, 23 finitude, computational, 170 150 Ghiselin, Michael, 84 Five Pillars of Islam, 59 fundamental sciences (six), 39 ghosts, 76, 98, 99 floods, 74 fundamentalism, 46, 59, 65, gift-giving, 62 Florence, 53 176 global fly agaric, 101 fundamentalist capitalism, 54, 65, 69 fMRI functional magnetic Christian, 138, 146 civilization, 11–12, 59, 113, resonance imaging, ideologies, 57 146–7, 159, 163, 184, 100, 107 Muslim, 138, 146 206 folk missionary work, 57 climatic catastrophe, 77 practices, 117 readers of scripture, 134 economic collapse, 70 religions, 55 religious movements and economy, 52, 212 stories, 98 narratives, 141 environment, 6 food chain, the, 173 religious, 134 ethics, 198 food(s), 42, 50 fusion of horizons, 154, 156, ice age, 77 football, 46 184, 195, 204 maritime travel, 73 foreign languages, 94, 143 future, alternative, 150 marketplace, 49, 67 forgiveness, 83, 113, 206 future, the, 206, 216 temperatures, 77 fortune, good or bad, 103 future, visions of the, 151 globalization, 42, 139, 208, fossil, 78 216 fossil fuels, 50, 163, 173 Gadamer, Hans-Georg, 143–4 and communication, 208 foundation, 41 galaxies, 95, 182 globalized fountain of youth, 109 galaxy, 172, 177 civilization, 5 Four Noble Truths, 120 Galen, 128 economic system of Fox News, 4 Galileo Galilei, 38, 207 production, 42 France, 33, 36, 78 gambling, 205 religious world, 109 Lascaux, 78 Gamelan music, 103 world, the, 109 postrevolutionary, 36 game theory, 82–3, 85, 216 globe, the, 78 Frazer, James George Gandhi, Mohandas, 53 GNP, 50 (1854–1941), 39 Ganesha, 189 God, 1, 3, 6, 8, 22, 27, 42, free gas, 184 44, 46, 50, 73, 76, 84, economy, 51 GDP, 59 97–8, 102, 104–5, 108, market, 67 Geertz, Clifford (1926–2006), 112, 114, 118, 127, 133, society, 51 40, 45–6, 70, 148, 187 137, 154, 171, 175, will, 96, 180 gene pool, 84 177–8, 180–1, 187–91, freedom, internal, self- General Social Survey, 114 193–5, 197, 199, creative, 194, 196, 198 Generosity, 126 203–4, 207, 214, 218 freeloaders, 84, 89 genes, 78, 85–6, 89, 91 of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, 6 French Revolution, 34, 36 mental analogy to, 86 abstract concept of, 188, Freud, Sigmund (1856–1939), Genesis, 137, 171, 175, 218, see 199 10, 31, 33, 35, 39–42, also creation analysis of, 204 44, 137, 216 genetically evolved being in the presence of, and archetypal stories, 137 physiological, mental, 104 friends, 129 and social capacities, 77 belief in, 114 Index 257 character and nature of, 190 Gospel harmonious, 42 Christian concepts of, 197 of John, 144, 171 Harris, 46 Christian naming of, 189 of Mark, Matthew, Luke, Harry Potter, 76 concept of, 175, 204 John, 135 Hatha yoga asanas, 103 creator, 137, 191 of Matthew, 62 healer, 124 as creator, sustainer, and music, 129 healing practices, psychosocial redeemer, 181 Gnostic, 135 somatic dimension function of, 204 gossip, 81, 137 of, 127 hypothesis, the, 193, 204 Gould, Stephen Jay, 87 healing ritual, 128 incarnate, the, 194 governance, good, 64 health, 85, 111 incarnation of, 197 government, 51, 149 care, 128 Jewish naming of, 188 governments impact of religiosity on, 122 of love, 197 autocratic, 60 mental, 97, 116–17, 119, 126 loving, forgiving, 118 corrupt, 60 mental and physical, 120 Muslim naming of, 189 limited forms of, 197 physical and mental, 115, names of, 189 totalitarian, 150 118–19 nature of, 50 Grameen Bank, 61 semiotics of, 11, 112, as omnipotent and grammar and syntax, 76, 78 128–9, 205 omnipresent, as Chinese, 90 and well-being, 217 dictator, 180 gravity, 177, 209 health and healing, 104, as omnipotent, omniscient, Great Being, 36, 38 111–12, 118, 120, 123, omnibenevolent, 191 greater good, 155 125–7, 129, 205 omniscient, omnipotent, Great Eucharist law, 173 non-religious practices, 120 154 Great Leap Forward, 78 the psychosocial-somatic personal, 199 great minds, 74 in, 205 proofs of, 191 great religious traditions, health care, religious and punitive, judging, 118 the, 49 spiritual interventions question, the, 22 Greece, 50 in, 115 and ultimate reality, 188 greed, 63, 83 health-care researchers, 119 and the universe, 213 Greek Eleusinian mysteries, health habits, 115, 117 vs universe, 191 101 social contagion of, 128 Whitehead’s concept of, Greek mythologies, 133 healthy religious persons, 108 195, 197 Greek(s), 9, 19, 135, 171 Heath, Robert, 98–9 God-by-whatever-name, 6, Green, Brian, 178 heathens, 217 12, 22, 30, 88, 174–5, grey-matter neurons, 102 heaven, 191, 200–1 181, 189–92, 194, grooming, 81 hedonistic, 27, 74 198–9, 202, 204, 208, gross domestic product heaven and utopia, 148 211, 214 (GDP), 57 heavenly recompense, 74 God-concepts, 190 group(s), 47, 85 Hebrew, 20, 86, 207 God-inducing, 101 cohesion, 78 biblical, 135 God-ing-Universe, 195, 197, identity, 5, 61, 66, 69 prophets, 6 199, 214 selection theory, 89 scripture, 76 gods, 73–4, 99, 187 survival, 68, 89 Hebrews, 133 God-talk, 12, 177, 190–3 group-selection theory, 68, 82 Hebrew University in Goethe, Johann Wolfgang guanxi, 54 Jerusalem, the, 207 von, 23, 25 guru(s), 50, 64, 86 hedonism, 67 Goldberg machine, Rube, Hegel, G.F.W., 152, 195 95–6 Habermas, Jürgen, 143–5 and master-slave Golden Rule, the, 49, 83 Haldane, J. B. S. (1892–1964), relationship, 152 good and beautiful, the, 193 105 Heinlein, Robert, The Moon is Good Friday, 103 hallucinations, 97, 101–2 a Harsh Mistress (1966), good life, the, 139, 148, 151 Hamilton, William, 82 148 goodness, 76, 81, 90, 127, 154, Handbook of Religion and hell, 201 181, 218 Health, 123 helplessness, 151 of God, 181 happiness, 85 Heraclitus, 171 Good Samaritan, 81, 138 haram, 58–9 herbal medicines and Google, 1 Harding, Sandra, 152 therapists, 121 258 Index Hercules Chemical Bhakti, 27 chaplains, 126 Corporation, 8 Hindu(s), 8, 54, 61, 65, 75, Hubble, Edwin (1889–1854), heretics, 21 88–9, 101, 103, 126, 177 hermeneutical, 144–6, 148, 189 Hufford, David, 120 151, 216 Bhakti devotions, 103 human circle, the, 144, 146, 148 cosmology, 75 baby, 102 solipsistic, 216 gods, 189 behavior, 77, 80, 84, 123 framework for thinking, 151 nationalism, 54 body, the, 89, 167, 201–2 process, the, 145–6 pantheon, the, 189 cadaver, 93 hermeneutics, 69, 134, Vedas, 101 capital, 52 143–4, 147–8, 152, Water Temple system, 89 civilization, 44 154–7, 160, 181, 184, hippies, 101 competence, 25, 204 200, 206, 212, 216, hippocampus, 94 condition, 45 218 historians, 50 consciousness, 96 of ancient scriptures, 4 historical sciences, the, 11 culture, 77 of authenticity, 218 historical traditions, 55 evolution of, 180 escapist, oppositional, historiography, 183 desires, 91 imaginative, 148 history drama, the, 2, 216 German, 143 Earth, 75 ear, the, 107 humble, 155, 157, 212 existentialist and stoic epic, the, 218 of humility, 155 readings of, 153 ethical behavior, 84 intratextual, 147 informed readings of, 145 evolution, 84 origin of word, 143 intellectual and religious, 159 experience, 6, 11, 170 personal, 200 oral, 133 fear, 141 philosophical, 143, 147 universe, 75 genetic material, 84 religious and political, 152 History Channel, the, 4 genome, 77 religious fundamentalist, history of nature, the, 182 history, 52, 73, 78 feminist, Hitchens, Christopher, 46 incompetence, 26 postcolonialist, 160 HIV/AIDS, 118 language, 78, 98, 165, 175, of the sacred, 134 Hobsbawn, Eric, 141 190 scientific objectivity, 144 Hoffman, Albert, 101 and culture, 196 of suspicion, 156 holism, 166 life, 4, 64, 80 of truth, 155 holistic health, 126 mate choice, 81 hermeneutics and, distortion, Hollywood, 200 migration, 73 legitimation, Holy Spirit, the, 136, 189, 200 mind-brain, 109 integration, 148 holy terror, 76 mind(s), 34, 86, 88, 93, 103 Hermes, greek god, 143 home, 128 finite, 190 hermetic boundary, 183 homeopathy, 121 narrative structure of, 137 hierarchical ranking of homeostasis, 122 nature, 35, 52, 63, 65, 84–5 religions, 45 hominid evolution, 81 the narrative of, 212 hierarchies, 76 hominoid ancestors, 77 species-specific, 80 hierarchy, 39 homogeneous religious phenomenon, the, 7, 14 and Comte, 32 culture, 112 population, 27, 50 cosmological 171 Homo Sapiens, 23, 77 progress, 51 of scale, 172 homosexual, 88 psyche, 42–3 of time, 172 honesty, 126 psychology, 123 high dendrite and synapse Hood, Ralph, 113 religious practices, 101 formation, 102 hope, 14, 126, 154, 192, 205, rights, 34 higher power, 112 218 self-consciousness, 74 Hill, Peter, 113 hopeful pessimism, 70, 71, societies, 39, 73, 80, 88 Hilton, James, 148 209 species, 3 Himalayas, 129 hope, ritualized, 128 speech, 99 Hindu-Arabic number system, hormone fluctuations, 123 symbolic evolution, 91 56 hormones, 123 thought, 80, 90 Hinduism, 46, 52, 63, 171, hospital, 100, 103, 112, 124, time scale, 196 190, 201 126–7, 129 universals, 23 Index 259 values, 91 exclusivist, 64 1998 riots in, 68 vices, 71 nationalist, ethnic, Induction, the theory of, 194 virtues, 71 fundamentalist, 141 inductive generalizations, 181 well-being, 86 and tragedies, 147 industrialization, 42 Human Spirit, the, and and utopias, 154 of Japan, 61 scientific rationalism, ideology, 3, 146–7, 149–51, Industrial Revolution, 53 140 153, 163 industry, 38, 86 humanism, 36 as distortion of reality, 149 infantile regression, 42 humanities, the, 133 dogmatic, 146 inference judgments, 181 humanities, the, and science, as integration, 149 inference systems, 88, 90, 93 162 and governance, politics, infinite, 178 humanity, 3, 32, 34, 63, 78, 150 infinity, 113 155, 163, 191, 193 and prejudice, 3 information, concepts of, 214 evolution of, 34 and utopia, 150–1 information states, 170 history of, 193 dialects of, 153 information systems, 204 nature of, 3 vs. spirituality, 155 informed consent, 125 religion of, 32 idiom, foreign, 207 inherited tradition, 2 humans, 74–5, 80, 84, 89–90, idiom, religious, 26 injury, 111 101–2, 114, 183 idioms, contemporary, 2 injury-based studies, 97 humans in the universe, idiosyncrasy, 24 injustice, 104, 201 scientific idol, 190 inorganic chemistry, 88 understanding of, 193 idolatry, 191, 203, 218 insight, 98 Hume, David (1711–1776), 32, ignorance, 151 insincerity, 84 34–5, 180 ignorance and power, 163 inspiration, unmediated, 22 humility, 143 illness, 101, 111 instinctive dispositions, 93 hunger, 101 illusion(s), 42, 75–6, 116, 203 Institute for Mind-Body hunter-gatherer, 77–8, 80, 87, imam(s), 50, 64, 86 Medicine, 120 91, 93 immigrants, 68 institution, 42 Hutterites, 89 immoral, 80 instrumentalism, 164 Huxley, Aldous, 148 immortality, 202 integration of self, 150 hymns, 8, 198 immune system, 117–18, 123, intellectual hypocrites, 84 127–9 constructs, 175 hypothalamus, 98 immutable laws, 196 experiences, 104 hypothetical-deductive impulse control, 97 nonviolence, 143, 154–7, process, 161 incarnation, 27 181, 184, 212, 216 hypothetical inference, 161 incense, 100 and religious discourse, 12 incest taboo, 55 intellectuals, 44 i-Ching, 75, 176 inclusive fitness, 82 intelligibility/intelligence, id, 42 independence, 43 185 ideal horizon, Platonic notion independent therapeutic intercessory prayer, 118–19 of, 195 effect, 124 intermittent-reward system, ideas and beliefs, 189 India, 43, 50, 53–4, 65, 68–9, 205 identities, human, 154 103, 120 Internet, the, 1, 41, 67, 78, identities, multiple Indian researchers, 115 163, 184 group, 202 Indian subcontinent, 57, 77 Interpretative experiences, oppressed, 153 indirect-reciprocity theory, 103 identity 83–4 interpretative humanistic and belonging, 61 individualism, 20, 35 disciplines, 108 distributed, 196 individual-level adaptations, interreligious dialogue, 217 politics, 153 90 intersubjectivity, 165, 196 subcultures, 18 individual liberties, 51–2, 69 intersubjective-group context, ideological, 44 individual(s), 44, 47, 50, 90 162 agenda, 5 individuals and societies, 206 intolerance, 156, 209 extremes, 157 Indo-Arabian cultures, 191 intoxication, 101 program, 151 Indonesia, 27, 45, 54, 57, 61, intrasexual competition, 80 ideologies, 86, 114 107 intuitive physics, 87, 93 260 Index intuitive psychology, 87, 93 jinns, 76 levels of analyses, 108, 166, investment capital, 62 Job, 76, see also Bible, the 174 Iran, 57–8 John Templeton Foundation, Levi-Strauss, and archetypal Iranian Sufi mystic, 113 the, 9 stories, 137 Iraq, 149 jokes, 86 Lewontin, Richard, 87 Ironson, Gail, 118 joy, 126 Li, 6 irrational, 43 Judaism, 46, 59, 89, 134, 159, Liberation Theology in South irrational choice theory, 61 171, 190, 201 America, 152 Islam, 10, 27, 46, 52, 54, 56–7, Jung, C. G. (1875–1961), 24, libertarianism, 51 60–1, 63, 65–6, 89, 137, 216 life, 7, 50, 79–80, 133, 153, 159, 190, 201 justice, 113, 127, 206 155, 164, 170, 172–3, African Americans converts 177, 182, 193, 201, to, 61 Kabat-Zinn, Jonathan, 120 203–5 the body of, 89 Kabbalah, 32, 65, 67, 171 book of, 170 conservative, 60 karma, 76 and consciousness, 177 devotional, 27 kibbutz, 117 and death, 133, 173, 201 the Five Pillars of, 65 kibbutznik, Israeli, 207 expectancy, 153 Islamic kindness to strangers, 82 evolution of, 173, 193 banking practices, 59 King Jr., Martin Luther, 53 human, 155, 204 Economics, 49, 57–8, 64 knowledge, 4, 13, 34, 148, meaning or purpose of, law, 67 164, 170, 178, 182, 50, 80 organizations, 60 184, 213 narrative, 155 scholars, 61 empirical, 178 struggle for, 79 science, 57–8 unified body of, 164, 184, in the universe, 174 world, the, 59–60 213 Light and Darkness, 27 Islamism, 61 Koenig, 120 lightning and thunder, 74 Islamist causes, 60 Korea, 54 limbic system, 94 Israel-Palestine, 69 Krieger, Dolores, 120 limited government, 51–2, 69 Israel, 117 Kuhn, Thomas (1922–1996), linguistic analogy, 214–15 Italian city-states, Northern, 53 162–3 linguistic group, 77 Kuran, Timur, 56 linguistics, 25, 26, 28, 88, James, William (1842–1910), 160, 216 44–5, 109 labor, 86, 113 literacy, 54 Japan, 54, 61, 89 laboratory science, 97, 180 literature, 137, 189 Jatka Tales, the, (moral stories), LaHaye, Tim, 150 liturgies, 198 138 laissez-faire economics, 63 liturgy, 205, 215 Jayasuriya, Sanath, 105 Lamarkian, 91, 184 lives, affective, 36 Jaynes, Julian, 99 language, 12, 23–6, 73, 78, logic, circular, 168, 170 jazz, 90 81, 86, 91, 102, 113, logos, 171, 192 Jehovah, 188 160, 163, 182, 200, London, 94 Jehovah’s Witness, 125 207–8 longevity, 115 Jenkins, Jerry, 150 communities, 163 love, 85, 113, 126, 206, 208–9 Jerusalem, 9 foreign, 207–8 lower order system, 122 Jesuit priest, 84 and God, 12 LSD (lysergic acid Jesus, 27, 62–3, 88–9, 135, objective and empirical, diethylamide), 101 200, 217 200 the death of, 135 Lao-Tsu, 37, 188 machine language, 98 historical, 135–6 large-scale structures, 93 machine, 95, 100 Jesus Christ, 6, 22, 24, 175, Latin, 9, 19, 111 MacIntyre, Alasdair, 151 189 Latin America, 54, 68 macroeconomics, 52 Jewish Midrash, 171 Laughlin, Robert, 168 macrohistorical record, 180 Jewish mystical tradition, 65 laying-on-of-hands, 120 macrophysical equation, 203 Jewish religious practices and Leary, Timothy, 101 Madoff, Bernie, 84 beliefs, 117 Lecture, Gifford, 197 magic, 14, 39, 129, 215, 218 Jews, 8, 19, 20, 61, 68, 84–5, Left Behind, the series, 150 Mahavamsa, 140 134, 188–9, 206 legal system, 54 Mahayana, 27 Index 261 major religions, 49, 52 practice, 128–9 Christian, fundamentalist, Malaysia, 54, 57–8 medications, 96 146 Malpractice, 125 medicine, 88, 123, 126, 129 grand scientific, 182 manic depression, 32 modern scientific, 113, 122, and political/religious manifest complexification, 195 124, 128, 129 movements, 139 Mannheim, Karl, 148 of religion, the, 205 privileged, 182 marital instability, 127 spiritual and alternative, 111 of scientism, 142 market, 70 research, 125 structures, 181 market economics, 52 research, spirituality in, 111 self-righteous, 155 marketing strategies, 209 schools, 99 metanexus, 9, 12 marketplace of ideas, 52 science, 128 Metanexus Institute on marketplace of religious ideas, technique, 121 Religion and Science, 70 technologies, 121 the, 9 marriage, 9, 103 therapies, 112, 122, 124–5 metaphoric thought, 98 Marxism, science of, 147 medieval church, 44 metaphors, 86, 91, 98, 116 Marxists, orthodox, 147 Medieval economy, 42 metaphysical, 33–4, 45, 121 Marx, Karl (1818–1883), 10, medieval period, the, 85, 159 assumptions, 114 31, 39, 41–2, 53, 65, meditation, 27, 95, 99–100, concepts, 169, 188 148 102–3, 117, 120 dichotomy, 46 Mary, Christian, 200 Tibetan, 100 dualisms, 110 mass Mediterranean, 53 interpretation, 213 communication, 212 Mellach HaOlam, 188 question, 205, 219 hysteria, 101 meme metaphor, 87 stage, 35, 36 media, 91 memes, 86, 91 system, 194 ratios, 177 memorization, 94 vision, new, 170 massage therapy, 121 memory, 93–4, 170 metaphysics, 4, 14, 106, material mental 112, 165–6, 194, benefits, 67 act, 122 199–200 existence, 100 architecture, 88 event-centered, 195 needs, 51 defects, 97 new, 196, 213 world, 10 disorder, 97 and politics, 184 materialism and reductionism, evolution, 86 and the sciences, 170, 194 169–70 experiences, 96 and scripture, 137 materialism, 42, 49, 106, 169, functions, 94 Whiteheadean process, 195 213 health, 97, 116–17, 119 microcosmic scale, 196 maternal behavior, 123 illness, 96–7, 126 microeconomic, 52–3 mathematical analysis, 107 modules, 90, 93 microfacial expressions, 84 mathematics, 32, 39–40, phenomena, 96 Middle Ages, the, 101 82–3, 86, 170, 178, 191 powers, 128 middle-class, 42 matter, 106, 169, 177 processes, 102 Middle East, the, 56–7, 60 matter and mind, 194 software, 98 Middlebury College, 9 matter-energy-information, states, 110, 123 Milan, 53 202–3 strength, 98 Miles, Jack, 27 matter-energy, 169, 171–3, 182 systems, 88 militarism, 149 mature realism, 39 weakness, 90 military, 38 Mawdudi, Savyid Abul Ala mental-moral, 74 Milky Way Galaxy, 95 (1903–1979), 58 merchant economy, 56 Mill, John Stuart (1806–1873), McDonalds, 95 mercy and compassion, 206 38 McGill University, 8 mescaline, 101 mind, 86, 106–7, 109, 111, meaning of life, 80 mesocortex, 94 129, 154 meaning systems, 148 mesocosmic scale, 196 philosophers of, 96 media, 97, 128 metabolism, 123 the nature of, 106 mediation, 120 metalevel understanding, 160 mind-body-brain, 129 medical metanarrative(s), 183, 138–40, Mind/Body Medical Institute, dysfunction, 125 143, 146, 151, 153–6, 119 ethics, 112, 125 164, 181–2, 184, 212 mind-brain, 107, 122 262 Index mind-brain-body, 11, 111, judgments and stories, 138 mystical experience(s), 74, 96, 122–3, 127–8 law, revealed, 85 100–1 Mindfulness Meditation, 120 markets, 71 mysticism, 102 minds, 36 matrix, 198 myth, foundational, 189 minister, 118 moral obligation, 62, 104 mythological explanations, 98 minorities, 68–9 moral order, 74, 201, 214 mythological literalism, 2, minority religious groups, 68 motivations, 35 4, 14 miracle, 3, 70, 133, 136, 176, nature, 151 mythologies, 45, 133 187, 199–200, 213 philosophy, 63 mythologizing, 215 scriptural accounts of, 200 principles, 83 myths, 45, 75, 137 mirror neurons, 105 realism, 84 missionaries, 152, 217 responsibility, 96 Nabokov, Vladimir, 207 Catholic, 66 space, 138 Napoleonic Wars, 36 Protestant, 66 teaching and narratives, narrative(s), 11, 133, 138, 140–4, mitochondrial DNA, 78 83, 138 147, 151, 153, 182 mobile phone, 50 values, 71 American Experiment, the, modern academe, 75 morality, 32, 36, 49, 81, 84–5, 140, 142 modern biology, 77 91, 197 Christian, 139, 141–2 modern capitalism, 43 morals and values, 55 closed, 146 modern clinical practice, 126 More, Sir Thomas, 147 Community Lost, the, modern humans, 78 morphological studies, 77 140–1 modern income, 59 mortality rate, 114, 117 competing, 138, 147, 212 modern period, the, 160 Moses, 37, 88, 133 Islamic militants and the modern research universities, mosque, 60, 86, 105 West, 142 44 motor control, 94 Palestinians and Israelis, modern science, 101, 129 Mount Sinai, 133 142 modern science, new religion Mt. Saint Helens, 77 Sinhalese Buddhist of, 129 Mt. Toba, 27, 77 nationalist and Tamil modern world, the, 69, 94 Muhammad, 38, 189 Separatists, 142 Mohammad, 6, 88, 104, 175 Müller, Friedrich Max, 3 democracy, 141 Mohammad and epilepsy, 97 multilevel-selection theory, 89 entangled, 152, 155–7 molecular recycling, 202 multiple dimensions, 178 eco-romantic, 141 molecules, 167–8 multiple perspectivalism, Islamic Resurgence, 142 monastery, 102, 105 intentional, 195 Liberal Progress, 139 money, 1, 51, 63, 70, 114 multireligious fluency, 215 Militant Islamic, 139–40 time-value of, 58 multiuniverse theory, 176 new cosmological, 141 monks, 27, 86 multiverse theory, 178, 193 nostalgic, 140 monopolies, 66 music, 102, 107–8, 128–9 Palestinians and Israelis, monotheism, 27, 33–4, 39 musical genres, 90 138 Mont Olympus, 143 music-perception, 107 and postmodernism, 153 moods and behavior, 123 music theory, 107 privilege in, 181 moods and motivations, 46, Muslim(s), 8, 56, 59, 61–2, 69, Progressive Socialism, 139 70 85, 183, 189, 206 religious and ideological, moon, the, 74, 203 countries, 54, 57 11, 146, 153–4 moral, 42 fundamentalist reading of Roman Catholic, 141 ambivalence, 155 Qu’ran, Hadith, 138 Scientific Enlightenment, balance, 201 and historical criticism of 139, 141–2 chaos, 201 scripture, 134 self-certain, 156 community, 40 immigrants, 61 Sinhalese nationalism, 141 conduct, codes of, in intellectuals, 58 as symbols, 141 scriptures, 137 mystics, 19 Theravada Buddhist, 141 crisis, 8 women, 84 Unity with Brahman, 139 dispositons, 85 world, the, 43, 53, 58 nation, 81, 85 evil, 191, 197 Muttersprache, 23 national defense, 86 harmony, 76 myelination, 102 National Institute of Health inquiry, 155 mysteries, 133, 192, 207–8 (NIH), 121, 124 Index 263 nations and individuals, 155 neural code, 96, 98 nonscience, 160 Native American Church, the, neural networks, 98 nontheism, 27, 45 United States, the, 101 neural processes, 95 nonviolence, 154, 204 natives, 217 neural transmissions, 102 non-zero-sum game, 51, 83 natural and supernatural, neurochemicals, 94 norepinephrine, 101 modern conceptions neurochemical state, 102 normative approach, 49 of, 200 neurocognitive experience, North Africa, 45, 56 natural disasters, 74 103 North America, 68 natural dispositions, neuroendocrines, 123 nuclear Aristotelian notions neuroimaging, 107 forces, 177 of, 151 neuroimaging studies, 103 fuel, 174 natural entities, microcosmic, neurological, 103, 107, 192 power, 163 macrocosmic, 164 correlates, 104–5, 110 war, 41 natural history, 179 disorder, 98 nucleus, 94 natural law, 33, 214 processes, 96, 100 numerology, 104 natural moral law, 85 neuromedicine, 96 numinous experience, 104, natural order, 34, 192 neuron(s), 94–6, 102, 106 200 natural phenomena, 39, 74 neuronal connections, 102 nuns, Franciscan, 100 natural sciences, the, 11, 133 neuroplasticity, 94 nurses, 126 natural selectionist algorithm, neuroreductionist, 105 nursing, 120 180 neuroscience(s), 88, 96, 98–9, natural selection, theory of, 106, 109, 170 obedience, 84 79–81, 177, 179, 193 Western, 110 objectivity, 152 natural selfishness, 85 study, 104 observance, 89 natural theology, 180 neuroscientists, 94–5, 98, observed data, 193 natural world, the, and 106, 108 obsessive-compulsive narratives, 142 neurosurgeon, 98 disorder, 205 naturalism, 46, 192–3 neurotransmitter(s), 29, 98–9 occult, the, 32 naturalist, 2, 193 New Atheists, the, 3, 5, 46, Oedipal complex, 44 naturalistic 187, 209, 217 oil, 57, 149 efficacy, 127 new religious movement, 217 old sciences of religion, 31 hypotheses, 116 new sciences of religion, 31, Om, 171 mechanism(s), 119, 121–2 111 ontogeny, 175 understanding, 124 New Testament, the, 11, 133, ontological categories, 93 nature, 79–80, 87, 93, 98, 116, 135 ontological emergence, 176 159, 176, 190, 204 and historical criticism, 135 ontology, 170–1, 195 external, 79 Paul, 63 operation, 98 intelligence/intelligibility, Newberg, Andrew, 100, 109 operational sex ratio, 80 165, 215 Newton, Isaac, 32, 38 opiates, 101 of nature, 169, 195 nexus, 195 opioids, 123 new book of, 183–4 NIH, 125 opportunism, 84 semiotics of, 215 nirvana, 3, 109, 120, 188 opportunity costs, 10, 86 science of, 165 Nobel Prize, 13, 61, 83, 168 oppositional politics, 61 theology of, 214 nobility, 42 oppressed groups, 152 nature-centrism, 165 noble purpose, 156 optimism, 114 Nazis, 43, 80 nocebos, 124 oral transmission and the near-death experiences, 116, nonbelievers, 118 Qur’an, the Hadith, see also death nonconformist, 89 136 Neibuhr, Reinhold, 154 nonduality, 100 Ordem e Progresso, 32 neocortex, 94 non-genetic transmission, 78 order, 36 neo-orthodoxy, 57, 160 nonhuman, 165, 196 organelle, 94 neopositivism, 32 nonproductive class, 86 organic beings, 79 nepotism, 82, 84 nonreductive functionalism, organizational religiousness, nervous system, the, 122 3–4, 6, 10, 13–14, 29, 114 neti neti, 190 175, 211–12, 218 orgasm, 98 neural activity, 100 nonreligious, 18, 90, 115 originating mystery, 177 264 Index orthodox rabbis, 146 PBUH, 6, 175 Anglo-American, 31 orthodoxy, 74 peace, 118, 126 of interpretation, 143 orthopraxis, 74 peak experience, 100 natural-law, 198 Orwell, George, 150 pelvis, the female, 95 philosophy, 88 other-regarding behavior, 85 Penfield, Wilder, 98–9 postmodern, 190 Other, the, 139, 151–2, 154 Pentecostal(s), 8, 68, 93, 103 of science, 40, 46, 166 Ottoman Empire, 60 personality, 96–7 theological, 35 Our Common Story, 182 personhood, 202 photosynthesis, 91, 173 overpopulation, 79 pessimism, 114 phylogeny, 175 oxygen, 95 PET scans, positron emission physical oxytocin, 123 tomography, 99–100, anthropology, 88 107 laws, 34 pacifism, 154–5 peyote, 101 self, 100 pain, 120, 127, 197 pharmaceutical technologies, 51 Pakistan, 57–8 corporations, 8 physician(s), 126, 128 paleoarcheologists, 77–8 industry, the, 124 physicist, 13, 104, 177 paleontology, 77 products, 121, 125 physics, 32, 39, 88, 114, 168, Palestine, 50, 134 pharmacology, 96, 124, 128 170 Pali Canon, the, Buddhism, phenomena, 6–7, 10, 14, 26, laws of, 193, 198 136 28–9, 65–6, 68, 85, microequations of, 203 pan-Arab nationalist 103, 105, 107–8, 111, modern, 203 movement, 57 124, 160, 164–5, 167, properties of, 172 pan-Islamic religious 171, 184, 190, 193, physiology, 78, 85 movement, 57 208, 212–13, 216 piety, 115, 188 pantheism, 45, 195 emergent properties, 106 pill(s), 102, 109, 128 paradigm, 29, 44, 151, 162–3, explainations of, 170 Pisa, 53 170 human or natural, 34, placebo, 11, 112, 123–5, 128, materialistic and 165–6, 175, 191, 199, 215 reductionist, 170 217 effect, 122, 128–9 political and moral, 151 objective observer of, 145 response, 125 paranormal paranormal, 176, 200 placebo-controlled trial, 121 occurrences, 200 patterned, 166, 212 planet, the, 3, 14, 77, 91, 164, processes, 176 quantum, 170 173–4, 182, 184 parapsychology, 176 reductionist account of, evolution of the, 91, 184 Paris, 94 168, 174 macroevolution of life on Parkinson’s disease, 99 of religion, 4 the, 180 parole, 26 religious and spiritual, 1, 3, planetary formation, 172 Parsis, 68 31, 99–100, 109, 187, planetary systems, 182 participant observer, 216–17 189–90, 205 planets, 34 particle physics, 169, 171–2, and science, 157 plants, 80 174 phenomenological approach plate tectonics, 196 particularist universalism, 7, to religion, 5, 44–6 Plato, 89, 144, 160, 171 12, 26, 207, 214–15 phenomenology, 190 Platonist, 191 partition, 57 phenotypes, 89 poems, 129 passion(s), 85, 105, 201 Philippines, 103 poetry, epic, 38 past actualities, 194 philology, 2, 9 Poland, 207 pathological religious persons, philosophers, 74, 96 political 108 philosophical economy, 39, 52 pathology, 97 anthropocentrism, 165 nonviolence, 155 pathos, 154, 192 limits, 175 parties, 46 patience, 126 plasticity, 52 power, 148, 149 patient(s), 114, 119, 124–5, 129 questions and problems, science, 50, 52–3 patient’s subjective meaning 96, 194 system, 148 paradigm, 125 relativism, 165 pollution, 88, 93 patron saints, 195 philosophy, 38, 41, 44, 88, polytheism, 27, 33–4, 39, Paul, Saint, 135 110, 190, 194, 201, 216 45, 188 Index 265 Ponzi Scheme, New Era primate male sex organs, 81 psychosocial Philanthropy, 84 primordial slime, 77 causation, 42 poor, the, 152–3 prince, 88 intervention, 120 Pope John Paul II, 218 printing press, the, 78, 136 strengths, 117 Popper, Karl (1902–1994), a priori proof, 204 psychosocial-somatic, 112, 161, 163 prison, 118 120–2, 125, 128–9, 215 population, the world’s, 69 Prisoners’ Dilemma, 82–3 psychotic episodes, 97 positive agnosticism, 44 private-property rights, 51 psychotropic compounds, positivism, 31–2 privilege, 152 new, 101 positivism, the age of (1848), probability, 114 psychotropic drugs, 97 36–7 probability space, 169 public welfare, 59 Positivist school, 31 professional ethics, 125 pundits, 50, 74, 86 possibility space, 200 professional societies, 114 punishment, 35, 85 postcolonial societies, 152, 183 progressive humanism, 40 pure information, 203 postcopulatory intrasexual progressive learning processes, puritanical lifestyle, 60 competition, 80 213 purpose, 7, 218 post hoc hypothesis, 116 property rights, 51 Putnam, Hilary, 161 postmodern prophecies, self-fulfilling, 71 Putnam, Robert, 116 finitude, 155 prophets, 76, 97 pyramids, 86 moment, the, 11, 142, 212 propositional logic, 138 psychosocial-behavioral- relativism, 181 Protestant Christianity, 41–4, somatic contagion, 128 postmodernism, 163 53, 56, 103, 120, 115, Post, Stephen, 85 117 Qi-energy, 121 posttraumatic stress disorder Protestantism, 44, 53, 65 quadriplegics, 99 (PTSD), 120 Protestant Reformation, 34, Quaker, 204 poverty, 49, 57, 63, 70 136 quantum power, 125, 152, 165, 181 protohumans, 182 events, 177 dynamics, 124 protoscience, 35, 39 gravity, 168 and politics, 155, 165 pseudoscience, 35 mechanics, 13, 165, 169, 176 pragmatic, 45, 47 psychedelics, 101 quasi-sensory experience, 104 operationalism, 164, 184 psychiatric community, 97 Quine, Willard, (1908–2000), Pragmatism, 40, 44 psychiatry, 129 161 Prana, 19, 120 psychic terror, 201 Qur’an, the, 58–9, 129, 175, pratitya-samutpada, 188 psychological, 35, 39 191, 204 prayer, 100, 104, 111, 115, approach to text, 144 fundamentalist reading 118–19, 123, 127, 198, Freudian object-relation of, 146 205, 215 theory, 144 (Sura 3:130), 58 distant intercessory, 111 Frankel’s logo theory, (Sura 2:177), 63 energetic devotional, 104 144 (Sura 4:78–79), 191 interventions, 127 Jungian archetypal Qur’anic prohibition, 58 Muslim, 115 theory, 144 predestination, 180 attitudes, 70 rabbi, 64 prefrontal cortex, 100 effects, nonphysical, 127 rabbinic tradition, 171 prehistory, 73 need for comfort, 74 rabbis, 50, 86 prejudice(s), 12, 144, 146, psychological coping, 127 race, 27, 85 155, 218 states, 123 racism, 61, 80 pre-Reformation, 53 psychologists, 52, 113 radical-atheist scientists, 217 presence-in-the-room, 97 psychology, 3, 33, 43–4, 70, radioactive dating, 77 present, the, 37 85, 126, 201, 216 radioactive tracers, 99–100, 105 priest, 64 of the market, 70 ragas, classical Indian, 90 priesthood, 64 psychoneuroendocrinology, rainforests, 184 priests, 50, 86, 134 11, 123 Ramachandran, V. S., 97 primal cultures, 73 psychoneuroimmunology, 11, Ramadan, 59 primal word, 171 111, 123 Raman, Varadaraja V., 169 primary identity subcultures, psychopaths, 64 random-controlled studies, 212 psychopharmacology, 102 123 266 Index random drift, 177, 179–80 and addiction, 205 phenomenon of, 211 randomized control trials anthropology of, 28–9 philosophy of, 5 (RCT), 115 archetypal psychological positive assessment of, 26 randomness, 169, 180 interpretation of, 216 pragmatic approach to, 70 rational-choice theory, 10, biology of, 78 prophetic roles of, 70 29, 66–7 cognitive theories of, 103 psychology of, 28, 29 modern philosophy, 138 consumer-driven, 65, 67 scholars of, 27 rational cost-benefit analysis definition of, 19, 20, 45 and science, 2, 5, 7, 9, 12, and morals, 138 the domain of, 219 98, 189, 195, 200, 215, rationality, 90, 198, 208 economics of, 10, 56, 69, 89 218 of the market, 55 evolution of, 10, 73, 86, 215 science of, 2, 6, 10, 14, 39, RCTs, 124–5 evolutionary approach 75, 109, 171, 190–1, realism, 89, 165, 185, 200, 205 to, 89 209, 211, 217 realities, 178 functional approach to, 5, scientific study of, 191 reality, 46, 90, 148, 157, 159, 40, 70 scientist of, 217 161, 169, 171, 174–5, functions of, 203 secular utility of, 217 193–4, 196, 199, 218 fundamentalist and semantics of, 207 alternate, 148 missionizing, 187 social-science research on, 14 internal, 196 global marketplace of, 66 sociology of, 7, 28–9 levels of, 175, 193 grammatical structure and spirituality, 1–3, 7, 10, structure of, 194 of, 28 112, 115, 120, 129, transcendent, 46 grand theory of, 32 211, 217 ultimate, 159, 175 and health, 119, 122 study of, 1, 180 received traditions, 182, 189, hope and promise of, 148 taxonomy of, 103 198, 206 of humanity, 32 theory of, 38, 41, 99 reductionism, 40–1, 96, 106, and ideologies, narrative traditional theistic accounts 166, 194 structure of, 181 of, 197 and emergence dialectic, and language, 10, 171, transformative aspect of, 109 171 206–8, 216 transmission of, 103 reductionist approach, 106 liberal, 89 truth of, 30 reductionist explanations, 175 magic of, 215 truth of, 5–6 regenerative experiences, 104 medical efficacy of, 112 unified theory of, 24 regressive tax, 43, 60 medicine of, 4, 11, 113, unifying spirit of, 89 Reign of Terror, 36 126, 129 universalist theorists, 24 Reiki, 121, 176 metaphysical intuitions utility function of, 64 reincarnation, 74, 76, 188, of, 208 utility functions of, 66 201–2 moral teachings of, 137 and utopia, 148 relative values, 70 negative assessment of, 31 Western, Eastern, 27 relativistic impasse, the, 143 neurosciences of, 109 wisdom of non-reductive relativistic monism, 195 neuroscientific study of, functionalist study religion-science divide, 159 104 of, 108 religion-science divide, the, new sciences of, 4–5, 7, wisdom of, 215 175 9–10, 14, 28, 108, religionists, 217 religion(s), 1–7, 9–12, 14, 205–6, 216, 218 religiosity, 65, 97, 113, 19–20, 24, 26–32, nonreductive functionalist 115–16, 118 38–41, 43–5, 47, 49, approach to, 61, 69, religious, 50, 73 52, 56, 61, 63–71, 166 affiliation, 126 73–5, 77–8, 81, 85–90, objects of, 105 analysis, functional, 26 93, 98–9, 101–5, of science, 11 arguments, 52 108–9, 112, 115, old, 159, 201 belief, behavior, practices, 119–20, 122, 126, 129, old sciences of, 4, 10, 75 49–50, 73, 76, 88, 90, 137, 148, 159, 166, 171, origins, function, and 98, 112, 117, 126, 159, 180–1, 187, 189–91, persistence of, 77, 85 189 195, 197, 201, 203, phenomenological approach capital, 67 205–9, 211, 215–19 to, 26, 70 ceremonies, 101 academic study of, 24 phenomenology of, 145 communities, 126, 175 Index 267 competition, 66 repetition, 94 scripture(s), 2, 11, 133–4, cosmologies, 11, 133 reproduction, 42, 78–81, 136, 143, 145–6, 160, culture, 78 83–7, 91, 103, 123 189, 208, 213–14 deviance, 108 reproduction genes, 84 stories, 133, 146 devotion, 100 reputation, 83 text(s), 2, 11, 63, 133–4, diversity, 2, 207 reputational capital, 83 176, 191 doctrine, 51 research community, 112 tradition, 147 ecstasy, 109 research-design, 115 truth, 187 education, 208 researchers, 114 sacred, the, 2, 65, 112, 191 euphoria, 108 resource curse, the, 57 sacrifice, 22, 35, 68, 81–2, exclusivism, 175, 216 resources, 86 149, 151, 198, 201 extremists, 46 resurrection, 200–1 Saddam Hussein, 149–50 fanatics, 53 Resurrection, the Christian, Sagan, Carl, 163 function(s), 40, 68, 90 136 St. Anthony’s Fire, 101 fundamentalism, 146, 155 retaliation, 85 St. Paul, 22 groups, 112, 115 revealed religions, 55 Saint Paul, 38, 97, 104 icon, 141 revealed traditions, 6 saints and sages, 75, 97, 188 ideas, 49 revelation(s), 2, 76, 104, 133, salat, 129 identities, 59, 69 159, 175, 183, 189 salus, 111 and ideological narratives, revelatory experiences, 104 salvation, 111, 188–9, 197 entangled, 183–4 revenge, 83 samsara, 109, 120, 141 ideology, 56, 57 revolution, genomic, 170 Santa Claus, 76 idioms, 204, 215 revolution, scientific, 170 Santayana, George (1863– impulse, the, 192, 218 riba, 58 1952), 24–5 institutions, 76 rich, the, 153 Satan, 27 investments, 66 Ricouer, Paul, 143–8, 150, satisfaction, 51 language, new, 207 156–7, 183, 206, satori, 102 leader, 205 215–16 Saudi Arabia, 57–8 markets, 66 Rig Veda, 27 Saussure, Ferdinand de (1857– memes, 86 (1.164.46), 207 1913), 26 monopolies, 66 righteous anger, 46 Savior, 6 morality, 63 righteousness, 152 schism, 67 movements, intellectual Ring of Gyges, (moral schizophrenia, 96–7, 102, integrity of, 181 stories), 138 127, 163 myths, 39 risk, 156, 201 Schlick, Moritz (1882–1936), obedience, 109 rites of initiation, 103 161 observation, 117 ritual objects, 100 scholar people, 115 rituals, 74–5, 101, 103, Christian, 22 persons, 103 112–13, 128 humanistic, 28 pluralism, 126 Roman Catholic Church, 32 scholar-scientist, 29 and political movements, 150 Roman Catholic healing Schrödinger, Edwin, 13 preference, 114 traditions, 117 science, 3, 41, 44, 46, 74, 87, rituals, 102 Roman Empire, imperial 90, 96, 98, 103, 106, and spiritual experience, church of, 135 109, 113, 129 10–11, 93, 96–7, 116, Romans, 19 as altruistic fidelity to 200, 205 Rorschach test, 12 phenomena, 157, and spirituality, 111, rules, 89 164–6, 208, 212, 217 113–14, 117, 123 Rumi, Jalal ad-Din analytic tools of, 162 and spiritual phenomenon, Muhammad, 65 ancient, 38 76, 88, 103, 144, 211 Russia, 207 and causation, 167 stories, 6, 76 Russian, 86 contemporary, 159, 189, systems of meaning, 159 Rwanda massacre, 197 193, 206 texts, 133 definition of, 182–5, tradition(s), 73, 111, 176 Sabbath, 38 212–13 truths, 10 sacred domains of, 127, 160, 164 virtue, 44 Buddhist manuscripts, 136 dominant culture of, 176 268 Index science—Continued human, 133, 190 socialists, 117 educators, philosophers laboratory vs. historical, society, 219 of, 161 180 utility, 40 etymology, 166 mesocosmic, 171 secularism, 39 existentialist interpretations of religion, 19, 24, 26 secularist, 2 of, 204 analogy to linguistics, secularization, 40, 43–4, 54, facts of, 212 214–15 218 falsification theory of, 161 scientific Seigel, Ronald, 101 grand unified theory of, 174 causality, 75, 114 seizures, religious visions hierarchies of explanation consensus, 3 during, 97 in, 213 cosmology, 143 self- history of, 162 enterprise, the, 175, 192, flagellations, 103 interpretation of, 11, 164, 209 interest, 83, 114 212, 183, 185, 213 impulse, 33 love, 63 religious, 2, 6, 185 method, the, 134, 161 organized system Existentialist, 213 paradigms, 4, 163, 203 (economics), 50 Stoic, 213 realities, 6 reporting, 113, 117 vs. content of, 176, 183, research, 113, 117 transcending learning 185, 206 revolutions, 142, 162 process, 184, 192 laws of, 196 study of religion, 47 selfish genes, 85–6 mechanist and materialistic, scientism, 8–10, 44, 46–7, semantic meaning, 25–6, 165 160 159, 176 seminaries, 195 metanarrative of, 183 scientist, 8, 9, 96, 205 Roman Catholic, in the metaphysics of, 11, 169, scribes, 134 United States and 171, 216 scriptural India, 68 miracle of, 163, 165 sources, 24, 197 semiosis of health, 129 modern, 13, 36, 162, 182 studies, 143 semiotic code, 25–6 nature of, 161 traditions, 199, 215 sensory nerves, 98 new religion of, 5, 10, 159, scripture(s), 11, 21–2, 28, 63, September 11, 2001, 149 184, 209 75, 129, 134, 137, 159, septum, 98 vs nonscience, 161 176, 205–6 serendipity, 103 philosophy of, 4, 11, 31, Bhagavad Gita, 137 Sermon on the Mount, 62 106, 160–2, 164, 166, criticism/study of, 134 serotonin, 101, 123 169, 180, 193, 212, 214 Jataka Tales, the, 137 sex, 1, 42, 81, 101 qua science, 181–3, 192 revealed, 11, 159 sexism, 80 reductionist paradigm, 168 sacred, 21 sexual and religion, 2, 5, 7, 9, 12, ancient, 22 behavior, 123 98, 189, 195, 200, 215, seasons, 74, 203 competition, 79, 81 218 Second Coming of Christ, dimorphism, 81 of religion, 1, 3 150 passions, 35, 40 reality of, 163 Second Law of violence, 152 as sacred, 216 Thermodynamics, 203 Shakespeare, 98, 144 social constructionist second naïveté, the, 215, see Shakti, 189 approach to, 162, 165 also Ricouer, Paul shamans, tribal, 101 soul of, 156 sectarian creeds, 24 Shang Ti, 6 structure and limits of, 4 sectarian forces, 13 Sharia law, 59 unity of, 182 sectarian triumphalism, 56 Sherman, Jeremy, 102 and values, 165 sects, strict, 89 Shiva, 189 science-and-religion divide, secular, 46 sickness, 205 164 apocalyptic-prophetic Siddhartha Gautama, 88, 133 science-based humanism, 41 narratives, 46 signaling theory, 84 sciences, the, 2, 107, 111, 215 argument, 51 simplicity and biology, 179 classification of, 32 humanist, 8 sin(s), 154–5, 210 hierarchical organization logic, 175 original, 154 of, 171 priesthood, 129 universal, 155 historical, 133 salvation, 41, 46 Singapore, 54, 56 Index 269 Sinhalese Buddhist societies, 13, 36, 50, 62, 74, 76 spirit-mind-brain-body- nationalists and authoritarian, 55 society, 129 ideological violence society, 32, 35, 39, 41, 45, 60, spirits, 34, 73, 74 (narratives), 139 69, 74, 84, 128 spiritual, 2, 19, 44–5, 49, 51, situation ethics, 8 pluralist and secular, 189 53, 69, 102, 104, 111, skepticism, 114, 121, 146 Society for the Scientific 116, 119–21, 125–6, skeptics, antireligious, 133 Study of Religion 127–8, 200 Skinner, B. F., Walden Two (SSSR), 52 aspirations, 51 (1948), 148 sociobiology, 80–1 assessment of patients, 125 slavery, 133 socio-economic disadvantage, assessments, 126 sleep paralysis, 97–8 152 beings, 45 Sloan, Richard, 119, 126 socioeconomics, 68, 113–15, beliefs and practices, 119–21 smallpox, 87 117 capital, 52 Smith, Adam, 62–3, 174 sociologists, 50, 52, 113 care in medicine, 126 Smith, Christian, 139–41 sociology, 3, 32, 39, 43–4, 68, counseling and support, 126 Smith Jr., Joseph, 136 88, 216 definition of, 19 social Socrates, 71 drugs, 102 capacities, 77 soft concepts, 107 enlightenment, 44 capital, 10, 51–2 solar energy, 173 entrepreneurs, 53 chaos, 75 solar system(s), 172, 182 history, 126 cohesion, 81 soldier(s), 81, 85, 149 intervention, 120, 125, constructionism, 163, 184, solidarity, 89 127–8 192 solipsistic rationality, 6, 11, intuitions, 218 contracts, 150 139, 146, 207 investment, 49 criticism, 155 somatic nervous system, 102, phenomena, 19, 104 elites, 68 122 therapies, secular versions, engineering, 55 soul counting, 18 111 group, 103 sound-perception, 107 transformation(s), 116, 200 harmony, 35, 74, 147 Southeast Asia, 56 verities, 2 imagination, 148, 150 Southern Baptists, 115 well-being, 69 insects, 89 South Pacific islands, 73 spiritual and religious, 22 insurance, 51 Soviet Union, 40, 46, 54 spiritual-clinical minds, 88 space and time, 193 environment, 129 norms, 54, 74 space-time, 169, 171, 172, 203 spiritual-healing technique, order, 75, 147 space-time continuum, the, 119 organizations, 35 203 spirituality, 1, 19, 44, 52, 64, power, 153 Spain, 56, 57 102, 112–13, 127 realities, 150, 152 spandrel(s), 86–8, 90 and health, 4, 11, 111, 115, resources, 86 Spanish, 86 120, 123–4 sciences, 43, 45, 74 speaking in tongues, 93, 103 spiritual, not religious, 19, 20, social scientists, 49, 52, 54, specialization, 12 22, 65, 112 77, 175 species, 14, 23, 28, 74, 77, spiritus, 19 religiously motivated, 217 79–80, 85, 89, 91, 101, spontaneous cures, 118 structures, 161 109, 179, 202, 206 sporting obsessions, 46 support, 115, 117–18, 127 groups of, 89 sports, 46, 104 technologies, 51–2, 56 origin, of, 80 Sri Lanka, 27, 68, 69, 103–4, theory, 42 our, 14 138, 140, 148 transformations, 148 evolution of, 109, 202 Sri Lankan National Team, Social Darwinism, 80 transmutation of, 77 105 social-scientific research, 114, SPECT scan, single photon standard treatment, 125 117, 144 emission computed standpoint epistemology, social-support structures, 117 tomography, 100, 104 152–3 social-technological speech, loss of, 94 star(s), 74, 172, 177, 182, 202 innovations, 50 Spencer, Herbert, 80 Stark, Rodney, 56, 66 socialist agricultural spinal cord, 94 starvation, 79 community, 117 Spirit, 104, 111, 129, 195 state religions, 66 270 Index stellar fusion, 172, 174 supernatural, 34, 45, 73, 102, Talmudic studies, 103 steroids, 98 127, 176, 187, 199–201, Tamils, 68, 139 Stoic, 176 213 Tantawi, Muhammad Sayyid, stone tools, 78 agents, 45, 73 59 stories, 45, 74, 137, 141, 151, efficacy, 127 Tao, 188 153–4 events, 199 Taoism, 46, 56, 188 archetypal, 137 intervention, 117 tarot cards, 75 foundational, 151 occurrences, 201 Taylor, Charles, 138 nostalgic, 153 personalities, 102 teas, 122 received, 141 phenomena, 187 technologies, 36, 39, 41, 50, religious, 45 supernaturalism, 33, 39, 46, 169 93, 99, 106,129, 153 romantic, 153 supernaturalists, antiscientific physical, 50 sacred, 137 and superstitious, 190 social, 50 and symbols, 154 supernature, 169 teleology, 173, 214 utopic, 153 superorganism, 34 teleonomy, 173 storyteller(s), 141, 153, 183 superstition(s), 31, 39, 43, 75, teleonomy, observed, 198 Stout, Jeffrey, 155 88, 141, 161, 218 telos, 195 stress, 120 superstructure, 41, 65 temple(s), 86, 105, 198 string theory, 178 supervolcanic eruption, 77 temporal being, 196 stroke, 94 Supreme Court, the, 101 temporal lobe, 94 structured systems, 208 surgery, 98 Ten Commandments, the, subatomic particles, 169, 172 surgical-based studies, 97–8 63, 191 subcortical structures, 94 survival, 10, 78–9, 80, 84, terrorist attacks, 59 subculture, conservative 86–7, 91, 117, 179–80 text, passive, active, 145 Christian and the of the fittest, 80 texts, prophetical and United States, 150 genes, 84 poetical, 135 subeconomies, Islamic, 60 and reproduction, 10, Thailand, 54 subject-expectancy effect, 179–80 thalamus, 94 114, 124 Surya, 189 theism, 178, 191, 197 subjective certainty, 190 Switzerland, 101 and cosmologists, 178 subjective experience, 95–6, symbolic theistic 105, 113, 183, 190, language and culture, 78, hypothesis, the, 174 196, 199, 204 86, 196 interpretation, 183 subnature, 169 realism, 2, 11, 204, 215 traditions, 188 substance abuse, 127 species, 91 religions, 45 successful minority syndrome, systems, 10, 70, 165, 187 Theocrats of Tibet, 37 68 of value, 10, 70 Theocrats of Japan, 37 Sudan, 58 symbols, 70, 112–13, 124, theodicy argument, the, 127, suffering, 74, 104, 122, 127, 128, 146, 149, 204 181, 191–2, 197 148, 191, 197, 218 of economics, 70 theologians, 74, 96, 127 Sufi mystic, 65 and sacred stories, 137 theologies, 110 Sufism, 67 symmetry, 182 theology, 32, 52, 96, 85, 108, Suharto regime, 61 synagogue, 68, 105 136, 159, 162, 176, suicide, 127 synapses, 94 180, 190–1, 195, 197, Sumatra, 77 synaptic connections, 102 201, 215 Sunday School, 8 synaptic media, 170 apophatic, 190 Sunni Islam, 59 synesthesia, 98 conflicting, 162 sun-worshipping, 173 Synod of Hippo, 393 C.E., contemporary, 191 sun, the, 74, 173–4, 177, 203 135 limited forms of, 197 sunyata, 190 System of Positive Polity of nature, 159, 176, 180 Sun Yat-sen, 55 (1851–54), 36 philosophy of, 215 superego, 42 system of symbols, 45, 46, 70 process, 195 superfluidity and Szasz, Thomas, 129 reconstructive, 136 superconductivity, 168 Unitarian, 32 superhuman, 27, 39 Taiwan, 54, 56 theory-dependent supermarket spirituality, 67 talk therapy, 96 observations, 162 Index 271 therapeutic context, 124 trinitarian theology, 136 dispositions, 102 therapies, modern scientific, Trinity, the holy, Christian, human biology, 77 127 136, 189 human language, 26 Therapeutic Touch, 120 trust, 51, 114 pattern, 64 Theravada, 27 truth, 2, 5, 32, 90, 98, 136, preferences, 51 thermodynamic process, 174 138, 143, 152, 154, reality, 100 thermodynamics, the second 156, 181, 184, 187, values, 52 law of, 173 193, 204, 207–9, 215 verities, 215 thirst, 101 common, 207–8 universe and humans, the thought experiment, 102 and goodness, 209 story of, 183 thought(s)s and beliefs, 91, 95, and narratives, 138, 143, 152 Universe-God, 193–5 99, 122 and sacred texts, 136 universe, the, 6, 11, 41, 75, complex conditional, 78 scientific, 182 84, 95, 104, 109, 137, threat of punishment, 85 seeking, 156 163, 169, 170–3, 176–7, Tibet, 149 transcendent, 156 182, 185, 189, 191, Tibetan Buddhist, American, truth and transformation, 157 195, 202–4, 206, 209, 113 truth claims, 2, 5–6, 10, 20–1, 214–15 T’ien, 188 44, 46, 62, 69–70, 73, creation of, Christian, 137 Tillich, Paul, 191 90, 154, 159, 164, 166, early, 172, 209 time, 37, 114, 214, 203 174, 184, 187, 213 evolution of, 176 time and fundamental physics, objective, 166, 184, 213 expansion rate problem of 203 religious, 174 the, 177 time scale, 196 sectarian, 154 history and structure of the, tobacco, 115, 117 truth-telling, 62 173, 176, 191, 195, 209 tonal structure, 107 tsunami, December 2004, 76 informational structuring tools, 91 Tylor, E. B. (1832–1917), 39 of, 171 top-down causation, 122, 129 interpretation of, 189 Torah, the, 133, 146, 171 ultimate large-scale structure of, 177 torture, 103, 149 meaning, 71 material constitution of, 171 Totems and Taboos, 43 reality/truth, 6, 187, 112 new story of the, 182 tov me’od, 137 nature of, 213–14, observable, 95 traditional healing therapies, value(s), 70–1 omnicentric, 182 121 Ummah, the, 89 origins of and science, 172 tradition-based approach (top- UN Arab Development phenomenal, 185 down), 189 Reports, 56 purpose in the, 173, 214 tradition(s), 46, 88, 159 uncertainty, 189 semantics of, 215 received, 159 unconscious, the, 122, 154 topography of the, 177 transcendence, 11, 166, 174, unemployment, 57 trajectory of, 173 175, 192, 213 unifying, 209 universes, multiple, parallel, 178 Platonic notions of, 151 Unitarian, 32 universities, American and religious notions of, 193 Unitarian-Universalists, 8 European, 41 theory of, 214 United States, 9, 54, 65, university, 44 transcendent, the, 112, 190 68–9, 75, 80, 112, untruths, 154 divine, 190 115, 117–18, 120, 125, Upanishads, the, 171 meaning, 7 148–50 urban legends, 86 species, 91 unity, 104 U.S. foreign policy, 150 transformation, 50, 151 Unity Church, 67 usury, 59 transhumanism, 46 universal, 13, 20, 26, 36, 51, utility function(s), 10, 49, 51, transmutation of species, 79, 56, 64, 77, 79, 88–90, 61, 63 179 100, 102, 124, 129, Utopia (1516), 148 traumatic injuries, 97 179, 215 utopia(s), 36, 40–1, 46, 147–9, travel, 50 anthropological 155, 218 Treatise on Sociology: characteristics, 77 and escapist fantasy, 155 (Comte), 36 aspect, the, 13 and ideologies, 148–9 treatment, 124 brotherhood, 89 and religions, 147 tribe(s), 81, 84–5, 74, 77, 217 competition, struggle, 79, 179 utopian society, 41 272 Index utopic possibility and religion, veterans, 120 world history and texts, 147 148 waste, 62 world religions, 206–7, 215 utopic processes, 149 water, 107 semantic unity of, 207 way of life, 149 world, the, 100, 118, 197 values and virtues, 45, 65, 113, wealth, 49–51, 59, 70, worldview(s), 2, 10, 11, 52, 126, 146, 155–7, 164 76, 88 114, 161, 171, 181–2, and science, 164 weapons of mass destruction, 198, 201, 211 value structure, 64, 98 90–1, 149, 216 contemporary scientific, 10 Venice, 53 Weber, Max, (1864–1920) 39, entangled and competing, Venus of Willendorf, 78 43, 53–4, 62 182 verities, 49 Weizäcker, Carl Friendrich medieval, 160 Via Negativa, 190 von (1912–2007), 182 naturalistic, 10 vices, 65 well-being, 129 new religious, 11 Vienna Circle, 31 Western Europe, 46, 66 scientific, 8, 161, 198, 201, violence, 66, 76, 81, 197 West, the, 62, 121, 188 211 ideological, 139, White, Andrew Dickson, 44 self-referential, 11 155 White, Hayden, 153, 183–4 traditional religious, 171 religiously motivated, 69 Whitehead, Alfred North, 8, World War I, 43 state-organized, 155 161, 179, 194, 196–9 violent conflict(s), 64, 69, 89 and metaphysics, 196–7 yarmulke, 84 viral load, 118 white man, 152 Yeats, William Butler, 156 virtues and values, 45, 65, 113, white-matter neurons, 102 YHWH, 19, 188 126, 146, 155–7, 164 white woman, 152 yoga, 65, 67, 120 virus, Ebola, 87 Wilmington, DE, 8 hatha, 65, 120 Vishnu, 189 Wilson, David Sloan, 68, Young Earth Creationism, vital energy, 122 89–90 75, 176 volcanic ash, 77–8 Wilson, E. O., 81, 217–18 youth, 7, 104, 202 volcanoes, 74, 196 wisdom, 7, 91, 108, 128, 137, Yunus, Muhammad, 61 volitional activities, 123 148, 155, 206, 208 voodoo dolls, 75 practical, 208 zakat, 58–60 received, 208 Zen, 67 Wallace, Alan, 106 and scriptures, 137 zero and infinity, concepts waqf system, 60 witches, 76 of, 191 war(s), 34, 76, 85, 120, women, 152 zero-sum memory bank, 86 148–50, 155 word concepts, 94 Zimbabwe, 149 of liberation, 149 word of God, 134, 146 Zongjiao, 20 on terror, 148–9 work ethic, 62 Zoroastrianism, 27