DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter 7 the Phylogeny of Sleep

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter 7 the Phylogeny of Sleep Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Vol. 98 (3rd series) Sleep Disorders, Part 1 P. Montagna and S. Chokroverty, Editors # 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved Chapter 7 The phylogeny of sleep KRISTYNA M. HARTSE * Sonno Sleep Center, El Paso, TX, USA INTRODUCTION the extent to which definitive statements can be made about the origin of sleep. However, by studying living, Why do we sleep? Despite a voluminous body of scien- phylogenetically ancient organisms such as insects, tific and clinical literature, the definitive answer to this fish, amphibians, reptiles, and primitive mammals, fundamental question has yet to be found. To the clues to the function of sleep might be revealed. insomnia patient with unrelenting chronic sleepless- This phylogenetic approach to investigating the ori- ness, the answer is painfully and viscerally obvious. gins of sleep has not been without controversy, and Sleep prevents feelings of sleepiness and dysphoria there is disagreement in the literature about the pres- during the day. To the scientist and clinician, however, ence or absence of sleep in nonmammals. There is gen- this answer, although responsive to the universally eral agreement that most nonmammalian organisms acknowledged effects of sleep loss, does not address exhibit behavioral sleep or rest. However, the electro- the specific biological or functional reasons for sleep physiological signs of sleep in nonmammalian organ- (Rechtschaffen, 1998). isms may be very different from that of mammals. All mammals and birds studied to date exhibit This observation has led some authors to conclude that, unambiguous signs of sleep. Furthermore, an array of by definition, nonmammalian species do not sleep specific human sleep disorders, including sleep apnea, because mammalian electrophysiological correlates of narcolepsy, periodic limb movements, restless legs, sleep are not present (Walker and Berger, 1973). These and insomnia, correlate with deficits in health and issues will be reviewed as we examine evidence for the well-being. These consequences of disturbed sleep in origins of sleep. conjunction with the universality of sleep in mamma- lian organisms imply that sleep serves an important THE DEFINITION OF SLEEP life-enhancing or even life-sustaining function. Corre- lations, however, do not prove causality. Whether the Sleep is defined by both behavioral and electrophysio- function of sleep can be discovered by studying human logical criteria. The well-established behavioral criteria sleep disorders or more generally by studying neuro- include: (1) a species-specific posture; (2) behavioral logically and biochemically complex mammalian spe- quiescence; (3) elevated arousal thresholds; and (4) cies is questionable. rapid state reversibility with moderately intense stimu- A different approach to discovering the origins and lation to distinguish sleep from hypothermia, torpor, or functions of sleep would be through the study of non- coma (Flanigan et al., 1974). Sleep homeostasis, the mammalian organisms which have remained relatively compensatory rebound in sleep after deprivation of unchanged from their ancient fossil ancestors and quiescent states, is an additional feature in the defini- which may provide clues about the origins of sleep. tion of sleep (Tobler, 2005). In mammals and birds, The presence of behavioral and electrophysiological there are distinctive electrophysiological correlates that signs of sleep in living mammals and birds suggests accompany behavioral sleep. As a result of the close that sleep has been perpetuated in evolution from relationship between behavior and electrophysiology, ancient origins. A behavior such as sleep, of course, electrophysiological correlates are almost universally does not leave a fossil record, which severely limits substituted for behavioral observation to define the *Correspondence to: Kristyna M. Hartse, Ph.D., Clinical Director, Sonno Sleep Center, 1400 George Dieter, Suite 210, El Paso TX 79936, USA. Tel: 915-533-8499, E-mail: [email protected] 98 K.M. HARTSE presence of sleep. Slow-wave sleep (SWS) is marked by findings have suggested that the spikes are a nonmam- high-amplitude neocortical slow waves. Cyclically alter- malian electrophysiological correlate of SWS. Persua- nating with SWS is rapid eye movement (REM) sleep sive evidence for REM sleep in nonmammalian (also called paradoxical sleep), characterized by low- organisms is not strong. Because the appearance of the voltage brain activity similar to that of waking, skeletal reptilian spike is substantially different from the neocor- muscle inhibition, and REMs. Although the distribu- tical slow waves recorded in mammals (Figure 7.1), tion and amounts of non-REM (NREM) and REM these findings have led some investigators to conclude sleep vary widely among mammals and birds (Zeplin that the spike is not an electrophysiological marker of et al., 2005), the electrophysiology of these two states sleep (Walker and Berger, 1973). Further studies in the is well established except in cetaceans (whales and rat and cat, however, have revealed the presence of a dolphins) and a monotreme, the echidna, a primitive spike recorded from the ventral hippocampus (VH) dur- egg-laying mammal (Mukhametov, 1987; Siegel et al., ing SWS which is similar to the reptilian spikes (Metz 1996; Lyamin et al., 2002, 2004, 2005). and Rechtschaffen, 1976; Hartse et al., 1979). VH spikes The electrophysiological correlates associated with and reptilian spikes have a similar morphology: they both nonmammalian behavioral sleep have received consid- show a rebound following enforced wakefulness, erable attention. No change in brain activity during and they both respond similarly to pharmacological behavioral quiescence, slow waves during waking agents. Additional support for a relationship between which diminish with behavioral sleep, both the presence hippocampal spikes and neocortical slow waves is the and absence of SWS, and both the presence and finding that hippocampal sharp waves are modulated absence of REM sleep have all been reported. How- by neocortical activity during SWS (Sirota et al., 2003). ever, some of the most rigorous studies, particularly The generation of slow waves requires neocortical in reptiles, have revealed the presence of a high-voltage development, and slow-wave activity recorded from spike which is prominent during behavioral sleep brain surface electrodes is easily observed in mammals and minimally present during behavioral wakefulness that have extensive neocortical development. However, (Flanigan, 1973, 1974; Flanigan et al., 1973, 1974). The the rudimentary neocortex of fish, amphibians, and spikes increase in a homeostatic response following reptiles in comparison to mammals would seem to pre- enforced wakefulness, and both spikes in reptiles and clude on anatomical grounds the observation of slow SWS in mammals respond similarly to pharmacological waves in these species (Nieuwenhuys, 1994). In addi- agents (Hartse and Rechtschaffen, 1974, 1982). These tion, it has recently been convincingly argued that the CAT HIPPOCAMPUS 100 mv HIPPOCAMPUS 1s 1s –INTEGRATION TORTOISE LIMBIC AREA 50 mv LIMBIC AREA 1s 1s –INTEGRATION Fig. 7.1. Comparison of mammalian ventral hippocampus spikes in the cat with reptilian spikes in the tortoise. In each record- ing the upper tracing shows the raw, unfiltered record. The lower tracing shows the signal after it has been passed through a bandpass filter set for 30–1000 Hz, a 60-Hz notchfilter, and a Beckman 9852 integrator coupler. Both spikes are shown at slow and fast speeds. (Reprinted with permission from Hartse and Rechtschaffen, 1982.) THE PHYLOGENY OF SLEEP 99 presence of the mammalian neocortex per se is not neurochemical changes (Levenson et al., 1999). Using necessarily the most critical element in the electrophys- time lapse video, preliminary studies in the pond snail, iological expression of slow waves, but rather it is the Lymnaea stagnalis, have identified a resting state advanced development of palliopallial connectivity in which is associated with reduced responsiveness to mammals and birds which accounts for the presence an appetitive stimulus and an increase in quiescence of slow waves in these species (Rattenborg, 2006a). This following rest deprivation (R. Stephenson, personal position has also spurred debate (Rattenborg, 2007; Rial communication). et al., 2007b). In contrast to the findings of SWS asso- Two ocean-dwelling gastropods, the cuttlefish ciated with mammalian and avian quiescence, some (Sepia pharonis) and octopus (Octopus vulgaris), meet investigators have reported the presence of slow waves the criteria for behavioral sleep, and both exhibit during reptilian waking which diminish during behav- rebounds in behavioral sleep following periods of ioral sleep. This observation has been interpreted as sug- enforced wakefulness (Duntley et al., 2002; Brown gesting that reptilian wakefulness, and not reptilian et al., 2006). Electrophysiological recordings from sleep, is the precursor of mammalian SWS (De Vera above the vertical lobe in the brain of the octopus have et al., 1994; Rial et al., 2007a). This position, however, revealed trains of high-amplitude spikes associated has not been widely adopted based upon the preponder- with behavioral quiescence, suggesting a correspon- ance of evidence (Rattenborg et al., 2007). dence to the spikes observed during reptilian behav- As we can see, the task of identifying sleep in non- ioral quiescence (Flanigan, 1973, 1974). A recent
Load more

Recommended publications
  • JAGE-691 Fish Cognition and Consciousness Colin Allen [email protected] Phone
    JAGE-691 Fish Cognition and Consciousness Colin Allen [email protected] phone: +1-812-606-0881 fax: +1-812-855-3631 Program in Cognitive Science and Department of History and Philosophy of Science Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA ABSTRACT. Questions about fish consciousness and cognition are receiving increasing attention. In this paper, I explain why one must be careful to avoid drawing conclusions too hastily about this hugely di- verse set of species. Keywords. Fish, learning, cognition, consciousness 1. Introduction to the controversy The cognitive and mental capacities of fish are a current topic of scientific controversy, and consciousness is the most contentious of topics. In a recent review article, Michel Cabanac and coauthors (Cabanac et al. 2009) argue that consciousness did not emerge until the early Amniota, the group of species that includes mammals, birds, and "reptiles.” The latter term is in scare quotes because biologists consider it a paraphy- letic group (i.e., a group that contains just a subset of the descendants of its common ancestor) that is im- proper for classification purposes due to its exclusion of the birds, which descended from the saurians. Amniotes are characterized by an embryonic membrane that makes terrestrial reproduction feasible. The amphibians, lacking this adaptation, are constrained to place their eggs in an aqueous environment for proper development. These biological details are important because of the nature of some of the evidence that Cabanac et al. bring to bear on the question of consciousness in fish – evidence that I shall maintain seems skewed towards other adaptations that have to do with terrestrial life.
    [Show full text]
  • Do Fish Sleep?
    Supervisor: Peter Meerlo Center for Behavior and Neurosciences University of Groningen DO FISH SLEEP? Sharpening fishy sleep criteria Tessa van Walsum, s1869647 8-2-2014 Abstract Sleep research revealed the presence of sleep in a multitude of species; because it is such a wide- spread activity it leads to believe that sleep is a necessary process. Mammalian sleep research provided electrophysiological and behavioral sleep criteria; perhaps these criteria are sufficient to identify sleep in non-mammals as well. Sleep research has mainly focused on mammalian sleep and kept sleep research in other species in the background. Sleep studies have been done on reptiles and fish, but to far less extent than mammals. Because fish are ancient species, if sleep were found in them, it could perhaps explain the continuous presence of sleep within the animal kingdom. Up to now electrophysiological sleep criteria (e.g. EEG and EMG measurements) have not been done in fish. It is not impossible to measure EEG in fish, it is however very difficult to do so. It is for that reason that many studies relied on behavioral sleep criteria (provided by the intense research done on mammalian sleep). It could be that these mammalian behavioral criteria are insufficient for sleep determination in fish. What is apparent, is the seemingly lack of structure within the fish sleep studies. Most researchers only used a few mammalian sleep criteria and added other criteria, while few did use all available sleep criteria to fully establish the presence of sleep or not. Overall, fish sleep studies accept the presence of sleep in fish, even when there is little to no data available to reinforce their conclusion.
    [Show full text]
  • Siganus Fuscescens Rabbit Fish, Mottled Spinefoot
    FACTSHEET: RABBIT FISH (MOTTLED SPINEFOOT) SEAFDEC/UNEP/GEF/FR-RSTC.3_ANNEX17 Siganus fuscescens Rabbit fish, Mottled spinefoot Taxonomy Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Bilateria Infrakingdom Deuterostomia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Infraphylum Gnathostomata Megaclass Osteichthyes Superclass Actinopterygii Class Actinopteri Subclass Neopterygii Infraclass Teleostei Megacohort Osteoglossocephalai Supercohort Clupeocephala Cohort Euteleosteomorpha Subcohort Neoteleostei Infracohort Eurypterygia Section Ctenosquamata Subsection Acanthomorphata Division Acanthopterygii Subdivision Percomorphaceae Series Eupercaria Order Perciformes Suborder Acanthuroidei Page 1 of 14 FACTSHEET: RABBIT FISH (MOTTLED SPINEFOOT) SEAFDEC/UNEP/GEF/FR-RSTC.3_ANNEX17 Family Siganidae Genus Siganus Species Siganus fuscescens A. Environment/Ecology: Marine; brackish; reef-associated; oceanodromous (Ref. 51243); depth range 1 - 50 m (Ref. 9813). Tropical; 42°N - 37°S, 90°E - 171°E B. Distribution: Western Pacific: southern Korea, southern Japan, Ogasawara Islands, Taiwan, southern China, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Andaman Islands, Indonesia, Philippines, Yap, Palau, Pohnpei (Caroline Islands), Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, and Australia. Often misidentified as Siganus canaliculatus (Ref. 2334). C. Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age: Maturity: Lm 5.6 range ? - ? cm Max length : 40.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 9813); common length : 25.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 9813) D. Short description Dorsal spines (total): 13; Dorsal soft rays (total): 10; Anal spines: 7; Anal soft rays: 9; Vertebrae: 13. Body olive green or brown above, silvery below; fish frequently with a dark patch below origin of lateral line. Adults become mottled when frightened. Slender, pungent, venomous spines. Page 2 of 14 FACTSHEET: RABBIT FISH (MOTTLED SPINEFOOT) SEAFDEC/UNEP/GEF/FR-RSTC.3_ANNEX17 Preopercular angle 89°-95°. Lower half to 2/3 of cheeks commonly covered with weak, scattered scales.
    [Show full text]
  • Hypocretin Underlies the Evolution of Sleep Loss in the Mexican Cavefish
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Hypocretin underlies the evolution of sleep loss in the Mexican cavefish James B Jaggard1, Bethany A Stahl1, Evan Lloyd1, David A Prober2, Erik R Duboue3,4, Alex C Keene1* 1Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, United States; 2Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States; 3Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, United States; 4Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, United States Abstract The duration of sleep varies dramatically between species, yet little is known about the genetic basis or evolutionary factors driving this variation in behavior. The Mexican cavefish, Astyanax mexicanus, exists as surface populations that inhabit rivers, and multiple cave populations with convergent evolution on sleep loss. The number of Hypocretin/Orexin (HCRT)-positive hypothalamic neurons is increased significantly in cavefish, and HCRT is upregulated at both the transcript and protein levels. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of HCRT signaling increases sleep in cavefish, suggesting enhanced HCRT signaling underlies the evolution of sleep loss. Ablation of the lateral line or starvation, manipulations that selectively promote sleep in cavefish, inhibit hcrt expression in cavefish while having little effect on surface fish. These findings provide the first evidence of genetic and neuronal changes that contribute to the evolution of sleep loss, and support a conserved role for HCRT in sleep regulation. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.32637.001 *For correspondence: Introduction [email protected] Sleep behavior is nearly ubiquitous throughout the animal kingdom and is vital for many aspects of biological function (Campbell and Tobler, 1984; Hartmann, 1973; Musiek et al., 2015).
    [Show full text]
  • Brain-Behavior Adaptations to Sleep Loss in the Nocturnally Migrating Swainson’S Thrush (Catharus Ustulatus)
    BRAIN-BEHAVIOR ADAPTATIONS TO SLEEP LOSS IN THE NOCTURNALLY MIGRATING SWAINSON’S THRUSH (CATHARUS USTULATUS) Thomas Fuchs A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY August 2006 Committee: Verner P. Bingman, Advisor Donald S. Cooper Graduate Faculty Representative Kevin Pang Dale Klopfer Patricia Sharp © 2006 Thomas Fuchs All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Verner P. Bingman, Advisor Many typically diurnal songbirds experience dramatic sleep loss during the migratory seasons because of their nocturnal flights. However, nocturnally migrating songbirds continue to function normally with no observable effect of sleep loss on their behavior. To mitigate the effects of sleep loss, nocturnal migrants may engage in daytime sleep, unihemispheric sleep, sleep during migratory flight, or increased quality of what sleep is available. Studying the Swainson’s thrush, a long-distance trans-gulf migrant, I investigated how avian migrants might compensate for sleep loss during the migratory season. Daytime behavior, nighttime behavior and forebrain EEG activity was recorded in thrushes when migratory and non-migratory. Behavioral sleeping postures and their EEG/brain correlates were identified throughout the 24 h light-dark cycle. Slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep were investigated, and the temporal profile of the two sleep states was analyzed. Brain activity (EEG power) in the delta frequency band (1.5 – 4Hz) was employed as a measure of sleep quality. Interestingly, the most prominent alterations in sleep and sleep-related behavior in nocturnally active migratory thrushes were found during the day. In contrast to their behavior when non-migratory, migratory Swainson’s thrushes engaged in numerous episodes of daytime sleep, unilateral eye closure, and an intermediate sleep-like state referred to as drowsiness.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethics, Law, and the Science of Fish Welfare
    68 BETWEEN THE SPECIES Ethics, Law, and the Science of Fish Welfare ABSTRACT Fish farming is one of the fastest growing sectors of agriculture, at- tracting considerable attention to the question of whether existing farming regulations and animal welfare laws are adequate to deal with the expanding role of fish in feeding humans. The role of fish as model organisms in scientific research is also expanding—a majority of research biology departments now keep zebrafish for the purposes of genome biology, and they are used widely used for basic neuro- science research. However, due to their diversity and distance from mammalian biology, fish pose difficult questions for the application of legal and ethical principles of animal welfare. This paper reviews the developing legal and scientific context in which such questions must be answered. Colin Allen Indiana University [email protected] Volume 16, Issue 1 Jun 2013 © Between the Species, 2013 http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/bts/ 69 Colin Allen Many people think of fish as below the “interesting” thresh- old of cognitive complexity or sentience, and thus beyond ethi- cal concern. The story is, however, a lot more complicated than it is usually made to appear. Fish present hard cases, because they are anatomically and neuroanatomically very different from us, and the functional properties of their nervous systems are hard to investigate (Vargas et al. 2009). Nevertheless, as I will describe, there is evidence of complex behavior in vari- ous species—much more complex than the usual stereotype for fish—and this should make us wonder whether the right criteria have been applied to judgments of their lack of cognitive so- phistication, and what the proper scientific methods for study- ing these questions should be.
    [Show full text]
  • (Mugil Cephalus) Under Rearing Conditions
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.23.432396; this version posted February 24, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Characterization of the different behaviours exhibited by juvenile grey mullet (Mugil 2 cephalus) under rearing conditions 3 4 Jessica A. Jimenez-Rivera1,3, Anaïs Boglino3, Joel F. Linares-Cordova3,4, Neil J. Duncan5, María 5 de Lourdes Ruiz‐Gómez6, Sonia Rey Planellas7 Zohar Ibarra-Zatarain,2* 6 7 1 Posgrado en Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, 63155 Tepic, 8 México 9 2 CONACYT-UAN-Nayarit Centre for Innovation and Technological Transference (CENITT), 10 Av. E González s/n. CP 63173. Tepic, México 11 3 Nayarit Centre for Innovation and Technological Transference (CENITT), Av. E González s/n. 12 CP 63173. Tepic, México 13 4 Posgrado de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Colegio de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad 14 Autónoma de Sinaloa, Km 17,5, CP 8000 Culiacán, México 15 5 IRTA, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Carretera de Poble Nou, km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 16 Tarragona, Spain 17 6 Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de 18 México, Toluca, Estado de México, México 19 7 Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, Stirling, 20 Scotland, UK 21 22 23 24 *Corresponding author: [email protected]; tel: +52 669 2407280 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.23.432396; this version posted February 24, 2021.
    [Show full text]
  • Animal Sleep: a Review of Sleep Duration Across Phylogeny
    Neuroscience & BiobehavioralReviews, Vol. 8, pp. 269--300, 1984. ©Ankho International Inc. Printed in the U.S.A. 0149-7634/84 $3.00 + .00 Animal Sleep: A Review of Sleep Duration Across Phylogeny SCOTT S. CAMPBELL AND IRENE TOBLEW '2 Max Planck Institute for Psychiatry, Munich and Institute of Pharmacology, University of Zurich Received 12 March 1984 CAMPBELL, SIS. AND I. TOBLER. Animal sleep: A review of sleep duration across phylogeny. NEUROSCI BIOBEHAV REV 8(3)269-300, 1984.--Sleep duration and placement within the twenty-four hour day have been primary indices utilized in the examination of sleep function. It is of value, therefore, to evaluate these variables in a wide range of animal species. The present paper examines the literature concerning sleep duration in over 150 animal species, including invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and 14 orders of mammals. We first present annotations of almost 200 studies, including number of animals used, photoperiod employed, sleep duration per twenty-four hours and placement of sleep period within the nychthemeron. Both behavioral and electrographic studies are reviewed, as are laboratory and field studies. These data are subsequently presented in a table with representative literature citations for each species. Following the table, a brief discussion is presented concerning some methodological issues which may affect the measurement of sleep duration and some suggestions are made for future examination of sleep duration. Sleep Sleep duration Sleep placement Behavior EEG Animals Phylogeny IT can be argued that the two most important variables in the conditions and sometimes vague criteria for the definition of study of sleep are sleep duration and its placement within the sleep.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Fish Form the Earliest and the Greatest Group of All the Backboned
    Fish form the earliest and the greatest group of all the backboned animals. Fish are cold-blooded vertebrates primarily adapted to living in water. “Fish are remarkably various in size, shape, color, physiology, and behavior. They are vertebrates like ourselves, yet we can find species that can change sex in a matter of days. There are species where all individuals are females and males are unnecessary, for young are produced without the eggs being fertilized. In one species of shark, cannibalism inside the mother among her voracious babies usually results in only one large individual being born. There are fish that mimic the background, a floating sea-grass leaf, or a poisonous fish. There is parental care of many kinds – including the delightful little seahorse male brooding his young in a neat pouch. There are fish that can walk on land and fish that can glide for hundreds of meters on gossamer wings.” The term “fish” is a common name for a group of aquatic animals which are arranged into four classes: Myxini (hagfish), Cephalaspidomorphi (lampreys & allies), Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish, such as sharks, rays, and relatives), and Osteichthyes (bony fish, also known as your basic fish). There are over 24,300 species and the classification of fish is probably the most changeable of the groups we study. (See chart on p 10) New discoveries of fossil records and living species are constantly being made, especially since their habitat contains one of the few frontiers left to man. Fish as a whole have spread into every available kind of environment, however, each species has tolerance for only a limited range of environmental conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Melatonin Receptor Agonist Piper Betle L. Ameliorates Dexamethasone‑Induced Early Life Stress in Adult Zebrafish
    EXPERIMENTAL AND THERAPEUTIC MEDICINE 18: 1407-1416, 2019 Melatonin receptor agonist Piper betle L. ameliorates dexamethasone‑induced early life stress in adult zebrafish YATINESH KUMARI, BRANDON KAR MENG CHOO, MOHD FAROOQ SHAIKH and IEKHSAN OTHMAN Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia Received January 3, 2019; Accepted June 12, 2019 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7685 Abstract. Early life exposure to stress has been suggested to of the PB indicate a possible role in the treatment of early life be a crucial factor for the development of the brain and its stress-induced sleep disruption. functions. It is well documented that childhood stress is a risk factor for sleep problems in adulthood. Piper betle L. leaf Introduction extract (PB) has been used in several traditional medicines to cure various ailments. Recently, PB has been proved to have Stress is a complex condition with negative emotional and antidepressant activity. The literature suggests that antidepres- biological effects. Stress can be detrimental to human health sants affect the synthesis and release of melatonin through regardless of whether it occurs during the prenatal period, several mechanisms. Thus, this study investigated the potential infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood or in old age. role of PB for the treatment of sleep disruption after early life Stress has an impact on the brain structures involved in cogni- stress exposure. Firstly, dexamethasone (DEX) (2 and 20 mg/l tion and mental health (1). Early-life stress causes critical for 24 h) was administered to zebrafish larvae on the 4th day developmental complications and impacts brain functions in post-fertilization (dpf) to induce early life stress.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Hypocretin Underlies the Evolution of Sleep Loss in the Mexican Cavefish 2 James B
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/122903; this version posted August 16, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Hypocretin underlies the evolution of sleep loss in the Mexican cavefish 2 James B. Jaggard1, Bethany A. Stahl1, Evan Lloyd1, David A. Prober2, Erik R. Duboue3,4 and 3 Alex C. Keene1* 4 5 6 1. Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458 7 2. Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 8 CA 91125, USA 9 3. Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, 21218 10 4. Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 *Address Correspondence to: 18 Alex C. Keene 19 Department of Biological Sciences 20 Florida Atlantic University 21 5353 Parkside Drive 22 Jupiter, FL 33458, USA 23 Email: [email protected] 24 25 26 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/122903; this version posted August 16, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Abstract 2 The duration of sleep varies dramatically between species, yet little is known about genetic 3 bases or evolutionary factors driving this variation in behavior.
    [Show full text]
  • The Emotional Brain of Fish
    Rey Planellas, Sonia (2017) The emotional brain of fish. Animal Sentience 13(11) DOI: 10.51291/2377-7478.1248 This article has appeared in the journal Animal Sentience, a peer-reviewed journal on animal cognition and feeling. It has been made open access, free for all, by WellBeing International and deposited in the WBI Studies Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Animal Sentience 2017.053: Rey Planellas on Woodruff on Fish feel The emotional brain of fish Commentary on Woodruff on Fish feel Sonia Rey Planellas Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Stirling, UK Abstract: Woodruff (2017) analyzes structural homologies and functional equivalences between the brains of mammals and fish to understand where sentience and social cognition might reside in teleosts. He compares neuroanatomical, neurophysiological and behavioural correlates. I discuss current advances in the study of fish cognitive abilities and emotions, and advocate an evolutionary approach to the underlying basis of sentience in teleosts. Sonia Rey Planellas is a researcher at the Institute of Aquaculture at the University of Stirling. She is part of a multidisciplinary research group on fish behavior and welfare. She is interested in the individual differences in behavior (personalities), physiology, cognition and welfare of fish. www.stir.ac.uk/people/25264 Zhou's painting was inspired by a passage from the Daoist classic Zhuangzi (ca. fourth century B.C.), in which Zhuangzi, strolling along a river, observes, "See how the minnows come out and dart around where they please! That's what fish really enjoy!" His companion Huizi remarks, "You're not a fish—how do you know what fish enjoy?" Zhuangzi replies, "You are not I, so how do you know I don't know what fish enjoy?" In the inscription at the end of the painting the artist wrote: Not being fish, how do we know their happiness? But we may express our feelings in our painting.
    [Show full text]