Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(9): 735-747 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 9 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.909.093

Foldscope as a Preliminary Diagnostic Tool for Field Veterinarians

R. Jayashree*, M. Tajunnisa, B. Kavitha Rani, K. T. Lakshmishree, P. Sheela, M. Dhoolappa and B. S. Pradeep

Veterinary College, Shimoga, India

*Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

The Foldscope is one of the latest inventions in the field of microscopy. It is a small, handheld, paper-based microscope with a light-emitting diode (LED) light source. It can be held up to the eye for visualization of slides; however we have to secure it to the camera lens of a smart phone by using the magnetic ring supplied along with the kit. An attempt was made K e y w o rd s to probe the utility of the Foldscope in Veterinary diagnosis as part of a project. Different K e y w o rd s kinds clinical samples submitted to Veterinary College Hospital during the period 2018-19 Foldscope, were visualized using Foldscope. Apart from this various histological and histo-pathological Workshop, specimens, parasitological slides, microbial samples, rumen liquor, semen samples, skin Veterinary scrapings and clinical samples requiring microscopy were visualized using Foldscope. A diagnosis-images-diagnosis-images- series of workshops and hands on training was offered to Veterinarians to evaluate its usage in mobile phones day to day clinical practice. Amongst the 153 participants majority (84.97 %) were Veterinarians and the remaining 15.03 per cent of them were from other fields. The Article Info Veterinarians were excited to observe sperm motility from bull semen samples and 40.52 per cent (62), of them expressed its utility to assess the quality of the semen before using the Accepted: batches supplied to them for artificial insemination. Rumen liquor collected from ruminants 0707 AugustAugust 20202020 Available Online: was also visualized using Foldscope. Majority of the participants [50.33per cent (77)] felt that Available Online: Foldscope could be used for diagnosing ruminal disorders based on the activity of ruminal 1010 SeptemberSeptember 20202020 protozoans and ciliates. Majority of the participants [91.50 per cent (140)] were satisfied with the information given about the Foldscope in the workshops, 96.73 per cent (148) were satisfied with the demonstration done using Foldscope. 94.12 per cent (144) of the participants were able to load slides to the Foldscope and 90.20 per cent (138) of them were able to capture images using smart phone cameras. Majority of them 79.08 per cent (121) expressed that the magnification of the lenses should be increased to visualize certain microbes and blood protozoans. Overall 135 (88.24%) participants recommended Foldscope as an immediate tool for diagnosis.

Introduction have less access to microscopes or any other diagnostic tool. In the recent days mobile Microscopy is an integral clinical diagnostic phone based microscopes are being used to a tool for Veterinary Clinicians. Veterinarians limited extent. One of the latest inventions in practicing under rural Veterinary Dispensaries the field of microscopy is the Foldscope. A

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Foldscope is an optical microscope that was An attempt was made to probe the utility of developed by Manu Prakash of Stanford Foldscope in the Veterinary diagnosis. University, USA as a part of frugal science Foldscope was used to visualize clinical movement (Cybulski et al., 2014). The samples and fixed specimens preserved in the Foldscope weighs just 8 grams has the laboratories of Anatomy, Pathology, capacity to provide magnification from 140X Parasitological and Microbiology at to 2,000X. Foldscope can be attached to a Veterinary College, Shimoga, KVAFSU, smartphone with the help of magnet for the Karnataka, India. The routine glass slides user to take pictures of the magnification. It is were used to prepare the samples to be compact and light, especially when compared evaluated in the Foldscope. Slides made of with conventional field microscopes. Its card board paper supplied along with minimalistic, scalable design is inherently Foldscope kit were also used to prepare liquid application-specific instead of general- samples. The images were captured using purpose, providing less functionality at mobile phone cameras that give an dramatically reduced cost (Joshi et al., 2018). opportunity to share the images to experts in For example, in situ examination of the Veterinary diagnosis for more precise specimens in the field provides important investigation. opportunities for ecological studies, biological research, and medical screening. Foldscope Later after getting convinced a series of shall be used in a different domain of workshops were conducted to practicing microscopic study that would help people to Veterinarians, researchers involved in the use better understand the microscopic world of microscopes and to laboratory technicians around us including microorganisms and to validate the use of Foldscope. The opinion microstructures (Denarol et al., 2018). of the participants on utilization of Foldscope Foldscopes are compact and light is so was analysed to arrive at a conclusion affordable and can be used anywhere as it whether to recommend Foldscope as a as a does not require external electricity power tool to be used for routine diagnosis. supply. It was described that the Foldscope is a relatively inexpensive tool for Materials and Methods understanding down-to-earth applications in plant science (Devi et al., 2019). Foldscope an origami-based microscope that was procured as part of DBT funded project In the field of agriculture experiment using at Veterinary College, Shimoga, KVAFSU, Foldscope to study the variability present in Karnataka, India. The basic kit supplied cereals, pulses, oilseeds and commercial crops contains an unassembled Foldscope along for various parameters like seed morphology, with optical components of 140 x seedling characters (root, shoot, magnification spherical ball lens. Its pigmentation), leaf characters (leaf serration, mechanical parts are printed on cardstock leaf sheath), flower characters (calyx, corolla, paper (Fig. 1A). Together with the basic kit, androecium, gynaecium) and other special the sample-mounting components a LED features were studied (Jayateertha et al., torch with a battery for illumination is 2018). The variability is an important part of supplied. The basic kit also includes magnets genetic resources, which enables breeders to that can be stuck onto the Foldscope to attach exploit it for interested trait and in desired it to a smart phone, allowing the user to take direction for crop improvement all over the pictures of the magnification (Fig. 1A). world.

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Assembling the Foldscope conditions etc., and cancerous conditions like malignant melanoma were also visualized The Foldscope is supplied as different parts (Fig. 2B). printed on to a sheet allowing easy assembly following the instructions given (Fig. 1A & The vectors which are intermediate host for 1B). Foldscope alters only the shape and size various protozoan and infectious diseases are of the microscope. The sample to be studied is collected and preserved in the Department of still mounted on a glass slide, and is Parasitology were also studied using appropriately inserted in the stage of the Foldscope. These vector species affecting Foldscope. It is extremely space-efficient, domestic animals are differentiated by their tool. The total optical path length from the various body parts using microscope. The light source to the last lens surface is about parts of ticks, Lice, Flies and different stages 2.7 mm, while that of a conventional of intestinal parasites were also visualized microscope is around 300 mm. The great using Foldscope. Filtered and centrifuged magnification is achieved by exploiting the faecal sample were visualized by mounting fact that magnification is inversely the samples to the slides and were visualized. proportional to the ball-lens diameter. Neat blood sample covered with cover slip was also seen using Foldscope to identify Visualization of specimen samples haemo protozoans (Fig. 2 C).

Several preserved samples available in the Visualization of Veterinary clinical samples laboratories of Anatomy, Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology Departments Different kinds clinical samples submitted to of Veterinary College, Shimoga, KVAFSU, Veterinary College Hospital during the period Karnataka, India were visualized using 2018-19 were visualized using Foldscope. Foldscope and the images were captured. (Fig. 2 D) Attempts were also made to (Fig. 2 A, B & C). Histological section cut visualize liquid samples like semen, rumen specimens maintained in the Veterinary liquor, urine samples and to capture video Anatomy laboratory which are already stained images using mobile cameras. The and mounted by routine procedures were methodology to mount various clinical selected for visualization. For example the samples was also standardized. microscopic slides of the tissues of internal visceral organs like lung, liver, intestine, The samples were prepared on routine glass cardiac muscle, kidneys, rumen, reticulum, slides as well paper slides provided along omasum, abomasum and several such samples with the kit was also used. In this study we of different tissues were visualized have used the paper slides with suitable holes successfully (Fig. 2 A). supplied along with the kit to visualize the liquid samples. One side of the holes were Likewise the routinely microscopic slides covered with cellotape. After dropping the preserved in Veterinary pathological liquid sample in the wells of the slides the laboratory were also visualized and the hole was also closed with cellotape. This pictures were documented. The diseased prevented the seepage of liquid samples while tissues of the visceral organs like heart, liver, visualizing the images using Foldscope and kidney, lungs revealing cell proliferation, capturing images (Fig. 1B). Hair samples oedematous tissues, haemorrhages, brought for forensic identification were also congestion, lobulations, cirrhosis, fibrotic visualized.

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The vaginal impression smears of bitches in They were made to assemble the basic kit, oestrus were collected. They were stained prepare slides from different samples both on with 1: 9 Giemsa stain for 15 minutes and glass slide and as well on paper slides. The visualized using Foldscope. The cornified liquid samples like semen, urine, rumen epithelial cells to the extent of more than 70 liquor collected from various domestic per cent reveals the suitable time of mating of animals like dog, cat, cattle, buffalo, sheep the bitches (Fig. 2 D). and goat were also visualized using Foldscope. Apart from this section cut tissue The urine sample of suspected cases of samples of lung, liver, vaginal impression urinary calculi were collected and centrifuged smears, ticks, mites, lice and hair samples of of and a drop of the sediment was placed on a different species were also visualized by the slide and secured with coverslip and participants. They were trained to focus the visualized in Foldscope to identify the image and capture the image using smart presence of urate crystals (Fig. 2 D). phone cameras (Fig. 1 B). The overall opinion on the use of Foldscope as a diagnostic tool The feed samples are often tested for fungal was evaluated from the by way of structured contamination. The sample will be cultured in questionnaire prepared for the purpose. the laboratory condition. The fungal growth was smeared on to slides and stained with Statistical method used Lacto-phenol cotton blue stain. This was covered with coverslip and secured with Frequency and percentage were used for the cellotape and then mounted to Foldscope for statistical assessment of the opinion expressed visualizing the presence of some of most by the participants using Microsoft Excel common fungal contaminants like the tools. Aspergillus species (Fig. 2 D). Results and Discussion Foldscope workshop for Veterinarians and other researchers The Foldscope parts were successfully assembled by all the participants (Fig. 1B). A series of workshops and hands on training Histological, histo-pathological and was organized for the Veterinarians and other parasitological specimen slides were researchers involved in microscopy was visualized and images captured using smart arranged during the period 2018-19 at phone cameras (Fig. 2A, B & C). Veterinary College, Shimoga. A total of 153 participants comprising of Veterinarians serving Foldscope for visualization of various in the Department of Animal husbandry samples services, GOK, Karnataka milk federation, Veterinary Colleges and private practioners Various clinical samples like blood and faecal were involved in the workshop. Along with samples were mounted to routine glass slides them researchers using microscopy and covered with cover slip and visualized. A laboratory technicians were also trained to use drop of semen sample was placed on to the the Foldscope. The online tutorial videos glass slide and covered with coverslip. It was pertaining to the assembly and use of Foldscope mounted on Foldscope and visualized for was projected to the participants so as to enable sperm motility. The video images were them to understand more clearly about this new recorded in smart phone cameras. Similarly instrument. the movement of ciliates and protozoansin

226 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(9): 735-747 rumen liquor samples were also successfully were available with less 50 per cent of the visualized. Urate crystals from urine samples Veterinary dispensaries majority of them collected from suspected cases of urolithiasis expressed they are not supplied with slides or were recorded. The vaginal impression stains to make use of the available smears were collected in glass slides and were microscope. stained with Giemsa and visualized using Foldscope. Faecal sample for diagnosis of Amongst the participants 132 (86.27%) of parasitic eggs, coccidial oocysts, neat blood them depended on various facilities for for seeing the haemo-protozoans, fungal sending their clinical samples (IAH & VB- spores from feed samples and hair samples of 24(15.69 %), Govt Labs -64 (41.83%), different species were also visualized using Private Labs-9 (5.88%), and 22.88 percent Foldscope and the images were captured (Fig. (35) where depending on more than one of the 2D). The collections of images were also facilities (Diagram 1B). posted on to the https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/wp. Among them only 44 (28.76%) of them have attended some workshops/trainings organized Opinion on the application of Foldscope at various places [Veterinary college, Shimoga (30), Karnataka Veterinary Council Introduction of Foldscope was made to the (6) and outside Karnataka (8)] to upgrade Veterinarians by way of series of workshops their skill in laboratory diagnosis, whereas conducted during the period from 2018-19. majority 109 (71.24 %) of them have never Opinion on the application of Foldscope in attended any such workshops in the aspect of Veterinary clinical diagnosis was collected laboratory diagnosis (Diagram 1C). from 153 participants of the different workshops. Amongst the total participants Majority of the participants were satisfied majority (84.97%) were Veterinarians and the with the information given about the remaining 15.03 per cent participants from Foldscope 91.50 per cent (140) during the other fields (Table 1). 89.54 per cent (137) of workshop. They were glad to learn and use them were attending the Foldscope workshop the available online tutorial on foldscope. for the first time on Foldscope and the rest Majority 94.77 per cent (145) of them 9.80 percent (15) were attending the expressed satisfaction on the topics discussed workshop for the second time. 61.44 per cent during the workshop and 96.73 per cent (148) of the participants were aware of the were satisfied with the demonstration done instrument called Foldscope and they came to using Foldscope. 94.12 per cent (144) of the know about the Foldscope from friends, social participants were able to load slides to the media, project PI or through all means and Foldscope and 90.20 per cent (138) of them were eager to learn its utility (Diagram 1A). were able to capture images using smart phone cameras. Overall, 88.24 per cent (135) The participants were assessed for the present of the participants recommended Foldscope as scenario of the facilities available and their an immediate tool for diagnosis (Table 1). dependency on diagnostic resources. Amongst the participants 49.02 per cent (75) of them Majority of the participants 67.97per cent said they have a microscope in their hospitals (104) opined that they were able to visualize whereas the remaining Veterinarians liquid samples with ease and 2.61 per cent (4) expressed they don’t even have a microscope of them expressed they were scared that the in their hospital. Even though the microscope liquid samples might spill and harm them.

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The Veterinarians recommended the routine diagnostic procedure. The following Foldscope for observation of Sperm motility opinions were given by different participants 40.52 per cent (62), Rumen fluid examination for effective utilization of Foldscope in field 50.33 per cent (77) for diagnosing ruminal diagnosis. disorders based on the activity of ruminal protozoans and ciliates. Must be improved because the focusing sheets are of poor quality. The Veterinarians 45.75% (70) expressed that Can be made still easier to observe they would carry the Foldscope in their Some improvements need to be done for practice kit field diagnosis provided the visualizing liquid samples following improvement that could be made in Moving from one field to another may be designing the Foldscope. Majority of them made easier 79.08% (121) expressed that the It was difficult to focus /visualize histological magnification of the lenses should be section/slides increased to visualize certain microbes and Coarse adjustment needs to be improved blood protozoans. Because of this major Request to change the Foldscope material drawback they were not be able to visualize with other acrylic or fiber material. blood smears which are very essential under

Table.1 Review of the Foldscope workshop

Participant Details % Yes (*) % No (*) Are you a Veterinarian? 84.97 (130) 15.03 (23) Is this your first workshop? 89.54 (137) 9.80(15) Have you ever heard of the device like foldscope? 61.44 (94) 38.56 (59) . Opinion about the Foldscope Workshop Did you get enough information of Foldscope? Satisfied Not Satisfied 91.50 (140) 8.50 (13) Were the topics discussed during the workshop was the useful? 94.77(145) 5.23(8) Was the demonstration done in the Foldscope workshop was useful? 96.73(148) 3.27(5) Were you able to load slides and visualize the slides? 94.12(144) 5.88(9) Were you able to capture images in your mobile? 90.20(138) 9.80(15) What were the samples you visualized in the workshop? Sperm motility, Tissue sample, Flea, Uratecrystals, Rumen protozoan motility Opinion about the visualization in Fold scope What was your opinion about visualization of liquid Difficulty Easy Scared if samples? samples may spill 26.14 (40) 67.97(104) 2.61(4) Did you visualize the semen sample and observed the Yes No sperm motility? 66.01(101) 33.99(52) Overall impression about the workshop Good Satisfactory Poor 45.75(70) 50.33(77) 2.61(4) Do you recommend this as an immediate tool for diagnosis Yes No 88.24(135) 11.76(18) *Figures in the parentheses represent the actual numbers in figures

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Fig.1A Parts of the foldscope and assembling workshop

Fig.1B Loading slides in foldscope and visualizing

Fig.2A Visualization of histological slides

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Fig.2B Visualization of histo-pathological slides

Fig.2C Visualization of parasitological specimen slides

Fig.2D Visualization of clinical samples

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Foldscope was found to be an efficient tool to stereoscope and a Foldscope. It was possible visualize various parasites and tissue samples to identify key morphological structures such with ease. As the Foldscope holds the same as palps, base of capitulum, eyes, anal groove, slide used in compound microscope, hence festoons, first coxa and spiracular plate on found to have multifarious uses such as to specimens of 7 mm in length or less. visualize day to day clinical samples Foldscope is a tool that allows morphological presented in Veterinary hospital. Since it is identification of ticks on the field. It may be unbreakable it can be carried by the useful for epidemiological studies on the field Veterinarians in his field kit. Moreover, the and on social outreach programs aimed at images shall be captured using smart phone raising awareness about vector-borne cameras helps in further magnification and diseases. provides an opportunity to save the images for further expert opinions. The Foldscope has The users of the Foldscope felt that they have been used to visualize protozoan and parasites problem in adjusting the platform for coarse (Ephraim et al., 2015, Bogoch et al., 2017). and fine adjustment unlike in the compound Theyfelt that the 140X magnification of microscope. They expressed that with regular Foldscope was easiest to use, when coupled use they may be able to handle it and find its with the digital zoom of the mobile phone suitability for certain of the samples. A camera that would provide adequate comparative study on Foldscope and magnification to visualize S. haematobium Monocular microscope was done and they ova. They also expressed the sensitivity of expressed that though the Foldscope is priced this device may be low because of a less and there is an ergonometric problem combination of some challenges with when intense slide examination is manually manipulating microscope slides required(Ephraim et al., 2015).Without the underneath the lens, and the low infection ability to switch between low and high power, intensities in the study setting. Foldscope as a slide investigation is difficult. The exploration tool to support taxonomic identification of of the slide is a difficult task, because Rhipicephalus sanguineous sticks on the field movement of the slide and/or focus (Sanchez et al., 2018).A total of 257 ticks adjustment, can result in the need to realign were collected from five neighbourhoods in the image/slide. They attempted to create a the city of Chihuahua, Mexico. platform to stabilize the scope with simple Representative morphological structures were support from a piece of packing Styrofoam analyzed for taxonomic identification with a that allowed the slide to be systematically

231 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(9): 735-747 observed with a bit less realignment. They Histo-pathological slides like Haemorrhagic suggested high quality cover slips to improve Congestion of lungs, kidney, liver, the image. Enumerated gradations on the Myocardial Haemorrhage of different cover slips would also help the investigator to livestock and pet animals and laboratory know which parts of the slide they are animals were visualized from fixed slides of observing. This is important for diagnostics. tissue and the images were captured with An adaption of the scope for the observation clarity in this study unlike the views of continuous cell cultures would be helpful. expressed by others (Waliullah, 2018). The They also expressed that the cell phone images acquired with Foldscope are little bit camera can do a lot of post image capture low contrast as compared to the conventional processing to magnify and improve the image. light microscopy acquired images. But it is If a cell phone “APP” was developed to do possible to improve the image quality by some image processing like pixel intensity, using its own LED as a light source during the cell counts and data processing, the scope investigations. The mobile phone-based would have greater research potential. Similar imaging device ‘Foldscope’ use of ball lens impression was felt by the participants of the for convenient use and its magnification Foldscope workshop as they were able to capacity to 140x was enough to the histo- magnify the images after capturing in their pathological investigation of human blood smart phone cameras. samples, tissue samples beyond the requirement of the expensive optical A study on Foldscope based methods to detect microscope and with low resource clinical in-tissue antioxidant activity and secondary settings. Even pathologist can easily detect metabolites in pollen and stomata of Lantana the tissue abnormality by analyzing the camara revealed that the Foldscope can be mobile phone microscope obtained images in used as an efficient tool to detect in –tissue mobile phone apps. activities of antioxidants and secondary metabolites in invasive alien plant Lantana In this study Foldscope was used to visualize camara (Priya et al., 2018). Foldcsope images the vaginal impression smears of bitches. This revealed viable stained areas in the respective is an important diagnostic method to arrive at seeds, indicating live activities. They the time of mating of the bitches. This will be concluded that Foldscope can be a cheap, of help to practicing Veterinarians. In one of portable and powerful efficient biological tool the studies that highlights the usefulness of to evaluate plant biology-based studies. the Foldscope in cervical cytology, Similar studies shall also be attempted by demonstrating it has substantial agreement Veterinarians to visualise fodder crops, fodder with conventional microscopy (Naqvi et al., seeds and grains fed to animals to ascertain 2020). Its use could improve cytological their quality in terms of spoilage by fungal or interpretations in underserved areas and, thus, infestation by insect pests. However, in this improve the quality of cervical cancer study it was attempted to visualize fungal screening. Improvements in existing spores in the spoilt dry fodder efficiently. limitations of the device, such as ability to Collected fungal samples were propagated in focus, could potentially increase its accuracy. the laboratory and the stained spores were They opined that overall, the Foldscope visualized efficiently. Sand and other images were comparable to those obtained unwanted particles mixed in concentrate feed with conventional microscope and digital were also visualized using Foldscope. camera setup. This study demonstrates that the Foldscope lens has substantial agreement

232 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(9): 735-747 with conventional microscope camera. The further development is needed to validate the accuracy of the Foldscope was 80%, with a same in with patient samples. In the present sensitivity and specificity of 85 and 90% for study we have mounted the urine sample by the High-grade squamous intraepithelial holding the samples in paper slide in between lesion (HSIL)/ Malignant (Mal) positive the cello tapes (Fig. 1D). Determination of the category, 80 and 83.3%, for Lowgrade full range of identifiable crystals and cells of squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), and diagnostic significance would expand the 70 and 96.7% for Normal. This study usefulness of this application. Its use in low highlights the usefulness of the Foldscope in budget/low tech regions of the world would cervical cytology. However, the use of be greatly advantageous Foldscope in the area of cancer tissues of domestic animals could be studied at large for Several issues emerged, highlighting early diagnosis and suggest suitable therapy differences compared to using a glass or paper for cure (Waliullah, 2018). cardboard slide – e.g., holding the microscope up to a light source resulted in the liquid In a study on the comparison of mobile sample dripping on the observers face (!).In phone-mounted Foldscope and reversed-lens this study since the liquid samples were CellScope had sensitivities of 55.9% and secured between cellotapes in the paper slides 67.6%, and specificities of 93.3% and there was less chance for spillage. However, 100.0%, respectively, compared with the participants expressed their concern about conventional light microscopy for diagnosing spillage of liquid samples on to eyes. But Schistosoma haematobium infection in human during the workshop majority of the in Ghana. With future improvements to participants were able to mount liquid diagnostic sensitivity, newer generation samples and capture video images in their handheld and mobile phone microscopes may mobile (Fig. 3). be valuable tools for global health applications (Ephraim et al., 2015). A similar In conclusion the foldscope shall be application may also be thought of in efficiently used for preliminary diagnosis in diagnosing Schistoma sp. infection in cattle. Veterinary clinical practice. It is a handy tool that can be carried along with the routine kit Urine samples from a dog suspected of as it is unbreakable and moreover does not urolithiasis were visualized using Foldscope. require continuous electric power supply. The urate crystals could be visualized with ease. This helped in early therapy for that The images shall be captured to smart phone condition avoiding surgical intervention. cameras and can be saved for further Similar experimental studies were conducted visualization permitting expert consultancy by to standardize the procedure to mount urine sharing the images for precise diagnosis. samples and observe for crystals using However, it requires hands on training and the Foldscope (Rebecca et al., 2015). In this Veterinarian has to use it more often to get study, it was determined that the calcium acquainted with Foldscope. Higher oxalate crystals could in fact be visualized magnification lenses are definitely required to with this low budget instrument Foldscope. visualize the blood samples and faecal Methods were developed to keep it flat so that samples which are most frequent samples the liquid urine sample shall not fall by using collected. It shall also be used as an educative clamps to hold it and a light source tool to farmers to show the eggs of parasites, appropriately placed. They expressed that insect vectors, fungal contamination of feed

233 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(9): 735-747 and fodder in order to create awareness of phone-mounted Foldscope and a hygienic animal husbandry practices. reversed-lens CellScope in Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 92: 1253–1256. Foldscope could be used in clinical and Frank Denaro1, Maya Gabriel1, Arsene Noe1, epidemiologic investigations in the near and Simon Nyaga. (2018). Developing future with technical adjustments to increase Tools for STEM Education: The diagnostic sensitivity, such as increasing the Foldscope, a Very Inexpensive field of view and enabling magnification of Monocular Microscope for Biological different powers, in addition to validating the research.doi:10.1017/S1431927618007 devices on other pathogens in the field of 353 Microsc. Microanal. 24 (Suppl 1), Veterinary diagnosis. Microscopy Society of America 2018. Jayateertha Diwan, Kashappa Acknowledgement Chikkanaragund, Suma TC, Mahadevaswamy Y S, Amaresh P R The project was funded by DBT (Foldscope Badariprasad and R Lokesh. 2018. Project (T) GOI 2018-19 by BT/IN/Indo- University of Agricultural Sciences, US/Foldscope/39/2015 dated 20/03/2018 India, Assessment of Agro Biodiversity through the foldscope References International conference on Plant Science, Natural Products, Medicinal Ali Naqvi, Niti Manglik, Ellen Dudrey, Plants and Traditional Medicines Cynthia Perry, Zuber D. Mulla and November 15-16, 2018 | Paris, France Jorge L. 2020. Evaluating the Plant science & Natural Medicine performance of a low-cost mobile Volume 2, DOI: 10.4066/2591-7897- phone attachable microscope in C1-002. cervical cytology, BMC Women's Joshi N., Joshi S., Papule P., Bhosale S. 2018. Health 20:60, Interpretation of physical properties https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-020- like crystallanity of maize starch 00902-0. powder effectively by foldscope. Bogoch II, Ephraim RKD, Tseng D, International Journal Of Pharmaceutics Koydemir HC, Ozcan, A, Andrews J & Drug Analysis Vol.6, Issue 9, 592 – R. 2017. Evaluation of a Mo-bile 598; http://ijpda.com. Phone-Based Microscope for Parada-Sánchez, S. G., Meléndez-Salcido, C. Screening of Schistosoma G., Hernández-Castaños, M. R., Prado- haematobium Infection in Rural Ávila, S. E., Adame-Gallegos, J. R. Ghana. The American Journal of 2018. Evaluación de Foldscope, un Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 96(6): microscopio de papel basado en 1468–1471. origami útil para la identificación de Cybulski J. S, Clements J, Prakash M..2014. garrapatas Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Foldscope: Ori-gami-based paper Acta Universitaria, 28 (4), 19-24. doi: microscope. PLoS ONE.; 9(6): e98781. http://doi. org/10.15174/au.2018.2134. Ephraim RKD, Duah E, Cybulski JS, Prakash Priya Nischal and Arun Dev Sharma, M, D’Ambrosio MV, Fletcher DA, Foldscope based methods to detect in- Keiser J, Andrews JR, Bogoch II. . tissue antioxidant activity and 2015. Diagnosis of Schistosoma secondary metabolites in pollen and haematobium infection with a mobile stomata of Lantana camara, Research

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How to cite this article:

Jayashree, R., M. Tajunnisa, B. Kavitha Rani, K. T. Lakshmishree, P. Sheela, M. Dhoolappa and Pradeep, B. S. 2020. Foldscope as a Preliminary Diagnostic Tool for Field Veterinarians. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 9(09): 735-747. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.909.093

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