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MODERN SLAVERY in the PACIFIC REGION Acknowledgements

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MODERN SLAVERY in the PACIFIC REGION Acknowledgements MURKY WATERS A QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF MODERN SLAVERY IN THE PACIFIC REGION Acknowledgements ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Walk Free wishes to acknowledge and sincerely thank the interview respondents in this study for their openness and generosity in giving their time and contributing their expertise in order to improve the knowledge base on modern slavery in the Pacific region. Many organisations across the region contributed their knowledge to this research. Special thanks go to ECPAT International, which provided valuable advice on conducting a study on modern slavery in the Pacific. The authors extend their heartfelt thanks to the stakeholders who voluntarily provided guidance and input to this publication. All quotes and references to interview respondents in the report are anonymised. WHAT IS MODERN SLAVERY? N SLA MODER VERY Trafficking for labour and sexual exploitation FORCED HUMAN LABOUR TRAFFICKING (cross border and within a country) Forced labour Trafficking for slavery as a result of and slavery-like forced marriage SLAVERY & practices SLAVERYLIKE PRACTICES (including forced marriage) TERMINOLOGY Countries use differing terminologies to describe modern forms of slavery. This includes how they describe slavery itself, but also other concepts such as human trafficking, forced labour, debt bondage, forced or servile marriage, and the sale and exploitation of children. In this report, modern slavery is used as an umbrella term that focuses attention on the commonalities across these concepts. Essentially, it refers to situations of exploitation that a person cannot refuse or leave because of threats, violence, coercion, deception, abuse of power, or deception. Copyright © 2020. The Minderoo Foundation Pty Ltd. Refer to Appendix 1 for full terminology. All rights reserved. ii Walk Free Contents CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................2 COMMENTARY ....................................................................................... 6 BACKGROUND .......................................................................................10 METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................... 14 MODERN SLAVERY IN THE PACIFIC ........................................................ 16 VULNERABILITY TO MODERN SLAVERY IN THE PACIFIC REGION .......... 30 GAPS IN RESPONSES TO MODERN SLAVERY ......................................... 46 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ACTION ON MODERN SLAVERY ..................... 56 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................ 64 APPENDICES Appendix 1: About Walk Free ............................................................................66 Appendix 2: Terminology ................................................................................... 68 Appendix 3: Endnotes ..........................................................................................70 Murky waters: A qualitative assessment of modern slavery in the Pacific region 1 Executive Summary EXECUTIVE SUMMARY While previous qualitative research has exposed select forms of modern slavery in the Pacific, this report provides a comprehensive assessment of modern slavery in the region. The report draws on existing peer-reviewed and grey literature, Walk Free’s 2019 assessment of action taken by governments to address modern slavery, as well as information gathered through semi-structured interviews with anti-slavery stakeholders in eight countries in the region: Australia, Fiji, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, and Vanuatu. Interviews sought to capture local knowledge on the nature of modern slavery in these countries with regard to forms, victims, sectors at risk, vulnerabilities, key gaps, and practices that offer some hope of solutions. 2 Walk Free Executive Summary KEY FINDINGS Modern slavery is a present and persistent issue in the Pacific region and one that must be dealt with alongside a multitude of complex, interconnected issues such as climate change, gender-based violence, poverty, and unemployment. Forced labour for labour exploitation and sexual exploitation, worst forms of child labour, and forced and early marriage were identified across the region. In all eight focus countries, at least one but often several forms of modern slavery were identified. Drivers of vulnerability identified in this study follow similar patterns seen elsewhere in the world; that is, poverty and economic insecurity, migration and displacement, weak governance, and cultural norms that allow for discrimination of and violence against women and children. Stemming from a lack of resources, but also reflecting limited political will, there remain significant gaps in the response to modern slavery in the Pacific region. Despite the challenges faced in the region, there exists a range of stakeholders committed to addressing these issues. • Commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) exists among widespread sexual exploitation of children, underpinned by cultural norms about women, girls and children. Commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) has occurred in Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, and Vanuatu. These reports were often linked with mobility and implicated parents and family members. In the Solomon Islands logging sector, for example, CSEC was reported to be facilitated by male relatives from the immediate or extended family, while in the Tongan fishing sector, CSEC was reportedly facilitated by mothers. More generally, in the Pacific Island countries (PICs), vulnerability to CSEC was thought to be driven by poverty and traditional views of women and girls. Some Cultural norms exhibited across the PICs allow a permissive environment for discrimination and violence against women and children. These cultural norms lead to the abuse of some cultural practices, such as payments of bride price and informal adoption, which can leave women and children vulnerable to modern slavery. • Forced labour and trafficking for labour exploitation are increasingly being recognised across the region, particularly among migrants and in the fishing and construction sectors, though significant gaps in understanding and relatively low awareness remain. Forced labour has occurred in Australia, Fiji, the Federated States of Suega Apelu stands in the lagoon Micronesia, New Zealand, Palau, Papua New Guinea, the Republic of the on November 28, 2019 in Funafuti, Marshall Islands, Solomon Islands, Tonga, and Vanuatu. Across the region, Tuvalu. The low-lying South Pacific island nation of about 11,000 people forced labour tends to occur in sectors with known risks, characterised by has been classified as ‘extremely low-skilled work and a high proportion of migrant workers, including hospitality vulnerable’ to climate change by and tourism, logging, construction, fishing, horticulture, and domestic the United Nations Development Programme. Some scientists have work. Respondents reported vulnerability of migrant workers is driven by predicted that Tuvalu could become disconnection from social and formal supports, low visibility and transparency inundated and uninhabitable in 50 stemming from physical isolation and highly monitored and restricted to 100 years or less if sea level rise continues. Displacement resulting movements, limited understanding of local contexts driven by low literacy and from natural disasters and climate education, and language barriers between workers and locals. Significant gaps change spur vulnerability to modern in knowledge remain regarding both the nature and extent of forced labour and slavery in the Pacific Islands. Photo credit: Mario Tama/Getty Images. labour trafficking, particularly among migrant workers in at-risk sectors. Murky waters: A qualitative assessment of modern slavery in the Pacific region 3 Executive Summary • An influx of foreign investment projects in the PICs has led to increased risk of forced labour and forced sexual exploitation of Asian migrant workers in high-risk sectors in the PICs. Increasing migration from China and elsewhere in Asia following investment flows into the PICs was reported to heighten risk of modern slavery among migrant workers from Asia in the construction, logging, and fishing sectors and of migrant women from Asia in hospitality and tourism, and in massage parlours. Interview respondents indicated that the confiscation of passports was common among male migrant workers in the construction sector in Fiji and that, in Fiji and Solomon Islands, there is little political will to enforce labour standards for fear of impacting on the much- needed investment. • Vulnerabilities linked to migration and discrimination against women One of the residents of the village Eita is sitting and watching the ocean water are likely to be exacerbated by increasing effects of climate change slowly flood his village in Kiribati on in PICs. 30 September 2015. The people of Kiribati are under pressure to relocate Reports indicate that displacement resulting from natural disasters and due to rising sea levels. Each year, the climate change spur vulnerability to modern slavery in the PICs. Increases sea level rises by about half an inch. Though this may not sound like much, in the frequency and intensity of climate-induced weather events – it is a big deal considering the islands particularly
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