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An assessment of the conservation status of a presumed extinct tree species angustifolia Wight ex. Hook.f. in southern Western Ghats, India

Chellam Muthumperumal, Paramasivam Balasubramanian & Ladan Rasingam

26 March 2020 | Vol. 12 | No. 4 | Pages: 15468–15474 DOI: 10.11609/jot.5148.12.4.15468-15474

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Threatened Taxa Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 March 2020 | 12(4): 15468–15474 ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) PLATINUM OPEN ACCESS DOI: htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.5148.12.4.15468-15474

#5148 | Received 03 June 2019 | Final received 04 March 2020 | Finally accepted 12 March 2020

C o m m An assessment of the conservaton status of a presumed extnct u n i tree species Wendlandia angustfolia Wight ex. Hook.f. c a in southern Western Ghats, India t i 1 2 3 o Chellam Muthumperumal , Paramasivam Balasubramanian & Ladan Rasingam n 1,2 Sálim Ali Centre For Ornithology and Natural History, Anaikaty Post, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641108, India. 3 Botanical Survey of India, Deccan Regional Centre, 2nd Floor, Kendriya Sadan, GPOA, Sultan Bazar, Kot, Hyderabad, Telangana 500095, India. 1 [email protected] (corresponding author), 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected]

Abstract: In this study, we carried out an assessment of IUCN conservaton status of Wendlandia angustfolia Wight ex. Hook.f. (), based on feld data on populatons and distributon status of this species that is narrowly endemic to southern Western Ghats. This species was earlier presumed to be extnct, however, our data suggests that it should be assigned to the Endangered (EN) category based on the IUCN Red List criteria.

Keywords: Conservaton assessment, endemic , endangered category, Rubiaceae, Wendlandia angustfolia.

Editor: Navendu Page, Wildlife Insttute of India, Dehradun, India. Date of publicaton: 26 March 2020 (online & print)

Citaton: Muthumperumal, C., P. Balasubramanian & L. Rasingam (2020). An assessment of the conservaton status of a presumed extnct tree species Wendlandia an- gustfolia Wight ex. Hook.f. in southern Western Ghats, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 12(4): 15468–15474. htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.5148.12.4.15468-15474

Copyright: © Muthumperumal et al. 2020. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of this artcle in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

Funding: Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB),New Delhi provided fund through Young Scientst Research Project.

Competng interests: The authors declare no competng interests.

Author details: Chellam Muthumperumal is working as a Program Ofcer of an ENVIS Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore. His area of specializaton is Biodiversity studies, which include plant inventory, plant functonal traits, ecosystem services, restoraton ecology and conservaton. He has published seven peer-reviewed research artcles in Internatonal and natonal journals. He has co-authored a book and several peer-reviewed book chapters. Paramasivam Balasubramanian is a Senior Principal Scientst in the Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore. His specializaton includes plant , ecology and plant-animal interactons. He has published nearly 100 research artcles in peer-reviewed natonal and internatonal journals and authored three books and several technical reports. He has also guided several PhD scholars in the feld of forest botany. Ladan Rasingam is working as Scientst-D in Botanical Survey of India, Hyderabad and is interested in the systematcs of fowering with special reference to Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Western & Eastern Ghats foras. He has published around 70 research artcles in peer-reviewed Internatonal and natonal journals and co-author of three books.

Author contributon: CM conducted feld works, data collecton, data analysis, interpretaton and prepared the manuscript. PB provided technical inputs and guidance for data collecton, LR provided the primary locaton of the species, herbarium details, and helped in confrming the identty of the species.

Acknowledgements: The authors acknowledge the Science and Engineering Research Board, New Delhi for fnancial support through a Young Scientst Research Project (YSS/2015/001844). The authors express their sincere thanks to the Director, Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore for providing facilites and encouragement. We are thankful to the Tamil Nadu Forest Department for giving permission to conduct feld surveys. L. Rasingam is grateful to the Director, Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata and Scientst In-charge, Deccan Regional Centre, Hyderabad for facilites and encouragement.

15468 J TT Conservaton status assessment of a presumed extnct tree Wendlandia angustfolia Muthumperumal et al.

INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS

A species unique to a defned geographic unit such Study area as an island/naton or habitat type and not found The study was conducted in Kalakad-Mundanthurai elsewhere is known as an endemic species. Physical, Tiger Reserve (KMTR), in the southern Western Ghats climatc, and biological factors infuence endemism which is part of the Agasthiamalai Biosphere Reserve. (Chitale et al. 2014). According to Lavergne et al. (2004) KMTR represents a wide variaton in the topographical, some common traits have been observed among the geo-morphological, edaphic and climatc features, endemic species such as inhabitng microhabitats, and thus supports a wide range of forest types. The producing fewer fowers and seeds, and having lower vegetaton type varies from thorny shrub jungle to lush fecundity than their widespread congeners. Endemic evergreen forests and montane grass-lands. Eleven species are poor compettors, and least tolerant to major forest types are present here, out of which the environmental stress (Lavergne et al. 2004). Species with Tirunelveli semi-evergreen forests are unique in the area. a narrow distributon range and/or fewer individuals are KMTR partly comprises a large contguous tract of around considered to be the most prone to extncton due to 400km2 of wet evergreen forest. changing climatc conditons and competton from alien species (Chitale et al. 2014). Endemic species have long Sampling and assessment been targets for conservaton eforts, because they are The populaton status and distributon of Wendlandia not found anywhere else in the world and if lost from their angustfolia in the stream habitat of Tamirabarani River natve habitat they are lost forever (Chitale et al. 2014). basin was ascertained along Karaiyar, Servalar and Myers et al. (2000) opined that conservaton of endemic Manimuthar rivers. Field surveys were carried out in species could result in conservaton of species rich Mundanthurai range that lies between 8.566–8.716 0N landscapes. Assessing present and future distributon and 77.266–77.433 0E. Quadrats measuring 0.1ha area of endemic species would form crucial contributon for (31.7×31.7m) were established along the river banks to their conservaton planning and management. assess the populaton of this species. Contguous plots India is one of the mega diversity countries with a (each includes fve number of quadrats) were established wide range of topography, climate and habitat. India has along 1.5km stretch for each stream. The number of a total of 18,532 fowering plant species of which 23.2% individuals in each quadrat was enumerated along are endemic (Singh & Dash 2017). The Western Ghats with their locaton, height, girth, phenological status (along with Sri Lanka) is one of the four designated and associated species. Geographical coordinates were biodiversity hotspots in India on account of its high recorded using Global Positoning System (Garmin eTrex degree of endemism and loss of primary forest cover. 30x). Height and girth were measured by a measuring Of the 2,116 endemic fowering plants recorded in tape. Phenological status such as presence of fowers the Western Ghats, 410 are distributed in the state of and fruits were observed by periodic feld visits. Various Tamil Nadu (Singh et al. 2015). Many of these species growth categories were fxed based on the height and are rapidly disappearing due to increases in human girth classes. A majority of the individuals are less than populaton, urbanizaton, habitat fragmentaton and minimum measurable threshold of 1.3m height from the increased dependency of the world’s populaton on the rootng point. Hence height classes have been limited natural resources (Woodruf 2001). Accordingly incorporated to include those plant individuals which global, regional, natonal and local lists of threatened are less than 1.3m height. Individuals which have grown species have proliferated over the past four decades less than 1m height are capable of producing fowers (Burton 2003). The frst step to initate conservaton and fruits and hence considered as adults. Girth class acton for endangered organisms is to identfy the was categorised as saplings (<10cm gbh), recruits (10–20 populatons of species that are in decline or are facing cm gbh) and established (>20cm gbh) individuals. In the the risk of extncton (Caughley 1994; Brook et al. height categories, the above mentoned saplings were 2006). The present study was carried out to assess the further classifed into seedlings (<1m) and saplings (1–2 populaton status of Wendlandia angustfolia, a narrow m), the corresponding girth classes are mentoned as endemic and extnct category (IUCN 2012; version 3.1) height class ranges between 1.2–3.5 m as recruits and tree species distributed in the southern Western Ghats, 1.3–6.5 m as established individuals. India. The species was further evaluated as per IUCN Red List criteria, version 3.1 (IUCN 2012). We used the

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 March 2020 | 12(4): 15468–15474 15469 J TT Conservaton status assessment of a presumed extnct tree Wendlandia angustfolia Muthumperumal et al.

minimum convex polygon method to calculate the range Courtallum, R. Wight, s.n., (Barcode No. K000030922); size as an estmate of its extent of occurrence (EOO). Courtallum, R. Wight 1334 (Barcode No. K000030921) Area of occupancy (AOO) of the species within the grid both are at Kew Herbarium (K); Mundanthurai, is studied taking into account of the terrain features 16.iii.1917, Rangachari 14623; Kannikat, 19.iii.1917, with respect to alttude. The EOO and AOO values were Rangachari 14663 (MH); Inchikuzhi, 1000 m, 16.ii.1998, calculated by using the GEOCAT sofware developed by M.B. Viswanathan, E. Harrison Premkumar & N. Ramesh Kew with the standard cell width of 2km (Bachman et al. 1641; Inchikuzhi, 1,000m, 24.v.1998, M.B. Viswanathan, 2011). Formal thresholds based on populaton size and E. Harrison Premkumar & N. Ramesh 2010 (SPKCESH); geographic range were used for categorizaton. Ambalam, Aruvipuram River bank, 29.iv.1990, R. Gopalan 93319 (MH); Papanasam, Near Sorimuthu Ayyanar Temple, 04.iii.2011, L. Rasingam, 3101 (BSID).Karaiyar RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 224m, 05.xii.2016, C. Muthumperumal 3201; Servalar, 218m, 07.xii.2016, C. Muthumperumal 3202;Inchikuzhi, History and characteristc features of endemic tree 625m, 19.i.2017, C. Muthumperumal 3203; Kandamparai, species 283m, 22.ii.2017, C. Muthumperumal 3204; Inchikuzhi, Wendlandia angustfolia is a small tree belonging to 617m 01.iii.2017, C. Muthumperumal 3205 (SACONH- the family Rubiaceae. This plant species usually grows on Herbarium of Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and rock crevices at low to medium alttude in riparian forests. Natural History). It was frst collected from the Courtalam Hills, Western Ghats by and described by Hooker (1882) Species descripton in his Flora of Britsh India. The species was re-collected Wendlandia angustfolia is a small tree with from Kannikat area in 1917 by Rangachari and afer that slender branches, growing up to 5m height. Leaves are no collecton was made for about 81 years. Viswanathan ternately whorled; linear-lanceolate, atenuate at base, et al. (2000) re-collected the species from Inchikuzhi area entre at margin, acute at apex, 4–11 x 0.5–1.8 cm, of KMTR in 1988. Gamble (1921) stated that this species coriaceous; lateral nerves 6–8 pairs; petoles up to 1cm was found in the Deccan forests of Kadapa and Western long; stpules triangular-ovate, subulate or cuspidate at Ghats of Tinnevelly. The distributon in Kadapa forest, apex. Inforescence at terminal branches in panicles; however, was reported by Gamble based on the Beddome panicles slender, pyramidal, leafy below; fowers densely collectons (Coll. No. RHB 1880) available at Madras crowded; bracts ligulate, hastate at base, acuminate at Herbarium (MH). The distributon of this species in apex. Calyx tube turbinate, glabrous, about 1.5mm long, Kadapa forest seems doubtul, as there is no re-collecton lobes cuspidate, about 1mm long, subulate. Corolla tube from the Kadapa forests since Beddome’s collecton. slender, about 5mm long; lobes almost orbicular, small. Beddome has extensively explored the Western Ghats Stamens exserted, flaments short; anthers dorsifxed, during the period 1880. We presume that the locaton linear, about 1mm long. Style about 6mm long, exserted; details could be wrongly labeled as Kadapa forests with stgma bifd. Fruits globose, 2mm across, rugose and collecton number 1880 and it could have been collected many seeded; seeds brown, irregular, oblong-trigonous. from Western Ghats in the year 1880. This species is This species is distnct from other known species by assessed as Extnct (Ex) in the Red List Assessment by the its glabrous stem, ternately-whorled, linear-lanceolate World Conservaton Monitoring Centre (1998). Deb & leaves and glabrous calyx tube with subulate lobes. Mait in Nayar & Sastry (1987) analyzed the species and Further, the habitat of the species is very distnct, as it suggested that this species is presumed extnct. They grows only on rocky riverbeds, whereas be congeners also suggested that eforts should be made to relocate grows along the stream banks as well as other forest the species from the river beds at low alttudes and types. introduce in botanic gardens for its conservaton. Species distributon Nomenclature A total of 1,091 individuals were enumerated in 9.3ha Wendlandia angustfolia Wight ex. Hook.f., Fl. Brit. area (93 quadrats of 0.1ha) sampled. This species was India. 3: 40. 1880. Gamble, Fl. Madras 588. 1921 (repr. present in seven out of 11 streams surveyed (Figure 1). ed. 2. 415. 1957); Deb & Mait in Nayar & Sastry, Red Data Among the seven streams explored, Inchikuli had a higher Book Indian Pl. 1: 348. 1987. number of individuals (398), followed by Moolakasam Specimens examined: Tamil Nadu: Tirunelveli District: (190), Baana trtam (178), Kandampaarai (139), Pambar

15470 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 March 2020 | 12(4): 15468–15474 J TT Conservaton status assessment of a presumed extnct tree Wendlandia angustfolia Muthumperumal et al.

Figure 1. The distributon of Wendlandia angustfolia in diferent Figure 2. Minimum convex polygon of Wendlandia angustfolia in streams of Thamirabarani River basin, Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, southern Western Ghats. Reserve, southern Western Ghats.

(105) and less number of individuals were recorded reasonable girth. Individuals that atained height ≥1.3m in Varatar (47) and Servalar (34) (Table 1; Figure 3). and girth ≥5cm gbh were considered as adults. They are The major associatng taxa are Syzygium zeylanicum matured enough to produce fowers and fruits even in var. lineare, Syzygium cumini, Garcinia gummi-guta, the dwarf conditon. This species produced new leaves Pongamia pinnata, and Phyllanthus singampatanus. in December, fower buds in January, full blooming in February–March and seeds developed during April–May Growth category (Image 1). Growth categories of tree individuals were classifed into both girth and height classes. Among the 1,091 Assessment of conservaton status individuals recorded in the study site, the girth categories This is the frst atempt to assess the populaton of show the occurrence of 862 saplings (<10cm gbh), 175 W. angustfolia, a narrow endemic tree species which recruits (10-20cm gbh) and 54 established >20cm gbh) has been presumed Extnct from the original distributon individuals (Figure 4a). In the height class categories, range in southern Western Ghats, India as per the recent saplings were further classifed into seedlings 648 (<1m) IUCN category (Ver. 3.1; 2012). This species is distributed and saplings 214 (1m-2m). About 175 recruits fall in the in the eastern slopes of southern most Western Ghats ranges of 1.2–3.5 m height class whereas 54 established and grow in gentle rocky beds in rivers and river banks. individuals fall between the ranges of of 1.3–6.5 m height Moreover this species is found in semi-shade conditon (Figure 4b). Almost all individuals growing along the water and distributed between the elevaton ranges of 250m course area are impacted by water fow. Hence, even the to 720m. As this species occurs in river course area, we matured individuals were recognized in stunted growth observed the food force impactng the growth of the form. Individuals recorded on river banks atained a individuals leaving only a stunted growth.

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Table 1. Populaton assessment of Wendlandia angustfolia in diferent stream habitats in Tamirabarani River basin, Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, southern Western Ghats.

Number of quadrats Number of individuals Name of the reservoir Name of the stream Elevaton range (m) sampled Area sampled (ha) recorded Inchikuliar 617–717 15 1.5 398

Baanatrtam 354–439 18 1.8 178 Karaiyar dam Pambar 286–424 15 1.5 105

Varatar 436–452 03 0.3 47

Servalar dam Vaalaiyar 268–309 05 0.5 34

Kandampaaraiar 250–390 17 1.7 139 Manimuthar dam Moolakasamar 380–453 20 2.0 190

Total 93 9.3 1091

Figure 3. Populaton distributon of Wendlandia angustfolia in diferent streams (elevaton ranges in meter) in Tamirabarani River basin, Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, southern Western Ghats. Figure 4. Diferent growth categories on (A) girth classes and (B) corresponding height class ranges of Wendlandia angustfolia in The geographic range of W. angustfolia was quantfed Tamirabarani river basin, Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, southern Western Ghats. using two metrics, extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO), both of which can be used for assessments under criterion B (restricted range species) as recommended by IUCN. EOO which is calculated by Endangered category, as this species is distributed in ≤ constructng the minimum convex polygon (convex hull) 5 locatons. Among the 7 localites assessed the number around known occurrences using the GEOCAT sofware of individuals had extreme fuctuaton which is clearly developed by Kew with the standard cell width of 2km indicated in table 1. Hence the Sub-criteria“B1-c” also (Bachman et al. 2011). AOO is also calculated with the supportng that this plant under endangered category. same tools by overlaying a grid and interpretng known The AOO of W. angustfolia was 60 km2 (Figure 2) and occurrences as occupied grid cells. The sum of occupied since this estmate is less than 500 km2 and hence this grid cells equates to the AOO value. The EOO of W. species qualifes for Endangered category (B2). Among angustfolia was estmated to be 143 km2 and distributed the 1,091 individuals recorded during the present study, in fve major streams indicated in Figure 1 and 2. As 293 were adults. Individuals which have grown ≥1.3m per IUCN Sub-criteria “B1-a” the species qualifes to height and girth ≥ 5cm gbh were considered as adults.

15472 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 March 2020 | 12(4): 15468–15474 J TT Conservaton status assessment of a presumed extnct tree Wendlandia angustfolia Muthumperumal et al.

© C. Muthumperumal

a

b

c

1 d

Image 1. Populaton assessment of Wendlandia angustfolia in Inchikuli at Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, southern Western Ghats. Phenology: a—leafng in December | b—fower buds in January | c—full blooming in February–March | d—fruitng in April–May.

These individuals are capable of producing fowers CONCLUSION and fruits in appropriate season of the year. Hence the number of adult individuals is less than 2500, the species W. angustfolia is a habitat and alttude specifc quantfes for Endangered category. Moreover number species which is reported from seven tributaries of the of mature individuals in majority of subpopulatons were river Tamirabarani, Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, ≤ 250 individuals [C2 (ai)] and percentage of mature southern Western Ghats, India. The current assessment individuals in one subpopulaton is 95–100 % [C2 (aii)] shows that this narrow endemic tree species qualifes also ft for Endangered category. for the Endangered (EN) category. It is recommended Final assessment: Based on feld observatons and that this species should be regularly monitored in all the populaton assessment of W. angustfolia it is stated tributaries of river Tamirabarani and further exploratons that this species is Endangered [EN B1ac(i–iv)+2ac(i–iv); in the neighborhood habitats are suggested. There is an C2a(i,ii)] and not Extnct. immense need to implement a restoraton program to conserve this narrow endemic tree species.

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 March 2020 | 12(4): 15468–15474 15473 J TT Conservaton status assessment of a presumed extnct tree Wendlandia angustfolia Muthumperumal et al.

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PLATINUM The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. OPEN ACCESS All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of artcles in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)

March 2020 | Vol. 12 | No. 4 | Pages: 15407–15534 Date of Publicaton: 26 March 2020 (Online & Print) www.threatenedtaxa.org DOI: 10.11609/jot.2020.12.4.15407-15534

Conservaton Applicaton New to Myanmar: the Rosy Starling Pastor roseus (Aves: Passeriformes: Sturnidae) in the Hkakabo Razi Landscape Do wildlife crimes against less charismatc species go unnotced? A case study – Sai Sein Lin Oo, Myint Kyaw, Nay Myo Hlaing & Swen C. Renner, Pp. 15493– of Golden Jackal Canis aureus Linnaeus, 1758 poaching and trade in India 15494 – Malaika Mathew Chawla, Arjun Srivathsa, Priya Singh, Iravatee Majgaonkar, Sushma Sharma, Girish Punjabi & Aditya Banerjee, Pp. 15407–15413 New records of Heloderma alvarezi (Wiegmann, 1829) (Sauria: Helodermatdae) on the coast of Oaxaca and increases to its distributon in Review Mexico – Jesús García-Grajales, Rodrigo Arrazola Bohórquez, María Arely Penguilly Hazards of wind turbines on avifauna - a preliminary appraisal within the Macías & Alejandra Buenrostro Silva, Pp. 15495–15498 Indian context – Himika Deb, Tanmay Sanyal, Anilava Kaviraj & Subrata Saha, Pp. 15414–15425 Descripton of a new subspecies of the Microcerotermes Silvestri, 1901 (Amitermitnae: Termitdae: Isoptera) and the frst record of another Communicatons termite species from Meghalaya, India – Khirod Sankar Das & Sudipta Choudhury, Pp. 15499–15502 Analysis of stereotypic behaviour and enhanced management in captve Northern Girafe Girafa camelopardalis housed at Zoological Garden Alipore, A new record of the hoverfy genus Dasysyrphus Enderlein, 1938 (Insecta: Kolkata Diptera: Syrphidae) from India – Tushar Pramod Kulkarni, Pp. 15426–15435 – Jayita Sengupta, Atanu Naskar, Aniruddha Maity, Panchanan Parui, Sumit Homchaudhuri & Dhrit Banerjee, Pp. 15503–15506 A new species of shieldtail snake (Reptlia: Squamata: Uropeltdae) from Kolli Hill complex, southern Eastern Ghats, peninsular India First record of Banded Lineblue Prosotas aluta Druce, 1873 (Insecta: – S.R. Ganesh & N.S. Achyuthan, Pp. 15436–15442 Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from Bangladesh – Rajib Dey, Ibrahim Khalil Al Haidar, Sajib Rudra & M. Rafqul Islam, Pp. The insect fauna of Tenompok Forest Reserve in Sabah, Malaysia 15507–15509 – Arthur Y.C. Chung, Viviannye Paul & Steven Bosuang, Pp. 15443–15459 Notes on Ptlomera agriodes (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerridae) from Tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelinae) of Davao Region, Mindanao, Philippines Eastern Ghats, India – Milton Norman Medina, Analyn Cabras, Harlene Ramillano & Reagan Joseph – J. Deepa, A. Narahari, M. Karuthapandi, S. Jadhav & C. Shiva Shankar, Villanueva, Pp. 15460–15467 Pp. 15510–15513

An assessment of the conservaton status of a presumed extnct tree species Didymocarpus bhutanicus W.T. Wang (Gesneriaceae): a new additon to the Wendlandia angustfolia Wight ex. Hook.f. in southern Western Ghats, India herbs of India – Chellam Muthumperumal, Paramasivam Balasubramanian & Ladan Rasingam, – Subhajit Lahiri, Sudhansu Sekhar Dash, Monalisa Das & Bipin Kumar Sinha, Pp. 15468–15474 Pp. 15514–15517

Short Communicatons Rediscovery of Epilobium trichophyllum Hausskn.: a rare and endemic plant from Sikkim Himalaya, India Additonal morphological notes on the male of Icius alboterminus – David L. Biate & Dinesh K. Agrawala, Pp. 15518–15521 (Caleb, 2014) (Aranei: Saltcidae) with new distributon records from India – Dhruv A. Prajapat & R.D. Kamboj, Pp. 15475–15480 Additons of woody climbers (Lianas) to the fora of Manipur, India – Longjam Malemnganbee Chanu & Debjyot Bhatacharyya, Pp. 15522– Three moss families (Bryopsida: Calymperaceae, Hyopterygiaceae, & 15529 Pterobryaceae): new distributon records to bryofora of Andhra Pradesh, India – Ananthaneni Sreenath, Midigesi Anil Kumar, Paradesi Anjaneyulu & Molecular characterizaton of stnkhorn fungus Aseroë coccinea Imazeki Boyina Ravi Prasad Rao, Pp. 15481–15488 et Yoshimi ex Kasuya 2007 (Basidiomycota: Agaricomycetes: Phallales) from India Notes – Vivek Bobade & Neelesh Dahanukar, Pp. 15530–15534

Matng behavior of the Yellow-throated Marten Martes favigula (Mammalia: Carnivora: Mustelidae) – Abinash Parida, Meesala Krishna Murthy & G.S. Solanki, Pp. 15489–15492 Publisher & Host

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