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Development of a Radar Pulse Modulator

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Development of a Radar Pulse Modulator University of Central Florida STARS Retrospective Theses and Dissertations 1973 Development of a Radar Pulse Modulator Eckard Friedrich Natter University of Central Florida Part of the Engineering Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/rtd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Natter, Eckard Friedrich, "Development of a Radar Pulse Modulator" (1973). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 69. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/rtd/69 DEVELOPMENT OF A RADAR PULSE MODULATOR BY ECKARD F. NATTER RESEARCH REPORT Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Enqineerinq in the Graduate Studies Program of Florida Technological University, 1973. Orlan do, Florida iii ABSTRACT This report summarizes the design of a 25kW peak power pulse modulator for an airborne medium-range weather radar. It is the purpose of the modulator to collect and store energy over a certain time period and to form this energy into a short, high-power pulse. The modulator is required to drive a coaxial magnetron with a pulse of 5kV at 5A. System .cons ide rations make a pulse width of 3.5us and a repetition rate of 99Hz necessary. The pulse is generated in a line-type pulse circuit which utilizes an SCR as a switching device. It is shown that a solid­ state modulator can use a commercial grade SCR for the pulse genera­ tion. Although currents of lOOA are switched, the instantaneous power dissipation in the SCR is reduced significantly through the use of a saturable delay reactor. A pulse transformer is used to achieve maximum power transfer from the modulator to the ma~netron. The pulse transformer is insulated with a semi-rigid epoxy. Corona generation is avoided by limiting the voltage gradients in the insulation to BOV/mil. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT . iii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS v 1.1 PROBLEM PRESENTATION 1 1.2 PREDESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ... 2 1.3 INITIAL DESIGN ..... 4 2.1 EFFECTS OF PULSE TRANSFORMER PARAMETERS ON PULSE SHAPE 10 2.2 PULSE TRANSFORMER ..... 16 2.3 THE PULSE-FORMING NETWORK .. 21 2.4 SWITCHING CIRCUIT . 25 2.5 CHARGING CIRCUIT 28 3.1 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . 31 APPENDIX .. 32 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 34 v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Block Diagram of Radar System . 1 2. Magnetron Characteristic .. 3 3. Pulse Transformer and Magnetron . 5 4. Line-Type Pulse Generator . ...... 6 5. Simplified Schematic and Voltage Waveforms of Modulator 9 6. Equivalent Circuit for Pulse Transformer 10 7. Equivalent Circuit for Rise Time 11 8. Voltage Rise of Pulse ...... 12 9. Equivalent Circuit for Top of Pulse . 13 10. Equivalent Circuit for Tail and Back Swing of Pulse . 14 11 . Winding Pattern ..... 17 12. Pulse Transformer (Actual Size) 19 13. Corona Test Circuit .. 20 14. T-Section of Delay Line 21 15. Power Transfer Efficiency .. 23 16. Capacitor Currents in Four-Section Pulse-Forming Network 24 17. Power Dissipation in Main Switching SCR, No Delay Reactor 26 18. Power Dissipation in Main SCR with Delay Reactor 28 19 . Resonant Charging Circuit .......... 29 A--1~ Schematic of Modulator Printed Circuit Board 32 A-2. Printed Circuit Board Lay ut . ....... 33 1 DEVELOPMENT OF A RADAR PULSE MODULATOR 1.1 PROBLEM PRESENTATION The task is to develop a radar modulator for an airborne X-Band weather radar with a 200-mile range. This requires a nominal RF-output pulse of lOkW and 3.5~s duration at a repeti­ tion rate of 99Hz. The block diagram of the radar is shown below. Video Display - Processing Receiver - Duplexer~ Antenna r;::::: --- MOciUfa to"; I Pulse Generation . I I Circuitry rL. Pulse Recharge Circuit I Failure Protection L _j Figure 1. Block Diagram of Radar System Reliability considerations make a coaxial magnetron neces­ sary. The chosen magnetron (L5362)* requires a drive of 5kV at 5A. The modulator under discussion consists of the following three areas: a) Impedance matching to magnetron by means of a pulse transformer. *Litton, Coaxial Magnetron L5362 2 b) Pulse generation circuitry. -- -c) Charging circuit and failure protection of modulator from arcing and misfire of magnetron. 1.2 PREDESIGN CONSIDERATIONS The following guidelines are to be considered during the design phase of the. modulator. 1. Solid-state design. 2. Low manufacturing costs and easy assembly through use of printed circuit board layout. 3. Light-weight construction. 4. Oil is not permitted as insulation material since possible leakage will reduce the reliability. 5. The t~mperature range of operation is from -55°C to +100°C with storage from -55°C to +125°C. Maximum operating altitude is 55,000 feet. The modulator will drive a coaxial magnetron as shown in Figure 1. A magnetron is basically a magnetically biased vacuum diode that in its V-I characteristic is similar to a zener diode. The magnitude of the bias field influences the "knee voltage" of the magnetron, thus, changing the effective impedance. Figure 2 shows the V-I characteristic of the magnetron used. 3 6 5 4 Magnetic Bias Field: 3 a - High b - Nominal 2 c - Low 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 ---A Figure 2. Magnetron Characteristic The following problem areas are common under magnetrons and have to be considered to protect the modulator and assure reliable operation. 1. The cathode and filament are connected together, and since the anode of the magnetron is grounded, it has to be driven with a negative pulse at the cathode. Thus, the heater voltage "rides" on the pulse. Therefore, special attention must be given to the way the heater voltage is applied. 2. With increasing life, the tendency to misfire in~ creases strongly. Misfire occurs when the pulse drive reaches its nominal value and the magnetron fails to conduct. 4 3. Arcing between anode and cathode can occur when · the magnetron is misfiring or if the magnetron is subjected to a large mismatch in its micro­ wave output. 1.3 INITIAL DESIGN It is the purpose of the modulator to collect and store energy over a certain time period and to form this energy into a short and high-powered periodic pulse. The three sections of the modulator are: a) The pulse transformer for impedance matching. b) The pulse generation circuitry also called pulse-forming network. c) The charging circuit that charges the pulse-forming network and provides fail­ ure protection. The input impedance of the magnetron has to be matched to a suitable modulator output impedance to assure maximum power transfer. A pulse transformer is a solution for this problem. A dual secondary winding, if connected as in Figure 3, can be used to apply the heater voltage and as a series resistor for the heater of the magnetron to limit a high switch-on current. This switch-on current is large since the cold filament of the heater has only approximately 1/8 of the resistance it has in operating condition. 5 5kV SA ~1agnetron \J Transformer,-- --l i~~X-u TI I L___ j Heater Voltage Figure 3. Pulse Transformer and Magnetron Since there are no solid-state devices available that can switch 5kV, the pulse transformer is also used as a voltage trans­ former to reduce the pulse voltage. A 20 to 1 step-up ratio is an optimum. This ratio will bring the primary pulse down to 250V and lOOA. Neglecting losses, the primary pulse requirements of the transformer are then 250V and lOOA. This is a primary impedance of 250V lOOA = 2.5 n For the pulse-forming circuitry, two different concepts are considered--a magnetic pulse-shaping circuit versus a line-type pulse generator. The two circuits differ in the way the pulse energy is stored. The magnetic modulator stores the energy in the magnetic field of an inductor. The line-type modulator stores 6 the energy in the electric field of a capacitor. Weight and volume .co-n-siderations eliminated the magnetic modulator. A line-type pulse generator is shown in Figure 4. line Charging Circuit S2 Load Impedance 2.5n Figure 4. Line-type Pulse Generator When the switch s1 closes, the voltage in the charged delay line will divide between the load resistor and the characteristic impedance of the line. If the load impedance equals the charac­ teristic impedance of the delay line, the voltage will divide equally. The pulse width is equal to twice the delay time of the line. This can be understood by imagining that when the switch s1 closes, a step function is introduced at the input of the line (point a). This step function travels down the line, is reflected at the open end (point b), and travels back to the input (point a) where no reflection occurs. Thus, the step­ function needs twice the delay time to deplete the line of its charge. Distributed delay lines can only be used for relative short pulses because of their large volume per unit delay. A lumped 7 element delay line has a much lower volume per unit delay, however, the number- of sections used is critical to rise and fall time of the pulse. The more sections used, the steeper the rise and fall times, and the lower is the ripple on the pulse; thus, volume, weight, and cost are increased. The charging voltage of the line is estimated (not consider­ ing losses) to be 2 X 250V = 500V which is easily switched by an SCR.
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