World Steel in Figures 2017 Table of Contents Foreword

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WORLD STEEL IN FIGURES 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD

Foreword ...... 3 This year we are celebrating our 50th anniversary but of course this Celebrating 50 years of the World Steel Association ...... 4 publication will largely report on last year 2016. Much has changed in 50 years – back in 1967, the world produced just less than 500 million CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION tonnes of steel. In 2016, the world produced just over 1,600 million World crude steel production, 1950 to 2016 ...... 7 tonnes. Most of the growth came from new industrialising nations – Top steelmakers, 2016...... 8 Brazil, China, India, Iran and Mexico. Major steel-producing countries, 2015 and 2016 ...... 9 Steel as a product is so versatile and fundamental to our lives that it is Crude steel production by process, 2016 ...... 10 considered essential to economic growth. Consequently, for most of the Continuously-cast steel output, 2014 to 2016 �� 11 past 50 years, the world has been producing increasingly more steel Monthly crude steel production, 2013 to 2016 �� 12 and sometimes more than was actually required – while at the same time, making the product universally affordable and promoting intense STEEL USE competition between its producers. Steel production and use: geographical distribution, 2006 �� 14 In the global markets we operate in, fierce competition for trade will Steel production and use: geographical distribution, 2016 �� 15 remain, with the present push to protect domestic markets probably Apparent steel use, 2010 to 2016 �� 16 continuing for the next few years. But we believe that it is crucial for Apparent steel use per capita, 2010 to 2016 �� 17 policies to continue to promote a level playing field between countries RAW MATERIALS and regions. Trade based on free and fair access to markets have served society best in providing steel to build our economies at most Pig iron, 2015 and 2016 �� 18 affordable terms. Direct reduced iron production, 2009 to 2016 �� 19 Iron ore, 2015 ��20 On page 4 and 5 you will find a spread outlining the many programmes World iron ore trade by area, 2016 �� 21 we have managed since our start. It is interesting to note that innovation, sustainability and environmental standards have figured prominently as Trade in ferrous scrap, 2015 and 2016 ��22 far back as 1967. The steel industry has always been at the forefront of World trade in ferrous scrap by area, 2016 ��23 driving efficiency and improvement through its manufacturing process STEEL TRADE and this will continue over the next 50 years. World steel trade in products, 1975 to 2016 �� 24 This booklet provides a comprehensive overview of steel industry World volume of trade, 2000 to 2016 �� 24 activities, stretching from production to steel use to some indications of World steel exports, analysis by product, 2011 to 2016 �� 25 global trade flows. If you have any comments, please do not hesitate to World steel trade by area, 2016 ��26 contact me. Major importers and exporters of steel, 2016 �� 27

INDIRECT TRADE Indirect trade in steel, 2000 to 2015 ��28 Major indirect importers and exporters of steel, 2015 ��28 True steel use, 2009 to 2015 ��29 Dr Edwin Basson Apparent and true steel use per capita, 2015 ��29 Director General

For details on the notation used in this publication, please refer to page 30.

3 CELEBRATING 50 YEARS OF THE WORLD STEEL ASSOCIATION

Our focus: • A sustainable industry committed to eco-efficient production and recovery, reuse and recycling of steel • A future-minded industry committed to the reduction of global CO emissions through advanced applications, technology Sustainable 1993 2 development transfer and technology breakthrough policy agreed First • A global industry which wants to operate with a level playing steelManagement field free of market distortions which prevent fair competition 1967 1993 course held • A caring and committed industry which believes that nothing International Iron is more important than the safety and health of its people and Steel Institute • A cornerstone of the world’s industrial sectors with attractive (IISI)* established Participation in UN 1995 long-term investment and employment opportunities on 10 July Earth Summit in Rio First global steel 1992 industry life cycle inventory (LCI)

Five roles identified: economic studies; 1990s 1996 statistics; liaison Beginning of with other WorldAutoSteel organisations; with the signing of exchange of Steel Statistical UltraLight Steel Auto ideas; promotion Yearbook available on diskette Body (ULSAB) project of steel use 2010s Global technology 1996 Six online benchmarking innovation Technical reports Safety and 1970s Board issues systems: forum started published: EAF, Health Excellence policy statement CO ; energy; maintenance, Recognition 2 2016 Nine committees: on climate change maintenance scrap, energy, and Programme statistics; and reliability; cokemaking and launched promotion process yields; and market iron ore supplies 2008 safety and Steel - the development; 1999 health incidents; permanent technology; sustainability material in the economics; 1980s Accident-free circular economy taxes, tariffs and steelmaking IISI changed its campaign trade; PR and PA; programme name to World initiated raw materials; launched TECHCO launches Steel Association 2010 environment; landmark study on (worldsteel) 2016 industrial First Steel continous casting relations 2008 awards, or 1977 Steelies held 2000s Construction market 1971 Safety and health initiative Working group on 2013 launched World Steel in principles agreed steel scrap organised 2002 Figures appears and launched FutureSteel- 2015 in pocket format 1972 steeluniversity Vehicle project goes online 2006 completed

Updated 1971 Board adopts Position Paper policy statement 2004 Beijing office 2014 on Climate Study on global on the environment opened Change indirect trade First Sustainability First Steel Safety launched 1972 Report published 2006 Day on 28 April 2015

*IISI changed its name to World Steel Association in 2008 4 5 CELEBRATING 50 YEARS OF WORLD CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION THE WORLD STEEL ASSOCIATION 1950 TO 2016

million tonnes crude steel production, 1967, 2000, 2016 million tonnes

Other Asia & Oceania Years World Years World Years World South Korea 1.7% 1967 0.1% 1950 189 1997 800 2008 1 343 India 1955 270 1998 779 2009 1 239 1.3% Japan 1960 347 1999 790 2010 1 433 China Europe 12.6% 2.1% 33.5% 1965 456 2000 850 2011 1 538 1970 595 2001 852 2012 1 560 World total Africa & Middle East 1975 644 2002 905 2013 1 650 493 0.8% 1980 717 2003 971 2014 1 670 South America 1.4% 1985 719 2004 1 063 2015 1 620 North America Former 1990 770 2005 1 148 2016 1 630 25.8% U.S.S.R. 1995 753 2006 1 250 20.7% 1996 751 2007 1 348

1 800 South Korea Other Asia & Oceania 2000 5.1% 4.4% Average growth rates % per annum

1 600 Years World Europe Japan 24.7% 1950-55 7.4 12.5% 1955-60 5.1 1960-65 5.6 India 1 400 3.2% 1965-70 5.5 World total 1970-75 1.6 850 C.I.S. China 1975-80 2.2 11.6% 15.1% 1 200 1980-85 0.1 1985-90 1.4 Africa & North America 1990-95 -0.5 Middle East 15.9% 2.9% 1995-00 2.5 South America 1 000 2000-05 6.2 4.6% 2005-10 4.5 2010-15 2.5 2015-16 0.6 800 Africa & Middle East 2016 2.7% South America 2.5% 600 North America 6.8%

China C.I.S. 49.6% 400 6.3%

Europe 12.3% 200

Other Asia & Oceania India World total 3.4% Japan 5.9% 1 630 6.4% 0 South Korea 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 4.2%

6 7 TOP STEELMAKERS MAJOR STEEL-PRODUCING COUNTRIES 2016 2015 AND 2016

million tonnes crude steel production million tonnes crude steel production

Rank Company Tonnage Rank Company Tonnage 2016 2015 Country Rank Tonnage Rank Tonnage 1 ArcelorMittal 95.45 26 Rizhao Steel 13.86 China 1 808.4 1 803.8 2 China Baowu Group (1) 63.81 27 Fangda Steel 13.68 Japan 2 104.8 2 105.1 India 3 95.6 3 89.0 3 HBIS Group (2) 46.18 28 EVRAZ 13.53 United States 4 78.5 4 78.8 4 NSSMC Group (3) 46.16 29 MMK 12.54 Russia 5 70.8 5 70.9 South Korea 6 68.6 6 69.7 5 POSCO 41.56 30 Baotou Steel 12.30 Germany 7 42.1 7 42.7 6 Shagang Group 33.25 31 Severstal 11.63 Turkey 8 33.2 9 31.5 Brazil 9 31.3 8 33.3 7 Ansteel Group 33.19 32 Liuzhou Steel 11.05 Ukraine 10 24.2 10 23.0 Italy 11 23.4 11 22.0 8 JFE Steel 30.29 33 Jinxi Steel 11.05 Taiwan, China 12 21.8 12 21.4 9 Shougang Group 26.80 34 Jingye Steel 11.01 Mexico 13 18.8 13 18.2 Iran 14 17.9 14 16.1 10 Tata Steel Group 24.49 35 Anyang Steel 10.48 France 15 14.4 15 15.0 11 Shandong Steel Group 23.02 36 Sanming Steel 10.39 Spain 16 13.6 16 14.8 Canada 17 12.6 17 12.5 12 Nucor Corporation 21.95 37 Metinvest Holding 10.34 Poland 18 9.0 19 9.2 13 Hyundai Steel 20.09 38 Taiyuan Steel 10.28 Vietnam 19 7.8 24 5.6 Belgium 20 7.7 21 7.3 14 Maanshan Steel 18.63 39 Zongheng Steel 10.23 United Kingdom 21 7.6 18 10.9 15 thyssenkrupp 17.24 40 Zenith Steel 9.24 Austria 22 7.4 20 7.7 Netherlands 23 6.9 22 7.0 16 NLMK 16.64 41 Erdemir Group 9.18 South Africa 24 6.1 23 6.4 Saudi Arabia 25 5.5 27 5.2 17 Jianlong Group 16.45 42 Nanjing Steel 9.01 Czech Republic 26 5.3 26 5.3 18 Gerdau 15.95 43 Xinyu Steel 8.57 Australia 27 5.3 29 4.9 Egypt 28 5.0 25 5.5 19 China Steel Corporation 15.52 44 CITIC Pacific Special Steel 8.40 Indonesia (e) 29 5.0 30 4.9 20 Valin Group 15.48 45 SSAB 7.99 Slovak Repulic 30 4.8 31 4.6 Sweden 31 4.6 32 4.4 21 JSW Steel 14.91 46 Techint Group 7.98 Kazakhstan 32 4.2 34 3.9 22 Benxi Steel 14.40 47 voestalpine Group 7.47 Argentina 33 4.1 28 5.0 Finland 34 4.1 33 4.0 23 SAIL 14.38 48 Essar Steel Group 7.45 Malaysia (e) 35 4.0 35 3.8 24 U. S. Steel Corporation 14.22 49 Shaanxi Steel 7.30 Thailand 36 3.8 36 3.7 Pakistan 37 3.6 39 2.9 25 IMIDRO 14.02 50 Kobe Steel 7.26 Romania 38 3.3 37 3.4 United Arab Emirates 39 3.1 38 3.0 (1) New company formed from the merger of Baosteel Group and Wuhan Group in December 2016 Qatar 40 2.5 40 2.6 (2) Previously named Hesteel Group. Tonnage includes steel mill acquired in Serbia in June 2016 Byelorussia 41 2.2 41 2.5 (3) Tonnage does not include Nisshin Steel, which became part of the NSSMC Group in March 2017 Luxembourg 42 2.2 42 2.1 Portugal 43 2.0 43 2.0 Notes on company ownership and tonnage calculations: For worldsteel members, the data Oman (e) 44 2.0 44 2.0 was sourced from their official tonnage declaration. For Chinese companies, the official CISA Switzerland (e) 45 1.5 46 1.5 tonnage publication was used. In cases of more than 50% ownership, 100% of the subsidiary’s Hungary 46 1.3 45 1.7 tonnage is included. In cases of 30%-50% ownership, pro-rata tonnage is included. Unless Colombia 47 1.3 49 1.2 otherwise specified, less than 30% ownership is considered a minority interest and therefore North Korea (e) 48 1.3 48 1.3 not included. Serbia 49 1.2 53 1.0 For an extended company listing, go to worldsteel.org/steel-by-topic/statistics. Peru 50 1.2 51 1.1 Others 12.8 14.7 World 1 629.6 1 620.0 e = estimate 8 9 CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION CONTINUOUSLY-CAST STEEL OUTPUT BY PROCESS, 2016 2014 TO 2016

Million Oxygen % Electric Open hearth Other Total Million tonnes % Crude steel output tonnes % % % % 2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016 Austria 7.4 91.0 9.0 - - 100.0 Belgium 7.7 69.3 30.7 - - 100.0 Austria 7.6 7.4 7.2 96.3 96.6 96.6 Bulgaria 0.5 - 100.0 - - 100.0 Belgium 7.3 7.3 7.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 Croatia 0.0 - 100.0 - - 100.0 Bulgaria 0.6 0.5 0.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 Czech Republic 5.3 94.4 5.6 - - 100.0 Croatia 0.2 0.1 - 100.0 100.0 - Finland 4.1 67.1 32.9 - - 100.0 Czech Republic 4.9 4.8 4.9 91.6 91.2 92.6 France 14.4 66.1 33.9 - - 100.0 Finland 3.8 4.0 4.1 99.5 99.6 99.6 Germany 42.1 70.1 29.9 - - 100.0 France 15.5 14.4 14.0 96.2 96.3 96.9 Greece 1.2 - 100.0 - - 100.0 Germany 41.6 41.4 40.1 96.8 97.0 95.3 Hungary 1.3 81.8 18.2 - - 100.0 Greece 1.0 0.9 1.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 Italy 23.4 24.3 75.7 - - 100.0 Hungary 1.2 1.7 1.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 Luxembourg 2.2 - 100.0 - - 100.0 Italy 22.3 20.8 22.1 94.2 94.3 94.8 Netherlands 6.9 98.7 1.3 - - 100.0 Luxembourg 2.2 2.1 2.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 Poland 9.0 56.8 43.2 - - 100.0 Netherlands 6.8 6.9 6.8 98.2 98.5 98.7 Portugal 2.0 - 100.0 - - 100.0 Poland 8.4 9.0 8.9 98.1 98.3 98.3 Romania (e) 3.3 57.1 42.9 - - 100.0 Portugal 2.1 2.0 2.0 99.2 99.3 101.1 Slovak Republic 4.8 93.7 6.3 - - 100.0 Romania (e) 3.1 3.3 3.2 98.2 97.9 97.7 Slovenia 0.6 - 100.0 - - 100.0 Slovak Republic 4.7 4.6 4.8 99.8 99.8 99.8 Spain 13.6 33.9 66.1 - - 100.0 Slovenia 0.5 0.5 0.5 80.2 80.1 80.7 Sweden 4.6 67.3 32.7 - - 100.0 Spain 13.9 14.6 13.4 97.8 98.2 98.2 United Kingdom 7.6 80.6 19.4 - - 100.0 Sweden 4.0 3.8 4.1 87.6 88.0 89.2 European Union (28) 162.0 60.3 39.7 - - 100.0 United Kingdom 11.9 10.8 7.5 98.6 98.6 98.7 Turkey 33.2 34.1 65.9 - - 100.0 European Union (28) 163.6 160.9 156.5 96.6 96.8 96.6 Others 4.5 44.1 55.9 - - 100.0 Turkey 34.0 31.5 33.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 Other Europe 37.7 35.3 64.7 - - 100.0 Others 4.3 4.2 4.5 99.8 99.7 99.7 Russia 70.8 66.9 30.8 2.4 - 100.0 Other Europe 38.4 35.8 37.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 Ukraine 24.2 71.7 6.8 21.4 - 100.0 Russia 58.5 58.0 58.0 81.9 81.8 81.9 Other CIS 7.3 56.9 43.1 - - 100.0 Ukraine 14.7 11.2 11.8 54.1 48.9 48.8 CIS 102.4 67.3 26.0 6.7 - 100.0 Other CIS 7.4 7.7 7.3 99.9 99.9 99.9 Canada 12.6 55.4 44.6 - - 100.0 CIS 80.6 76.9 77.1 76.0 75.7 75.4 Mexico 18.8 26.2 73.8 - - 100.0 Canada 12.5 12.2 9.9 98.0 97.6 78.2 United States 78.5 33.0 67.0 - - 100.0 Mexico 18.9 18.2 18.8 99.9 99.9 99.8 NAFTA 109.9 34.4 65.6 - - 100.0 United States 86.9 78.1 78.0 98.5 99.0 99.4 Argentina 4.1 56.7 43.3 - - 100.0 NAFTA 118.3 108.5 106.7 98.7 99.0 97.0 Brazil 31.3 77.3 21.1 - 1.6 100.0 Argentina 5.5 5.0 4.1 99.7 99.7 99.7 Chile 1.2 70.7 29.3 - - 100.0 Brazil 33.4 32.9 30.9 98.5 99.0 98.7 Venezuela 0.6 - 100.0 - - 100.0 Venezuela 1.5 1.3 0.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 Others 3.8 7.3 92.7 - - 100.0 Other Latin America 5.4 5.7 5.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Central and South America 40.9 67.5 31.3 - 1.2 100.0 Central and South America 45.8 44.9 40.5 98.9 99.2 99.0 Egypt (e) 5.0 11.4 88.6 - - 100.0 Egypt (e) 6.5 5.5 5.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 South Africa 6.1 62.2 37.8 - - 100.0 South Africa 6.4 6.4 6.1 99.5 99.4 100.0 Other Africa (e) 1.9 33.8 65.9 - 0.3 100.0 Other Africa (e) 2.0 1.8 1.9 99.7 99.7 99.7 Africa 13.1 38.5 61.4 - 0.0 100.0 Africa 14.8 13.7 13.1 99.8 99.7 100.0 Iran 17.9 12.2 87.8 - - 100.0 Iran 16.3 16.1 17.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 Saudi Arabia 5.5 - 100.0 - - 100.0 Saudi Arabia 6.3 5.2 5.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 Other Middle East (e) 8.1 - 100.0 - - 100.0 Other Middle East (e) 7.4 8.0 8.1 99.9 99.9 99.9 Middle East 31.5 6.9 93.1 - - 100.0 Middle East 30.0 29.4 31.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 China (e) 808.4 94.8 5.2 - - 100.0 China (e) 809.0 789.9 795.0 98.3 98.3 98.3 India 95.6 42.7 57.3 - - 100.0 India (e) 72.3 75.0 82.0 82.8 84.2 85.8 Japan 104.8 77.8 22.2 - - 100.0 Japan (e) 108.9 103.5 103.2 98.4 98.4 98.5 South Korea 68.6 69.3 30.7 - - 100.0 South Korea 70.4 68.7 67.7 98.4 98.6 98.7 Taiwan, China 21.8 64.2 35.8 - - 100.0 Taiwan, China 23.0 21.3 21.7 99.6 99.6 99.6 Other Asia (e) 25.9 6.9 93.1 - - 100.0 Other Asia (e) 20.6 22.6 25.9 89.5 100.0 100.0 Asia 1 125.0 84.6 15.4 - - 100.0 Asia 1 104.3 1 076.0 1 095.4 97.0 97.2 97.4 Australia 5.3 75.7 24.3 - - 100.0 Australia 4.6 4.9 5.2 99.4 99.5 99.4 New Zealand 0.6 100.0 - - - 100.0 New Zealand 0.9 0.8 0.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total of above countries 1 628.3 74.3 25.3 0.4 0.0 100.0 Total of above countries 1 601.2 1 556.6 1 564.2 96.0 96.2 96.1 The countries in this table accounted for more than 99% of world crude steel production in 2016 The countries in this table accounted for more than 99% of world crude steel production in 2016 e = estimate e = estimate 10 11 MONTHLY CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION 2013 TO 2016 million tonnes million tonnes

Total 66 reporting countries* NAFTA 145 12

11 135

125 9

actual data deseasonalised data actual data deseasonalised data 115 8 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 European Union (28) Central and South America 17 5.0

4.5 15

4.0

13 3.5

actual data deseasonalised data actual data deseasonalised data 11 3.0 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 CIS (6) Japan 10.0 10.0

9.5 9.5

9.0 9.0 8.5

8.5 8.0

actual data deseasonalised data actual data deseasonalised data 7.5 8.0 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 China 85 *The 66 reporting countries Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Byelorussia, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Ecuador, 75 Egypt, El Salvador, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, India, Iran, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Libya, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Mexico, Moldova, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, 65 Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, China, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, 55 Uruguay, Uzbekistan, and Venezuela. actual data deseasonalised data In 2016, these 66 countries accounted for more than 98% of world crude steel production. 45 2013 2014 2015 2016 12 13 STEEL PRODUCTION AND USE: STEEL PRODUCTION AND USE: GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 2006 2016

Crude steel production Crude steel production World total: 1 252 million tonnes World total: 1 630 million tonnes

Other Europe Others 2.3% Others 5.6% EU (28) 7.1% 9.9% EU (28) CIS 16.6% Other Europe 2.4% Other Asia 6.3% Other Asia 13.1% 11.0%

Japan NAFTA Japan CIS 6.4% 6.7% 9.3% 9.6%

NAFTA 10.4% China 33.6% China 49.6%

Others comprise: Others comprise: Africa 1.5 % Central and South America 3.7 % Africa 0.8 % Central and South America 2.5 % Middle East 1.2 % Australia and New Zealand 0.7 % Middle East 1.9% Australia and New Zealand 0.4 %

Apparent steel use (finished steel products) Apparent steel use (finished steel products) World total: 1 146 million tonnes World total: 1 515 million tonnes

Other Europe 2.7% Others Others EU (28) 9.0% EU (28) Other Europe 9.1% 10.4% CIS 16.7% 2.5% 3.2%

Other Asia CIS Other Asia 14.1% 4.3% 16.9% NAFTA 8.7%

Japan NAFTA 6.9% 13.5% Japan 4.1%

China China 33.0% 45.0%

Others comprise: Others comprise: Africa 1.9 % Central and South America 3.3 % Africa 2.5 % Central and South America 2.6 % Middle East 3.2 % Australia and New Zealand 0.7 % Middle East 3.5 % Australia and New Zealand 0.5 %

14 15 APPARENT STEEL USE APPARENT STEEL USE PER CAPITA 2010 TO 2016 2010 TO 2016

million tonnes finished steel products kilogrammes finished steel products

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Austria 3.6 3.9 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.9 4.0 Austria 433.9 462.3 428.1 416.7 421.3 455.2 469.6 Belgium-Luxembourg 4.6 5.0 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.4 Belgium-Luxembourg 403.1 436.8 365.8 358.3 366.9 364.8 367.1 Czech Republic 5.5 6.1 5.9 5.9 6.2 6.6 6.7 Czech Republic 525.4 575.6 554.8 556.2 587.6 627.4 634.7 France 13.1 14.0 12.6 12.6 12.5 12.7 13.0 France 207.5 221.5 198.4 197.5 195.3 197.8 201.1 Germany 36.2 40.7 37.5 38.0 39.6 39.3 40.3 Germany 450.5 506.2 465.9 471.8 491.6 486.6 499.5 Italy 25.7 26.6 21.5 22.0 22.0 24.6 24.2 Italy 430.5 444.9 360.2 367.5 367.9 412.0 405.2 Netherlands 3.5 4.1 4.0 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.8 Netherlands 211.5 244.5 240.4 222.6 205.3 209.6 221.8 Poland 10.0 11.0 10.4 10.4 12.3 12.6 13.1 Poland 258.0 285.6 269.5 269.2 317.9 325.8 340.1 Romania 3.3 3.8 3.3 3.3 3.8 4.0 3.7 Romania 161.9 187.1 166.6 166.5 194.9 204.8 189.4 Spain 13.1 13.1 10.4 10.9 11.6 12.6 12.6 Spain 280.4 280.8 223.7 235.1 250.7 272.1 272.9 Sweden 3.6 3.9 3.5 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.9 Sweden 388.0 411.3 366.9 373.0 349.2 345.0 391.4 United Kingdom 9.9 10.2 9.6 9.6 10.7 10.5 10.7 United Kingdom 157.8 161.9 151.7 150.0 165.6 162.0 163.9 Other EU (28) 14.7 14.6 14.0 14.7 15.6 16.0 17.1 Other EU (28) 197.1 196.4 188.0 198.3 211.4 216.9 233.3 European Union (28) 146.8 157.0 140.6 142.4 149.1 154.0 157.4 European Union (28) 292.3 312.1 279.2 282.4 295.4 304.8 311.4 Turkey 23.6 26.9 28.5 31.3 30.8 34.4 34.1 Turkey 325.9 366.3 380.3 410.6 396.9 437.1 428.0 Others 5.2 5.6 5.5 5.5 6.1 6.1 6.6 Others 163.7 177.8 172.7 172.0 191.7 189.3 205.4 Other Europe 28.7 32.6 34.0 36.8 36.9 40.5 40.7 Other Europe 276.7 309.6 318.5 340.3 337.0 365.3 363.9 Russia 36.7 41.5 42.8 43.3 43.0 39.7 38.1 Russia 256.7 289.7 298.7 302.1 299.8 276.6 265.7 Ukraine 5.5 6.3 6.2 5.6 4.3 3.3 4.3 Ukraine 119.9 139.2 137.0 123.6 94.8 74.7 96.0 Other CIS 7.2 7.4 8.5 9.7 8.7 7.7 6.3 Other CIS 100.9 102.8 116.7 131.7 117.3 103.4 82.9 CIS 49.4 55.2 57.5 58.5 56.0 50.8 48.7 CIS 190.1 211.9 220.1 223.6 213.2 192.9 184.6 Canada 14.1 14.2 15.6 14.8 15.8 13.3 15.2 Canada 412.9 410.8 446.7 420.1 443.3 371.3 417.7 Mexico 17.8 19.8 20.9 20.6 23.4 24.8 25.4 Mexico 149.7 164.5 171.3 166.3 186.8 195.1 197.5 United States 79.9 89.2 96.2 95.7 107.0 96.1 91.6 United States 257.8 285.5 305.6 301.8 334.8 298.8 282.7 NAFTA 111.7 123.2 132.7 131.1 146.2 134.3 132.2 NAFTA 241.6 263.6 281.3 275.3 304.2 277.0 270.3 Argentina 4.6 5.3 4.9 5.1 5.0 5.3 4.2 Argentina 112.1 128.1 116.4 119.1 116.5 121.0 95.8 Brazil 26.7 26.1 26.6 28.0 25.6 21.3 18.2 Brazil 134.3 130.1 131.3 137.2 124.3 102.4 86.9 Venezuela 2.3 2.6 3.0 2.9 2.0 1.8 0.7 Venezuela 78.1 88.6 100.1 94.9 66.4 59.3 23.5 Others 11.7 13.0 14.2 15.4 16.2 17.2 16.2 Others 63.7 70.2 75.9 78.9 81.9 86.3 80.2 Central and South America 45.2 47.1 48.7 51.3 48.9 45.6 39.4 Central and South America 98.3 101.1 103.5 107.9 101.7 93.9 80.3 Egypt 9.3 7.8 9.5 9.2 10.2 10.9 11.7 Egypt 113.7 92.9 110.5 105.1 113.7 118.7 125.1 South Africa 5.0 5.3 5.3 5.7 5.1 5.3 5.0 South Africa 96.9 102.1 99.7 106.5 94.8 97.1 90.4 Other Africa 14.1 16.3 18.2 21.5 22.1 22.5 21.2 Other Africa 15.6 17.6 19.1 22.0 22.0 21.8 20.0 Africa 28.4 29.4 32.9 36.4 37.4 38.7 37.9 Africa 27.4 27.6 30.1 32.5 32.5 32.8 31.3 Iran 19.7 21.1 19.0 19.8 19.9 19.7 19.1 Iran 265.2 280.9 249.1 256.6 254.4 249.3 238.7 Other Middle East 29.0 30.1 31.8 32.9 34.6 34.1 34.0 Other Middle East 248.2 248.0 250.4 253.0 267.3 259.7 252.2 Middle East 48.7 51.3 50.7 52.7 54.5 53.8 53.1 Middle East 228.3 235.2 228.2 232.6 236.1 228.9 222.0 China 587.6 641.2 660.1 735.1 710.8 672.3 681.0 China 438.2 475.6 487.0 539.5 519.0 488.6 492.7 India 64.9 69.8 72.4 73.7 75.9 80.2 83.5 India 52.8 55.9 57.3 57.6 58.6 61.2 63.0 Japan 63.6 64.1 64.0 65.2 67.7 63.0 62.2 Japan 499.3 503.7 503.0 513.8 533.9 497.3 492.6 South Korea 52.4 56.4 54.1 51.8 55.5 55.8 57.1 South Korea 1 067.2 1 142.5 1 089.9 1 038.4 1 108.8 1 109.5 1 130.2 Taiwan, China 17.8 18.1 17.8 18.6 19.6 17.5 18.3 Taiwan, China 766.8 778.0 762.8 795.8 837.2 749.6 782.1 Other Asia 56.6 61.9 69.8 75.2 79.7 86.9 96.6 Other Asia 59.5 64.2 71.5 76.0 79.5 85.6 94.0 Asia 842.8 911.5 938.1 1 019.5 1 009.2 975.7 998.8 Asia 226.4 242.5 247.2 266.1 260.9 250.0 253.6 Australia and New Zealand 7.8 6.9 7.3 6.7 7.4 7.3 6.8 Oceania 215.4 185.2 194.9 174.2 191.5 185.0 171.0 World 1 309.6 1 414.0 1 442.5 1 535.4 1 545.5 1 500.5 1 515.0 World 192.6 205.5 207.2 218.0 216.9 208.3 207.9

16 17 PIG IRON DIRECT REDUCED IRON PRODUCTION 2015 AND 2016 2009 TO 2016 million tonnes million tonnes

Production Production - Exports + Imports Apparent 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 = Consumption Germany 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 2015 2016 2016 2016 2016 Austria 5.8 5.6 0.0 0.1 5.7 Sweden 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Belgium-Luxembourg 4.2 4.9 0.2 0.2 4.9 European Union (28) 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 Czech Republic 4.0 4.2 0.0 0.1 4.2 Russia 4.6 4.7 5.2 5.1 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.7 Finland 2.6 2.7 0.0 0.0 2.7 France 10.1 9.7 0.0 0.1 9.8 Canada 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.4 Germany 27.8 27.3 0.1 0.5 27.7 Mexico 4.1 5.4 5.9 5.6 6.1 6.0 5.5 5.3 Hungary 1.2 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.9 United States - - - - - 1.3 1.1 1.0 (e) Italy 5.1 6.0 0.1 1.6 7.6 Netherlands 6.1 6.1 0.3 0.5 6.3 NAFTA 4.5 6.0 6.6 6.4 7.3 8.8 8.1 7.7 Poland 4.8 4.7 0.1 0.2 4.8 Argentina 0.8 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.3 0.8 Romania 1.7 1.6 0.0 0.0 1.7 Brazil 0.0 ------Slovak Republic 3.7 4.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 Peru 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 Spain 4.4 4.1 0.0 0.2 4.3 Trinidad and Tobago 2.0 3.1 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.2 2.5 0.1 Sweden 2.9 3.1 0.1 0.1 3.0 United Kingdom 8.8 6.1 0.0 0.0 6.2 Venezuela 5.5 3.8 4.2 4.5 2.7 1.4 1.4 0.9 Other EU - - 0.1 0.1 0.0 Central and South America 8.4 8.5 9.0 9.4 7.6 6.4 5.2 1.8 European Union (28) 93.3 91.0 1.0 3.8 93.8 Egypt 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.1 3.4 2.9 2.5 2.6 Turkey 10.2 10.3 0.0 1.1 11.4 Libya 1.1 1.3 0.2 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.4 0.7 Others 1.8 2.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 South Africa 1.3 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.6 1.1 0.7 (e) Other Europe 12.0 12.3 0.0 1.1 13.4 Kazakhstan 3.2 3.3 0.0 - 3.3 Africa 5.5 5.4 4.5 5.1 5.7 5.5 4.0 4.0 Russia 52.6 51.8 5.1 0.0 46.7 Iran 8.1 9.4 10.4 11.6 14.5 14.6 14.5 16.0 Ukraine 21.8 23.7 2.5 0.0 21.2 Oman (e) - - 1.1 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.8 Other CIS - - 0.0 0.1 0.1 Qatar 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.5 CIS 77.6 78.9 7.7 0.1 71.3 Canada 5.9 6.2 0.0 0.0 6.2 Saudi Arabia 5.0 5.5 5.8 5.7 6.1 6.5 5.8 5.1 Mexico 4.6 4.5 0.0 0.6 5.0 United Arab Emirates - 1.2 1.8 2.7 3.1 2.4 3.2 3.5 United States 25.4 22.3 0.1 3.9 26.1 Middle East 15.2 18.3 21.4 23.8 27.5 27.4 27.6 28.9 NAFTA 35.9 33.0 0.1 4.5 37.4 China 0.0 ------Argentina 2.7 2.1 0.0 0.1 2.2 India 22.0 23.4 22.0 20.1 16.9 20.4 16.2 14.2 Brazil 27.8 26.0 2.2 0.0 23.9 Chile 0.6 0.7 - 0.0 0.7 Indonesia 1.1 1.3 1.2 0.5 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.1 (e) Other Latin America 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.5 Malaysia 2.4 2.4 2.9 2.3 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.0 (e) Central and South America 31.4 29.1 2.2 0.3 27.2 Asia 25.6 27.1 26.1 22.9 19.0 21.5 17.2 15.3 South Africa 4.5 4.3 0.3 0.0 4.0 World 64.3 70.5 73.2 73.4 73.1 75.7 68.3 64.2 Other Africa 0.8 0.8 - 0.1 0.9 Africa 5.3 5.1 0.3 0.1 4.9 e = estimate Iran 2.5 2.3 0.0 0.0 2.2 Other Middle East - - 0.0 0.0 0.0 Middle East 2.5 2.3 0.0 0.0 2.3 China 695.9 700.7 0.1 0.2 700.8 India 58.4 63.0 0.6 0.0 62.5 Japan 81.0 80.2 0.0 0.1 80.3 South Korea 47.6 46.3 0.0 0.3 46.7 Taiwan, China 14.4 14.9 0.0 0.4 15.3 Other Asia 2.8 2.3 0.9 0.8 2.1 Asia 900.1 907.4 1.6 1.8 907.7 Australia 3.6 3.6 0.0 0.0 3.7 New Zealand 0.7 0.7 - 0.0 0.7 Other Oceania - - 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oceania 4.3 4.3 0.0 0.0 4.3 World 1 162.3 1 163.4 13.0 11.8 1 162.2

18 19 IRON ORE WORLD IRON ORE TRADE 2015 BY AREA, 2016

million tonnes actual weight million tonnes

= Apparent Exporting region Production - Exports + Imports consumption Austria 2.4 0.0 5.1 7.5 Belgium-Luxembourg - 0.0 6.6 6.6 Czech Republic - 0.0 6.4 6.3 France - 0.1 15.7 15.6 Germany 0.5 0.1 41.0 41.3 Italy - 0.0 8.1 8.1 Netherlands - 23.4 30.9 7.5 Poland - 0.0 7.2 7.2 Destination (28) Union European Other Europe CIS NAFTA Other America Africa and Middle East Asia Oceania Total imports of which: extra-regional imports Romania - 0.0 3.0 3.0 European Union 28.8 2.0 27.7 19.3 52.4 12.0 0.1 - 142.4 113.7 Slovakia - 0.0 5.5 5.5 (28) Spain - 0.0 6.4 6.4 Other Europe 1.7 0.0 4.6 0.7 5.2 0.3 - - 12.4 12.4 Sweden 24.6 20.1 0.1 4.6 United Kingdom - 0.1 12.0 12.0 CIS 4.7 0.0 1.8 - 2.6 0.0 - - 9.0 7.3 Other EU - 0.3 5.1 4.9 European Union (28) 27.5 44.1 153.1 136.5 NAFTA 0.4 - 0.0 8.1 4.7 0.5 0.0 - 13.8 5.7 Bosnia-Herzegovina 2.1 0.1 0.0 2.0 Other America 0.0 - 0.0 1.0 9.3 0.0 - 0.0 10.3 1.0 Norway 3.5 3.8 0.0 -0.3 Africa and Turkey 6.0 0.3 10.0 15.7 6.1 0.2 0.1 1.4 17.9 3.0 0.4 0.0 29.1 26.0 Middle East Other Europe - 0.0 3.8 3.8 Europe 39.1 48.3 166.9 157.7 China 0.2 0.1 22.6 9.9 236.9 70.5 55.5 629.0 1 024.7 969.2 CIS 195.3 75.3 10.5 130.6 Japan 0.0 - 1.7 5.3 31.1 4.4 1.7 85.9 130.1 128.3 Canada 46.0 36.9 6.6 15.7 Mexico 14.4 0.2 1.5 15.7 Other Asia 0.0 0.1 0.9 3.7 44.7 17.7 1.1 141.6 209.8 208.7 United States 43.1 8.2 4.5 39.5 Oceania 0.0 - - - 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.8 0.7 NAFTA 103.5 45.2 12.6 70.9 Brazil 422.5 366.2 0.0 56.4 Total exports 42.0 2.4 59.3 49.4 405.0 108.5 59.4 856.5 1 582.5 1 473.1 Chile 14.5 14.5 - 0.0 of which: extra- Peru 11.6 11.5 - 0.0 13.2 2.4 57.5 41.3 395.7 105.5 1.1 856.4 1 473.1 regional exports* Venezuela 8.0 3.7 - 4.3 Net exports Other America 0.7 0.4 13.1 13.4 -100.5 -10.1 50.3 35.6 394.7 79.5 -1 305.2 855.7 (exports - imports) Central and South America 457.3 396.3 13.1 74.1 Liberia 4.3 5.4 - -1.1 *Excluding intra-regional trade marked Mauritania 13.1 12.1 - 1.0 South Africa 61.4 65.3 0.4 -3.4 Other Africa 7.1 2.8 2.5 6.8 Africa 85.9 85.6 2.9 3.2 Middle East 39.4 15.3 27.8 51.9 China (1) 123.5 0.1 953.4 1 076.8 India 142.5 4.2 9.5 147.8 Japan - 0.0 131.0 131.0 South Korea 0.1 0.0 73.3 73.3 Other Asia 14.1 27.5 114.1 100.7 Asia 280.2 31.9 1 281.3 1 529.6 Australia 811.2 810.5 2.8 3.5 New Zealand and Other Oceania 3.2 2.1 0.0 1.1 World 2 015.0 1 510.5 1 518.0 2 022.6 (1) Production adjusted so that Fe content is similar to world average Source: United Nations

20 21 TRADE IN FERROUS SCRAP WORLD TRADE IN FERROUS SCRAP 2015 AND 2016 BY AREA, 2016

million tonnes million tonnes

Exports Imports Exporting region 2015 2016 2015 2016 Austria 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 Belgium 3.2 3.5 4.2 4.1 Bulgaria 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 Czech Republic 1.8 1.8 0.5 0.5 Finland 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.0 France 5.4 5.4 2.2 1.8 Germany 7.5 8.2 4.2 4.1 Greece 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.8

Destination (28) Union European Other Europe CIS NAFTA Other America Africa and Middle East China Japan Other Asia Oceania Total imports of which: extra-regional imports Italy 0.3 0.4 4.6 4.4 European Union Netherlands 4.1 5.0 1.6 1.9 25.9 1.5 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 28.9 3.0 (28) Poland 1.4 1.3 0.7 0.8 Slovak Republic 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.2 Other Europe 11.2 0.1 2.7 3.5 0.0 0.5 - - 0.0 0.0 18.1 18.0 Spain 0.3 0.3 5.0 4.0 Sweden 1.2 1.4 0.3 0.3 CIS 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 - - 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 United Kingdom 7.3 8.1 0.3 0.3 Other EU 5.5 5.9 3.4 4.7 NAFTA 0.9 0.0 - 5.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.8 0.9 European Union (28) 40.1 43.7 29.1 28.9 Turkey 0.1 0.2 16.3 17.7 Other America 0.0 - 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.0 - - 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.5 Others 1.4 1.6 2.2 0.8 Other Europe 1.6 1.7 18.5 18.6 Africa 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 1.3 1.3 Kazakhstan 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 Russia 5.9 5.4 0.2 0.4 Middle East 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 - - 0.0 0.1 0.7 0.7 Ukraine 1.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 Other CIS 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.2 China 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 - 1.9 0.1 0.0 2.2 2.2 CIS 7.1 5.9 2.3 0.6 Canada 3.4 3.6 1.5 1.8 Japan 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 - 0.1 - 0.2 0.2 Mexico 0.5 0.4 1.5 1.9 United States 13.0 13.2 3.5 3.9 Other Asia 4.1 0.1 1.1 6.3 1.9 2.1 0.0 6.8 2.9 1.9 27.1 24.2 NAFTA 16.8 17.3 6.5 7.6 Brazil 0.7 0.6 0.0 0.0 Oceania 0.0 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 - - 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 Other Central and South America 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.6 Central and South America 1.8 1.5 0.7 0.6 Total exports 43.3 1.7 5.9 17.2 2.3 2.8 0.0 8.7 3.1 2.2 87.3 51.0 South Africa 1.3 0.6 0.1 0.1 Other Africa 0.7 0.6 1.5 1.3 of which: extra-regional 17.4 1.6 4.7 11.3 2.2 2.7 0.0 8.7 0.3 2.1 51.0 Africa 2.0 1.3 1.6 1.3 exports* Middle East 1.5 1.5 0.6 0.7 China 0.0 0.0 2.3 2.2 Net exports (exports- 14.4 -16.4 4.7 10.4 1.7 0.8 -2.2 8.5 -23.9 2.1 Japan 7.8 8.7 0.1 0.2 imports) South Korea 0.4 0.6 5.8 5.8 Taiwan, China 0.1 0.1 3.4 3.2 *Excluding intra-regional trade marked Other Asia 1.2 1.4 14.9 16.5 Asia 9.6 10.8 26.5 27.8 Australia and New Zealand 2.3 2.2 0.0 0.1 World 82.8 85.9 85.8 86.3

22 23 WORLD STEEL TRADE WORLD STEEL EXPORTS, IN PRODUCTS ANALYSIS BY PRODUCT 1975 TO 2016 2011 TO 2016

Exports million tonnes Year Exports Production million tonnes share % 500 1975 114.7 506.9 22.6 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

450 1980 140.6 578.7 24.3 Ingots and semi-finished material 57.7 58.5 54.1 54.3 51.8 51.1 1985 171.0 599.0 28.5 Railway track material 2.9 2.6 3.0 2.2 2.1 1.9 400 1990 171.0 654.0 26.2 Angles, shapes and sections 21.0 21.8 22.1 24.6 21.7 24.8 1991 177.1 660.1 26.8 350 Concrete re-inforcing bars 17.5 21.9 18.9 22.2 18.9 20.2 1992 196.1 658.2 29.8 Bars and rods, hot-rolled 13.6 15.4 18.1 29.7 40.7 40.6 300 1993 222.5 665.0 33.5 Wire rod 21.8 23.2 24.2 29.4 29.0 29.7 250 1994 238.6 656.3 36.3 1995 246.6 685.7 36.0 Drawn wire 7.5 7.6 7.7 8.9 8.4 8.8 200 1996 236.4 687.2 34.4 Other bars and rods 5.4 4.9 4.9 6.0 5.3 5.9

150 1997 267.9 730.3 36.7 Hot-rolled strip 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.3 2.9 3.3 1998 268.7 713.5 37.7 Cold-rolled strip 3.7 3.6 3.5 4.1 3.9 4.1 100 1999 280.8 725.8 38.7 Hot-rolled sheets and coils 63.4 64.4 67.3 75.8 77.7 82.5 50 2000 307.1 783.5 39.2 Plates 32.9 31.0 29.0 34.5 30.1 34.1 2001 300.4 785.8 38.2 Cold-rolled sheets and coils 34.4 32.7 33.0 37.2 32.8 34.3 0 2002 319.0 837.0 38.1 Electrical sheet and strip 4.6 4.3 4.0 4.2 4.1 4.2 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2003 332.3 899.0 37.0 Tinmill products 6.4 6.2 6.4 6.7 6.3 7.2 2004 366.2 985.4 37.2 Galvanised sheet 36.1 36.1 37.1 40.7 37.6 43.2 Exports are finished and 2005 374.3 1 065.3 35.1 semi-finished steel products. 2006 419.6 1 161.0 36.1 Other coated sheet 14.5 15.2 15.4 17.9 16.3 19.7 Production of finished steel, 2007 447.9 1 253.5 35.7 Steel tubes and fittings 41.4 41.6 39.7 43.6 35.3 33.9 Wheels (forged and rolled) and axles 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 where not available from 2008 438.5 1 248.7 35.1 2009 330.1 1 154.2 28.6 Castings 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.8 national sources, is calculated 2010 392.9 1 335.9 29.4 Forgings 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 from crude steel production, 2011 418.7 1 433.6 29.2 Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 taking into account the 2012 416.0 1 456.0 28.6 Total 389.9 396.4 393.8 447.7 427.0 451.9 continuous casting ratio. 2013 412.6 1 540.4 26.8 2014 457.3 1 558.0 29.4 2015 465.0 1 511.0 30.8 Exports include intra-EU trade, trade between countries of the CIS, 2016 473.2 1 519.5 31.1 and trade between NAFTA countries. The figures are based on a broad definition of the steel industry and its products, including ingots, semi- finished products, hot-rolled and cold-finished products, tubes, wire, and WORLD VOLUME OF TRADE unworked castings and forgings. The above table comprises the exports 2000 TO 2016 of 62 countries, which represents approximately 95 per cent of total Quantum indices 2000 = 100 world trade in 2016. 300 275 steel-containing manufactured goods 250 steel 225 all commodities 200 175 150 125 100 75

2000 2005 2010 2015 24 25 WORLD STEEL TRADE MAJOR IMPORTERS AND BY AREA EXPORTERS OF STEEL 2016 2016

million tonnes million tonnes

Exporting region Rank Total exports Mt Rank Total imports Mt 1 China 108.1 1 European Union (28) (1) 40.4 2 Japan 40.5 2 United States 30.9 3 Russia 31.2 3 Germany (2) 25.5 4 South Korea 30.6 4 South Korea 23.3 5 European Union (28) (1) 29.9 5 Italy (2) 19.6 6 Germany (2) 25.1 6 Vietnam 19.5 7 Ukraine 18.2 7 Thailand 17.6 8 Italy (2) 17.9 8 Turkey 17.0 (2) (2) Destination (28) Union European Other Europe CIS NAFTA Other America Africa and Middle East China Japan Other Asia Oceania Total imports of which: extra-regional imports 9 Belgium 16.7 9 France 14.6 European Union 10 Turkey 15.3 10 China 13.6 110.7 6.3 15.6 0.3 2.4 1.5 6.4 0.4 7.3 0.1 151.2 40.4 (28) 11 France (2) 13.7 11 Belgium (2) 13.0 12 Brazil 13.4 12 Indonesia 12.6 Other Europe 9.5 0.7 8.7 0.0 1.3 0.4 2.2 0.4 1.4 0.0 24.6 23.9 13 Taiwan, China 12.2 13 Mexico 12.5 14 India 10.3 14 Poland (2) 10.1 CIS 1.2 0.4 7.9 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.8 0.0 0.3 0.0 11.8 3.9 15 Netherlands (2) 10.2 15 India 9.9 16 Spain (2) 9.3 16 Spain (2) 9.4 NAFTA 6.0 2.5 3.5 17.0 5.4 0.6 2.4 4.1 9.4 0.2 51.2 34.2 17 United States 9.2 17 Egypt 9.2 18 Austria (2) 7.3 18 Netherlands (2) 8.4 Other America 0.9 0.7 0.6 1.0 3.7 0.2 7.1 1.5 1.0 0.0 16.7 13.0 19 Canada 5.8 19 Taiwan, China 7.9 20 Iran 5.7 20 Canada 7.7 Africa 6.5 3.0 6.9 0.1 0.2 2.0 8.6 1.1 1.2 0.0 29.7 27.7

Middle East 1.6 4.9 5.6 0.2 0.3 5.2 10.5 1.5 3.7 0.1 33.5 28.3 Net exports Net imports China 1.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 - 5.4 6.3 0.0 13.6 13.6 Rank Mt Rank Mt (exports - imports) (imports - exports) 1 China 94.5 1 United States 21.7 Japan 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 - 4.7 0.0 6.0 6.0 2 Japan 34.5 2 Vietnam 17.0 3 Russia 26.9 3 Thailand 16.1 Other Asia 2.5 0.3 5.3 0.4 1.2 3.0 67.1 25.7 26.0 0.4 131.8 105.8 4 Ukraine 17.1 4 Indonesia 11.0 5 Brazil 11.5 5 European Union (28) (1) 10.5 Oceania 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.3 2.3 0.3 3.9 3.6 6 South Korea 7.3 6 Egypt 8.3 7 Taiwan, China 4.4 7 Mexico 8.1 Total exports 140.7 18.9 54.2 19.2 14.5 13.4 108.1 40.5 63.6 1.0 473.9 300.4 8 Belgium (2) 3.7 8 Saudi Arabia 6.2 of which: 9 Austria (2) 3.0 9 Algeria 5.4 extra-regional 29.9 18.2 46.2 2.2 10.8 6.1 108.1 40.5 37.7 0.7 300.4 10 Slovakia (2) 2.1 10 Poland (2) 4.7 exports* 11 Kazakhstan 2.1 11 Pakistan 4.3 Net exports 12 Netherlands (2) 1.9 12 United Arab Emirates 4.1 (exports- -10.5 -5.7 42.3 -32.0 -2.2 -49.8 94.5 34.5 -68.2 -2.9 13 Luxembourg 1.8 13 Bangladesh 4.0 imports) 14 Iran 1.0 14 United Kingdom (2) 3.1 15 Finland (2) 0.9 15 Hong Kong 3.0 *Excluding intra-regional trade marked (1) Excluding intra-regional trade (2) Data for individual European Union (28) countries include intra-European trade

26 27 INDIRECT TRADE IN STEEL TRUE STEEL USE 2000 TO 2015 2009 TO 2015

million tonnes, finished steel equivalent million tonnes, finished steel equivalent

Mt Indirect exports, Mt % Year Indirect exports, Mt Indirect exports as a percentage 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 350 of exports of steel products, % 80 2000 171.2 France 14.2 16.0 17.9 15.8 15.9 15.8 16.3

300 75 2001 177.3 Germany 22.2 29.9 32.8 28.6 28.3 29.4 28.8 Italy 17.5 22.6 22.3 15.4 15.5 15.8 18.9 250 2002 186.9 70 Spain 9.7 11.9 10.3 7.4 8.7 9.3 10.8 2003 198.0 200 United Kingdom 10.7 13.7 14.0 13.3 14.0 16.2 16.5 2004 223.2 65 European Union (28) 115.6 141.5 147.0 124.2 126.6 135.9 142.9 150 2005 248.8 60 Turkey 16.2 22.3 25.9 27.1 29.8 28.4 32.5 100 2006 269.2 Other Europe 21.8 28.9 32.8 34.4 37.2 36.0 40.1

50 55 2007 291.5 Russia 28.1 42.8 50.5 52.4 52.3 50.5 43.4 2008 302.5 CIS 37.2 53.1 62.3 65.3 65.8 61.3 51.6 0 50 Canada 14.0 20.0 20.7 22.6 22.5 22.2 19.1 2009 230.9 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Mexico 14.5 16.6 17.5 19.1 17.2 19.4 19.6 2010 284.7 United States 68.9 91.2 101.6 112.5 113.5 123.7 118.9 Indirect trade in steel takes place through exports and 2011 323.2 NAFTA 97.3 127.8 139.9 154.2 153.1 165.2 157.5 imports of steel containing goods and is expressed in 2012 320.2 Brazil 19.1 28.1 28.1 28.5 30.4 27.9 22.6 finished steel equivalent of products used. 2013 314.9 South America 34.9 48.7 52.2 53.7 55.4 51.6 47.0 Further explanation on definitions and methodology 2014 320.6 Africa and Middle East 73.2 73.6 81.1 83.4 86.3 89.5 87.7 of indirect trade in steel can be found in the report China 515.7 537.4 583.4 603.5 680.5 655.6 611.7 ‘Indirect Trade in Steel (March 2015)’ at 2015 318.1 Japan 36.7 43.0 43.8 44.0 48.1 52.1 48.3 worldsteel.org/publications/reports. South Korea 29.1 33.8 35.6 35.1 35.6 39.3 39.7 Asia and Oceania 703.9 760.2 815.5 847.8 935.3 920.4 878.9 Total (1) 1 084.0 1 233.8 1 330.8 1 362.9 1 459.7 1 459.9 1 405.7 MAJOR INDIRECT IMPORTERS (1) Total comprises 74 countries True steel use (TSU) is obtained by subtracting net indirect exports of steel from apparent AND EXPORTERS OF STEEL steel use (ASU). Total TSU is not equal to ASU because of differences in country coverage and methodological specifics of indirect trade in steel calculations. Further details can be found at 2015 worldsteel.org/publications/reports. million tonnes, finished steel equivalent APPARENT AND TRUE STEEL USE Rank Indirect exports Mt Rank Indirect imports Mt PER CAPITA, 2015 1 China 70.5 1 United States 42.7 2 Germany* 32.2 2 Germany* 21.9 kilogrammes, finished steel equivalent 3 South Korea 22.7 3 France* 12.1 4 Japan 21.7 4 United Kingdom* 11.9 Brazil True steel use per capita 5 United States 19.9 5 Canada 11.4 Apparent steel use per capita Mexico 6 Mexico 14.3 6 China 9.9 Spain 7 Italy* 13.2 7 Mexico 9.7 France 8 Poland* 9.4 8 Italy* 7.5 United Kingdom 9 Spain* 9.2 9 Spain* 7.3 10 France* 8.6 10 Japan 7.1 Russia Italy Net indirect exports Net indirect imports Germany Rank Mt Rank Mt (exports - imports) (imports - exports) United States 1 China 60.6 1 United States 22.8 Japan 2 South Korea 16.1 2 United Kingdom* 6.0 Turkey 3 Japan 14.6 3 Canada 5.7 China 4 Germany* 10.3 4 Australia 4.9 Canada 5 Italy* 5.7 5 Saudi Arabia 4.0 South Korea

*Data for individual European Union (28) countries include intra-European trade 0 200 400 600800 1 0001 200 28 29 ABOUT US

The World Steel Association (worldsteel) is one of the largest and most dynamic industry associations in the world. worldsteel represents over 160 steel producers (including 9 of the world’s 10 largest steel companies), national and regional steel industry associations, and steel research institutes. worldsteel members represent around 85% of world steel production.

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World Steel in Figures Notation used in this publication: © World Steel Association 2017 (e) indicates a figure that has been estimated. ISBN 978-2-930069-88-3

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