ILMENITE AND RUTILE

Indian Minerals Yearbook 2014 (Part- III : MINERAL REVIEWS)

53rd Edition

ILMENITE AND RUTILE

(FINAL RELEASE)

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF MINES INDIAN BUREAU OF MINES

Indira Bhavan, Civil Lines, NAGPUR – 440 001

PHONE/FAX NO. (0712) 2565471 PBX : (0712) 2562649, 2560544, 2560648 E-MAIL : [email protected] Website: www.ibm.gov.in

July, 2016

27-1 ILMENITE AND RUTILE 27 Ilmenite & Rutile

ndia is endowed with large resources of heavy Bengal have been investigated for over six Iminerals which occur mainly along coastal decades by AMD. The ilmenite resources stretches of the country and also in inland estimation for the areas explored up to 2012 has placers. Heavy mineral sands comprise a group of been completed and the resources are up from seven minerals, viz, ilmenite, leucoxene (brown 520.38 million tonnes to 593.50 million tonnes ilmenite), rutile, zircon, sillimanite, garnet and (including leucoxene), inclusive of indicated, monazite. Ilmenite (FeO.TiO2) and rutile (TiO2) are inferred and speculative categories. Resource the two chief minerals of titanium. Titanium dioxide estimation for the areas explored during 2012-14 occurs in polymorphic forms as rutile, anatase is under progress. The most significant deposits (octahedrite) and brookite. Though, brookite is which are readily available and attract attention not found on a large-scale in nature, it is an of industry for large-scale operations are as alteration product of other titanium minerals. follows: Leucoxene is an alteration product of ilmenite and found associated with ilmenite. State/Deposit Ilmenite reserve (In million tonnes) RESOURCES Andhra Pradesh Ilmenite and rutile along with other heavy 1. Bhavanapadu Hukumpet 10.18 minerals are important constituents of beach sand 2. Kakinada (Phase I-VIII) 13.84 deposits found right from Moti Daman-Umbrat 3. Kalingapatnam 5.80 4. Narasapur 2.92 coast (Gujarat) in the west to Odisha coast in the 5. Nizampatnam 19.26 east. These minerals are concentrated in five well 6. Srikurman (South) 8.60 defined zones: 7. Visakhapatnam (Bhimunipatnam) 2.88 8. Amalapuram (Phase I-III) 3.10 9. Pandurangapuram-Voderevu * Over a stretch of 22 km between Neendakara (Bapatla-Chirala coast) 10.39 and Kayamkulam, Kollam district, Kerala 10. Vetapalem Coast (Chirala coast) 5.31 (known as 'Chavara' deposit after the main 82.28 Kerala mining centre). 1. Chavara Barrier beach 13.17 2. Chavara Eastern Extension (Phase-I) 17.02 * Over a stretch of 6 km from the mouth of 3. Chavara Eastern Extension (Phase-II) 49.26 Valliyar river to Colachal, Manavalakurichi 4. Trikkunnapuzha-Thotapally Beach and little beyond in Kanyakumari district, & Eastern Extension 9.50 5. Alapuzha-Kochi 5.88 Tamil Nadu (known as MK deposit). 94.83 Maharashtra * On Chatrapur coast stretching for 18 km Ratnagiri 3.68 between Rushikulya river mouth and Gopalpur lighthouse with an average width of 1.4 km in Gujarat Moti Daman-Umbrat coast 2.77 Ganjam district, Odisha (known as 'OSCOM' deposit after IREL's Orissa Sands Complex). Odisha 1. Brahmagiri (Phase IV) 37.98 * Brahmagiri deposit stretches for 30 km from 2. Chatrapur 26.72 Girala nala to Bhabunia village with an 3. Gopalpur (Phase I-IV) 6.39 71.09 average width of 1.91 km in Puri district, Odisha. Tamil Nadu 1. Kudiraimozhi 22.86 * Bhavanapadu coast between Nilarevu and 2. Ovari-Periyatalai-Manapadu (Teri) 24.01 Sandipeta with 25 km length and 700 m average 3. Sattankulam Teris 41.26 width in Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh. 4. Cuddalore-Pudupattuchavadi 4.67 5. Vayakallur (Block I-IV) 3.54 6. Manavalakurichi 2.04 The AMD of the Department of Atomic Energy 7. Midalam 1.64 has been carrying out exploration of these mineral 100.02 deposits. So far, about 3,800 km coastal tract and 160.72 sq km inland areas in Tamil Nadu and West Source: Department of Atomic Energy, Mumbai.

27-2 ILMENITE AND RUTILE

The average grade of total heavy minerals in As per the UNFC system as on 1.4.2010 these deposits is 10-25% of which 30-35% is compiled by IBM, the total resources of titanium minerals is placed at 394 million tonnes comprising ilmenite. The overall statewise reserves of ilmenite ilmenite (335.6 million tonnes), rutile (13.4 million and rutile which occur together in beach sand tonnes), leucoxene (1.0 million tonnes), anatase deposits are given in Table-1. (3.3 million tonnes) and titaniferous magnetite (40.6 million tonnes).

Table – 1 : Resources of Ilmenite and Rutile EXPLORATION & DEVELOPMENT IREL carried out exploration work at Chatrapur (In million tonnes) sand deposit, district Ganjam, Odisha for ilmenite & rutile, zircon, monazite, sillimanite and garnet. State Total A total of 2464.054 hectares was explored. in situ # Exploration work had started in the year 1969 and was undertaken by AMD, DAE. A total of Ilmenite*: Total 593.50 394 boreholes were drilled and 2349 samples were Andhra Pradesh 163.05 collected for mineralogical analysis during the year 2012-13. There are plans to drill 942 more Jharkhand/Bihar 0.73 boreholes in next three years. The deposit is beach Gujarat 2.77 placer deposit, length 18 km along the coast of Bay of Bengal between Rushikulya river and Kerala 145.70 Gopalpur with an average width of 1.4 km. Maharashtra 3.74 GSI carried out exploration work for placer Odisha 96.44 minerals in the terrritorial waters off north Bhuminipatnam, Andhra Pradesh for ilmenite, rutile, Tamil Nadu 179.02 garnet, sillimanite and zircon. A total of 66 vibrocore seabed sediment samples varying in length from West Bengal 2.05 0.46 m to 3.78 m with an average core length of 2.10 m were collected on grid of 1 km x 1 km within the water depth of 22.56 to 39.47 m. In territorial waters off Rutile: Total 31.35 Palur-Malud, Odisha sand samples show dominance Andhra Pradesh 10.25 of economic heavy minerals like ilmenite, rutile, garnet, monazite and sillimanite. Jharkhand/Bihar 0.01 In Kerala, GSI took up assessment of heavy Gujarat 0.02 minerals in near shore area of Attipara, near Thiruvananthapuram. The preliminary study shows Kerala 8.41 that ilmenite is the major heavy mineral occurring in the sediments. Other minerals include zircon, Odisha 4.47 sillimanite, garnet and monazite. Tamil Nadu 8.00 The survey and exploration carried out by West Bengal 0.19 AMD during 2008-09, 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12, 2012-13 and 2013-14 included parts of West Source: Department of Atomic Energy, Mumbai. Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, # Inclusive of indicated, inferred and speculative categories. Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Gujarat. The * Including leucoxene. details of exploration activities carried out by - Maharashtra (2300) tonnes. AMD during 2013-14 are furnished in Table-2.

27-3 ILMENITE AND RUTILE Table – 2 : Exploration Activities by AMD for Ilmenite, Rutile, Monazite, Zircon and other Heavy Minerals, 2013-14

Activity

Location Reconnai- Detailed Remarks ssance survey survey (sq km) (sq km)

Parts of 302.62 14.4 Reconnaissance survey was undertaken to delineate Odisha, (Coastal potential heavy mineral concentrations along the Andhra Pradesh, tracts) coastal and inland tracts: Karnataka and Inland Tamil Nadu areas (a) Bajrakot-Brahmapur tract,Ganjam District, Odisha records THM ranging from 0.67 to 56.27%.

(b) Four inland red sediment occurrences exposed between Patsonapuram-Agastinuagan, Ganjam District, Odisha record THM ranging from 2.01% to 57.31%

(c) Swanamukhi River Confluence-Kothapatnam tract, SPSR, Nellore District records THM up to 1.55%.

(d) Vaipar-vembar-Naripaiyur tract, Thoothukudi and Ramanathapuram District, Tamil Nadu records very low THM of 5-15%.

In addition to reconnaissance surveys, detailed survey was carried out in

(i) Malikipuram, East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh and

(ii) Chavara, Kerala.

Source: Department of Atomic Energy, Mumbai.

PRODUCTION AND PRICES Rutile The production of rutile at 13 thousand Ilmenite tonnes in 2013-14 registered decrease by 19% as The production of ilmenite at 722 thousand compared to that in the previous year. Odisha was tonnes in 2013-14 decreased by 2% as compared the leading producer of rutile accounting for 43% to that in the preceding year. Tamil Nadu was of the total production followed by Tamil Nadu the leading producer of ilmenite during the year 31% and Kerala 26 percent. under review, contributing 67% of the total production followed by Odisha 20% and Kerala Production and prices of ilmenite and rutile 13 per cent. are furnished in Tables- 3 to 5.

27-4 ILMENITE AND RUTILE Table – 3 : Production of Ilmenite and Rutile Table – 5: Prices of Ilmenite 2011-12 to 2013-14 (P) 2011-12 to 2013-14 (By States) (` per tonne) (In tonnes) Period Grade Price Remarks State 2011-12 2012-13(R) 2013-14(P) IREL ILMENITE 2011-12 India : Total 718612 738524 721959 2011-12 Q 6875 Ex-works, loose Kerala 86454 68555 95083 2011-12 MK 6525 Ex-works, loose Odisha 188000 184570 146771 2011-12 OR 5125 Ex-works, loose Tamil Nadu 444158 485399 480105 2011-12 Q 17000 Ex-works, loose 2011-12 MK 16100 Ex-works, loose 2011-12 OR 10000 Ex-works, loose RUTILE (Non SR/TiO2) India : Total 20225 16527 13459 Kerala 5664 3075 3468 2011-12 Q 12650 Ex-works, loose 2011-12 MK 12450 Ex-works, loose Odisha 7874 7170 5759 2011-12 OR 12650 Ex-works, loose

Tamil Nadu 6717 6282 4232 (SR/TiO2) 2012-13 2012-13 Q 20937 Ex-works, loose 2012-13 MK 19775 Ex-works, loose Table – 4 : Prices of Rutile 2012-13 OR 17062 Ex-works, loose (Non SR/TiO ) 2011-12 to 2013-14 2 (L per tonne) 2012-13 Q 15200 Ex-works, loose 2012-13 MK 14775 Ex-works, loose Year Grade Price Remarks 2012-13 OR 13525 Ex-works, loose (SR/TiO ) IREL 2 2013-14 2011-12 2013-14 Q 13833 Ex-works, loose 2011-12 Q 68429 Ex-works, Bagged 2013-14 MK 19833 Ex-works, loose 2013-14 OR 16833 Ex-works, loose 2011-12 MK 68429 Ex-works, Bagged (Non SR/TiO2) 2011-12 OR 68429 Ex-works, Bagged 2013-14 OR 14958 Ex-works, loose

(Non SR/TiO2) 2012-13 2013-14 Q 12283 Ex-works, loose 2012-13 Q 112500 Ex-works, Bagged 2013-14 MK 35550 Ex-works, loose 2013-14 OR 10567 Ex-works, loose 2012-13 MK 112500 Ex-works, Bagged (SR/TiO2) 2012-13 OR 112500 Ex-works, Bagged KMML 2011-12 12650 59.88% TiO2 2012-13 17900 59.88% TiO2 2013-14 2013-14 NA 2013-14 Q 80167 Ex-works, Bagged V.V. Mineral (Average) 2013-14 MK 80167 Ex-works, Bagged 2011-12 NA 11174 2013-14 OR 80167 Ex-works, Bagged 2012-13 NA 15269 2013-14 NA 10562 (SR/TiO2) KMML BMC

2011-12 - 87085 - 2011-12 TiO2 : 49-51% 6500 f.o.b.Thoothukudi 2012-13 - 110833 - (US$130) 2012-13 TiO : 49-51% 8500 f.o.b.Thoothukudi 2013-14 - 67375 - 2 (US$140) 2013-14 TiO : 49-51% 9475 f.o.b.Thoothukudi V.V. Mineral (Average) 2 (US$150) 2011-12 Premium & 70610 Average DCW Ltd Standard 2011-12 NA 7693 2012-13 -do- 116158 Average 2012-13 NA 20552 2013-14 NA 102340 Average 2013-14 NA 17290

Source: Department of Atomic Energy, Mumbai. Source: Department of Atomic Energy, Mumbai. Note: Q : Quilon; MK: Manavalakurichi; OR: Odisha Note: Q: Quilon; MK: Manavalakurichi; OR: Odisha

27-5 ILMENITE AND RUTILE MINING & PROCESSING As an alternate approach, IREL has adopted wet Mining and processing of beach sand is mining involving dredging and wet concentration carried out by the IREL, a Government of India (DWC) from inland areas away from the beach lines. In undertaking, KMML, a Kerala State Government this mode, an artificial pond is created, the sand bed is undertaking and two private sector producers; cut and the slurry is pumped to spiral concentrator for viz, M/s V. V. Mineral, Thoothukudi (Tamil Nadu) removal of quartz. Manavalakurichi was the first plant and M/s Beach Minerals Co. Pvt. Ltd, Kuttam to install a DWC (100 tph) followed by one (500 tph) at (Tamil Nadu). IREL is exploiting beach sand OSCOM and two (each 100 tph) at Chavara. The deposits located at Chavara in Kerala, Gopalpur concentrate (90% HM) of beach washing plant from in Odisha and Manavalakurichi in Tamil Nadu. DWC is further upgraded to 97% HM grade at a Concentrate Upgradation Plant (CUP) before sending At IREL, Chavara, Beach Sand was collected over it to Mineral Separation Plant (MSP). a strech of 22 km between Neendakara and Kayamkulam in Kerala and was transported to plant site. The unit KMML collects seasonal accretions of heavy has adopted wet mining operations involving use of mineral sand from the beach front. The pit so two Dredge and Wet Concentrator (DWC) of 100 tph formed gets filled by fresh accretions of heavy capacity each to exploit the inland deposits away from mineral sand. The mineral sand is collected using the beaches. Chavara ilmenite is the richest in TiO bulldozers and wheel loaders and transported in 2 tippers to Mineral Separation Plant. content (75.8% TiO2) and has great demand in India and abroad for manufacture of pigments. The mineral separation plants use variety of At Manavalakurichi, deposit is spread over equipment such as gravity concentrators, high tension 300 hectares at Thuthoor-Ezudesam villages, electrostatic separators and magnetic separators. Vilavancode tehsil, district Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu. Making use of difference in physical properties like All the raw sand required to operate the separation plant electrical conductivity, magnetic susceptibility and at its full capacity is collected from nearby beaches by difference in specific gravity, etc., individual minerals the fishermen of surrounding villages and supplied to like ilmenite, rutile, zircon, sillimanite and garnet are the unit at cost. Deposits are also exploited by DWC of separated. The mined beach sands are pre-concentrated 100 tph capacity. Manavalakurichi is next to Chavara in and dried after sieving (30-mesh) to separate the heavies from rejects. The heavy minerals are passed terms of TiO2 content which is more than 55%. through electrostatic separators where conducting The sand deposits of OSCOM at Chatrapur in minerals – ilmenite and rutile – are separated from other district Ganjam extend along the coast of Bay of non-conducting minerals. Ilmenite and rutile are further Bengal with an average width of 1.4 km and average subjected to low-intensity magnetic separators where depth of 7.5 m. Mining operations involve suction magnetic fraction - ilmenite is separated from rutile. dredging to 6 m depth below water level on a much Similarly, non-conducting fractions are subjected to larger scale (500 tph) augmented by a smaller sized high-intensity magnetic separators where weak (100 tph) supplementary. The ilmenite from OSCOM magnetic fraction (monazite and garnet) is separated is inferior in grade in terms of TiO content (50%) in 2 from non-magnetic fraction (zircon and sillimanite). The comparison to Chavara and Manavalakurichi. The fractions are further processed on wind tables to Synthetic Rutile Plant of OSCOM is presently not separate garnet from monazite and sillimanite from working. As a result, the majority of OSCOM ilmenite zircon. produced today is finding its way in the international market as feed stock for production of both slag IREL carried out trial runs of expansion of capacity grade and anatase grade pigment. of ilmenite to 200,000 tonnes at Chavara plant in Kerala and has commissioned it successfully. The company In dry mining, beach washings laden with has plan to expand MSP capacity at OSCOM to produce 40-70% Heavy Minerals (HM) are collected 4.7 lakh tonnes of ilmenite and associated minerals by through front end loaders and bulldozers for the end of 2014. Trimex Group is understood to be further concentration to 90% HM at land-based gearing up to begin its 200,000 tpy ilmenite, 6,000 tpy concentrators. Dry mining is very simple and zircon, 60,000 tpy garnet and 50,000 tpy sillimanite, rutile economic as well. However, it is facing opposition project in Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh. by local people on the ground that removal of sand causes sea erosion. Therefore, collection of Installed capacity and production of ilmenite, rutile beach washings has reduced significantly in and other associated heavy minerals by various recent past. separation plants are furnished in Table-6.

27-6 ILMENITE AND RUTILE

Table – 6 : Installed Capacity & Production of Ilmenite, Rutile and Other Heavy Minerals, 2011-12 to 2013-14 (In tonnes)

Company/ Mineral Specification Installed Production Location capacity (tpy) 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

Indian Rare Earths Ltd**

Manavalakurichi, Ilmenite 55% TiO2 (min) 90000 35009 33260

Dist. Kanyakumari, Rutile 94% TiO2 (min) 4000 1534 1381

Tamil Nadu. Zircon 65% ZrO2+HfO2 (min) 10000 3182 2688

Sillimanite 58% Al2O3 – -- Monazite 96% pure 6000 -- Garnet 97% pure (min) 8500 11797 10240

Chavara, Ilmenite 58% TiO2 (min) 200000 43051 23309

Dist. Kollam, Rutile 95% TiO2 (min) 11400 2769 1224

Kerala. Zircon 65% ZrO2+HfO2 (min) 17500 5231 1992 Rare Earths – 4500* --

Sillimanite 58% Al2O3 (min) 24500 7667 4936 Leucoxene –– 529 105 Zirflour -200 mesh 6000 1886 1161 (includes -300 mesh 500 - 940 Microzir)

Orissa Sands Complex, Ilmenite 50.25% TiO2 (min) 220000 188000 184570

Dist. Ganjam, Rutile 94.25% TiO2 (min) 10000 7874 7170

Odisha. Zircon 64.25% ZrO2+HfO2 (min) 5000 6170 6235

Sillimanite 56.5% Al2O3 (min) 10000 17489 12314 Garnet 93.5% garnet (min) 24000 19889 23898

Kerala Minerals & Metals Ltd

Chavara, Ilmenite 59.88% TiO2 61600 43403 45240 62850

Dist. Kollam. Rutile 93.20% TiO2 4400 2600 1850 2330

Kerala. Zircon 64.81% ZrO2 6500 5213 3960 3635 Sillimanite NA 3600 339 1265 1270 V. V. Mineral

Dist. Thoothukudi, Ilmenite 51.0-52.5% TiO2 450000 405700 447000 211662

Tamil Nadu. Rutile 95% TiO2 (min) 12000 1500 7000 3580

Zircon@ 66% ZrO2+HfO2 (min) 18000 6200 6250 Zircon-sillimanite NA 24000 4600 11500 Garnet NA 150000 _ -

Beach Minerals Co. Pvt. Ltd

Kuttam, Ilmenite KU grade 49-51% TiO2 150000 36000 36500 49090 Dist. Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu.

Source: Department of Atomic Energy, Mumbai and IREL. * In terms of rare earths chloride. @ Besides, 4,600 tonnes, 11,500 tonnes and 6640 tonnes production of zircon-sillimanite is also reported during 2011-12, 2012-13 and 2013-14 respectively. ** The plantwise production details in respect of 2013-14 is not available. However, total production during 2013-14 was ilmenite-2,08,054 tonnes, rutile-7,878 tonnes, zircon-8,778 tonnes, zirflour-598 tonnes, sillimanite-16,005 tonnes, garnet-26,010 tonnes and brown ilmenite-162 tonnes.

27-7 ILMENITE AND RUTILE INDUSTRY producing 500 tpa of Titanium sponge with technology from DMRL. Subsequently, the company For manufacture of titanium dioxide pigment, plans to expand the capacity to 1,000 tpa. The ilmenite is first treated chemically to obtain upgraded production of titanium sponge during 2011-12 & ilmenite, commonly called as synthetic rutile. There 2012-13 was 15.184 tonnes & 88.296 tonnes, are two major pigment production processes namely respectively. chloride process and sulphate process depending on different operating characteristics and feedstock The DCW Ltd procures ilmenite from requirements. Plants employing chloride process Manavalakurichi which is then roasted with coke fines consume high TiO content feedstocks like synthetic 2 to convert Fe2O3 into FeO. The reduced ore is leached rutile and chloride slag. On the other hand, plants with concentrated hydrochloric acid to remove oxides employing the sulphate process use lower grade of iron and other metals. The leached ore is washed ilmenite and sulphate slags. and calcined to get upgraded ilmenite which contains

Ilmenite obtained from Mineral Separation Plant more than 95% TiO2. The upgraded ilmenite is (MSP) is chemically treated to remove impurities such micronised to 2 microns by using high-pressure steam. This is marketed as Titox. The liquor from ilmenite as iron to obtain synthetic rutile (90% TiO2) in Synthetic Rutile Plant (SRP). Indian Synthetic Rutile Plants are leaching process contains fine TiO2 particles and based on reduction roasting followed by acid leaching chlorides. The TiO2 recovered by filtration & washing with or without generation of hydrochloric acid. Plants in filter process is marketed as Utox. The company has of IREL (OSCOM) and KMML depend on acid plans to increase the capacity of plant to 48,000 tpy regeneration from the leach liquor while those of Cochin and also to install facilities for the manufacture of ferrite Minerals & Rutile Ltd (CMRL) and DCW use fresh grade iron oxide from the effluent of the ilmenite plant. acid and recover ferric chloride from the leach liquor Cochin Minerals and Rutile Ltd (CMRL), which for its use in water purification. began production at its 10,000 tpy synthetic rutile At OSCOM plant of IREL, reduction-roasting plant in Kerala in 1990 as a 100% EOU, has gradually of ilmenite with coal is followed by leaching with raised the production capacity to around 45,000 tpy HCL to separate iron as soluble ferrous chloride. The since 2008-09 for exports. It also has ferric chloride & leached ilmenite is calcined to yield synthetic rutile ferrous chloride plants having capacities 24,000 tpy & and the acidic leach liquor is treated in an acid 72,000 tpy, respectively. regeneration plant to recover HCL for recycling with The Travancore Titanium Products Ltd (TTPL), a iron oxide as waste. The unit stopped production Kerala State Govt. Undertaking, manufactures titanium in 1997 as it was not viable economically. IREL dioxide pigment by sulphate process at its plant at intends to set up titanium slag plant based on OR Kochuveli, Thiruvananthapuram. Ilmenite is reacted ilmenite at Odisha and has signed an MoU with with sulphuric acid in digesters and a porous cake is NALCO for this purpose. Depending upon feasibility, formed. The mass in the solid form is dissolved in dilute further value addition to TiO pigment and Ti sponge 2 sulphuric acid to get titanium in solution as titanium shall be taken up, subsequently. oxysulphate along with other metallic ingredients in The KMML is manufacturing rutile grade ilmenite as their sulphate. The liquor is reduced using titanium dioxide pigment by chloride route at its scrap iron, when ferric iron gets completly reduced to Sankaramangalam plant near Chavara in Kerala. The the ferrous state. The liquor is clarified, concentrated project for the production of one lakh tonne of TiO2 and boiled to precipitate the titanium content as in a phased manner is under implementation. The hydrated titania which is then filtered by vacuum filters company also has plans to enhance pigment capacity and calcined. Sulphuric acid required for captive to 60,000 tpy for which detailed project report is under consumption is produced at site using elemental preparation. In 2009, the company had developed sulphur. Till recently, TTPL was the only unit producing Nano Titanium Dioxide particles on laboratory anatase grade titanium dioxide pigment in India. TTPL scale and in July 2011, India's first commercial has capacity to produce 17,000 tpy of titanium dioxide plant for synthesis of nano-titanium dioxide was modernise and diversify in stages to produce both commissioned. KMML is setting up a plant for anatase and rutile grades titanium dioxide pigment.

27-8 ILMENITE AND RUTILE Tata Steel has proposed a project to produce Laboratory (DMRL) technology and first batch of 100,000 tonnes per year titanium dioxide from titanium was delivered in September 2011. The ilmenite mined from beach sands of Tirunelveli and plant will be further expanded to 1,000 tpy. IREL Thoothukudi districts in southern Tamil Nadu. is to set -up a 10,000 tpy titanium sponge plant at The NMDC has signed an MoU with KSIDC OSCOM for which proposals have been invited and IREL for setting up a synthetic rutile plant in on build, operate and own basis. IREL intends to Kerala. The company has applied for prospecting set-up titanium slag plant based on ilmenite from licences in various areas in Odisha, Kerala and OSCOM, Odisha and has signed an MoU with Tamil Nadu and sought Swedish technology for NALCO for this purpose. Depending upon feasibility, further value addition to TiO pigment mineral separation plant. The Beach Minerals Co. 2 Pvt. Ltd also has plans for production of synthetic and titanium sponge will be taken up, rutile from ilmenite. Presently, it only has facility subsequently. Titanium sponge is imported by of pilot plant. M/s V. V. Mineral has plans to set- Mishra Dhatu Nigam Ltd Midhani for further up a 5 lakh tpy titanium pigment plant. The project processing in the country. is at approval stage. The available data on plantwise capacities &

Present domestic titanium metal production production of synthetic rutile and TiO2 pigment is negligible. KMML has set-up a 500 tpy titanium from 2011-12 to 2012-13 are given in Table-7 (data sponge plant with Defence Metallurgical Research in respect of 2013-14 is not available).

Table –7 : Installed Capacity and Production of Synthetic Rutile/Titanium dioxide Pigment, 2011-12 to 2013-14 (In tonnes)

Plant Location Specification Installed Production capacity (tpy) 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

Total 243000 75331 59426 – (Synthetic rutile) 85600 54768 23459 –

(TiO2 Pigment)

IREL Orissa Sands Complex, 90.5% TiO2 100000 –– – Distt. Ganjam, Odisha. (min) (Synthetic rutile)

KMML Chavara, Distt. Kollam, 92%-93% TiO2 50000 Kerala. (Synthetic rutile) 40000 29117 – –

(TiO2 - Chloride Process)

DCW Ltd Sahupuram, 95% TiO2 48000 47331 40696 – Distt. Thoothukudi (Synthetic rutile) Tamil Nadu.

CMRL Edayar, Distt. Ernakulam, 96.5% TiO2 45000 28000 18730 – Kerala. (Synthetic rutile)

TTPL Kochuveli, Distt. 97.5% TiO2 17000 12701 11550 – Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. (TiO2-Sulphate Process)

VVTi Pigments Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu. 98% TiO2 18000 12122 11909 12243 Pvt. Ltd* (min) (TiO2-Sulphate Process) (formerly Kilburn Chemicals)

Kolmak Kalyani, Distt. Nadia, NA 3600 828 NA –

Chemicals Ltd, West Bengal. (TiO2-Sulphate Process) Source: Department of Atomic Energy, Mumbai and individual companies. Note: KMML captively consumes synthetic rutile while CMRL and DCW export synthetic rutile. * Including Kilburn Chemicals.

27-9 ILMENITE AND RUTILE USES 26,100 tonnes in 2012-13. Bulk consumption was in paint industry followed by electrode Ilmenite is used mainly for the manufacture industry. In 2013-14, the consumption of of ferro-titanium and synthetic rutile i.e., titanium ferro-titanium was 1,234 tonnes. About 84% dioxide, a white pigment. Because of a unique consumption was in iron and steel industry combination of its superior properties of high and 15% in alloy steel and foundry industries refractive index, low specific gravity, high hiding (Table- 8). power and opacity and non-toxicity, titanium dioxide finds application in the manufacture of all Table – 8 : Consumption of Ilmenite, Rutile and types of white and pastle shades of paints, white- Ferro-Titanium, 2011-12 to 2013-14 (P) walled tyres, glazed papers, plastics, printed (By Industries) fabrics, flooring materials like linoleum, (In tonnes) pharmaceuticals, soaps, face powders and other cosmetic products, etc. Because of its non-toxic Industry 2011-12 2012-13(R) 2013-14(P) nature, it is used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, ILMENITE and even added to foodstuffs as well as in toothpastes to improve their brightness. Titanium All Industries 190500 188800 188600 dioxide is used in the manufacture of many Chemicals 189300(5) 187000(5) 187000(5) sunscreen lotions and creams because of its non- Electrode 900(20) 1500(28) 1300(28) toxicity and ultra violet absorption properties. Ferro-alloys 300(5) 300(5) 300(5) Synthetic rutile is used for coating welding Paint ++(2) ++(2) ++(2) electrodes as flux component and for manufacture of titanium tetrachloride which in turn is used in Refractories ++(1) ++(1) ++(1) making titanium sponge. Synthetic rutile is also used as ingredient of special abrasives. Titanium RUTILE metal is a versatile material with exceptional All Industries 24900 26100 26000 characteristics. The lightness, strength and Electrode 7600(42) 8800(50) 8800(50) durability of the metal make it an essential metal Paint 16700(12) 16600(12) 16600(12) for the aerospace industry. It is also used in desalination and power generation plants and Paper 300(2) 300(2) 300(2) corrosive chemical industries because of its Others (Cosmetic, inertness and resistance to corrosion and high electrical,ferro- alloys) 300(4) 400(5) 300(5) thermal conductivity. Its non-reactive property makes titanium metal one of the few materials Figures rounded off. that can be used in the human body for Figures in parentheses denote the number of units in orthopaedic use and in pacemakers. organised sector reporting* consumption. (*Includes actual reported consumption and/or estimates made wherever required). CONSUMPTION The ilmenite consumption is placed at 188,600 tonnes in 2013-14. Bulk ilmenite was POLICY consumed for manufacturing synthetic rutile The Government of India had notified (99%), followed by welding electrode and in October 1998, a policy on exploitation of ferro-alloys industry. The consumption of rutile beach sand minerals in the country, which inter in 2013-14 was 26,000 tonnes compared to alia allows participation of private sector with

27-10 ILMENITE AND RUTILE or without foreign companies subject to Nickel steels, stainless steels and some non- conditions stipulated. This will encourage further ferrous metal alloys can sometimes replace exploitation of mineral deposits through a titanium alloys in industrial uses although at the judicious mix of public & private sector expense of performance or economics. Tungsten participation including foreign collaboration. The carbide competes with titanium carbide for ceiling on FDI on mining of titanium minerals has surface cutting machine tools. Titanium slag been raised to 100 percent. competes with ilmenite and rutile.

Joint ventures with foreign participation Environmental awareness indicates that were being pursued by IREL for production of titanium dioxide plants are likely to use chloride value-added products, keeping in view the Beach technology in future as it produces much less Sand Mineral Policy of the Government. quantity of waste products. Synthetic rutile or slag (made from ilmenite) is likely to be used as The minerals ilmenite and rutile were feed in increasing amount. There is also a strong grouped as 'prescribed substances' as per pressure to reduce the radioactive content of feed notifications issued under the Atomic Energy stocks because it affects the marketability of Act, 1962. However, as per the revised list of beach sand ilmenite. Titanium alloys may be Prescribed Substances, Prescribed Equipment replaced in aerospace applications by lithium- and Technology notified by Department of aluminium alloys or carbon-epoxy composites. Atomic Energy vide S.O.No.61(E), dated 20.1.2006, the titanium ore minerals like ilmenite, rutile and leucoxene have been delisted as prescribed WORLD REVIEW substances by the Department of Atomic World resources of anatase, ilmenite and rutile Energy subject to the note as below: are more than 2 billion tonnes. World reserves of "These minerals shall remain prescribed ilmenite are estimated at 720 million tonnes in terms of TiO content. Major reserves are in China substances only till such time the policy on 2 Exploration of Beach Sand Minerals notified (28%), Australia (24%), India (12%), South Africa vide Resolution No.8/1(1)/97-PSU/1422, dated (9%), Brazil and Madagascar (6% each), Norway 6.10.1998, is adopted/revised/modified by the (5%) and Mozambique (2%). The world reserves of rutile are 47 million tonnes in terms of TiO Ministry of Mines or till 1.1.2007, whichever 2 occurs earlier and shall cease to be so thereafter". content. Major rutile reserves are located in Australia (60%), followed by South Africa (18%), As per the Foreign Trade Policy, 2009-2014 India (16%) and Ukraine (5%). and the policy on exports and imports, titanium ores and concentrates under heading 2614 World production of ilmenite and rutile (comprising ilmenite unprocessed and upgraded, concentrates was 11.10 million tonnes and i. e., beneficiated ilmenite including ground 0.80 million tonnes, respectively, in 2013. ilmenite) and rutile sand can be imported/exported Canada contributed 25% of ilmenite production, freely. followed by Australia (14%), South Africa and China (about 10% each). Australia produced 54% of world rutile output, followed by South SUBSTITUTES Africa with 16%, Sierra Leone (15%) and Ukraine There are no cost-effective substitutes for about 13%. World reserves and production titanium dioxide pigments. Synthetic rutile made of titanium minerals, viz, ilmenite and rutile, from ilmenite can be substituted for natural rutile. are furnished in Tables- 9 to 11, respectively.

27-11 ILMENITE AND RUTILE Table – 9 : World Reserves of Ilmenite and Rutile (By Principal Countries)

(In '000 tonnes of contained TiO2) Country Reserves Ilmenite Rutile

World: Total (Ilmenite+Rutile): 767000 - World: Total (Rounded) 720000 47000 Australia 170000 28000 Brazil 43000 - Canada 31000 – China 200000 – India* 85000 7400 Madagascar 40000 – Mozambique 14000 - Sierra Leone – NA Norway 37000 – South Africa 63000 8300 Ukraine 5900 2500 USA 2000 – Vietnam 1600 – Other countries 26000 400

Source: Mineral Commodity Summaries, 2015. * As per NMI, the total resources of titanium minerals in India are estimated at about 349.49 million tonnes.

Table – 10 : World Production of Ilmenite (By Principal Countries) (In '000 tonnes)

Country 2011 2012 2013

World: Total (wt. of conc.) 11100 11400 11100 Australia Ilmenite 1277 1344 1340(e) Leucoxene 225 228 230(e) Canada(e)@ 2500 2700 2800 China(e) 1100 1100 1100 India** 751 750e 750e Mozambique 637 574 720 Madagascar 511 562 562 Norway 870 831 826 South Africae 1369 1210 1120 USAe 300 300 300 Vietname 870 1164 606 Ukraine(e) 600 600 600 Other countries 90 37 146

Source: World Mineral Production, 2009-2013. * Figures rounded off. Note: Some ilmenite is converted to synthetic rutile in Australia, India, Japan, Taiwan and USA. @ Canada produces some ilmenite which is sold as such and not processed into slag, but tonnages are small. ** India's production of ilmenite in 2010-11, 2011-12 and 2012-13 was 663,217 tonnes, 751,163 tonnes and 738,524 tonnes, respectively.

27-12 ILMENITE AND RUTILE Table – 11 : World Production of Rutile exhibit a wide range of functional properties, (By Principal Countries) including dispersion, durability, opacity, and (In '000 tonnes) tinting.

Country 2011 2012 2013 Australia World: Total Iluka Resources Ltd produced 127,000 tonnes (wt. of conc.) 800 800 800 of rutile and 3,95,000 tonnes of ilmenite from its Australia 474 425 430e operations in Australia, a decrease of 42% and India 17 16e 16e 14%, respectively, compared with that of 2012. South Africa 133 124e 130e Only one of Iluka’s four synthetic rutile kilns was Sierra Leone 68 94 120 in operation during 2013 and it was idled in (e) Ukraine 100 100 100 June, resulting in a 76% decrease in production Other countries 8 41 4 to 59,000 tonnes of synthetic rutile . Source: World Mineral Production, 2009-2013. Image Resources undertaken a feasibility India's production of rutile in 2010-11, 2011-12 and 2012-13 was 26,593 tonnes, 16,598 tonnes and study at its Atlas and Boonanarring deposits in 16,527 tonnes, respectively. Perth Basin, Western Australia for a facility to produce 35,000 tonnes per year of zircon and 91,000 tonnes per year of ilmenite over 10 years. World production of TiO2 contained in titanium mineral concentrates was 7.35 million Canada tonnes in 2013, reported a decrease of 4% Argex Titanium Inc. announced plants to compared with that of 2011. The leading sources construct a TiO2 pigment plant in Salaberry-de- of world imports of titanium mineral concentrates Valley field, Quebec. The plant was expected to were Australia, South Africa, China and Canada. use a new production technology that could use run of mine material as feed stock. The plant was Metal expected to begin production in mid 2015 with a Commercial production of titanium metal capacity of 50,000 tonnes per year. involves the chlorination of titanium-containing mineral concentrates to produce titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), which is reduced with China magnesium (Kroll process) or sodium (Hunter The pigment production in China was process) to form a commercially pure form of dominated by sulphate-route technologies, the titanium metal. As the metal is formed, it has a capacity of chloride -route production at the end porous appearance and is referred as sponge. of 2013 was 180,000 tonnes per year. A potential Titanium ingot and slab are produced by melting 1.4 million tonnes per year of chloride capacity titanium sponge or scrap or a combination of both, may be placed by 2018. usually with various other alloying elements. Japan Pigment Japan produced 42,200 tonnes of titanium Global TiO2 pigment production capacity was sponge in 2013, a decrease of 33% from that of estimated to be 5.7 million tonnes per year. TiO2 2012. Exports of titanium sponge were about pigment produced by either process is categorised 18,000 tonnes in 2013, a decrease of 41% from by crystal form as either anatase or rutile. Rutile those of 2012. Lower sponge production and pigment is less reactive with the binders in paint subsequent lower exports in 2013 were attributed when exposed to sunlight than the anatase to a decline in water desalination plant projects pigment and is preferred substance in outdoor and nuclear power markets, competition with paints. Anatase pigment has a bluer tone than Chinese producers who had surplus capacity and rutile, is somewhat softer, and is used mainly in lower demand for titanium sponge due to indoor paints and in paper manufacturing. increased use of scrap. Shipments of titanium mill Depending on the manner in which it is produced products were 12,400 tonnes, a decrease of 41% and subsequently finished, TiO2 pigment can from those of 2012.

27-13 ILMENITE AND RUTILE Kenya The plant was to have an initial capacity of Base Resources Ltd began producing heavy 500,000 tonnes per year of titanium slag with mineral concentrates at its Kwale prospects and 235,000 tonnes per year of pig iron. The production of began shipments of ilmenite in February, 2014. During this plant was to be used at its pigment plant in Yanbu. the first 6 years of operation, production at Kwale was expected to be 360,000 tonnes per year of ilmenite Senegal and 80,000 tonnes per year of rutile. Costruction at Mineral Deposit Ltd's Grand Cote Mine was completed by year end. The production Madagascar was expected to begin in March 2014 and expected World Titanium Resources Ltd (WTR) estimated to produce an average of 575,000 tonnes per year of ore reserves at its Ranobe deposit in the Toliara ilmenite and 85,000 tonnes per year of zircon with Sands Project in southwest Madagascar to be small amounts of rutile and leucoxene, over a mine 161 Mt with 8.2% heavy minerals. WTR expected to life of at least 20 years. produce 407,000 tonnes per year of ilmenite and 44,000 tonnes per year of zircon/rutile concentrate Sierra Leone over a mine life of 21 years. Production was scheduled to begin in the third quarter of 2015. Sierra Rutile Ltd (SRL) produced 120,350 tonnes of rutile in 2013, a 27% increase from 2012. Mozambique SRL planned to increase capacity of its mineral separation plant from 165,000 tonnes per year to Kenmare Resources plc's produced 225,000 tonnes per year. 720,100 tonnes ilmenite and 4,000 tonnes of rutile at its Moma Mine in 2013. Although, in 2013 ilmenite production increased by 25% from that of 2012 Singapore following completion of plant expansions, rutile Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha Ltd (ISK) announced production decreased by 22% over the same period that it will close its chloride route pigment plant in due to startup problems with the rutile and zircon Singapore due to sluggish demand, increased circuit expansions. feedstock prices and higher infrastructure cost. ISK

was to consolidate the production of TiO2 pigment Norway at its existing plant in Yokkaichi, Japan. The capacity of the plant in Singapore was 54,000 tonnes per year. TiZir Ltd’s Tyssedal ilmenite upgrading facility to produce 190,000 tonnes titanium slag in 2013 an increase of 5% that of 2012. South Africa South African Council for Scientific and Russia Industrial Research and Boeing Co. signed an MoU IRC Ltd. produced 150,485 tonnes of ilmenite at to develop a process for producing titanium metal its Kurankh deposit, an increase of 20% from that of powder from TiCl4 in a continuous process using the

2012. The Kurankh deposit is located in the Amur reduction of TiCl4 in a molten solution. A pilot plant region in the Russian Far East was expected to was launched in Pretoria, with the initial stage of produce 160,000 tonnes per year of ilmenite over a the project planned to last up to 24 months. The remaining mine life of more than 15 years. Most of Fairbreez Mine part of the Kwazulu-Natal (KZN) IRC's ilmenite production was expected to China. sands which was expected to be completed in the second part of 2015 was to replace the Hillendale VSMPO-Avima signed an agreement with the Mine, which ceased operation in December 2013 over Boeing Co. to build a new plant in the Sverdlovsk a 12 year life. KZN Sands operations were expected region to expand its plant's capability to produce to produce 30,000 tonnes per year of rutile and titanium stampings. The agreement also extended 220,000 tonnes per year of titanium slag. Mineral Boeing's supply contract of titanium mill products, commodities Ltd commenced beach mining and set to expire in 2018 for additional 10 years. processing at its Tormin project and produced 1,730 tonnes of non-magnetics zircon and rutile Saudi Arabia with more than 60,000 tonnes of heavy mineral Cristal Global announced that the first two concentrates stockpiled for further processing. ilmenite smelting furnaces at its ilmenite smelting The Tormin operation was expected to produce plant in Jazwan were to be commissioned in mid 2014. 45,000 to 50,000 tpy of zircon/rutile concentrate.

27-14 ILMENITE AND RUTILE FOREIGN TRADE Table – 12 : Exports of Titanium Ores & Conc. (Ilmenite) Exports (By Countries) As per the data from DGCI & S, Kolkata exports of titanium ores & conc. decreased to 0.68 million 2012-13 2013-14 tonnes in 2013-14 as compared to 0.80 million tonnes Country in the preceding year. Exports in 2013-14 comprised Qty Value Qty Value (t) (L’000) (t) (L’000) ilmenite (686,264 tonnes), rutile (1,619 tonnes) and other titanium ores (40 tonnes) were also exported. All Countries 791735 14158888 686264 8731824 Main destinations were China (45%), Netherlands China 423751 6882540 311065 3814153 (24%) and Japan (11%). Japan 100440 3396923 78632 1793452 Netherlands 166480 2380516 169190 1756606 Exports of titanium and alloys (including Malaysia 39400 449184 89280 995616 waste & scrap) were 118 tonnes in 2013-14 as Korea, Rep. of 50000 743475 21800 206454 compared to 195 tonnes in the previous Belgium -- 4004 52738 year. Exports were mainly to Malaysia and Iran -- 224 3890 USA. Exports of titanium oxide and dioxide Chinese Taipei/ (total) increased to 38,206 tonnes in 2013-14 from Taiwan 44 1018 152 2904 38,011 tonnes in 2012-13. Out of total exports Tanzania -- 84 1141 in 2013-14, those of titanium dioxide were Unspecified -- 11800 103895 9,054 tonnes and other than titanium dioxides were Other countries 11620 305232 33 975 29,152 tonnes (Tables-12 to 19).

Imports Table – 13 : Exports of Titanium Ores & As per the data from DGCI&S, imports of Conc. : Total titanium ores & conc. rose to 91,775 tonnes in (By Countries) 2013-14 as compared to 77,819 tonnes in the preceding year. Out of total imports of titanium 2012-13 2013-14 ores & conc. in 2013-14, those of ilmenite were Country Qty Value Qty Value 79,276 tonnes, rutile 10,078 tonnes and other (t) (L'000) (t) (L'000) titanium ores were 2,421 tonnes. Main suppliers were Mozambique, Australia and Sri Lanka. All Countries 800730 14571902 687923 10412481 China 430996 7130962 311065 3814153 Imports of titanium and alloys (including Japan 101081 3419034 78634 1794080 waste & scrap) were 1,536 tonnes in 2013-14 as Netherlands 166734 2420782 169296 1764731 compared to 1,273 tonnes in the previous Iran 33 4050 1448 1658204 year. Imports were mainly from Italy, China and Malaysia 39631 477269 89320 998296 USA. Imports of titanium oxide and dioxide Korea, Rep. of 50020 746858 21800 206454 (total) were 17,445 tonnes in 2013-14 as compared to 18,802 tonnes in the preceding year. Bulk Belgium -- 4056 56227 of these imports were of titanium dioxide Philippines 132 13637 66 4590 (16,875 tonnes) and those of other oxides were Chinese Taipei/ Taiwan 44 1018 152 2904 570 tonnes in 2013-14. Imports were mainly Unspecified -- 11800 103895 from China (31%), Germany (13%) and Korea, Rep. Other countries 12059 358292 286 8947 of (16%) (Tables- 20 to 27).

27-15 ILMENITE AND RUTILE Table – 14 : Exports of Titanium Ores & Conc. Table – 17 : Exports of Titanium oxide & (Rutile) Dioxide : Total (By Countries) (By Countries)

2012-13 2013-14 Country 2012-13 2013-14 Qty Value Qty Value Country (t) (L’000) (t) (L’000) Qty Value Qty Value (t) (L’000) (t) (L’000) All Countries 2322 253625 1619 1678038 Iran 33 4050 1224 1654314 All Countries 38011 4519600 38206 3447972 Netherlands 254 40266 106 8126 Japan 27738 3192277 25596 1920812 Philippines 132 13637 66 4590 Belgium -- 52 3489 USA 2057 272234 3277 427959 Malaysia 231 28084 40 2680 Italy 1366 212115 2168 325981 Slovenia -- 28 2130 Hong Kong -- 20 1558 China 500 40761 2716 163827 Japan 141 14750 2 628 Iran 274 51568 984 160162 UAE -- 78 299 Indonesia -- 1 126 Singapore 3000 359003 1000 91248 Other countries 1531 152838 2 98 Turkey 271 37219 467 65753

Nigeria 475 61082 283 41276

Table – 15 : Exports of Titanium Ores & Conc. Thailand 846 110507 300 37633 (Others) (By Countries) UAE 329 40064 170 30016 Other countries 1155 142770 1245 183305 2012-13 2013-14 Country Qty Value Qty Value (t) (L’000) (t) (L’000)

All Countries 6673 159389 40 2619 Table – 18 : Exports of Titanium dioxide Bangladesh 132 12213 10 1286 (By Countries) Kenya -- 10 1200 Nepal -- 20 132 Iraq -- ++ 1 2012-13 2013-14 Other countries 6541 147176 -- Country Qty Value Qty Value (t) (L’000) (t) (L’000) Table – 16 : Exports of Titanium & Alloys (Incl. Waste & Scrap) All Countries 3470 527927 9054 1285335 (By Countries) USA 387 63681 3128 415952

2012-13 2013-14 Italy 1312 200852 2060 301398 Country Qty Value Qty Value Iran 233 37247 984 160162 (t) (L’000) (t) (L’000) Japan 414 67791 516 71241 All Countries 195 268751 118 163435 Turkey 180 25373 443 64271 Malaysia 9 37724 2 44040 USA 68 34659 41 21528 Nigeria 41 8943 283 41276 Ukraine -- 5 16661 Saudi Arabia 4 29321 8 14867 Thailand 17 2242 300 37633 Philippines 1 9040 1 13099 UAE 8 28565 1 8958 Spain 80 9966 200 26400 UK 31 19791 41 7886 Indonesia 18 3077 200 24526 Norway 7 21122 ++ 7033 Egypt ++ 191 1 6439 UAE 310 37226 154 20333 Singapore 6 3727 1 5037 Other countries 61 84611 17 17887 Other countries 478 71429 786 122143

27-16 ILMENITE AND RUTILE

Table – 19 : Exports of Titanium oxide Table – 21 : Imports of Titanium Ores & Conc. (Other than Titanium Dioxide) (Ilmenite) (By Countries) (By Countries)

2012-13 2013-14 2012-13 2013-14 Country Country Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value (t) (L’000) (t) (L’000) (t) (L’000) (t) (L’000) All Countries 34541 3991773 29152 2162637 All Countries 65876 1403236 79276 1091737 Japan 27324 3124486 25080 1849571 Mozambique 59573 1222768 76188 1043132 China 500 40759 2700 161297

Singapore 3000 359003 1000 91240 Sri Lanka 4535 99308 3000 46616

Italy 54 11263 108 24584 UAE -- 56 845

USA 1670 208553 149 12007 Germany 15 1596 5 659

UAE 19 2839 16 9684 UK 2 273 27 416

Chile -- 18 4115 Norway -- ++ 69

Mexico 14 3608 18 3973 Other countries 1751 79291 --

Saudi Arabia 85 2113 10 2074

Turkey 91 11846 24 1482 Table – 22 : Imports of Titanium Ores & Other countries 1784 227303 29 2610 Conc. (Rutile) (By Countries) Table – 20 : Imports of Titanium Ores & Conc. : Total 2012-13 2013-14 (By Countries) Country Qty Value Qty Value 2012-13 2013-14 (t) (L’000) (t) (L’000) Country Qty Value Qty Value All Countries 9826 1254835 10078 682300 (t) (L’000) (t) (L’000) Australia 5711 707001 8011 539990

All Countries 77819 2842107 91775 1933433 Sri Lanka 999 184134 900 64006 Mozambique 59573 1222768 76188 1043133 South Africa 1162 145626 634 42843 Australia 7301 876295 9914 663692 Ukraine 429 57600 252 18116 Sri Lanka 5534 283442 4000 118020 South Africa 1340 164780 920 62379 Sierra Leone -- 100 6853 Ukraine 429 57600 364 25988 Vietnam 739 54926 104 6399

Sierra Leone 397 10270 100 6853 China 479 72289 52 3080 Vietnam 939 72377 104 6399 Germany 29 3119 20 734 China 479 72289 52 3080 UK -- 5 263 Germany 48 4851 45 2281 UAE 52 8000 56 845 Thailand -- ++ 16 Other countries 1727 69435 32 763 Other countries 278 30140 --

27-17 ILMENITE AND RUTILE

Table – 23 : Imports of Titanium Ores & Conc. Table – 25 : Imports of Titanium oxide & (Others) Dioxide : Total (By Countries) (By Countries)

2012-13 2013-14 2012-13 2013-14 Country Country Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value (t) (L’000) (t) (L’000) (t) (L’000) (t) (L’000) All Countries 18802 3300512 17445 2999969 All Countries 2117 184036 2421 159396 China 5185 742498 5442 753112 Australia 964 110483 1903 123702 Germany 2344 496701 2408 577139 South Africa 178 19154 286 19536 Korea, Rep. of 2720 496951 2898 500900

Ukraine -- 112 7872 USA 2018 404380 1308 251320

Sri Lanka -- 100 7398 Japan 895 196821 876 221435

Germany 4 136 20 888 Ukraine 1200 176582 1600 203913

Other countries 971 54263 -- Czech Republic 2395 376530 1318 199809 Italy 396 65714 502 91124

Chinese Taipei/ Taiwan 357 76471 225 41824 Table – 24 : Imports of Titanium & Alloys Finland 84 17893 163 31561 (Incl. Waste & Scrap) Other countries 1208 249971 705 127832 (By Countries)

2012-13 2013-14 Table – 26 : Imports of Titanium dioxide Country (By Countries) Qty Value Qty Value (t) (L’000) (t) (L’000) 2012-13 2013-14 Country All Countries 1273 2381849 1536 3161133 Qty Value Qty Value (t) (L'000) (t) (L'000) Italy 63 152391 300 804155

China 212 330116 330 554576 All Countries 17824 3178780 16875 2919648

USA 299 607277 137 476428 China 4612 699367 4968 706132 Germany 2295 484635 2385 569811 Russia 309 457430 309 364480 Korea, Rep. of 2500 457171 2898 500900 UK 109 344312 87 334533 USA 2015 403293 1298 248396 Germany 50 120481 123 176320 Japan 890 195307 864 211105

Kazakhstan 60 44374 134 128376 Ukraine 1200 176582 1600 203913 Czech Republic 2395 376530 1318 199809 France 15 73797 15 83072 Italy 332 58720 482 86578 Japan 49 29986 54 82207 Chinese Taipei/ Canada 6 32920 13 54178 Taiwan 297 63056 225 41824 Finland 84 17893 163 31561 Other countries 101 188765 34 102808 Other countries 1204 246226 674 119619

27-18 ILMENITE AND RUTILE

Table – 27 : Imports of Titanium oxides (Other than Titanium Dioxides) (By Countries)

2012-13 2013-14 Country Qty Value Qty Value (t) (L'000) (t) (L'000)

All Countries 978 121732 570 80321 China 573 43131 474 46980 Japan 5 1514 12 10331 Germany 49 12066 23 7328 Italy 64 6994 20 4546 Saudi Arabia -- 20 3794 USA 3 1087 10 2925 Singapore -- 11 2482 France 3 2563 ++ 1167 Poland ++ 61 ++ 277 Switzerland ++ 62 ++ 254 Other countries 281 54254 ++ 237

FUTURE OUTLOOK The Working Group has observed that The major chunk of consumption of ilmenite no substantial progress in exploration activities th is for the manufacture of synthetic rutile. The for Beach Minerals was witnessed during the 11 future demand of ilmenite during the 12th Plan Plan and has stressed on the need to take Period at the GDP growth rate of 8%, 9% and 10% substantive steps to develop beach sand is estimated at 3.19 lakh, 3.27 lakh and 3.35 lakh reserves of the country to its full potential by tonnes, respectively, as per the Report of Working adopting suitable exploration strategy with Group on Mineral Exploration and Development modern techniques. (other than coal & lignite) for the 12th Five Year Global demand growth for TiO expected Plan (2012-17), Planning Commission of India. 2 to trend with economic growth and the Demand for rutile for next five years is production of paint, paper and plastics. projected at 44,000 tpy to 45,000 tpy as per the GDP growth rate of 8%, 9% and 10%. The Aerospace, defence and industrial uses were production projected is 30,000 tpy as per the expected to strongly influence consumption of Working Group. titanium metal for the foreseable future.

27-19