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Positive Psychology Positive Psychology Remediating deficits and managing disabilities has been a central preoccupation for clinical psychologists for much of the past 50 years. Positive Psychology, in contrast, is concerned with the enhancement of happiness and well-being, involving the scientific study of the role of personal strengths and positive social systems in the promotion of optimal well-being. The central themes of Positive Psychology, including happiness, hope, creativity and wisdom, are all investigated in this book in the context of their possible applications in clinical practice. Positive Psychology is unique in offering an accessible introduction to this emerging field of clinical psychology. It will prove a valuable resource for undergraduate psychology students and lecturers who will benefit from the learning objectives and research stimuli included in each chapter. It will also be of interest to those involved in postgraduate training in related areas such as social work, counselling and psychotherapy. Professor Alan Carr is the director of the doctoral training programme in clinical psychology at University College Dublin and Consultant Marital and Family Therapist at the Clanwilliam Institute for Marital and Family Therapy in Dublin. His previous publications include The Handbook of Child and Adolescent Psychology: A Contextual Approach (Routledge 1999), What Works with Children and Adolescents? A Critical Review of Psychological Interventions with Children, Adolescents and their Families (Routledge 2000) and Prevention: What Works With Children and Adolescents? A Critical Review of Psychological Prevention Programmes for Children, Adolescents and their Families (Brunner-Routledge 2002). Positive Psychology The science of happiness and human strengths Alan Carr HOVE AND NEW YORK First published 2004 by Brunner-Routledge 27 Church Road, Hove, East Sussex BN3 2FA Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Brunner-Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York NY 10001 Brunner-Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/.” © 2004 Alan Carr All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. This publication has been produced with paper manufactured to strict environmental standards and with pulp derived from sustainable forests. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Carr, Alan, Dr. Positive psychology/Alan Carr. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-58391-990-2 (hbk.)—ISBN 1-58391-991-0 (pbk.) 1 Psychology. 2. Health. 3. Optimism. [DNLM: 1. Happiness. 2. Psychology, Applied—methods. 3. Adaptation, Psychological. BF 575.H27 C311p 2004] 1. Title. BF121.C355 2004 150—dc21 2003009866 ISBN 0-203-50603-0 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-59371-5 (Adobe e-Reader Format) ISBN 1-58391-991-0 (Print Edition) Contents List of tables vi List of figures ix Acknowledgements xi Foreword xiv 1 Happiness 1 2 Flow 49 3 Hope and optimism 79 4 Emotional intelligence 110 5 Giftedness, creativity and wisdom 146 6 Positive traits and motives 181 7 Positive self 200 8 Positive relationships 250 9 Positive change 298 Afterword 351 Bibliography 353 Index 380 List of tables 1.1 Positive Affectivity and Negative Affectivity Scale (PANAS) 5 1.2 Satisfaction with Life Scale 10 1.3 The Revised Oxford Happiness Scale 12 1.4 Components of subjective well-being 15 1.5 Cross-twin, cross-time and cross-twin and -time correlations 21 based on scores from well-being scale of the multidimensional personality questionnaire taken at a 9-year interval 1.6 Strategies for enhancing happiness 38 2.1 Virtues and character strengths 54 2.2 Flow experience questionnaire 65 2.3 Experience sampling sheet for assessing flow in everyday life 68 2.4 Strategies for enhancing well-being using strengths, intrinsic 71 motivation and flow 3.1 The Life Orientation Test—Revised 84 3.2 Time Horizon Questionnaire 96 3.3 Strategies for enhancing positive illusions, hope, optimism and 103 positive expectations 4.1 Abilities assessed by Multifactor Emotional IQ Test and the 113 Mayer, Salovey and Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test 4.2 Factors assessed by Reuven Bar-On’s model of emotional 116 intelligence 4.3 Factors assessed by the Emotional Competence Inventory 118 4.4 Factors assessed by the EQ Map 119 4.5 Development of emotional competence 123 4.6 Strategies for enhancing emotional intelligence 139 5.1 Erikson’s psychosocial stage model 159 5.2 Implications of research on giftedness, creativity and wisdom 171 6.1 Strengths entailed by the Five-Factor Model of Personality 183 6.2 Temperament and personality traits 187 6.3 Strategies for promoting strengths and well-being based on 195 research on traits and motives 7.1 Two aspects of self 202 7.2 Functional and dysfunctional, problem, emotion and avoidance 212 focused coping strategies 7.3 Relaxation exercises 220 7.4 Subscales in selected coping style assessment instruments 226 7.5 Defence mechanisms at different levels of maturity 228 7.6 Strategies for promoting strengths and well-being based on 241 research on self-esteem, self-efficacy, positive coping strategies and adaptive defences 8.1 Stages of the family lifecycle 251 8.2 Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale 259 8.3 Five types of couples 260 8.4 Kansas Parental Satisfaction Scale 264 8.5 Factors associated with resilience in adolescence 268 8.6 False assumptions challenged in adulthood 270 8.7 Behavioural expressions of themes underlying grief processes 275 following bereavement or facing terminal illness 8.8 Extra stages in the family lifecycle entailed by separation or 279 divorce and remarriage 8.9 Strategies for promoting strengths and well-being based on 288 research on the family lifecycle 9.1 The decisional balance questionnaire for assessing the pros and 305 cons of change 9.2 Summary of strategies for making transitions from one stage of 318 change to the next when using strengths to manage challenges and opportunities for change 9.3 Summary of research on psychological treatments that work for 326 problems in adulthood 9.4 Summary of research on psychological treatments that work for 333 problems in childhood and adolescence 9.5 Summary of research on psychological prevention programmes 339 that work for problems in childhood and adolescence 9.6 Client Satisfaction Questionnaire 345 List of figures 1.1 Circumplex model of the emotions 4 1.2 Average happiness rating in 916 surveys involving over 1 million 9 people in 45 nations 1.3 The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions 17 1.4 Marital status and happiness 24 1.5 Attendance at religious services and happiness in the USA 28 1.6 National wealth and life satisfaction 29 1.7 Increased wealth and happiness in the USA 30 2.1 Ryan and Deci’s self-determination continuum 51 2.2 Telic and paratelic metamotivational states in reversal theory 58 2.3 Frequency of FLOW experiences in everyday activities 61 2.4 FLOW and other states related to levels of skill and challenge 62 3.1 Snyder’s Hope Theory 91 4.1 Mayer, Salovey and Caruso’s model of emotional intelligence 112 4.2 Reuven Bar-On’s model of emotional intelligence 115 4.3 Characteristics of four attachment styles in children and adults 128 4.4 A framework for the analysis of emotional behaviour 136 5.1 Csikszentmihalyi’s systems view of creativity 153 5.2 Baltes’s predictors of wisdom-related performance in adults 166 5.3 Sternberg’s balance theory of wisdom 169 6.1 Temperament and personality 186 7.1 Self-esteem and competence 206 7.2 Relationship between self-efficacy beliefs and outcome 208 expectations 7.3 The coping process 211 7.4 Conflict, anxiety and defence mechanisms 237 8.1 Patterns of parenting 263 8.2 Circumplex model of interpersonal behaviour 286 9.1 Bringing strengths to bear on opportunities and challenges 301 9.2 Change processes, self-change techniques and therapeutic 302 interventions associated with transition through stages of change 9.3 Relationship between levels of pros and cons of change and 304 different stages of change 9.4 Factors which contribute to the improvement of clients during 324 psychotherapy Acknowledgements Acknowledged with thanks permission to reproduce or adapt the following material: Table 1.1 Positive Affectivity and Negative Affectivity Scale (PANAS) adapted from D.Watson, L.Clark and A.Tellegen (1988), Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 44:1063–70. Table 1.2 Satisfaction with Life Scale adapted from E.Diener, R.Emmons, R.Larsen and S.Griffin (1985), The Satisfaction with Life Scale, Journal of Personality Assessment 49:71–5. Table 1.3 The Revised Oxford Happiness Scale adapted from M.Argyle (2001), The Psychology of Happiness (2nd edn), London: Routledge. Table 1.4 Components of subjective well-being adapted from E.Diener, E.Suh, R.Lucas and H.Smith (1999), Subjective well-being: three decades of progress, Psychological Bulletin 125:277. Table 2.2 Flow experience questionnaire adapted from M.Csikszentmihalyi and I.Csikszentmihalyi (1988), Optimal Experience: Psychological Studies of Flow in Consciousness, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 195. Table 2.3 Experience sampling sheet for assessing flow in everyday life adapted from M.Csikszentmihalyi and I.Csikszentmihalyi (1988), Optimal Experience: Psychological Studies of Flow in Consciousness, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.
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