Nuclear Developments NUCLEAR-RELATED TRADE AND COOPERATION DEVELOPMENTS FOR SELECTED STATES, JULY-OCTOBER 1995

CONTENTS

OVERVIEW, 97 France, Japan, United COMMONWEALTH OF FRANCE Kingdom, and U.S., 118 INDEPENDENT STATES with ALGERIA Russia, 119 with Belgium, Canada, Germany, with Iran, 108 Russia, and United King- PRC, 99 BRAZIL dom, 141 Internal Developments, 102 CUBA ARGENTINA Belgium, Finland, and with Internal Developments, 104 with Ukraine, 154 Argentina, 99 with Brazil, 99 Belgium, Japan, United Argentina, Cuba, and Argentina, Brazil, and Brazil, Cuba, and Mexico, 99 Kingdom, and U.S., 118 Mexico, 99 Mexico, 99 Israel and United States, 99 Cuba (Juragua Plant), 104 Germany, 103 Juragua Plant Participants South Korea, 99 Japan, 119 India, Indonesia, PRC and (Brazil, France, Germany, Syria, 99 Kazakhstan, 121 Russia, 103 Italy, Russia, and United United States, 100 PRC, 133 Russia, 103 Kingdom), 104 PRC and United Kingdom, 133 United States, 103 Mexico, 105 ARMENIA Russia, 142 with BULGARIA CZECH REPUBLIC South Korea and U.S., 151 ISTC, 100 with with Ukraine, 154 Russia and Ukraine, 141 Iran, 108 ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH GEORGIA EAST ASIAN NATIONS Russia and Slovakia, 142 CAMBODIA with (ASEAN) Ukraine, 154 with IAEA, 106 Internal Developments, 100 Thailand and Vietnam, 153 EGYPT ISTC, 100 BELARUS Internal Developments, 105 CANADA GERMANY with with ESTONIA with Estonia and Ukraine, 101 Belgium, France, Germany, with Belgium, Canada, France, Iran, 101 Russia, and U.K., 141 Belarus and Ukraine, 101 Russia, and U.K., 141 ISTC, 100 Japan, PRC, South Korea, Finland and Russia, 105 Brazil, 103 Japan, 101 and U.S., 118 Russia, 105 Cuba (Juragua Plant), 104 Russia, 101 Kazakhstan, 121 Finland, PRC, and Russia, 133 United States, 102 FINLAND PRC, 132 Iran, 108 with BELGIUM Russia, 141 Italy, Kuwait, Libya, and Belgium, France, and with South Korea, 151 U.S., 122 Ukraine, 154 Canada, France, Germany, Thailand, 152 Pakistan, 131 Estonia and Russia, 105 Russia, and U.K., 141 Ukraine, 154 Russia, 143 Germany, PRC, and France, Finland, and Russia and U.S., 144 Russia, 133 Ukraine, 154 South Korea, 151 Norway, Russia, and Ukraine, 154 Sweden, 142

94 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 Nuclear Developments

IAEA ISRAEL KUWAIT India, PRC, Russia, and with Internal Developments, 116 with U.S., 107 Georgia, 106 with Germany, Italy, Libya, and Israel, 116 North Korea, 123 Argentina and U.S., 99 United States, 122 PRC, 131 North Korea and South India, Pakistan, PRC, South Korea, 131 LIBYA Korea, 124 Russia, and U.S., 106 United States, 131 with Russia, 144 Iran, 109 Germany, Italy, Kuwait, and PERU Ukraine, 154 Iran and Russia, 109 United States, 122 with Pakistan, 116 INDIA Iraq, 115 PRC, 133 Russia, 116 Internal Developments, 106 Kazakhstan, 121 PRC with ITALY LITHUANIA Internal Developments, 132 Brazil, Indonesia, PRC, and with Internal Developments, 122 with Russia, 103 Cuba (Juragua Plant), 104 with Algeria, 99 Israel, Pakistan, PRC, Germany, Kuwait, Libya, and North Korea, Russia, and Brazil, India, Indonesia, and Russia, and U.S., 106 United States, 122 Switzerland, 122 Russia, 103 Pakistan, PRC, Russia, and Ukraine, 154 Russia, 123 Canada, 132 United States, 107 JAPAN Canada, Japan, South Korea, PRC, 107 NETHERLANDS Internal Developments, 116 and U.S., 118 Russia, 107 with with Finland, Germany, and Russia, United Kingdom, INDONESIA Belarus, 101 Russia, 133 and United States, 145 Internal Developments, 107 Belgium, France, U.K., and France, 133 with United States, 141 NEW FORUM France and U.K., 133 Brazil, India, PRC, and Canada, PRC, South Korea, Internal Developments, 123 India, 107 Russia, 103 and U.S., 118 India, Israel, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, 107 France, 119 NORTH KOREA Russia, and U.S., 106 North Korea (KEDO), 124 Kazakhstan, 119 Internal Developments, 123 India, Pakistan, Russia, and Marshall Islands, South with United States, 107 IRAN Korea, and Taiwan, 119 IAEA, 123 Iran, 109 Internal Developments, 108 North Korea (KEDO), 124 IAEA and South Korea, 124 Iran, Iraq, and Russia, 109 with PRC, 119 KEDO, 124 Japan, 119 Belarus, 101 Russia, 119 Lithuania, Russia, and Kazakhstan, 121 Commonwealth of Indepen- Russia and U.S., 120 Switzerland, 122 Pakistan, 131 dent States, 108 South Korea, 120 South Korea, 130 Peru, 133 Czech Republic, 108 Syria, 120 Romania, 133 Germany, 108 NORWAY United Kingdom, 120 Russia, 133 Iraq, PRC, and Russia, 109 with United States, 120 South Korea, 134 Iraq and South Africa, 109 Finland, Russia, and Taiwan, 134 Israel, 109 KAZAKHSTAN Sweden, 142 United Kingdom, 135 Israel and Russia, 109 Internal Developments, 120 Russia and United States, 145 United States, 135 Kazakhstan and U.S., 109 with NUCLEAR SUPPLIERS PRC, 109 Canada, 121 GROUP (NSG), ROMANIA Russia, 110 France, 121 with with Russia and U.S., 112 Indonesia, 107 South Korea, 151 PRC, 133 South Africa, 113 Iran and United States, 109 Russia and Ukraine, 145 Ukraine, 113 ISTC, 100 ORGANIZATION FOR South Korea, 152 United States, 113 Japan, 119 AFRICAN UNITY (OAU) RUSSIA Libya, 121 Internal Developments, 130 IRAQ Internal Developments, 135 PRC, 121 Internal Developments, 113 PAKISTAN with Russia, 121 with Internal Developments, 130 Belarus, 101 Ukraine, 122 Iran, PRC, and Russia, 109 with Belgium, 118 United States, 122 Iran and South Africa, 109 Germany, 131 Belgium, Canada, France, Libya, 115 India, Israel, PRC, Russia, Germany, and U.K., 141 and U.S., 106 Brazil, 103

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 95 Nuclear Developments

Brazil, India, Indonesia, and SLOVAKIA TAIWAN UNITED STATES PRC, 103 with Internal Developments, 152 with Bulgaria and Ukraine, 141 Czech Republic and Russia, 142 with Argentina, 100 Canada, 141 Russia, 145 Japan, Marshall Islands, and Argentina and Israel, 99 Cuba (Juragua Plant), 104 South Korea, 119 Belarus, 102 SOUTH AFRICA Czech Republic and Marshall Islands, PRC, and Belgium, France, Japan, and Internal Developments, 150 Slovakia, 142 Russia, 152 U.K., 118 with Estonia, 105 PRC, 134 Brazil, 103 Iran, 113 Estonia and Finland, 105 Canada, Japan, PRC, and Iran and Iraq, 109 THAILAND Finland, Germany, and South Korea, 118 United States, 150 with PRC, 133 France, PRC, and U.K., 133 Canada, 152 Finland, Norway, and SOUTH KOREA France and South Korea, 151 Cambodia and Vietnam, 153 Sweden, 142 Internal Developments, 151 Germany, Italy, Kuwait, and North Korea (KEDO), 124 France, 142 with Libya, 122 Switzerland, 153 Germany, 143 Argentina, 99 Germany and Russia, 144 Germany and U.S., 144 Canada, 151 UKRAINE India, 107 IAEA, 144 Canada, Japan, PRC, and Internal Developments, 153 India, Israel, Pakistan, PRC, India, 107 U.S., 118 with and Russia, 106 India, Israel, Pakistan, PRC, France and U.S., 151 Belarus and Estonia, 101 India, Pakistan, PRC, and and U.S., 106 Germany, Belgium, France, and Russia, 107 India, Pakistan, PRC, and IAEA and North Korea, 124 Finland, 154 Iran, 113 U.S., 107 Japan, 120 Bulgaria and Russia, 141 Iran and Kazakhstan, 109 Indonesia, 103 Japan, Marshall Islands, and Canada, 154 Iran and Russia, 112 Iran, 110 Taiwan, 119 Czech Republic, 154 Japan, 120 Iran, Iraq, and PRC, 109 Multi-Country Group, 151 France, 154 Japan and Russia, 120 Iran and Israel, 109 North Korea, 130 France, Germany, Russia, Kazakhstan, 122 Iran and United States, 112 North Korea (KEDO), 124 and United States, 154 Mongolia and Russia, 145 Israel, 116 Nuclear Suppliers Group, 151 Germany, 154 Netherlands, Russia, and ISTC, 100 Pakistan, 131 IAEA, 154 U.K., 145 Japan, 119 PRC, 134 Iran, 113 Norway and Russia, 145 Japan and U.S., 120 Romania, 152 Italy, 154 Pakistan, 131 Kazakhstan, 121 Russia, 146 Kazakhstan, 122 PRC, 135 Lithuania, 123 United States, 152 Multi-Country Group, 155 Russia, 147 Lithuania, North Korea, and Zangger Committee, 152 Romania and Russia, 145 South Africa, 150 Switzerland, 122 Russia, 146 South Korea, 152 SOUTH PACIFIC Mongolia and U.S., 145 Spain, 154 Ukraine, 155 NUCLEAR-FREE ZONE Multi-Country Group, 145 United Kingdom, 154 Uzbekistan, 155 Internal Developments, 152 Netherlands, United King- United States, 155 UZBEKISTAN dom, and U.S., 145 SWITZERLAND UNITED KINGDOM with Norway and U.S., 145 with with United States, 155 PRC, 133 Lithuania, North Korea, and Belgium, Canada, France, Romania and Ukraine, 145 Russia, 122 VIETNAM Germany, and Russia, 141 Slovakia, 145 Russia, 146 with Belgium, France, Japan, and South Korea, 146 Thailand, 153 Cambodia and Thailand, 153 Switzerland, 146 United States, 118 Ukraine, 146 SYRIA Cuba (Juragua Plant), 104 ZANGGER COMMITTEE United Kingdom, 147 with France and PRC, 133 with United States, 147 Argentina, 99 Japan, 120 South Korea, 152 Japan, 120 Netherlands, Russia, and SAUDI ARABIA U.S., 145 Internal Developments, 150 PRC, 135 with Russia, 147 North Korea (KEDO), 124 Ukraine, 154

96 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 Nuclear Developments

OVERVIEW

Nuclear nonproliferation worldwide saw two divergent Nuclear warhead dismantlement in Ukraine reached 90 per- trends continue from July to October 1995. On the one cent completion, with a total of nearly 600 warheads trans- hand, some nuclear threshold states (Argentina and Bra- ferred to Russia. Belarus, however, held up withdrawal of zil) and a rollback state (South Africa) began to reap the the remaining 18 SS-25s from its territory, issuing a com- political and economic benefits of their changed nonprolif- pensation-related ultimatum to Russia and voicing displea- eration policies. On the other hand, one rollback state sure that promised disarmament aid from Italy, the United (Belarus) experienced difficulties in moving its nonprolif- Kingdom, and the United States had not been released. eration goals forward, and Iraq, Iran, and North Korea Agreements with France on nuclear power plant construc- continued to be sources of concern. Moreover, the relax- tion, with Ukraine on scientific/technological cooperation, ation of international and U.S. export controls as formu- and with the United States on sealing the Degelen Moun- lated in the post-COCOM (New Forum) proposals worried tain nuclear testing tunnels, moved Kazakhstan closer to some nonproliferation specialists. its nonproliferation objectives. South Africa, Argentina, and Brazil, which had volun- Steady advances at the fifth Gore-Chernomyrdin Com- tarily halted their nuclear weapons programs, reaped the mission meeting in Moscow were overshadowed by the re- benefits of their acceptance into the international nonprolif- lease of a classified Russian report detailing the dangerous eration regime. The three countries were removed from the conditions at military and civilian nuclear facilities. A U. S. Department of Energy’s list of countries of prolifera- number of smuggling incidents were reported involving Es- tion concern, allowing them greater access to U.S. nuclear tonia, Lithuania, and Russia—none of which involved weap- goods and services. South Africa signed a nuclear coop- ons-grade material—reinforcing the West’s concern over in- eration agreement with the United States, while Argentina adequate nuclear material protection, control, and account- and Brazil are expected to sign one in the near future. After ing (MPC&A) mechanisms. Meanwhile, President Yeltsin passing a stricter export control law on dual-use items, Brazil appointed Minatom Director Viktor Mikhailov to the Secu- purchased fuel fabrication equipment from Germany, con- rity Council and issued an executive order transferring over- ducted nuclear cooperation talks with Russia and the United sight for military-related nuclear facilities to the Ministry States, and announced that construction of the mothballed of Defense. Angra-2 nuclear reactor would be resumed. Talks continued between the Korean Peninsula Energy Substantial progress was also made in the development Development Organization (KEDO) and North Korea. of regional nuclear-weapon-free zones (NWFZs), with the After much dickering about South Korea’s role in the re- Organization for African Unity adopting a NWFZ in Af- actor transfer and payment for site surveys, the two sides rica; the United States, France, and the United Kingdom seemed close to hammering out a supply contract. Issues announcing they may sign the protocols to the South Pa- such as North Korea’s demands for $1 billion worth of cific NWFZ; and ASEAN expected to sign a NWFZ treaty supplementary facilities and a decades-long repayment sched- in December 1995. Less progress occurred regarding on- ule have been eased back onto mutually acceptable ground. going proposals to create a NWFZ in the Middle East. However, Congress has reduced the proposed fiscal year Despite signing new cooperative agreements with West- 1996 budget for U.S. shipments of heavy oil by almost half, ern countries, the nuclear successor states of the former and there are indications that funding for the light water Soviet Union continued to face formidable domestic non- reactors may also be in jeopardy. The IAEA—whose calls proliferation and disarmament challenges. Belarus signed for inspection of plutonium levels in 8,000 spent fuel rods nonproliferation and physical security agreements with Ja- removed by North Korea from its five MW reactor were pan and the United States respectively, while Ukraine’s deemed “not implementable” by the United States—has said announcement that its nuclear disarmament is proceeding it is unable to ascertain North Korea’s nuclear history. on schedule was qualified by a warning that this process The defection of Hussein Kamel, considered the master- may be hindered or delayed if promised aid from France, mind of Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction programs, led Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom is not forthcoming. to Iraqi disclosures that it conducted a “crash program”

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 97 Nuclear Developments before the Gulf War to build its first nuclear weapon. NOTE: UNSCOM sources further revealed that Iraq was develop- A date marked with an “*” indicates that an event was ing a radiological weapon. reported on that date; a date without an “*” is the date Despite intense U.S. pressure and some opposition from when an event actually occurred. the Russian military, Minatom continued its nuclear deal The numbers listed in parentheses following the biblio- with Iran. New provisions to the deal provide for Russian graphic references refer to the identification number of the construction of one VVER-1,000 reactor at Bushehr, but document in the CNS Nuclear Database from which the could potentially be expanded to include the supply of up news summaries are abstracted. Because of the rapidly to four reactors. The contract also includes the training of changing nature of the subject matter, The Nonprolifera- Iranian nuclear technicians at Russian facilities and a fuel tion Review is unable to guarantee that the information supply contract stipulating that spent fuel from the reactor reported herein is complete or accurate, and disclaims li- will be returned to Russia. In contrast, under U.S. pres- ability to any party for any loss or damage caused by er- sure, China reportedly canceled its deal to provide Iran rors or omissions. with two 300 MW reactors. International export controls were also relaxed as U.S. proposals for a system of prior notification were rejected at negotiations to create the New Forum. Meanwhile, the U.S. government unilaterally relaxed export restrictions on the sale of supercomputers from 1,500 million theoretical operations per second (MTOPS) to between 7,000 and 12,000 MTOPS. Finally, China has conducted two nuclear tests in an at- tempt to certify its latest generation of nuclear weapons. China’s ability to overcome the technical challenges of min- iaturization in time to avoid reneging on its pledge to sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty remains uncertain.

Andrew Koch, Adam Moody, and Holly Porteous

98 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 Nuclear Developments

ARGENTINA WITH ISRAEL AND 7/18/95 UNITED STATES An anonymous Argentine official refutes ALGERIA allegations that Argentina is planning to 7/30/95-8/5/95 export a nuclear reactor to Syria. Specialists from the U.S., Argentina, and Nuclear Proliferation News, 8/6/95, pp. 8-9 (13319). Israel hold a secret meeting to analyze Syr- ALGERIA WITH PRC ian efforts to obtain nuclear technology and 7/23/95 equipment. Argentine Foreign Minister Guido Di Tella * 6/95 Shim’on Schiffer, Yedi’ot Aharonot (Tel Aviv), 7/ says if Syria’s effort to obtain a nuclear re- U.S. government analysts say Algeria’s 15 28/95, p. 1; in FBIS-NES-95-145, 7/28/95 (13307). actor places Israel in “jeopardy,” then “the MW reactor, secretly built by China in the project is out.” According to Di Tella, Syria 1980s, produces less weapons-grade pluto- ARGENTINA WITH SOUTH KOREA was interested in a reactor larger than the 3 nium than generally believed. The analysts MW unit that had been under discussion. say that the Algerian plant is fueled by 3 9/29/95 Syrian technicians are slated to visit Argen- percent enriched uranium instead of natural In Seoul, Argentine President Carlos tina in late 8/95. uranium, which allows only 1 kg of pluto- Menem and South Korean President Kim Nuclear Proliferation News, 8/7/95, pp. 8-9 (13319). nium to be formed per year of operation. Yong-sam sign the Cooperation Agreement The reactor is also capable of producing 1 on the Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy. The 7/24/95 kg of plutonium by irradiating uranium agreement covers development, design, con- Argentine Vice-Foreign Minister Fernando “blanks” [blankets]. Thus, the reactor would struction, and operation of nuclear reactors; Petrella announces that Argentina will ex- only be capable of producing a maximum “fuel cycle installation”; the production and port a reactor to Syria once Middle Eastern yearly supply of 2 kg plutonium. use of radioisotopes; nuclear energy tech- security is established and a “bilateral agree- Risk Report, 6/95, p. 12 (13763). nology, safeguards, and physical protection; ment on the peaceful use of nuclear energy” training of scientists and technicians; ex- is reached. change of knowledge between experts; and Nuclear Proliferation News, 8/7/95, pp. 8-9 (13319). ARGENTINA the establishment of working groups to ex- change equipment and services related to 7/30/95-7/31/95 nuclear energy. During a trip to Tel Aviv, Argentine For- Noticias Argentinas News Agency (Buenos Aires), eign Minister Guido Di Tella explains that 9/29/95; in BBC Monitoring Service: Latin Argentina will not export a nuclear reactor ARGENTINA WITH BRAZIL America, 10/6/95 (13799). Telam (Buenos Aires), to Syria until a peace agreement is com- 10/7/95; in FBIS-LAT-95-196, 10/7/95 (13849). Yonhap (Seoul), 9/29/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-189, 9/ pleted between Israel and Syria. The Ar- 10/28/95-10/29/95 29/95 (13379). gentine firm Invap SE recently disclosed that Argentina’s Foreign Minister Guido Di Tella in the early 1990s, the firm agreed to ex- and Defense Minister Oscar Chameleon meet ARGENTINA WITH SYRIA port a 20 MW research reactor to Syria but in Sao Paulo with Brazilian Foreign Minis- the deal was prevented by the Argentine ter Luiz Felipe Lampreia and Strategic Af- 7/14/95* government “for political reasons.” fairs Secretary Ronaldo Motta Sardenberg Mark Hibbs and Neal Sandler, Nucleonics Week, 8/ Israeli government officials express concern 3/95, pp. 1, 16 (13376). to discuss nuclear and space collaboration. over Syrian attempts to purchase a 5 MW Telam (Buenos Aires), 10/28/95; in FBIS-LAT-95- research reactor and a radioactive waste dis- * 210, 10/28/95 (13498). 8/14/95 posal facility from Argentina. Israeli In an effort to alleviate international con- Atomic Energy Commission officials are ARGENTINA WITH BRAZIL, CUBA, AND cern over the possible sale of a nuclear re- concerned that “such cooperation could pro- MEXICO actor to Syria, Argentine Vice-Foreign Min- vide an opportunity and cover for irrespon- ister Fernando Petrella states that “Argen- sible elements in Argentina to develop re- 10/95 tina has absolute transparency on matters of lations with Syria on far more dangerous technology transfers and will not hold back Cuban, Brazilian, Argentine, and Mexican issues” and view the potential import of nuclear specialists conclude a 15-day meet- any information from the international con- nuclear facilities as proof of Syria’s desire trol organizations.” Petrella’s statement ad- ing in Cienfuegos, Cuba, on the handling of “to build a comprehensive national nuclear nuclear fuel and nuclear waste as well as the dresses earlier U.S. and Israeli concerns over project.” the presence of a nuclear reactor in Syria. development of more radiologically secure Shim’on Schiffer, Yedi’ot Aharonot (Tel Aviv), 7/ Reuter, 8/14/95; in Executive News Service, 8/14/ nuclear facilities. 14/95, pp. 1, 9; in FBIS-NES-95-135, 7/14/95 95 (13345). Noticas Argentinas (Buenos Aires), 8/ Omar Giorki, Tele Rebelde and Cuba Vision Net- (13305). 2/95; in FBIS-LAT-95-149, 8/2/95 (13345). works (Havana), 10/5/95; in FBIS-LAT-95-197, 10/ 5/95 (13482).

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 99 Nuclear Developments

8/17/95 10/95 Argentine Foreign Relations Undersecretary ASEAN representatives fail to agree on the Guillermo Gonzalez and Syrian Foreign ARMENIA wording of a regional treaty banning nuclear Ministry Atomic Energy Directorate head weapons at a meeting in Jakarta, Indonesia. Ibrahim Othman meet and sign a letter ex- Indonesia is pushing hard for completion pressing Argentina’s willingness to set a time of the Southeast Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free frame of two years to negotiate the export ARMENIA, BELARUS, GEORGIA, Zone (SEANWFZ) Treaty, put on hold dur- of a 5 MW reactor to Syria. The Syrian KAZAKHSTAN, AND RUSSIA WITH ISTC ing the Cold War in deference to U.S. inter- delegation voices its desire to obtain a 5 MW ests. The treaty would ban the development, reactor which could be upgraded to 10 MW. 9/29/95* acquisition, and ownership of nuclear weap- The agreement calls for Argentina to con- The International Science and Technology ons by the ASEAN parties and prohibit the struct a facility in Syria to treat medium- Center (ISTC) governing board approves 23 deployment, testing, and use of nuclear and low-level radioactive waste and to pro- new civil technical and scientific projects. weapons as well as the dumping of nuclear vide technical and training assistance. The board also approves a measure that will waste and radioactive substances in the Telam (Buenos Aires), 8/18/95; in FBIS-TAC-95- “expand the potential funding base for ISTC SEANWFZ. In 12/95, the delegates hope 016-L, 8/18/95 (13316). Radio Monte Carlo (Paris), projects” through the involvement of addi- to open the treaty for signing at the Bangkok 8/21/95; in FBIS-NES-95-162, 8/21/95 (13316). tional governmental and non-governmental summit of ASEAN leaders. Prospective 8/21/95 entities not party to the ISTC agreement. ASEAN members Burma, Cambodia, and The new projects bring the total number of Laos are expected to sign. A Syrian delegation is expected to arrive in approved ISTC-funded projects to almost Bangkok Post, 10/31/95, p. 8; in FBIS-EAS-95- Buenos Aires to discuss a schedule for the 180, and expand the funding base to $75 215, 10/31/95 (13687). Saritdet Marukhathat, sale of a nuclear reactor, designed by the Bangkok Post, 9/16/95, p. 3; in FBIS-EAS-95-182, million. Approximately 10,500 scientists Argentine firm Invap SE, to the Syrian 9/16/95 (13687). Hiroyuki Okita, Nihon Keizai are involved in ISTC projects in Armenia, Shimbun (Tokyo), 7/30/95, p. 4; in FBIS-TAC-95- Atomic Energy Agency. 016-L, 7/30/95 (13687). Shim’on Schiffer, Yedi’ot Aharonot (Tel Aviv), 7/ Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, and Russia. 28/95, p. 1 (13307). Mark Hibbs and Neal Sandler, Finansoviye Izvestiya (Moscow), 9/29/95, p. 1 Nucleonics Week, 8/3/95, pp. 1, 16 (13376). (13281). Post-Soviet Nuclear & Defense Monitor, 10/17/95 10/13/95, pp. 12-14 (13612). Thai Foreign Minister Kasemsamosan ARGENTINA WITH UNITED STATES Kasemi warns against the premature estab- lishment of a NWFZ by ASEAN, citing U.S. 8/18/95 concern over the movement of its nuclear- The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) re- ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH powered vessels through Southeast Asian moves Argentina from a list of countries of EAST ASIAN NATIONS waters as an important consideration. proliferation concern, noting that Argentina Bangkok Post, 10/18/95, p. 8; in FBIS-EAS-95- 201, 10/18/95 (13687). joined the NPT and signed the Treaty of (ASEAN) Tlatelolco. Accordingly, the U.S. relaxes 10/28/95 restrictions on U.S. companies wishing to Senior officials from 10 Asian countries sell nuclear-related goods and services to conclude a proposed agenda for an Asia- Argentina, permitting them to export civil- INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS Europe summit in 3/96. This planned sum- ian nuclear materials to Argentina without mit between seven member states of first obtaining DOE authorization. 9/13/95 ASEAN, Japan, PRC, South Korea, and the George Lobsenz, Energy Daily, 9/19/95, p. 3 Senior officials of ASEAN countries agree (14030). European Union nations is unprecedented. to accelerate the process of creating a re- The agenda proposed by the participating gional nuclear-weapon-free zone (NWFZ). 10/19/95 Asian nations, which includes discussion of The draft treaty for the NWFZ, said to be nuclear nonproliferation, nuclear disarma- A U.S. State Department official states that 90 percent complete, will be presented at a nuclear cooperation accord with Argen- ment and arms control, will be presented to the full ASEAN summit meeting in 12/95. the Europeans at a preparatory conference tina may be signed and submitted to Con- A Philippine official says the draft accord gress “possibly within a few weeks.” The to be held in Madrid from 12/19/95 to 12/ seeks to “declare the whole region nuclear- 20/95. official adds, “we think at this moment that free...[meaning] no introduction, no acqui- Argentina has a sterling nonproliferation Kyodo (Tokyo), 10/28/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-210, 10/ sition, no use and no production” of nuclear 28/95 (13850). record.” weapons in the region. It is likely that the Kathleen Hart, NuclearFuel, 10/23/95, pp. 4-5 (13679). treaty will not prohibit the transshipment of nuclear weapons. Nuclear Proliferation News, 9/27/95, p. 6 (14027).

100 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 Nuclear Developments

President Aleksandr Lukashenka ordered the and others, Interfax (Moscow), 7/10/95; in FBIS- Belarusian Ministry of Defense to stop is- SOV-95-132, 7/11/95 (14040). BELARUS suing passes that allow Russian Strategic * Missile Forces to withdraw missile arma- 7/24/95 ments and combat equipment from Belarus has delayed the repatriation of 18 Belarusian territory. The article also says SS-25s to Russia because Italy, Russia, the BELARUS WITH: that the Belarusian military is preventing U.K., and the U.S. have failed to compen- Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russian trains that are to be used to remove sate Belarus for the first two stages of the Russia, and ISTC, 100 the last SS-25s from Belarus from entering disarmament process. Under the terms of a the country. Belarus’s decision to suspend previous agreement, Russia is to compen- sate Belarus for the value of transferred stra- BELARUS WITH ESTONIA AND UKRAINE the removal of remaining strategic nuclear weapons on its territory (nine SS-25s at tegic nuclear weapons. However, accord- ing to Belarusian President Aleksandr * Mozyr, and nine SS-25s at Lida) has been 8/21/95 Lukashenka, Russia has yet to send “a single Ukrainian border guards seize approxi- confirmed by “numerous sources.” Accord- ing to the Izvestiya article, the order to sus- kopeck” for the weapons. Lukashenka says mately 1 kg of red mercury from individu- that Belarus has shouldered the nearly $400 als in a Ford Sierra automobile on the Ukrai- pend withdrawals was prompted by Lukashenka’s visit to a Russian Strategic million cost of the withdrawal’s initial nian-Belarusian border. The automobile, phases. The U.S. has sent nearly $100 mil- marked with Estonian license plates, was Missile Forces division in Lida, during which Lukashenka said the decision of lion in disarmament assistance to Belarus, headed to Belarus when officials discovered but Belarus is apparently seeking to bar- the material under the front wheelwell. Ac- Belarus’s previous administration to with- draw Russian Strategic Missile Forces was gain for more assistance before resuming cording to the State Committee for the De- transfers. According to other reports, Presi- fense of Ukrainian Borders, this is the first a “big political mistake.” According to Colo- nel General Igor Sergeyev, commander in dents Yeltsin and Lukashenka agreed to sus- time in 1995 that Ukrainian officials have pend future transfers because neither side seized this type of contraband. The Ukrai- chief of Russian Strategic Missile Forces, Belarus and Russia are seeking a resolution has the financial resources to remove the nian Security Service is in the process of weapons and accommodate displaced troops. determining the material’s origin and ulti- to the “present situation.” Other reports describe the current suspension in transfer- Interfax (Moscow), 7/24/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-142, mate destination. 7/24/95 (13415). Yuriy Drakakhrust, Belaruskaya Unian (Kiev), 8/21/95; in FBIS-TAC-95-016-L, 8/ ring strategic nuclear weapons as “indefi- Delovaya Gazeta (Minsk), 8/3/95, p. 3; in FBIS- 21/95 (13420). nite.” TAC-95-016-L, 8/3/95 (13751). Nuclear Prolif- Viktor Litovkin, Izvestiya (Moscow), 7/6/95, pp. eration News, 8/7/95, p. 6 (13419). 1-2 (14041). Nuclear Nonproliferation News, 8/7/ BELARUS WITH IRAN 95, p. 6 (13419). Yuriy Drakakhurst, Belaruskaya 8/3/95* Delovaya Gazeta (Minsk), 8/3/95, p. 3; in FBIS- 8/8/95 TAC-95-016-L, 8/3/95 (13751). According to Russian Strategic Rocket A Belarusian Foreign Ministry senior offi- Forces General Igor Sergeyev, Belarus has cial refutes charges that Belarus may par- 7/10/95* not issued permits to remove nuclear war- ticipate in nuclear deals with Iran. The of- A senior Belarusian official says the “sole heads since 7/95 because Russian troops are ficial says “the sales of nuclear arms com- reason” Belarus is “hold[ing] up” the with- leaving “military settlements and training ponents or technological cooperation in that drawal of Russian Strategic Missile Forces grounds in an inappropriate condition.” area have never been mentioned.” from Belarus is the poor state in which Rus- Belarusian Deputy Foreign Minister Andrey Interfax (Moscow), 8/8/95; in FBIS-TAC-95-016- sian units leave their military installations. Sannikov confirms Sergeyev’s assessment of L, 8/8/95 (13338). The official says Belarus only recently the situation and says a joint commission adopted a modus operandi for taking over comprised of Russian and Belarusian offi- BELARUS WITH JAPAN the nuclear missile bases, which are in such cials has convened to solve the problems. poor condition that they must be decontami- Yuriy Drakakhrust, Belaruskaya Delovaya Gazeta * (Minsk), 8/3/95, p. 3; in FBIS-TAC-95-016-L, 8/ 8/14/95 nated and thoroughly cleaned prior to be- 3/95 (13751). Belarus and Japan sign an agreement to co- ing used for any purpose, civilian or mili- operate in the field of nonproliferation. Ja- tary. According to the official, the with- 8/5/95 pan will provide Belarus with $5.2 million drawal process should be completed “by the The Belarusian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in aid. end of 1996” under the current schedule. issues a statement saying that Belarus has Segodnya (Moscow), 8/15/95, p. 4 (13447). The official also says that, in an effort to not stopped transfers of nuclear missiles to keep the withdrawal of Russian Strategic Russia, but plans to “slow the pace.” In the BELARUS WITH RUSSIA Missile Forces depoliticized, Belarusian of- statement, the Ministry criticizes the Rus- ficials issued a permit on 7/6/95 for a Rus- 7/6/95 sian media for misrepresenting an earlier sian unit to leave the country. statement made by Lukashenka, suggesting An article in Izvestiya says that Belarusian Aleksandr Korzun, Igor Porshnev, Yevgeni Terekhov,

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 101 Nuclear Developments that Lukashenka would terminate Belarusian a Ministry official, as part of that effort waste. nuclear disarmament. According to the Belarus has signed an agreement under Voz do Brasil Network (Brasilia), 8/24/95; in FBIS- statement, Lukashenka “never said that dis- which the U.S. will compensate Belarus for TEN-95-013, 8/24/95 (13296). armament would be halted.” facilitating U.S. inspections in Belarus. * Post Soviet Nuclear & Defense Monitor, 8/18/95, Segodnya (Moscow), 8/15/95, p. 4 (13447). 9/12/95 pp. 2-3 (13245). The Brazilian Navy ministry intends to use 9/5/95 part of its proposed 330.7 million reals 8/8/95 The U.S. Senate passes the Department of budget to construct a nuclear submarine. Belarus issues an ultimatum demanding that Defense Appropriations Act, providing $325 Brazilian President Fernando Henrique Russia cancel the $400 million debt it owes million for Cooperative Threat Reduction Cardoso pledges to release the 1.2 billion for Russian natural gas or face the suspen- (CTR) programs and on 9/6/95 ratifies the reals budgeted in 1996 to the branches of sion of SS-25 withdrawals from Belarusian National Defense Authorization Act the armed forces, although the promised territory. According to a Belarusian offi- (NDAA), related legislation that makes allocation remains subject to modification cial, negotiations over the issue continue. available an additional $365 million in CTR by Congress. Umit Enginsoy, Defense News, 8/21/95, p. 1 funds. Sonia Mossri, Folha de Sao Paulo, 9/12/95, Sec- (13419). tion 1, p. 5; in FBIS-LAT-95-179, 9/12/95 (13300). Post-Soviet Nuclear & Defense Monitor, 9/22/95, p. 1 (13587). 9/2/95* 9/15/95 According to Viktor Yesin, chief of the Rus- 10/19/95 Construction of the Angra-2 nuclear facil- sian Strategic Missile Forces Main Staff, A U.S. State Department official says that ity will be resumed in 1/96 after a 10-year the Russian military does not have the fi- the U.S. and Belarus are “close to initialing interruption, according to President Laercio nancial resources to continue to “maintain” the text [of a nuclear cooperation agree- Simoes Machado of Furnas Electric Power the 18 SS-25s that remain in Belarus, in- ment],” but that the agreement may not en- Plants, Inc. Machado estimates that finish- cluding support for personnel and mainte- ter into force for another year. ing the construction will cost $1.4 billion nance of military installations. In addition, Kathleen Hart, NuclearFuel, 10/23/95, pp. 4-5 and investment in the plant for calendar year Yesin says that Russia has not planned any (13679). 1996 will total $460 million. Furnas in- funds for these purposes beyond 1995. tends to begin work on the plant in 1/96 Krasnaya Zvezda (Moscow), 9/2/95, p. 4; in FBIS- and to have the plant operational by 1999. SOV-95-172, 9/2/95 (13608). O Globo (Rio de Janeiro), 9/16/95, p. 27; in FBIS- BRAZIL LAT-95-184, 9/16/95 (13299). 9/28/95* According to the information acquired by 9/18/95* some “experts,” Belarus is unlikely to re- Financial constraints force Brazilian Navy sume transfers of nuclear missiles to Russia INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS Minister Mauro Cesar Pereira to temporarily before 1997. abandon nuclear submarine development Itar-Tass (Moscow), 9/28/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-189, 7/12/95* and to allocate resources for the construc- 9/28/95 (13423). Brazilian President Fernando Henrique tion of conventional submarines instead. Cardoso passes on legislation to Congress Explaining the decision, Pereira says “right BELARUS WITH UNITED STATES mandating export regulations for “sensitive now it would be foolish to continue the items and services directly related to them.” nuclear submarine project.” The Brazilian 6/23/95 According to the proposed bill, the export Navy intends to reactivate the nuclear sub- Belarus and the U.S. sign two agreements of sensitive dual-use items used to develop marine project at a later date. under which the U.S. will provide $19 mil- weapons of mass destruction (WMD) would Alexandre Secco, Folha de Sao Paulo, 9/18/95, p. lion for improvements in physical security need to be authorized by the appropriate 7; in FBIS-TAC-95-005, 9/18/85 (13534). at the Sosny nuclear facility and the dis- federal agency and the Strategic Affairs Sec- 10/5/95 mantlement of Belarusian nuclear infrastruc- retariat of the Presidency. ture. Ronaldo Motta Sardenberg, O Globo (Rio de The Brazilian Senate enacts a law granting Itar-Tass (Moscow), 6/23/95; in FBIS-TAC-95-014- Janeiro), 7/12/95, p. 6; in FBIS-TAC-95-004, 7/ the Strategic Affairs Secretariat (SAE) pow- L, 6/23/95 (13248). 12/95 (13317). ers of oversight for export controls of all dual-use goods and services. Brazilian Sena- * 8/14/95 8/24/95 tor Hugo Napoleao predicts “the new law Belarusian Foreign Minister Vladimir Senko The Brazilian National Nuclear Energy will pave the way for Brazilian access to sen- says that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is Commission (CNEN) reports that the ra- sitive technology.” searching for ways to make nuclear disar- dioactive storage facilities at Bahia Minerios Jornal do Brasil (Rio de Janeiro), 10/6/95, p. 4; in mament more cost-effective. According to and Minerais house thorium and uranium FBIS-LAT-95-196, 10/6/95 (13369).

102 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 Nuclear Developments

10/31/95* Nogueira da Franca visited Germany in an Brazilian Mines and Energy Minister attempt to obtain $20 million worth of manu- BRAZIL WITH INDIA, INDONESIA, PRC, Raimundo Brito replaces Nuclebras Engi- facturing equipment needed for the FEC to AND RUSSIA neering, Inc. (Nuclen) President Evaldo produce uranium pellets in Brazil. Cesario de Oliveira with former Furnas Tania Malheiros, Agencia Estado (Sao Paulo), 8/4/ 9/11/95* 95; in FBIS-TAC-95-016-L, 8/4/95 (13298). Electric Power Plants, Inc. President Russian Minister of Atomic Energy Viktor Ronaldo Fabricio in an attempt to quicken 9/18/95 Mikhailov says Russia would like to export the pace of construction at the Angra-2 nuclear power plant technology to Brazil, nuclear power plant. Nuclen, a firm “linked” Brazilian President Fernando Henrique Cardoso arrives in Bonn for a “state visit” China, India, and Indonesia. Russia would to Furnas, is responsible for leading all nec- also like to export enrichment services to essary engineering projects and assisting in and will discuss bilateral Brazilian-German nuclear collaboration with German Presi- unspecified countries in an effort to fully the electro-mechanical construction of the utilize its annual 20 million SWU capacity plant. dent Roman Herzog and Prime Minister Helmut Kohl. Brazilian Strategic Affairs and increase profits. Tania Malheiros, Jornal do Brasil (Rio de Janeiro), Kathleen Hart, NuclearFuel, 9/11/95, p. 4 (13748). 10/31/95, p. 2; in FBIS-LAT-95-214, 10/31/95 Secretary Ronaldo Sardenberg says Brazil (13538). plans to “reactivate” a 1974 agreement with BRAZIL WITH RUSSIA Germany, valid until 1999, which provides BRAZIL WITH: for the construction of eight nuclear power 10/22/95 Argentina, 99 plants, including Angra-2. During a U.N. meeting in New York, Rus- Argentina, Cuba, and Mexico, 99 Odail Figueiredo, O Estado de Sao Paulo (Sao Paulo), 9/19/95, p. A4; in FBIS-TAC-95-005, 9/ sian President Boris Yeltsin and Brazilian Cuba (Juragua Plant), 104 19/95 (13535). President Fernando Henrique Cardoso de- cide to create a bilateral commission, headed BRAZIL WITH GERMANY 10/29/95* by Russian Foreign Minister Viktor INB concludes a $12 million deal to pur- Chernomyrdin and Brazilian Vice-President 8/3/95 chase an assembly line from Germany’s Si- Marco Maciel, for cooperation in the de- A shipment of at least 10 MT of uranium, emens for the production of uranium pow- velopment of atomic energy, space, and air- enriched by Urenco and converted into pel- der and pellets. Employed in the uranium craft construction. lets by Germany, arrives in Rio de Janeiro, fabrication process, the powder and pellets Itar-Tass (Moscow), 10/22/95; in FBIS-SOV-95- according to Nuclear Industries of Brazil are part of a larger plan to operate Brazil’s 204, 10/22/95 (13507). (INB) representative Alexandre Rodrigues. Angra-1 and -2 nuclear plants with indig- The shipment of enriched uranium, which enously made fuel. The assembly line will BRAZIL WITH UNITED STATES by itself is insufficient for the fifth reload be installed at INB’s FEC in Resende by at the Angra-1 nuclear power plant, is held the end of 1997. INB agrees to subject all 7/21/95 at INB’s Fuel Elements Factory (FEC) in uranium powder and pellets manufactured The Brazilian Strategic Affairs Secretariat Resende until further shipments, expected at FEC to IAEA safeguards. Brazil is in (SAE) and the National Nuclear Energy to arrive by 2/96, are delivered. On 10/19/ the process of upgrading its ultracentrifuge Commission (CNEN) pass on to the Bra- 95, 16 MT of uranium, an amount suffi- fuel enrichment facility at the Navy Aramar zilian Foreign Ministry a U.S. proposal for cient to fuel the Angra-1 nuclear power re- Experimental Center in Ipero from labora- a bilateral nuclear cooperation agreement. actor for 14 months and valued at 10 mil- tory to industrial capacity in order to en- The Foreign Ministry will now work out lion reals, arrives in Resende [supplier not rich its own uranium. There are 1,000 ul- the final terms of the agreement with the specified]. According to Furnas Electric tracentrifuges at Aramar; 6,000 are needed U.S. Power Plants, Inc., a total of 32.5 MT of to commercialize the Brazilian uranium en- Miriam Leitao, O Globo (Rio de Janeiro), 7/22/95, p. 22; in FBIS-LAT-95-143, 7/22/95 (13302). uranium will be transported to Angra-1, and richment industry. INB President Nogueira the plant will be closed in 3/96 for reload- da Franca says Nuclebras Isotope Enrich- 8/18/95 ing. Furnas will pay INB almost 40 mil- ment, Inc. (Nuclei) in Resende can manu- The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) re- lion reals for the fuel. facture up to 100 MT of uranium and 145 moves Brazil from a list of countries of pro- Tania Malheiros, Agencia Estado (Sao Paulo), 8/4/ fuel elements. Nuclei equipment and tech- liferation concern, noting that Brazil signed 95; in FBIS-TAC-95-016-L, 8/4/95 (13298). Rede nology will be combined with Aramar Globo Television (Rio de Janeiro), 10/19/95; in the Treaty of Tlatelolco. Accordingly, the know-how in an effort to produce enough FBIS-LAT-95-203, 10/19/95 (13500). U.S. relaxes restrictions on U.S. companies uranium to make Brazil self-sufficient in wishing to sell nuclear related goods and 8/3/95 fueling Angra-1 and -2. services to Brazil, permitting them to ex- INB representative Alexandre Rodrigues Tania Malheiros, Jornal do Brasil (Rio de Janeiro), port civilian nuclear materials to Brazil with- announces that INB President Roberto 10/29/95, p. 3; in FBIS-LAT-95-213, 10/29/95 (13681). out first obtaining DOE authorization.

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 103 Nuclear Developments

George Lobsenz, Energy Daily, 9/19/95, p. 3 poration (NNC), Germany’s Siemens AG, 7/6/95* (14030). and France’s EdF International, deny par- Voicing its dissatisfaction with Russian as- ticipating in a consortium to fund work on sistance to Cuba’s Juragua nuclear power 10/19/95 completing the two reactors. NNC and plant, the U.S. House of Representatives cuts A U.S. State Department official character- Ansaldo are, however, conducting a study assistance to the former Soviet republics by izes U.S. negotiations with Brazil on a to determine the cost of completing the $15 million. nuclear cooperation agreement as “sporadic,” plant. Deputy Director of the Juragua plant Roberto Morejon, Havana Radio, 7/6/95; in FBIS- but notes “it appears we’re not very far apart.” Manuel Leon estimates it will cost $700- LAT-95-129, 7/6/95 (13314). Kathleen Hart, NuclearFuel, 10/23/95, pp. 4-5 (13679). 800 million to make the facility operational. Kathleen Hart, Nucleonics Week, 8/3/95, pp. 1-2 8/3/95 (13371). Barbara Bethancourt, Havana Radio, 7/ Testifying before a House International Re- 1/95; in FBIS-LAT-95-128, 7/1/95 (13372). lations subcommittee, Center for Security Policy representative Roger Robinson urges CUBA 7/95 swift Congressional action to prevent the The Italian firm Ansaldo, the Russian de- completion of two Russian-designed nuclear signers of VVER-440 reactors, and the Bra- reactors at Juragua and calls for “swift and zilian firm Empresa Brasileira de Engenharia INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS decisive penalties” against foreign compa- (EBE) are conducting a nine-month joint nies willing to assist Cuba. feasibility study to determine the cost of CANA (Bridgetown), 8/3/95; in FBIS-LAT-95-150, 8/11/95 completing Cuba’s Juragua nuclear power 8/3/95 (13314). In an interview, Cuban journalist Jorge plant. Pettinau asserts that Cuba has a “vast nuclear Nuclear News, 8/95, p. 75 (13375). 8/8/95* program that includes other projects” besides Russian Ministry of Atomic Energy Public the development of the two reactors at 7/95 Relations Department Chief Georgiy Kaurov Juragua. Pettinau adds that “it will not be a Juragua Nuclear Power Plant Director Issac voices Russia’s intention to restart work on matter of only receiving because Cuba pro- Alayon Gutierrez explains that Cuba has a Russian VVER reactor in Cuba despite duces certain things that can be offered, so negotiated the purchase of unspecified U.S. pressure. Kaurov says Russia has al- Cuban nuclear development might be of equipment for the Juragua nuclear power ready earmarked $30 million in credits to importance to Latin America.” plant from Russia. Gutierrez adds that once purchase equipment for the plant. Osvaldo Rodriguez, Radio Rebelde Network (Ha- a feasibility study undertaken by Brazilian, Anna Babkina, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 8/8/95; in FBIS- vana), 8/11/95; in FBIS-LAT-95-157, 8/11/95 SOV-95-152, 8/8/95 (13313). (13304). Italian, and U.K. firms is finished, “nego- tiations to create an economic partnership 8/9/95 10/20/95 responsible for completing and operating the Cuba’s IAEA Representative David Perez Cuban police arrest journalist Olance nuclear plant will begin, and...involve the Martin discloses that Ansaldo (Italy), NNC Nogueras Roce after he reports on Cuba’s participation of Cuba, Russia, and interested (U.K.), Furnas (Brazil), and an unnamed Juragua nuclear facility. The Independent third-party-partners.” Gutierrez notes the British firm have nearly completed a feasi- Press Bureau of Cuba (BPIC) “expressed its reactor is 90 percent complete and 70-80 bility study analyzing the cost of complet- concern” over the treatment of Roce. percent of the equipment at the site has been AFP (Paris), 10/25/95; in FBIS-LAT-95-207, 10/ preserved since its 1992 mothballing. A ing Cuba’s Juragua nuclear facility. 25/95 (13648). second unit at Juragua is 20 percent com- NucNet News, 8/9/95 (13372). plete. CUBA WITH: Argel Calcines, Prensa Latina (Havana), 7/21/95; 10/10/95-10/15/95 Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico, 99 in FBIS-LAT-95-142, 7/21/95 (13367). NucNet During an official visit to Cuba, Russian News, 8/9/95 (13372). Nuclear News, 8/95, p. 75 First Deputy Prime Minister Oleg Soskovets (13375). pledges to assist Cuba in the completion of JURAGUA PLANT IN CUBA two Soviet made VVER-400 light water re- (Cuba with Brazil, France, Germany, 7/95 actors (LWRs) at Juragua and signs a memo- Italy, Russia, and United Kingdom) U.S. Congresswoman Ileana Ros-Lehtinen randum extending $30 million in credit to presents a letter to President Clinton, co- maintain the reactors until construction is 7/95 signed by 130 members of Congress, call- resumed. According to Russian Deputy ing for “strong action” against the develop- Upon questioning by the U.S. General Ac- Energy Minister Yevgeniy Reshetnikov, of- ment of a nuclear plant in Cuba. The letter counting Office (GAO), firms suspected of ficials from Russia and Cuba will begin claims the Juragua plant would present a involvement in completing the Juragua searching in 11/95 for corporations to join “national security threat to the U.S.” nuclear power facility, including Italy’s a consortium to finance the approximately Ansaldo, the U.K.’s National Nuclear Cor- Kathleen Hart, Nucleonics Week, 8/3/95, pp. 1-2 (13371).

104 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 Nuclear Developments

$750 million necessary to complete the re- 10/12/95* enriched uranium. Documentation obtained actors within three to four years. Director of the Egyptian Foreign Ministry’s from secret archives in 1994 revealed in- Alan Philps, Washington Times, 10/17/95, p. A9 Disarmament Department Mahmud Karim consistencies in material balances. (13680). expresses Egypt’s willingness to host a sign- Ann MacLachlan, Nucleonics Week, 9/7/95, p. 7 ing ceremony formalizing an IAEA resolu- (13284). 10/14/95* tion to create a nuclear-weapon-free zone ESTONIA WITH RUSSIA Proposed financing of the $750 million (NWFZ) in Africa and a structure for the needed to complete the Juragua power plant peaceful utilization of nuclear energy. is as follows: Cuba will provide $208 mil- Karim, acknowledging Egypt’s support for 8/10/95 lion; Russia will contribute $349 million; the IAEA system of inspections and safe- Russia transfers control of the first building and the remaining $191 million is to be sup- guards, points out that the resolution links at the former Paldiski naval base to the Es- plied by foreign investors. Potential inves- the creation of a NWFZ in Africa with the tonian Defense Ministry. Estonia will as- tors for the Cuban project include Germany’s future establishment of a NWFZ in the sume “de facto responsibility” for Paldiski Siemens and two unnamed firms, one Bra- Middle East. on 9/22/95; however, Russia will be respon- zilian and the other German. Mena (Cairo), 10/12/95; in FBIS-NES-95-198, 10/ sible for “all liability claims for damages” Reuter, 10/14/95; in Executive News Service, 10/ 12/95 (13505). until 9/25/95. 16/95 (13680). Prensa Latina (Havana), 10/14/95; Jane’s Defense Weekly, 8/26/95, p. 11 (13270). Ann in FBIS-LAT-95-200, 10/14/95 (13680). MacLachlan, Nucleonics Week, 9/7/95, p. 7 (13284). CUBA WITH MEXICO ESTONIA 9/26/95 9/7/95-9/10/95 In a ceremony marking the complete with- Cuban and Mexican delegations meeting in drawal of Russian forces from Estonia, a Havana make plans to investigate potential ESTONIA WITH: group of Russian technicians passes control nuclear cooperation. Belarus and Ukraine, 101 of the Paldiski naval complex to Estonian Notimex (Mexico City), 9/11/95; in FBIS-LAT-95- President Lennart Meri. An unknown quan- 176, 9/11/95 (13311). tity of nuclear waste remains at Paldiski, a ESTONIA WITH FINLAND AND RUSSIA portion of which has been stored “haphaz- ardly,” according to Arvo Niitenberg, head 8/9/95 EGYPT of the state company in charge of “clearing Estonian Police Secretary Helle Sagris re- up” the site. Niitenberg indicates that Esto- ports that charges are being brought against nia lacks the 48 million pounds sterling two Estonian citizens found to be in posses- necessary to store the nuclear material sion of an undisclosed amount of Radium- safely, and expresses doubt that the job can INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS 226 that was produced at a Russian military be finished in five to seven years, as the plant. The Estonians—one the owner of a Estonian government had planned. The U.S. 7/24/95 Tartu-based company, the other a State Wa- and Sweden have extended technical assis- Egyptian Minister of Scientific Research terways Department employee—said they tance and a total of 2.6 million pounds ster- Salah Hedayat reveals that Egypt began de- planned to sell the material for $3 million ling in financial aid to Estonia to deal with veloping a clandestine nuclear weapons pro- to an unknown buyer in Finland. The men this matter, but Niitenberg states that the gram in the early 1960s under President were arrested in early 8/95 after a two-month international community must provide more Gamal Abdel-Nasser. Hedayat adds that joint investigation by the Estonian Security assistance. Nasser continued the program until his death Police and Interpol. The material was re- Jon Henley, Guardian, 9/27/95 (13599). in 1970. The program was subsequently portedly smuggled into Estonia via Kazan abandoned by his successor Anwar Sadat. with the assistance of middlemen in St. Pe- The 1979 Camp David Peace Treaty signed tersburg. by Sadat was “linked to an understanding” Aleksei Toom, Kommersant-Daily (Moscow), 8/9/ that Egypt would sign the NPT, according 95, p. 15; in FBIS-TAC-95-016-L, 8/9/95 (13450). to the Cairo newspaper al Ahrar. The news- * paper also states that while Egypt was pur- 9/7/95 suing its nuclear weapons program, over 380 According to Mark Sinisoo, senior counse- Egyptian scientists received doctorates in lor to the Estonian Ministry of Foreign Af- nuclear physics. fairs, nuclear material may be missing from Deutsche Presse Agentur; in Washington Times, 7/ Estonia’s Sillamae uranium mill, a facility 25/95, p. A13 (13295). that modifies enrichment levels in highly-

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 105 Nuclear Developments

non-party to the NPT has been reinforced 9/25/95* by France’s plans to resume nuclear testing. India’s Atomic Energy Commission Chair- GEORGIA Trust and Verify, 6/95-7/95, p. 1 (13394). man and DAE Secretary Rajagopol Chidambaram says India has nearly com- 7/95 pleted the construction of the Kalpakkam The Indian government announces that In- reprocessing plant and has installed hot cell GEORGIA WITH: dia has achieved a “comprehensive capabil- components there. Operations at the plant Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, ity in the entire nuclear fuel cycle.” Ac- are expected to begin within twelve months. Russia, and ISTC, 100 cording to the Indian government, India has The material produced at the plant could be “achieved self-reliance” in heavy water tech- used as fuel for a prototype 500 MW FBR. nology and reactor control systems. Indian GEORGIA WITH IAEA Chidambaram estimates that even using ad- personnel have also “achieved success” in the vanced separation technology, the 6/95 design, construction, and operation of Kalpakkam plant would require “several nuclear reactors, nuclear fuel reprocessing, The IAEA Board of Governors endorses years” before extracting a sufficient amount and waste management. Georgia’s IAEA membership application and of plutonium to fuel the FBR. Subject to All India Radio Network (Delhi), 7/20/95; in FBIS- financing, the proposed FBR could be con- advises the IAEA’s General Conference to NES-95-139, 7/20/95 (13332). approve the application. The Conference structed within seven years. Mark Hibbs, NuclearFuel, 9/25/95, pp. 18-19 begins on 9/18/95 in Vienna. 8/95 (14036). IAEA Newsbriefs, 6/95-7/95, p. 7 (13251). Indian Vice-Admiral and Flag Officer Com- mander-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command 10/95* Premvir S. Das states that the Indian Navy With three new Indian facilities for uranium INDIA requires nuclear powered submarines. Work dioxide (UO2) production, fuel assembly on the submarine itself lags behind the work fabrication, and zircaloy fabrication, India BARC is doing on the submarine’s reactor. hopes to double its nuclear fuel production BARC recently finished work on a land- to 600 t/y in 1995. India’s Nuclear Fuel based testing facility for the submarine’s INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS Complex (NFC) cuts $30 million from pro- reactor. jected costs of $100 million using indig- Rahul Bedi, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 8/26/95, p. 3 4/15/95 (13320). enous technology. Nuclear Engineering International, 10/95, p. 5 India’s Tarapur nuclear power reactor shuts (13777). down following the discovery of a leak from 9/3/95* its waste immobilization plant. The waste An editorial cites Western intelligence 10/15/95* immobilization plant, built by the Bhabha sources as claiming that Indian scientists India’s Department of Atomic Energy and Atomic Research Centre (BARC) with in- have given a hydrogen bomb developed at NPC seek to increase India’s nuclear energy digenous expertise, treats radioactive waste BARC to the Indian Army. The report says production 10-fold over 20 years by using water containing Cesium-137. work on the bomb has been proceeding for “plutonium uranium moncarbide” [sic]. Rahul Bedi, Washington Times, 7/8/95, p. A5 five years. UPI (New Delhi), 10/15/95; in Executive News (13328). R. Abreu, India Today, 7/31/95, p. 42 Jang (Rawalpindi), 9/3/95, p. 10; in FBIS-NES- Service, 10/16/95 (13696). (13328). 95-171, 9/3/95 (13324). NDIA WITH * I : 6/95 * 9/25/95 Brazil, Indonesia, PRC, and India is building a third reprocessing facil- India’s Atomic Energy Commission Chair- Russia, 103 ity at Kalpakkam to serve an experimental man and Department of Atomic Energy fast breeder reactor (FBR) there and a fu- (DAE) Secretary Rajagopol Chidambaram INDIA WITH ISRAEL, PAKISTAN, PRC, ture 50 MWe FBR. India has one vitrifica- says India will soon load mixed-oxide RUSSIA, AND UNITED STATES tion plant at Tarapur for reprocessing high- (MOX) fuel at the U.S.-supplied Tarapur-2 level radioactive waste (HLW) and is build- boiling water reactor (BWR). In 1994, two * ing two others, one at Trombay and the other MOX assemblies were loaded at Tarapur-1. 10/5/95 at Kalpakkam. According to Chidambaram, the two Tarapur U.S. Undersecretary of State Lynn Davis Simon Rippon, Nuclear News, 6/95, pp. 42-43 says the U.S. plans to relax export restric- (13571). reactors will be loaded with far less than the maximum allowable 30 percent of MOX tions on supercomputers. Davis says the decision was based on a study by the De- 6/95* fuel. Mark Hibbs, NuclearFuel, 9/25/95, pp. 18-19 fense Department which concluded that Indian Foreign Minister Pranab Mukherjee (14036). supercomputers are becoming more popu- states that India’s determination to remain a

106 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 Nuclear Developments lar on the international market and that sales tory regional nonproliferation regime. Spec- Existing proposals would see Russia equip- of some high-speed computers would not ter states that Rao voiced his interest “in ping the plants with essential components, hurt the U.S. advantage in the field. The seeing zero nuclear weapons in the region while India undertakes construction and U.S. will probably raise the licensing thresh- in a range of 10 to 15 years.” On 8/28/95, perhaps provision of instrumentation as old of supercomputer sales from 1,500 mil- an Indian foreign affairs spokesman refutes well. lion theoretical operations per second the report that India will join talks with Nuclear Engineering International, 10/95, p. 5 (MTOPS) to a level between 7,000 and Pakistan, Russia, China, and the U.S. to ad- (13664). 12,000 MTOPS. Licenses would be stricter dress nonproliferation in South Asia. Ac- * for sales to military end-users, at the level cording to the spokesman, India has con- 10/9/95 of 2,000 MTOPS. Currently, end-users are sistently opposed a regional approach for a Russian “minister counsellor” Anwar Azimov required to allow extensive and expensive solution to the nuclear proliferation issue says the second session of the Indian-Rus- surveillance and security measures which and is in favour of a global solution on a sian Joint Committee for bilateral trade, prevent the technology from being used in nondiscriminatory basis. scheduled to begin on 10/9/95, will not military applications. Wisconsin Project on Washington Times, 8/29/95, p. A8 (13497). Radio address civilian nuclear cooperation. Nuclear Arms Control Director Gary Pakistan Network (Islamabad), 8/28/95; in FBIS- Nelson Graves, Reuter (New Delhi), 10/9/95; in TAC-95-005, 8/28/95 (13497). AFB (Hong Kong), Executive News Service, 10/9/95 (13697). Milhollin argues that relaxing export con- 8/28/95; in FBIS-TAC-95-005, 8/28/95 (13831). trols of supercomputers will aid the nuclear Hindu, 10/14/95, p. 9 (13497). Shahid-ur-Rehman weapons programs of China, Russia, India, Khan, Nucleonics Week, 8/31/95, p. 11 (13638). Israel, and Pakistan. The U.S. Department Anwar Iqbal, UPI, 8/28/95; in Executive News Service, 8/28/95 (13638). of Energy and the Arms Control and Disar- INDONESIA mament Agency also oppose the idea, which INDIA WITH PRC was proposed by the Commerce and Defense Departments. 9/5/95* Bill Gertz, Washington Times, 10/5/95, p. A10 INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS (13953). The Export Practitioner, 9/30/95 (13953). Former Indian Atomic Energy Commission R. Jeffrey Smith, Washington Post, 9/19/95, p. A3 Chairman Dr. M.R. Srinivasan says in an (13823). interview that India is probably buying en- 7/17/95 riched uranium from China, instead of pro- Indonesian President Suharto meets with INDIA WITH PAKISTAN, PRC, RUSSIA, ducing its own mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel. IAEA Director General Hans Blix and re- AND UNITED STATES According to Srinivasan, India’s MOX fuel affirms his country’s commitment to build fabrication line cannot produce enough fuel its first nuclear power plant near Mount 8/28/95 to meet India’s needs. Muria in central Java. Indonesia plans to After holding separate meetings on nuclear N. Ramakrishnan, Business Line (Madras), 9/5/95, construct 12 600 MW light water reactors nonproliferation in South Asia with Paki- p. 24; in FBIS-TAC-95-005, 9/5/95 (13834). (LWRs) in Java by 2020. Blix promises to stani President Farooq Leghari and Prime support the Indonesian program, noting “we Minister Benazir Bhutto, and Indian Prime INDIA WITH RUSSIA have a nuclear technical cooperation pro- Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao, U.S. Senate gram” and “will also be ready to assist in Intelligence Committee Chairman Arlen 8/4/95 the field of nuclear power.” Regarding Russia’s commitment to provid- UPI, 7/17/95; in Executive News Service, 7/19/95 Specter and U.S. Senator Hank Brown pro- (13452). pose that “five power talks” between the U.S., ing India with nuclear technological assis- tance, Russian Foreign Minister Andrei Russia, China, Pakistan, and India be held. INDONESIA WITH: Specter and Brown assert that the talks would Kozyrev states, “Our cooperation is based Brazil, India, PRC, and Russia, 103 be a positive step toward the ultimate elimi- on our own regulations and our own laws, nation of nuclear weapons in South Asia. and we will take into account the interests INDONESIA WITH KAZAKHSTAN Specter and Brown say that by late 9/95, of nonproliferation of nuclear weapons and weapons of mass destruction.” the U.S. State Department will produce in 8/8/95* writing both the U.S. proposal for talks and Andrei Kirillov, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 8/4/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-151, 8/4/95 (13397). In Jakarta, Kazakhstani President Nursultan India’s agreement to participate, as requested Nazarbayev signs an agreement for by Bhutto. A government spokesman an- 9/95 Kazakhstan-origin enriched uranium to be nounces that Pakistan is ready to join the A group of Russian officials visit India to delivered to an Indonesian nuclear power five-nation conference, and is willing to consider the completion of construction on plant. discuss the total elimination of weapons of two Soviet VVER-1000 nuclear reactors at Tulegen Askarov, Ekspress-K (Almaty), 8/8/95, p. mass destruction (WMD) in South Asia, as Koodankulam, which had been left unfin- 3; in FBIS-SOV-95-158, 8/8/95 (13761). well as the formation of a nondiscrimina- ished after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 107 Nuclear Developments

9/1/95* 9/12/95 Israeli threat to be an empty one. The sale of 200 MT of uranium dioxide to Iranian Ambassador to Russia Mehdi Sa- James Bruce, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 10/14/95, p. 18 (13781). IRNA (Tehran), 10/21/95; in FBIS- the Indonesian company PT Bola Canaya fari declares to Russian journalists that Iran NES-95-204, 10/21/95 (13781). Biry is approved by the government of does not intend to build nuclear weapons, Kazakhstan. and adds that the Bushehr nuclear power IRAN WITH: BBC Monitoring Summary of World Broadcasts, 9/ station will be Iran’s “first and last.” Belarus, 101 1/95; in Uranium Institute News Briefing, 8/30/95- Vadim Markushin, Krasnaya Zvezda, 9/12/95, p. 9/5/95 (13560). 3; in FBIS-SOV-95-176, 9/12/95 (13469). IRAN WITH COMMONWEALTH OF INDONESIA WITH: 9/30/95 INDEPENDENT STATES North Korea (KEDO), 124 At a Castiglioncello, Italy conference spon- sored by the Union of Scientists for Disar- 9/1/95 mament, Iranian representative to the Israeli Interior Minister Ehud Baraq says “the Chemical Weapons Convention at the Hague Iranians have a plan to manufacture an atom IRAN Hassan Mashadi declares that Iran is “keep- bomb in the year 2001,” and intend to find ing its nuclear options open.” Mashadi adds specialists from the former Soviet Union to “Iran does not believe it should renounce provide assistance. the [nuclear weapons] option if its survival Ha’aretz (Tel Aviv), 9/3/95, p. A5; in FBIS-TAC- INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS is at stake...You cannot expect a nation with 95-005, 9/3/95 (13554). legitimate security concerns to sit idly by * 7/2/95 in the face of a threat. If you tell them not 9/24/95 IAEA Director General Hans Blix tells a to go nuclear, then what option do you leave Iran’s nuclear program has annual expendi- press conference in Moscow that the IAEA open for them?” Independent Iranian ana- tures of approximately 1 billion pounds ster- found no evidence of a nuclear weapons lyst Shahram Chubin says there are “clear ling. Nuclear specialists from the former program in Iran. IAEA Safeguard Division signs” that Iran is keeping open a nuclear Soviet Union, who have been offered “lu- Director General H. Tanei declares in a let- weapons option and claims that Iran has le- crative” contracts, contribute to Iran’s nuclear ter to IAEA headquarters that there is no gitimate reasons to think it necessary to do development. record of Iran obtaining any nuclear mate- this. He notes, however, that the posses- Con Coughlin, Sunday Telegraph (London), 9/24/ 95 (13642). rial within the last 13 years. According to sion of two or three weapons “will only gen- one U.S. official, “there has been no mate- erate concern.” IRAN WITH CZECH REPUBLIC rial breach of the Treaty [NPT] per se.” Iran Brief, 11/9/95, pp. 1-2 (14005). However, IAEA spokesman David Kyd notes, “We don’t give the Iranians a clean 10/12/95* 10/20/95 bill of health; we just haven’t seen anything An Iranian program administered by Su- Skoda Plzen management states that, while to indicate otherwise.” These statements preme Security Council representative Dr. the Czech company is increasing commer- contradict President Clinton’s accusation Larijani divides work on Iran’s nuclear cial cooperation with Iran, “it ruled out the that Iran is seeking to obtain nuclear weap- weapons program among many different possibility that Skoda would like to con- ons. agencies in order to keep the program clan- duct business in Iranian weapons and nuclear IRNA (Tehran), 7/29/95; in FBIS-TAC-95-004, 7/ destine. Larijani personally recruits foreign technology.” 29/95 (13511). Risk Report, 8/95, p. 5 (13550). nuclear specialists to work in Iran. Among Mlada Fronta Dnes (Prague), 10/21/95, pp. 1-2; in Yomiuri Shimbun (Japan), 7/4/95; Mainichi Shimbun FBIS-EEU-95-206, 10/25/95 (13576). (Japan), 7/4/95 (13511). the organizations participating in the pro- gram are the Revolutionary Guard nuclear IRAN WITH GERMANY 7/2/95 research department, the University of Iranian President Hashemi Rafsanjani reaf- Tehran, and Sharif University. Intelligence Newsletter, 10/12/95, p. 7 (13644). 8/95 firms that Iran is not engaged in a nuclear Magnetfabrik Bonn GmbH (MFB) officials weapons program, a fact that Rafsanjani says 10/14/95* deny allegations made in Herbert Krosney’s has been verified by IAEA inspections. The Tehran newspaper Kayhan Javai reports book “Deadly Business” that the German Rafsanjani stresses that Russia should pro- that the Israeli government is concerned company “received a substantive order from ceed with the sale of nuclear technology to about Iranian attempts to obtain nuclear Iran” for aluminum-nickel-cobalt (Alnico) Iran despite “inappropriate” opposition from weapons and has threatened to use force to centrifuge magnets. MFB also denies hav- the U.S. stop them. According to Iranian Deputy ing been approached by Iran’s Sharif Uni- Reuter (Washington), 7/2/95; in Executive News versity of Technology, the site of Iran’s gas Service, 7/3/95 (13273). Foreign Minister for Arab-African Affairs Hosni Sheykholeslam, Iran considers the centrifuge development program. Since 1993, the German Federal Export Control

108 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 Nuclear Developments

Office (BAFA) has approved MFB sales of IRAN WITH ISRAEL AND RUSSIA Kamenogorsk facility. Iran could have used ferritic magnets to Iran after determining the beryllium in research reactors that would that they could not be used for uranium en- 9/3/95* later be supplied by Russia. Ust- richment. Israel and Russia secretly reach an agree- Kamenogorsk beryllium is pure enough to Mark Hibbs, NuclearFuel, 8/29/95, pp. 1, 13-14 be utilized in nuclear weapons and missile (13702). ment “on restricting Iran’s nuclear option.” Russia pledges to monitor the reactors it will programs as well. export to Iran in order to prevent the use of Mark Hibbs, NuclearFuel, 7/17/95, pp. 11-12 IRAN WITH IRAQ, PRC, AND RUSSIA (13272). the installations for military purposes. Qobi Marenko, Channel 2 Television Network * 10/6/95 (Jerusalem), 9/3/95; in FBIS-NES-95-171, 9/3/95 IRAN WITH PRC Iraqi defector, General Hussein Kamel, says (13335). in an interview that Iran is building a nuclear 7/7/95* weapon with assistance from Russia and 10/15/95* China plans to supply Iran with nuclear re- China. Citing Iraqi intelligence service re- The Cairo newspaper Al Ahram reports that actors, scientific and technical training, ex- ports, Kamel estimates that Iran’s atomic anonymous officials from the Russian Min- pertise, and components for missile produc- bomb may be complete by 1996 or 1997. istries of Defense and Atomic Energy noted tion. According to Western intelligence Jeanne Assouly and Chritian Hoche, Le Vif/ they were under pressure from Israel to end sources, China already supplies Iran “with L’Express (Brussels), 10/6/95, pp. 69, 70, 73 bilateral Russian-Iranian nuclear collabora- its strongest and biggest nuclear backing.” (13828). tion. If an attack on the Iranian nuclear Aluf Ben, Ha’aretz (Tel Aviv), 7/7/95, p. B1; in reactors under construction with Russian FBIS-NES-95-133, 7/7/95 (13993). David IRAN WITH IRAQ AND SOUTH AFRICA Albright, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 7/95-8/ assistance harms Russian citizens or inter- 95, pp. 21-26 (13954). ests, the officials will urge Russia to de- 10/26/95 stroy all nuclear facilities in Israel’s Negev * Transvaal Attorney-General Jan D’Oliveira’s 7/95 Desert. According to Al Ahram, Israel A top U.S. official says that in addition to office says it discussed with South African threatened to attack the Iranian nuclear re- Police Commissioner Gorge Fivaz unsettled supplying uranium-processing facilities, actors. China has assisted Iran in developing ura- murder cases allegedly involving red mer- IRNA (Tehran), 10/17/95; in FBIS-NES-95-200, cury deals. Investigator Charles Landman 10/17/95 (13502). nium mining, fuel fabrication, and zirco- maintains that high-ranking South African nium tube production, and may provide ura- nium metal and uranium hexafluoride manu- military officers and politicians have been IRAN WITH KAZAKHSTAN AND facturing plants in the near future. involved in these deals. Landman claims UNITED STATES David Albright, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 7/ that in 1994 Israel’s Mossad was involved 95-8/95, pp. 21-26 (13954). in at least one murder, allegedly carried out 7/9/95 to prevent a shipment of red mercury from Kazakh and U.S. officials report that in 9/95* South Africa to either Iran or Iraq. Other 1992-93, Iran sought an agreement with Western intelligence sources say Iran has cases allegedly involving red mercury were Kazakhstan to purchase low-enriched ura- obtained gas centrifuge design data and is the 11/91 murders of arms dealers Don nium (LEU) and beryllium from the Ust- now seeking component technology that will Lange, Dirk Stoffberg, chemical engineer Kamenogorsk fuel fabrication facility, which enable its military to enrich uranium for a Wynand van Wyk, and Stoffberg’s wife. produces uranium dioxide pellets for Soviet- nuclear weapons program. Particularly wor- Reuter, 10/26/95; in Executive News Service, 10/ 26/95 (13669). designed VVER-1000 reactors. According rying, say senior U.S. officials, is a deal to Yergali Bayadilov, general director of pending between China and Iran which Kazakhstan’s Nuclear Energy Agency, Iran would see the transfer of a turnkey facility IRAN WITH ISRAEL wanted to purchase safeguarded LEU to fuel to convert uranium to hexaflouride gas. a VVER-1000 reactor which will be sup- 8/9/95* Given the fact that reactor-grade uranium is plied by Russia in the near future. easily obtainable in the world market, they Iran has been attempting to infiltrate Israel’s Kazakhstan’s “chief official for nuclear ma- say, there is no rationale for Iran’s efforts to Dimona nuclear complex in order to obtain terials accounting and control” and U.S. of- build or acquire centrifuges other than a information about the facility. The Irani- ficials state there is no substance to media nuclear weapons program. ans are said to “recruit people and infiltrate reports that Iran sought to smuggle or steal Risk Report, 9/95, pp. 1, 3, 4 (13842). them as innocent workers in the nuclear re- over 500 kg of highly-enriched uranium actor.” (HEU) from Ust-Kamenogorsk—material 9/12/95* Roni Daniyel, Channel 2 Television Network (Jerusalem), 8/9/95; in FBIS-NES-95-154, 8/9/95 later transferred to the U.S. under Project Chinese Ambassador to Iran Hua Liming (13315). Sapphire. U.S. officials add that Iran was acknowledges that in 1992 China and Iran interested in purchasing beryllium from a signed an agreement regarding the supply metal processing plant located near the Ust-

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 109 Nuclear Developments of two 300 MW nuclear reactors and that a lack of nuclear expertise. 10/3/95* “commercial negotiations” are ongoing. Due Elaine Sciolino, New York Times, 9/28/95, pp. A1, Responding to a report by the U.K.’s Sun- to disagreements over site location and han- A3 (13950). John M. Goshko, Washington Post, 9/ 28/95, p. A22 (13950). Amir Taheri, Al-Sharq al- day Telegraph that China is supplying Iran dling of spent fuel, as well as financial and Awsat (London), 9/30/95; in FBIS-NES-95-193, 9/ with uranium enrichment technology, a technical difficulties, it is uncertain whether 30/95 (13950). Russian nuclear expert says it is unlikely the transaction will actually take place. that China would be able to provide such Resalat (Tehran), 9/12/95; in FBIS-TAC-95-005, 9/28/95 technology. China possesses gaseous dif- 9/12/95 (13954). David Albright, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 7/95-8/95, pp. 21-26 (13954). U.S. officials say the U.S. accepts China’s fusion technology, the oldest and least effi- word that China has backed out of a con- cient method of uranium enrichment, and 9/24/95 tract to supply two 300 MW reactors to Iran. needs the fuel produced with this technol- The Chinese Ambassador to Iran says ura- A U.S. official says that, during talks with ogy for its reactors. China is purchasing nium enrichment and other nuclear tech- U.S. Secretary of State Christopher, Chi- new centrifuge technology from Russia, but nologies that China is supplying to Iran are nese Foreign Minister Qian Qichen had said the plant produces only 4 percent enriched intended only for peaceful uses and are part the deal had been “terminated.” According uranium for use as reactor fuel. Also, as of an agreement signed 10 years ago. to Gary Milhollin of the Wisconsin Project the gas centrifuge plant is still being built, Martin Walker, Guardian (London), 9/25/95 On Nuclear Arms Control, China had also there is nothing that China could have sold (13956). considered exporting a 30 to 50 MW re- to Iran to help it enrich uranium. search reactor to Iran. Milhollin theorizes Andrei Kabannikov, Komsomoloskaya Pravda, 10/ 9/25/95* that China’s cancellation indicates Iran could 3/95, p. 7 (13846). Interfax (Moscow); in Reuter Insurance Briefing, 9/27/95 (13963). According to unnamed sources, China has not pay for the deal and it got a better offer agreed to supply Iran with a calutron ura- from Russia. 10/5/95* Carol Giacomo, Reuter (Washington), 9/28/95; in nium enrichment system to be installed at Iranian sources deny that China has an- Karaj. Executive News Service, 9/28/95 (13960). Wash- ington Post, 9/30/95, p. A9 (13926). nounced the cancellation of the sale of two Con Coughlin, Washington Times, 9/25/95, pp. A1, A8 (13845). 300 MW reactors to Iran. They say the deal 9/29/95 has been temporarily put on hold because 9/26/95 Chinese Foreign Minister Qian Qichen re- the two sides have not agreed on a site. Iran Chen Jian, a spokesman for the Chinese jects the U.S. statement that the sale of two wanted the reactors to be built near the Foreign Ministry, denies accusations that 300 MW reactors to Iran has been canceled. Bushehr site but the Chinese chose a site China is building an enrichment plant in Qian says the deal has been “suspended for near Darkhovin. Iran considers the Iran. According to Chen, “[T]here isn’t any the time being” because of a disagreement Darkhovin site unsuitable because of its nuclear cooperation between China and Iran between the two sides over the final site se- close proximity to the border with Iraq. that is not under the safeguard of [sic] the lection. On 9/29/95, Iranian diplomat Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 10/5/95, pp. 1, 8-9 Hossein Aminian Tossi says in Beijing that (13961). Intelligence Newsletter, 10/12/95, p. 1 International Atomic Energy Agency (13961). Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran (IAEA).” Chen adds that China has never he had seen reports of the cancellation of (Tehran), 10/4/95; in FBIS-NES-95-196, 10/4/95 exported any sensitive reprocessing, ura- the deal, but they had not been confirmed. (13962). Irna (Tehran), 10/9/95; in FBIS-NES- nium enrichment, or heavy water produc- The same day, Iran’s Foreign Ministry states 95-195, 10/9/95 (13969). tion technology or equipment. that it had no knowledge of any change in Xinhua (Beijing), 9/26/95; in FBIS-CHI-95-186, the two countries’ bilateral agreement on IRAN WITH RUSSIA 9/26/95 (13354). peaceful nuclear cooperation. Washington Post, 9/30/95, p. A9 (13926). Jeffrey 6/8/95* 9/27/95 Parker, Reuter (Beijing), 9/29/95; in Reuter Insur- According to an “official high-level Russian ance Briefing, 9/29/95 (13926). Arms Control To- Chinese Foreign Minister Qian Qichen re- day, 10/95, p. 24 (13926). Irna (Tehran), 9/28/95; division” report, during the Shah’s rule Iran portedly tells U.S. Secretary of State War- in FBIS-NES-95-190, 9/28/95 (13957). Nuclear “conducted studies and research in the ren Christopher that China will cancel its Proliferation News, 10/12/95, p. 14 (13959). nuclear field in violation of the nuclear non- plans to supply two 300 MW reactors to proliferation treaty.” The report assumes Iran. Even though the U.S. has been pres- 9/29/95* that “remnants” of past nuclear weapons de- suring China to cancel the reactor deal, Qian Fifteen Chinese nuclear experts are report- sign activity are still present in Iran, and says that the decision was made by China edly working at Iran’s secret nuclear facil- says “it is possible that Iran has unassembled unilaterally. Russia expresses its concern ity at Isfahan. equipment, radioactive materials, and other that the U.S. may use China’s decision in Con Coughlin, Sunday Telegraph (London), 10/1/ devices it has bought.” The report also states order to push Russia to cancel its deal with 95 (13926). that the Gulf War convinced Iran of the need Iran as well. Iran is also reportedly experi- to obtain nuclear weapons for deterring fu- encing many technical problems, including ture aggression. However, because Iran

110 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 Nuclear Developments gives the development and modernization Russia’s nuclear deal with Iran. Christo- to Iran for 10 years, a change that adds $300 of its army a higher priority than its nuclear pher expresses to Kozyrev U.S. concern that million to the $800 million contract. The weapons program, future nuclear weapons Iran may work on “a long-term programme nuclear fuel will be provided by the production will be “difficult to achieve.” The of nuclear weapons creation.” Kozyrev re- Novobinsk nuclear plant and returned for report concludes: “Allowing Iran to obtain jects Christopher’s explanation, claiming reprocessing and storage at the RT-2 nuclear the technology for the production of nuclear Russia has no evidence of an Iranian nuclear facility in Zheleznogorsk (formerly weapons will not serve Russia’s interests.” weapons program. Krasnoyarsk-26). Responding to allegations Al-Sharq (Doha), 6/8/95-6/9/95; in FBIS-TAC-95- Itar-Tass (Moscow), 8/1/95; in FBIS-TAC-95-004, that Russia may secretly provide Iran with 014-L, 8/10/95 (13489). 8/1/95 (13510). nuclear technologies, Russian Minister of Atomic Energy Viktor Mikhailov explains * 6/15/95 8/2/95 there is only one contract, signed between Russia and Iran are negotiating the inclu- In an editorial, International Chernobyl Russia and Iran, for the sale of one VVER- sion of a “nuclear powered desalination Safety Foundation Information and Analy- 1000 reactor and for the provision of its plant” as part of the Bushehr complex. The sis Center Director Vladimir Kuznetsov nuclear fuel supply. Mikhailov says the project, included in the 2/95 Russian-Ira- objects to the proposed Russian sale of contract “in principle” includes “the even- nian nuclear cooperation agreement, would VVER-1000 nuclear reactors to Iran. tual supply of up to four reactors for the be the first of its kind outside of the former Vladimir Kuznetsov, Trud (Moscow), p. 2; in FBIS- SOV-95-148, 8/2/95 (13391). Bushehr site,” and adds that Russia “first Soviet Union. Officials from both sides must fine-tune [its] cooperation working on discuss the Russian APWS-40 desalination 8/17/95 the first generating unit.” system and BN-350 reactor, produced by Nuclear News, 10/95, p. 47 (13556). Martin Sieff, Russia’s OKMB Mechanical Engineering. A Minatom delegation headed by Deputy Washington Times, 8/29/95, p. A7 (13558). Foreign Report, 6/15/95, p. 24 (13392). Minister Yevgeniy Reshetnikov visits Tehran to renegotiate parts of the contract provid- 9/95 6/17/95 ing for the construction of Iran’s first unit Minatom Construction Department head The G-7 summit in Halifax, Canada, reaches at the Bushehr nuclear power station. Eduard Akopyan states that Russia will pro- a decision obliging all countries, including Minatom seeks to guarantee that Russian vide Iran with the results of an assessment Russia, to “immediately stop” their coop- nuclear fuel burned in Iranian reactors will of the incomplete Bushehr nuclear station eration with Iran “as soon as any evidence be returned to Russia as spent fuel for re- and construction designs of unit-1. Akopyan showing Iran’s intention to produce nuclear processing. According to the contract, Rus- adds that Russia signed two agreements with weapons was provided.” According to a sia will begin supplying fuel when the power Iran providing for the construction of the Russian Atomic Energy Ministry (Minatom) station is completed in 2001, and will con- Bushehr nuclear power station and the sup- spokesman, Moscow will continue with the tinue until 2030. Russian First Deputy ply of two Russian LWRs. At a 9/5/95 news Russian-Iranian nuclear deal since no such Atomic Energy Minister Lev Ryabev says conference, Akopyan says Russia has not evidence exists. the fuel from Bushehr will be reprocessed signed “secret military” agreements with Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran First Program at the Mayak nuclear facility near Iran, and has no intention of doing so in the Network (Tehran), 7/1/95; in FBIS-TAC-95-014- Chelyabinsk as “an additional service.” The L, 7/1/95 (13468). future. ore-dressing plant in Krasnoyarsk-26 will Boris Konovalov, Nucleonics Week, 9/7/95, pp. 7-8 be used as a permanent storage facility. Iran (13508). Washington Times, 9/6/95, p. A13 (13709). 7/24/95 also expresses interest in building a second In an interview, Aide to the Russian Prime unit at Bushehr using a VVER-100 LWR, 9/95* Minister for International Issues Mikhail and third and fourth units employing VVER- During a trip to Iran, Minatom Deputy Tarasov confirms that “Russia will not train 440 reactors. Minister Yevgeniy Reshetnikov says con- Iranian specialists in nuclear power engi- Segodnya, 8/18/95, p. 3 (13557). Interfax (Mos- struction on Iran’s Bushehr nuclear power neering,” and that a list of supplies deliv- cow), 8/17/95; in FBIS-TAC-95-016-L, 8/17/95 station will start within three months, after ered to Iran from Russia will be subject to (13708). Aleksandr Korzun, Igor Porshnev, and Yevgeniy Terekhov, Interfax (Moscow), 8/7/95; in Russian specialists complete a feasibility U.S. approval. FBIS-SOV-95-152, 8/7/95 (13551). study regarding the installation of the Aleksandr Korzun, Igor Porshnev, and Yevgeniy Terekhov, Interfax (Moscow), 7/24/95; in FBIS- VVER-1000 reactors. Despite U.S. insis- TAC-95-004, 7/24/95 (13553). 8/24/95 tence that Russia cancel its deal with Iran, During a visit to Iran, Minatom Deputy Reshetnikov considers the termination of the 8/1/95 Minister Yevgeniy Reshetnikov signs an $1 billion contract to be “out of the ques- At an ASEAN security forum in Brunei, extension to a 1/95 contract with Iran pro- tion.” As soon as construction at the com- U.S. Secretary of State Warren Christopher viding for construction of the nuclear power plex begins, the number of Russian nuclear tries “to no avail” to convince Russian For- plant in Bushehr. The contract is amended experts working at Bushehr may increase eign Minister Andrei Kozyrev to stop to include the supply of Russian nuclear fuel from 200 to 3,000.

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 111 Nuclear Developments

Nuclear News, 9/95, p. 18 (13551). New York Times, 9/18/95 (13508). Nuclear Engineering International, 10/ 8/21/95, p. A2 (13551). At the IAEA General Conference in Vienna, 95, p. 12 (14022). Russian Minister of Atomic Energy Viktor 9/95* 10/12/95* Mikhailov assures U.S. Department of En- Iran wants to buy 2,000 tons of Russian ergy (DOE) Secretary Hazel O’Leary that Approximately 100 scientists from Russia, natural uranium, ostensibly for the Bushehr “unconfirmed reports” on Russian assistance including famed Russian atomic scientist reactor project. to Iran in building underground nuclear in- Khaled Nikov, work on Iran’s nuclear pro- Risk Report, 9/95, pp. 1, 3-4 (13842). stallations are unsubstantiated. Mikhailov gram. Most of the scientists work at Bushehr rejects the suggestion that nuclear training and Mo’allem Kalayeh. 9/5/95* Intelligence Newsletter, 10/12/95, p. 7 (13644). provided by Russia to Iran could be used Minatom’s Committee for International Re- for nuclear weapons development. Secu- lations Chairman Mikhail Fyodorov states 10/25/95 rity measures designed to block informa- that a scientific-research center with a Minatom Deputy Minister Yevgeniy tion leaks from Minatom “impressed” DOE “model reactor” for training nuclear special- Reshetnikov states that Russia plans to train representatives, but did not eliminate U.S. ists in Iran will be needed to comply with Iranian nuclear specialists to run the Bushehr opposition to the Russia-Iran nuclear agree- the “agreement on scientific-technical coop- nuclear power reactor. ment. eration.” Official talks on the founding of Interfax (Moscow), 10/25/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-207, Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 10/5/95, pp. 9-10 10/25/95 (13643). the center have begun. (14016). Washington Times, 9/6/95, p. A13 (13709). Interfax (Moscow), 9/5/95; in FBIS-TAC-95-005, 9/5/95 10/26/95 9/24/95* (13709). Minatom representatives visit Iran and pro- Russian Minister of Atomic Energy Viktor vide the Iranian government with a feasibil- * Mikhailov is criticized by “many top brass 9/7/95 ity study on the incomplete Bushehr nuclear in Moscow” for negotiating the sale of Due to seismological instability, Russia and facility. Iran decide to build two VVER-440 nuclear nuclear technology to Iran. According to a Interfax (Moscow), 10/25/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-207, reactors originally planned for a site in senior Russian defense official, Mikhailov 10/25/95 (13643). northern Iran at Bushehr instead. Russia is “a law unto himself and not even the Presi- had agreed to construct two 400 MW nuclear dent can control him.” Despite Russian IRAN WITH RUSSIA AND UNITED STATES reactors for Iran’s Neka research center, Foreign Ministry support for Mikhailov’s which was unknown to the IAEA before 8/ view that the agreement is “purely [a] com- 6/30/95 95. mercial deal,” Russian military officers dis- U.S. Vice President Al Gore and Russian Boris Konovalov, Nucleonics Week, 9/7/95, pp. 7-8 approve of Mikhailov’s efforts. These mili- Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin fail (13508). Arms Control Today, 9/95, p. 36 (13556). tary officers fear Russian nuclear deals with to resolve a dispute over the pending Rus- Con Coughlin, Sunday Telegraph, 9/24/95 (13954). Iran may contribute to an Iranian nuclear sian sale of nuclear reactors to Iran. weapons program. With the Russian mili- 9/14/95 Chernomyrdin declares that Russia will tary stretched thin battling internal strife, complete the nuclear reactor while strength- At a meeting with Russian Foreign Minis- Russian military officials are concerned ening measures to ensure that nuclear weap- ter Andrei Kozyrev in Moscow, Israeli Prime about the prospects of a nuclear-armed Iran, ons are not developed in Iran. Minister Yitzhak Rabin criticizes the sale saying, “that’s all we need—mad mullahs with Reuter (Moscow), 7/1/95; in Executive News Ser- of Russian reactors to Iran. In response, nukes.” vice, 7/1/95 (13273). Voice of the Islamic Repub- Kozyrev explains that the “peaceful” Rus- Carey Schofield, Sunday Telegraph (London), 9/ lic of Iran First Program Network (Tehran), 7/1/ sian-Iranian agreement complies with NPT 24/95 (13712). 95; in FBIS-TAC-95-014-L, 7/1/95 (13468). Pavel requirements and points out that, unlike Is- Felgengauer, Segodnya, 7/1/95, p. 2 (13553). rael, Iran has signed the NPT. “We have 10/95 9/6/95 reliable information that Iran is not plan- An $800 million contract for the comple- ning to make nuclear weapons,” a senior tion of the first 1,000 MW nuclear reactor An aide to Mitch McConnell, the Senate Minatom official says in an interview with at Bushehr is scheduled to officially enter Appropriations Foreign Operations Sub- Interfax. Israel says it is ready to make eco- into force. Russian Minister of Atomic committee Chairman, says McConnell is nomic concessions if Russia cancels its Energy Viktor Mikhailov says Iran will make “actively considering” preventing approval nuclear contract with Iran, but Russian of- an initial payment of approximately $20 for a proposed $250 million in economic ficials reject this possibility. million to Russia by the end of 1995. Rus- aid to Russia for FY 1996 because of the International Herald Tribune, 9/15/95 (13549). Fi- sia will have 55 months to complete the Russian-Iranian reactor agreement. The nancial Times, 9/15/95 (13549). Aleksei Chukurov, construction of the first unit. If the project Nunn-Lugar program would not be affected Komsomolskaya Pravda, 9/16/95, p. 1 (13549). is successful, the contract will be extended by the move. R. Jeffrey Smith, Washington Post, 9/7/95, p. A33 to include the completion of Bushehr-2. (14034). Boris Konovalov, Nucleonics Week, 9/7/95, pp. 7-8

112 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 Nuclear Developments

10/24/95 9/14/95* (13548). Post-Soviet Nuclear & Defense Monitor, 9/1/95, pp. 1-2 (13548). Risk Report, 9/95, p. 9 A U.S. House-Senate conference commit- Responding to a report in the Israeli news- (13501). tee proposes a provision to the 1996 for- paper, Ma’Ariv, that a “high-ranking South eign aid bill that would halt all assistance to African source” said South African nuclear 10/11/95 Russia 90 days after the bill enters into force, assistance to Iran would not be of “military Testifying before the Senate Banking Com- unless Russia breaks off its nuclear coop- use,” South African Foreign Minister Alfred mittee, CIA Deputy Director for Intelligence eration with Iran. However, the bill per- Nzo says South Africa “has not entered into John Gannon says U.S. economic sanctions mits the provision to be waived and U.S. any agreement concerning nuclear coopera- approved by President Clinton in 4/95 aid to Russia to continue if the U.S. Presi- tion with Iran.” against Iran have resulted in Iranian hard- dent determines it is “important to the na- David Makovsky, Jerusalem Post, 9/14/95, p. 1; in currency shortages. Senator Alfonse M. tional security interests of the United States.” FBIS-NES-95-178, 9/14/95 (13464). Thomas W. Lippman, Washington Post, 10/25/95, D’Amato has proposed stricter sanctions that p. A6 (13683). Late 9/95 include halting any U.S.-Iranian trade ac- South Africa’s Atomic Energy Corporation tivity or financial assistance and prohibit- IRAN WITH SOUTH AFRICA (AEC) Chairman Waldo Stumpf says South ing free passage to the U.S. by international Africa should be “extremely circumspect companies which provide Iran with oil in- 8/95 about any form of nuclear cooperation with dustry technology or machinery. The The U.S. urges South Africa not to share Iran.” Stumpf assures U.S. Energy Secre- Clinton administration opposes the nuclear-related information with Iran. A tary Hazel O’Leary that no bilateral efforts D’Amato legislation. for nuclear development have been made Bill Gertz, Washington Times, 10/12/95, p. A16 3/95 meeting between South African Min- (14004). R. Jeffrey Smith, Washington Post, 10/ eral and Energy Affairs Minister Pik Botha with Iran. Iran has expressed interest in 12/95, p. 6 (14004). and Iran’s Atomic Energy Agency President purchasing radioisotopes from the AEC. on nuclear issues gives the U.S. cause for Iran Brief, 10/9/95, p. 2 (13775). Jane’s Defence concern. South African Foreign Affairs Weekly, 9/9/95, p. 23 (13775). Minister Alfred Nzo also voices concern in IRAQ a 4/13/95 letter to Botha, left unsent by Nzo IRAN WITH UKRAINE because the Department of Foreign Affairs determined that the talks focused on nuclear 9/13/95 isotopes for medical purposes. On 8/19/ Ukraine is not selling Iran nuclear technol- INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS 95, however, Botha states the talks covered ogy or equipment, Ukrainian President a previously discarded scheme for South Leonid Kuchma assures Israeli Prime Min- 7/9/95 Africa to sell enriched uranium to Iran. ister Yitzhak Rabin in Kiev. IAEA Action Team head Maurizio Zifferero Edyth Bulbing, Sunday Times (Johannesburg), 8/ Shim’on Schiffer, Yedi’ot Aharonot (Tel Aviv), 9/ says a monitoring system to ensure that Iraq 20/95, p. 2; in FBIS-TAC-95-016-L, 8/20/95 13/95, pp. 1, 19; in FBIS-SOV-95-177, 9/13/95 (13364). (13346). does not develop nuclear weapons is work- ing in a “routine manner.” Zifferero tells 8/95 IRAN WITH UNITED STATES reporters “there is no problem” concerning South African Foreign Minister Alfred Nzo Iraq’s “nuclear file.” AFP (Paris), 7/9/95; in FBIS-NES-95-131, 7/9/95 announces that South Africa concluded a 9/12/95 (13330). bilateral agreement with Iran to establish A foreign assistance budget that would pro- nuclear technology assistance “for peaceful hibit any future U.S. aid to countries which 7/24/95 purposes.” Nzo says South Africa’s coop- agree to assist Iran in developing nuclear- The IAEA releases the results of an investi- eration with Iran is “within the scope” of related capabilities is passed by a U.S. Sen- gation which concludes that Iraq was not the NPT. ate Appropriations subcommittee. On 6/8/ continuing its nuclear weapons program, as UPI, 9/12/95; in Executive News Service, 9/12/95 95, the U.S. House of Representatives passed alleged by the Sunday Times (London). The (13464). SAfm Radio Network (Johannesburg), 8/ a similar amendment to the American Over- 22/95; in FBIS-TAC-95-016-L, 8/22/95 (13464). IAEA report finds that the documents were seas Interests Act (H.R. 1561) stipulating not authentic and states “no credible evidence an automatic cut-off of foreign assistance to 9/12/95 was found to suggest that the activities re- any state that supplies Iran with nuclear re- South African Energy Minister Pik Botha ported in the documents were or are being actor technology. The Clinton administra- carried out by Iraq.” denies that any nuclear agreement has been tion says it will veto the bill. Pro-Israeli reached with Iran. UPI, 7/24/95; in Executive News Service, 7/24/95 lobbying organizations such as the Ameri- (13329). Anthony Goodman, Reuter, 7/24/95; in Iran Brief, 10/9/95, p. 2 (13775). can-Israeli Public Affairs Committee Executive News Service, 7/24/95 (13329). (AIPAC) support legislation of this type. David Rogers, Wall Street Journal, 9/13/95, p. A5

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 113 Nuclear Developments

8/10/95 8/17/95 was April 1991.” Albright also mentions Hussein Kamel, considered the mastermind After meeting with Iraqi Deputy Prime that the program was postponed because the of Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction Minister Tariq Aziz in Baghdad, UNSCOM 1/91 military operation led by the U.S. ren- (WMD) programs, defects to Jordan along head Rolf Ekeus says UNSCOM has ob- dered Iraqi nuclear facilities non-opera- with his brother Saddam Kamel, their wives, tained new information regarding Iraq’s tional. and their families. [Kamel had previously nuclear and other WMD programs. The Washington Post, 8/26/95, pp. A1, A4 (13460). served as Minister of Military Industrial- new information suggests that at the start of * ization Organization and Minister of De- the Gulf War, Iraq was less than a year away 8/28/95 fense.] from building its first nuclear weapon. The Iraqi defector Hussein Kamel tells the Lon- AFP, 8/10/95 (13399). new information also confirms earlier sus- don-based weekly Al-Wasat that Iraq is pro- picions that Iraq continued its nuclear weap- viding the U.N. with all of its information 8/13/95* ons program after the Gulf War, and pos- on Iraq’s WMD programs. Hussein Kamel While Iraq calls UNSCOM head Rolf Ekeus sessed more uranium enrichment equipment says Baghdad has revealed a huge amount and IAEA Director General Hans Blix to than previously disclosed. of information and is in the process of hand- Baghdad to examine newly released infor- Evelyn Leopold, Reuter, 8/25/95; in Executive News ing over the rest. mation, the U.S. approaches Iraqi defector Service, 8/25/95 (13581). AFP (Paris), 8/28/95; in FBIS-NES-95-166, 8/28/ 95 (13399). Hussein Kamel in Amman, Jordan. U.S. 8/20/95 officials are interested in obtaining infor- 8/29/95 mation from Kamel regarding Iraq’s nuclear UNSCOM head Rolf Ekeus and IAEA Ac- IAEA official Maurizio Zifferero says that and biological weapons programs. tion Team head Maurizio Zifferero meet AFP (Paris), 8/13/95; in FBIS-NES-95-156, 8/13/ with Iraqi defector Hussein Kamel in Jor- as part of a “crash program” begun in 9/90, 95 (13490). Times (London), 8/14/95 (13490). dan following a four-day trip to Baghdad. Iraq planned to extract highly-enriched ura- Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 8/17/95, pp. 1-2 nium (HEU) from its French and Soviet- 8/13/95 (13579). designed research reactors to use in a nuclear Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz weapon. Iraq planned to divert 12.3 kg of states that Iraq will provide information on 8/20/95 partially-irradiated 93 percent HEU from its WMD programs that had been withheld UNSCOM receives 147 boxes of documents the French reactor, as well as 13.7 kg of 80 from the U.N. by Iraqi defector Hussein in electronic, audiovisual, microfiche, and percent enriched fresh fuel and 7.2 kg of Kamel. Aziz claims that after Kamel’s de- hard copy format related to Iraq’s WMD irradiated fuel (both of Soviet origin) in fection, “several MIO [Military Industrial- programs. order to meet a goal of producing approxi- Evelyn Leopold, Reuter, 8/25/95; in Executive News mately 20 kg of 93 percent HEU. Iraq set a ization Organization] officials said this trai- Service, 8/25/95 (13581). tor had ordered them to hide important in- goal of completing a nuclear weapon by 4/ 91, but IAEA officials said it was unlikely formation from UNSCOM on Iraq’s past 8/25/95* that this could have been achieved, even if weapons programs.” Aziz says Kamel had In a written statement, IAEA Director Gen- withheld the information to provide the U.S. the program had not been stopped by allied eral Hans Blix tells the U.N. Security Coun- bombing in 1/91. Iraqi officials in 8/95 with a reason to continue sanctions against cil that the IAEA’s earlier conclusion that Iraq. The new Iraqi disclosures contradict say they had planned to convert the French- Iraq’s nuclear weapons program was “fun- supplied HEU to a weapons-usable form and Iraqi President Saddam Hussein’s earlier damentally under control” remains valid. He statements that all information on Iraq’s re-enrich the 80 percent enriched material also says that Iraqi officials turned over a 9/ to 93 percent U-235 in a cascade of 50 cen- WMD programs had already been disclosed. 1/95 Al Atheer project team report show- Commenting on the new disclosures, Aziz trifuges. The 93 percent material was to be ing the role of “the Al Qa Qaa establish- converted to metal form using the hot cells Al-yan, who is a member of the opposition ment in the development of the implosive Iraqi National Congress Executive Council at the Tuwaitha complex. Iraqi experts es- package.” Blix says the report, which is timated that up to 200 g of the 93 percent says, “It’s a desperate attempt to save the being translated, seems to show Iraq’s “work regime by circumventing Husayn Kamil HEU could be purified per day, but IAEA on weaponisation” was halted in 1/91. experts estimated it would take longer, with [sic], who knows the details of all the ar- Reuter, 8/25/95; in Executive News Service, 8/25/ mament programs.” Al-yan says that in the 95 (13582). Rolf Ekeus, Statement To The U.N. 12 to 18 months required to convert the HEU 1980s, Kamel frequently visited the U.S., Security Council, 8/25/95 (14037). for weapons use. In addition, in order to Europe, and Chile to purchase weapons for build the planned cascade of 50 centrifuges, Iraq. 8/25/95 Iraq would have had to “cannibalize” all of AFP (Paris), 8/13/95; in FBIS-NES-95-156, 8/13/ U.S. Ambassador to the U.N. Madeleine its independent centrifuge development pro- 95 (13490). Reuter, AFP; in Independent, 8/14/95 Albright states that “Iraq had launched a grams and link different types of centrifuges (13490). Times (London), 8/14/95 (13490). crash program to deploy a nuclear device together, a technically difficult task. One before the Gulf War and their target date senior IAEA official said that Iraq “‘was at

114 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 Nuclear Developments least one year away’ from building centri- U.N. Security Council resolutions by con- 10/13/95 fuges that would work in a small cascade.” cealing nuclear weapons program-related The U.N. Security Council requests that The cascade was to be built at the Rashdiyah data since 1991. The resolution calls for UNSCOM carry out a stricter investigation facility. According to intelligence sources, Iraq to immediately surrender all of its of Iraq’s WMD programs. U.S. Ambassa- Iraq now says it possessed more centrifuge undivulged information, equipment, and dor to the U.N. Madeleine Albright says equipment than it previously admitted, and material related to nuclear weapons, in ac- that, given the 8/95 Iraqi revelations regard- some of this equipment may not have been cordance with Security Council resolutions, ing their WMD programs, the current in- destroyed. A statement made by IAEA Di- and renews the IAEA’s commitment to ex- spections are “inadequate” and should be rector General Hans Blix after the disclo- amine all information received by the IAEA “upgraded.” UNSCOM head Rolf Ekeus sures notes, however, that the IAEA is con- in 8/95. IAEA Director General Hans Blix says in 1996 an additional $20 million is to vinced “there is no nuclear programme in reconfirms that an earlier IAEA assessment be used for new equipment and other re- the sense of any centrifuge operating or any of Iraq’s nuclear program has not been sources to reinforce UNSCOM’s WMD in- production of fissionable material.” changed by Hussein Kamel’s 8/95 revela- spections. Ekeus says the new information Zifferero reveals that in order to test the tions, stating, “We are convinced that the forces UNSCOM to reconsider assessments nuclear device, Iraq had been considering program has been rendered harmless and has of the Iraqi WMD program, and he pledges both an underground test and actual use been neutralized.” that UNSCOM will expedite the cross-veri- against an enemy. IAEA Press Release (Vienna), 9/22/95; in FBIS- fication of newly declared information. Barbara Crossette, New York Times, 8/30/95, p. A4 TAC-95-005, 9/22/95 (13922). Nuclear Prolifera- UPI, 10/13/95; in Executive News Service, 10/13/ (13460). Steve Pagani, Reuter, 8/29/95; in Execu- tion News, 10/12/95, pp. 1-3 (13922). Mark Hibbs, 95 (13675). Evelyn Leopold, Washington Post, 10/ tive News Service, 8/29/95 (13582). Reuter, 8/ Nucleonics Week, 9/28/95, pp. 13-14 (13645). 12/95, p. A18 (13675). Evelyn Leopold, Washing- 25/95; in Executive News Service, 8/25/95 (13582). ton Times, 10/12/95, p. A17 (13675). Charles Barbara Crossette, New York Times, 8/26/95, pp. 1, 10/1/95 Miller, Press Association (London), 10/11/95; in 3 (13582). Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 8/31/ FBIS-NES-95-197, 10/11/95 (13675). 95, pp. 1, 9-11 (14032). Evan Medeiros, Arms After extensive discussions with Iraqi Control Today, 9/95, pp. 27, 32 (14032). Deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz in Baghdad, UNSCOM head Rolf Ekeus states 10/19/95 9/12/95* “Iraq has provided us with new information A U.N. source says UNSCOM suspects Iraq was developing a radiological weapon that A senior U.N. nuclear investigator states in all areas” including its nuclear weapons would emit lethal radioactive matter with- there is no concrete evidence that Iraq main- program. Ekeus, however, says questions out an explosion. Iraqi President Saddam tains a nuclear weapons program. remain unanswered regarding Iraqi WMD Hussein allegedly ordered the weapon built UNSCOM officials are currently undertak- programs due to the noncompliance of the at the Tuwaitha nuclear facility following ing a close examination of thousands of Iraqi Iraqi defense bureaucracy. On 9/29/95, Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait. According to a documents. Ekeus announces that UNSCOM is search- Wall Street Journal, 9/12/95, p. A1 (13365). ing for more information regarding Iraq’s 1993 Russian intelligence report on the pro- WMD programs. liferation of WMD, during the Gulf War, 9/21/95 AFP (Paris), 9/30/95; in FBIS-NES-95-190, 9/30/ Russia considered the Iraqi use of radiation In an interview with CNN, Iraqi defector 95 (13646). Jack Redden, Reuter, 10/1/95; in Ex- weapons against Israel a “real possibility.” ecutive News Service, 10/1/95 (13674). Reuter, 10/19/95; in Executive News Service, 10/ Hussein Kamel claims that Iraq planned to 20/95 (13690). build a 12 MT nuclear weapon, which was 10/11/95 later scaled down to weigh 6 MT. Kamel UNSCOM head Rolf Ekeus submits an up- IRAQ WITH: says Iraq ultimately hoped to design a 300- dated assessment on the Iraqi nuclear and Iran, PRC, and Russia, 109 500 kg warhead, which Iraqi missiles would other WMD programs to the U.N. Security Iran and South Africa, 109 be capable of delivering. According to Council. Kamel, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein AFP (Paris), 9/30/95; in FBIS-NES-95-190, 9/30/ IRAQ WITH LIBYA ordered Iraqi scientists to develop “some 95 (13646). kind of nuclear device at the time of the * Gulf War.” Regarding the current state of 10/11/95 10/25/95 Iraq’s nuclear program, Kamel claims that The IAEA states that no final assessment of A Jordanian newspaper reports that an Iraqi “Iraq is not going to repeat that.” Iraq’s nuclear program is feasible before the Military Industrialization Organization UPI, 9/22/95; in Executive News Service, 9/22/95 analysis of Iraqi disclosures from 8/95 is (MIO) delegation, headed by Dr. Jafar Diya, (13698). Reuter, 9/21/95; in Executive News Ser- arrives in Libya to oversee the installation vice, 9/21/95 (13698). completed. Reuter, 10/11/95; in Executive News Service, 10/ of small nuclear furnaces located at Sidi Abu 11/95 (13674). Zurayq in the desert, 380 km southwest of 9/22/95 Tripoli. A shipment of Iraqi nuclear fuel is The IAEA General Conference adopts a expected to reach Libya over the next few resolution denouncing Iraq for violating weeks for enrichment at the furnaces under

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 115 Nuclear Developments

MIO supervision. The arrangement is part Vanunu’s isolated confinement prevents him Interfax (Moscow), 9/11/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-176, of an Iraqi-Libyan initiative through which from disclosing secret atomic information. 9/11/95 (13312). Iraq seeks to transfer its nuclear program to Reuter, 9/17/95; in Executive News Service, 9/17/ Libya in order to remove it from U.N. sur- 95 (13308). veillance. According to one source, Iraq JAPAN transported “semi-enriched” nuclear fuel to ISRAEL WITH: the Aba Agricultural and Scientific Research Argentina and United States, 99 Center, east of Baghdad, under the direc- India, Pakistan, PRC, Russia, and tion of MIO Director Lieutenant General U.S., 106 INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS Amir Rashid. The transfer was made fol- Iran, 109 lowing the U.N. suspension of inspections Iran and Russia, 109 4/95* there, ostensibly because all equipment had Eight Japanese ministries submit nuclear been removed from the site. A worker at ISRAEL WITH PAKISTAN the Aba center says Iraq hides its nuclear budget proposals for FY 1995, with total fuel in large underground storage facilities outlays of 5.7 billion yen for nuclear non- 6/95 proliferation, 1.364 billion yen of which is near the center. The Pakistan Federal Investigation Agency Al-Bilad (Amman), 10/25/95, p. 6; in FBIS-TAC- for plutonium actinide reprocessing re- 95-006, 10/25/95 (14015). arrests Dr. Mubashar on suspicion of pass- search. ing nuclear secrets to Israel, an unnamed Tetsuro Kitagishi, Genshiroyokyu Kogyo (Tokyo), high government source tells the Muslim. 4/95, pp. 77-80; in FBIS-JST-95-056, 9/6/95 The Pakistani-born Australian Mubashar and (13650). ISRAEL his Australian wife Sandra Ahmed allegedly 6/19/95 passed vital information about Pakistan’s Japan’s Nuclear Safety Commission (NSC) nuclear facilities to members of the Israeli sanctions the use of mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel intelligence agency Mossad. A second re- in light water reactors (LWRs) after finding no appreciable difference in utility between INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS port claims that at the prompting of Ahmed, a Mossad agent, Mubashar unsuccessfully MOX and normal enriched uranium. The 4/7/95-4/10/95 attempted to pass classified nuclear infor- Japan Atomic Energy Commission foresees the use of MOX fuel in about 10 reactors At a conference entitled “Strategic Stability mation about the Kahuta plant on floppy over the next five years, rising to almost 20 in the Period After the Cold War and the disk during installation of computer equip- ment at the Pakistan Atomic Energy Com- by 2010. Future of Nuclear Weapons,” former Cen- Nuclear News, 8/95, pp. 77-78 (13343). ter of Military Analysis of Israel Director mission. Mubashar, who runs Media Link, a computer company that has supplied com- Ilan Amit announces that Israel has 228 7/95* nuclear warheads and does not intend to join puters and other equipment to sensitive Pa- kistani facilities over the last few years, has A Japanese Ministry of International Trade the NPT. and Industry (MITI) official states that he Yaderniy Kontrol, 7/95, p. 9 (13458). been under surveillance for about six months. In late 5/95, three employees of expects a proposed “catch-all” export-con- 8/15/95 Media Link are also arrested. In a previous trol clause, which would require an exporter to notify the government of any shipment At a George Washington University forum espionage attempt, Israel tried to blackmail of material that could be used in weapons entitled “Preventing Super-Terrorism,” lead- Pakistani scientists to gain access to “nuclear of mass destruction (WMD), to become law ing Israeli nuclear physicist Yuval Ne’eman secrets,” including information about the Karachi nuclear power plant and the Kahuta by 1996. recommends that Israel “abandon its present Risk Report, 7/95-8/95, pp. 1, 9 (13654). stance and explicitly go nuclear” if Tehran plant. Muslim (Islamabad), 4/7/95, pp. 1, 11; in FBIS- obtains a nuclear bomb. Asserting that an 7/4/95 Iranian nuclear capability would place the NES-95-128, 7/4/95 (13331). Nation (Islamabad), 8/10/95, p. 11; in FBIS-TAC-95-016-L, 8/10/95 The Japan Atomic Energy Research Insti- world “on the brink of a new holocaust,” (13331). tute (JAERI) announces that construction of Ne’eman argues that Israel will need a cred- a trial facility for the burning of high-level ible and effective second strike capability ISRAEL WITH RUSSIA radioactive waste (HLW) in Tokai, Ibaraki in order to deter the nuclear threat from Iran. Prefecture, could start as early as 1996. Iran Brief, 10/9/95, p. 3 (13503). 9/11/95 Kyodo News Service (Tokyo), 7/4/95; in FBIS-EAS- Minatom First Deputy Minister Lev Ryabev 95-047, 7/5/95 (14018). 9/17/95 conveys Russia’s willingness to assist Israel During a court appearance, imprisoned Is- with the development of nuclear power, pro- raeli spy Mordechai Vanunu asks to return vided that Israel accedes to the NPT. to Italy. Israeli officials maintain that

116 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 Nuclear Developments

7/7/95* als and equipment to “neighboring Asian port controls for dual-use items that can be JAERI and a consortium of research insti- nations.” used to make or design WMD will enter tutes develop a method of collecting ura- Atoms in Japan, 8/95, p. 21 (13561). into force in 4/96. Current Japanese export nium from seawater. The cost of “harvest- controls apply to a list of 80 items; the ing” uranium from seawater and processing 8/95 “know” controls would include other items it through the stage prior to yellowcake is Cost concerns prompt the AEC to scrap its not on the current list of 80 if it is “known” calculated at 40,000 yen per kg of material, advanced thermal reactor (ATR) program, that a device will be used for WMD. The making this method not yet economically intended to construct reactors capable of exporting company is responsible for de- feasible. The volume of dissolved uranium burning MOX fuel, until its fast breeder termining whether or not a requested item available from sea harvest is thought to be reactor (FBR) program can be realized. is on the list, or known to be used for WMD, almost 1,000 times greater than the esti- Andrew Pollack, New York Times, 8/30/95, p. A6 and report relevant information to MITI. (13491). mated 5 million tons of natural uranium The new controls are meant to address prod- ucts such as personal computers not on the available on land. 8/95* Nihon Keizai Shimbun (Tokyo), 11/12/94, p. 13; in high-tech list, in light of their role in Iraq’s FBIS-JST-95-047, 7/7/95 (13496). Japan anticipates having a fully operational nuclear weapons program. MITI states that system for recycling spent fuel using FBR the controls will apply to all countries, al- 7/14/95 technology by 2030. Waste management, though transactions to Western nations may The Japan Atomic Industrial Forum (JAIF) enrichment, and reprocessing facilities are be subject to less scrutiny. task force meets for the first time to address either operating or in the works, with the Asahi Shimbun (Tokyo), 9/4/95, p. 2; in FBIS-EAS- the development of nuclear-related export enrichment facility expected to produce 1.5 95-171, 9/4/95 (13656). Yomiuri Shimbun (Tokyo), opportunities and requests for technology million SWU per year—one-fiftieth of Japa- 8/12/95, p. 7; in FBIS-EAS-95-159, 8/12/95 nese demand—by the turn of the century. No (13656). transfers. By 12/95, the JAIF task force, 8/21/95 composed of the Power Reactor and Nuclear sooner than 2010, a MOX fuel plant with a PNC makes public its plans for a Deep Fuel Development Corporation (PNC), 100-ton per year output is expected to be Underground Research Facility to study the JAERI, construction companies, and trad- running at Rokkasho-mura. geological disposal of HLW. The 60 bil- ing firms, plans to release a report on nuclear Sandie Ramoutar, Core Issues, 8/95-9/95, pp. 6-9 (13488). lion yen, 20-year project will include two cooperation in Asia from a business stand- facilities—one situated 1,000 meters under- point. 8/9/95* Atoms in Japan, 8/95, p. 22 (13487). ground, the other at surface level—and will According to North Korea, Japan’s call for be located at PNC’s Tono Geoscience Cen- 7/16/95 a U.N. resolution to ban nuclear testing is a ter in Gifu Prefecture. Atoms in Japan, 9/95, pp. 14-15 (13569). Japan Nuclear Fuel says the start-up of cover for its “nuclear arming maneuvers.” Rokkasho-mura’s reprocessing facility in North Korea claims that Japan has not for- 8/25/95 Aomori prefecture will be postponed until saken its goal of building a nuclear arsenal. Korean Central Broadcasting Network (Pyongyang), AEC aborts plans to construct a 606 MWe 6/97. Japan expects the 800-ton capacity 8/9/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-154, 8/9/95 (13467). plant to be fully operational by 2000. demonstration ATR in Ohma, Aomori Pre- fecture. Instead of the ATR, AEC proposes Nuclear Engineering International, 9/95, p. 3 8/10/95 (13404). Tadashi Tange, Toshiro Funaya, and a 1,350 MWe advanced boiling water reac- Shingo Matsuoka, Nuclear Engineering Interna- A Japanese Foreign Ministry official states tor (ABWR), which can consume twice as tional, 9/95, pp. 42-44 (13404). that Japan has no motivation to change its much plutonium with a full MOX fuel core status as a non-nuclear weapon state as the demo-ATR. However, AEC Chair- 7/18/95 (NNWS), saying “even following the con- man and Minister for Science and Technol- JAIF officials discuss JAIF’s request for the clusion of the Cold War, there has been no ogy Yasuoki Urano states that AEC remains FY 1996 nuclear budget with Japanese change in the significance of the U.S. nuclear interested in developing ATR technology. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) mem- umbrella to Japan.” On 7/1/95, Japanese Experts expect that the ABWR will start up bers Makiko Tanaka, Ryutaro Hashimoto, Foreign Ministry National Security Policy early next century, but won’t operate with a and Yohei Kono. The officials discuss trans- Division Director Sumio Tarui says, “It is full MOX core until 2010. parency and nuclear cooperation, and call the most unlikely story for Japan to develop Atoms in Japan, 9/95, pp. 10-11 (13663). Naoaki for increased research and development in nuclear weapons.” Usui, Nucleonics Week, 9/7/95, p. 5 (13663). nuclear fusion, with particular attention to Asahi Shimbun (Tokyo), 8/11/95, p. 3; in FBIS- the International Thermonuclear Experi- EAS-95-157, 8/11/95 (13657). Kyodo News Ser- 8/29/95 vice (Tokyo), 7/1/95; in FBIS-TAC-95-014-L, 7/1/ mental Reactor (ITER) and the High Tem- 95 (13657). Japan’s 280 MW FBR Monju located in perature Engineering Test Reactor. JAIF Tsuruga, Fukui Prefecture, comes on line also seeks bilateral nuclear cooperation with 8/11/95 for the first time and produces electricity and streamlined delivery of nuclear materi- MITI announces it expects that “know” ex- for one hour. PNC President Hiroshi Oishi

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 117 Nuclear Developments states that Monju will operate at full power radioactive waste will also be developed. reactor Joyo, the 165 MW prototype ATR no later than 1/97. Critics of Monju doubt Atoms in Japan, 9/95, pp. 8-9 (14021). Fugen, and the 280 MW prototype FBR the reactor can turn a profit considering the Monju. Fluctuations in plutonium stock- $6 billion spent on construction, the rela- 9/26/95 piles are registered at PNC’s Tokai Repro- tive abundance of uranium and plutonium In a speech to the U.N. General Assembly cessing Company, where inventory increased on the world market, and the fact that full (UNGA), Japanese Foreign Minister Yohei from 326 kg to 836 kg. The loading of commercial operation is not expected be- Kono calls for a U.N. resolution to ban Monju’s first plutonium fuel core produces fore 2030. nuclear testing. Kono plans to use the reso- a 591 kg decrease in the plutonium stock- Kyodo News Service (Tokyo), 8/29/95; in FBIS- lution to pressure nuclear weapon states piled for loading reactors and critical facili- EAS-95-170, 8/29/95 (13491). Naoaki Usui, (NWS) into complying with the spirit of the ties. Nucleonics Week, 9/7/95, pp. 5-6 (13491). An- Naoaki Usui, Nucleonics Week, 10/26/95, pp. 15- drew Pollack, New York Times, 8/30/95, p. A6 NPT and suspending nuclear testing until 16 (14012). (13491). the conclusion of a comprehensive test ban treaty (CTBT). 9/95 Jiji Press Newswire, 9/26/95; in Reuter Insurance 10/31/95 Briefing, 9/27/95 (13688). Mainichi Shimbun (To- Officials report that PNC is disassembling The U.S. Senate releases a report showing kyo), 7/20/95, p. 3; in FBIS-TAC-95-004, 7/20/95 the Japanese sect Aum Shinrikyo planned hot cell rows filled with plutonium residue (13688). and installing equipment to assist in moni- to obtain materials to build nuclear and toring material flows at Tokai Mura’s Plu- chemical arms. 10/5/95 Christopher Drew, New York Times, 11/1/95, p. A5 tonium Fuels Processing Facility (PFPF). PNC Chairman Hiroshi Oishi announces (13790). In 1994, a 70 kg “holdup inventory” of plu- that the prototype FBR Monju attained a tonium at the PFPF resulted in an IAEA 1.18 breeding ratio (number of fissionable JAPAN WITH: Department of Safeguards’ request for as- atoms produced in the reactor compared with Belarus, 101 surance that the material had not been di- fissionable atoms consumed), well on the verted. According to the reports, three-quar- way to its target of 1.2. Oishi predicts that JAPAN WITH BELGIUM, FRANCE, UNITED ters of the “holdup” plutonium has been re- the FBR will surpass the LWR in cost ef- KINGDOM, AND UNITED STATES moved and recorded. fectiveness around 2030, when FBRs are Mark Hibbs, NuclearFuel, 10/9/95, pp. 11-12 projected to enter commercial operation. (14014). 9/18/95* Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun (Tokyo), 10/6/95, p. 5; in FBIS-JST-95-073, 10/6/95 (13787). Japan will no longer import reprocessed 9/95* plutonium directly from the U.K. or France, The Recycle Equipment Test Facility 10/13/95 but will reprocess it first into mixed-oxide (RETF) being built by PNC at its Tokai site Using recycled plutonium, Japan’s prototype (MOX) fuel at a Belgonucleaire plant in will be completed by 1998 at a cost of $1.2 FBR Monju generates 112 MWe, 40 per- Belgium. To expedite the deal, government- billion. The facility will test equipment and cent of its capacity. level negotiations between Japan and Bel- techniques for use in a FBR reprocessing Kyodo News Service (Tokyo), 10/13/95; in FBIS- gium on a nuclear cooperation contract are pilot plant. EAS-95-203, 10/13/95 (13564). underway. Negotiations are also forthcom- John Nedderman, Nuclear Engineering Interna- ing with the U.S., which must approve the tional, 9/95, pp. 46-47 (13684). 10/18/95 shipment of plutonium from the U.K. and The Aomori Prefectural Assembly approves France to Belgium under the Japan-U.S. * 9/95 a bid for the construction of the ITER near Atomic Energy Agreement. Transportion The nuclear energy portion of MITI Agency the village of Rokkasho. Naka, in Ibaraki of MOX fuel should begin in three or four of Natural Resources and Energy’s 134.3 Prefecture, and Tomakomai, in Hokkaido, years. To date, Japan has obtained 4.9 tons billion yen budget request for FY 1996 is already offered to host the reactor, which of plutonium from France and 1.3 tons from 41.3 billion yen, up 15.2 percent from last will be used to study nuclear fusion and is the U.K. year. The abandonment of the demo-ATR expected to begin operations in 2005. Nihon Keizai Shimbun (Tokyo), 9/18/95, p. 1; in project produces a shift in funding distri- Kyodo News Service (Tokyo), 10/23/95; in FBIS- FBIS-EAS-95-184, 9/18/95 (13559). bution, with the portion allocated to devel- EAS-95-207, 10/23/95 (13659). oping the full-MOX-core ABWR increas- JAPAN WITH CANADA, PRC, SOUTH ing 3.9 billion yen, from 1.6 billion yen to 10/24/95 KOREA, AND UNITED STATES 5.5 billion yen. The amount requested for Japan’s AEC delivers its annual report which the nuclear fuel cycle is down 25.3 percent shows a 2,191 kg increase in the country’s 9/16/95* to 13.5 billion yen. Technologies for ura- plutonium inventory to 13,072 kg (end of At the 39th Plenary Session of the IAEA, nium enrichment, fuel reprocessing, MOX 1994), of which 8,720 kg is abroad. Not held in Vienna from 9/18/95 to 9/22/95, fuel fabrication for LWRs, and disposal of included in this figure is plutonium already South Korean Science and Technology Min- loaded in the 100 MW experimental fast

118 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 Nuclear Developments ister Chong Kun-mo discusses possible JAPAN WITH PRC JAPAN WITH RUSSIA nuclear cooperation with key officials from eight countries, including the U.S. Secre- 7/25/95 8/4/95* tary of Energy, Japan’s Minister of Science Japanese and Chinese senior Foreign Min- Japan plans to rescind its offer to finance and Technology, the president of Canada’s istry officials hold talks in Beijing to dis- the clean-up of liquid radioactive waste in Atomic Energy Control Board, and the cuss nuclear disarmament and other issues. Russia’s Maritime Territory. On 7/25/95, president of the China National Nuclear China states that it is in favor of a total test the job’s contractor was to be named, but Industry Corporation. ban, but still wants to conduct “peaceful” no announcement has been made. The waste Yonhap (Seoul), 9/16/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-182, 9/ nuclear explosions, which, according to currently resides in tankers filled to capac- 16/95 (13796). experts, would be used to monitor the safety ity in Vladivostok. According to the Rus- of its nuclear weapons. The discussions also sian newspaper Segodnya, Japan’s blueprints JAPAN WITH FRANCE include the issue of the NPT’s indefinite for a reprocessing facility to treat the waste extension. Japan expresses interest in addi- fail to meet Russian safety standards. 7/4/95 tional talks and the possible creation of a Oleg Vnusov, NTV (Moscow), 8/4/95; in FBIS- A shipment of mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel uti- mechanism for periodic discussions between SOV-95-151, 8/4/95 (13405). Natalia Gorodetskaya, Segodnya, 7/15/95, p. 2 (13405). lizing plutonium returned from France ar- Japan and China. rives at Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel International Defense Review, 10/95, p. 6 (13833). Development Cooperation’s (PNCs) 280 9/95 MW fast breeder reactor (FBR) Monju, 8/17/95 At a conference in Versailles, Tokyo Uni- marking the first delivery of such fuel to At its Lop Nor test site, China conducts its versity nuclear engineering professor and Japan. second nuclear test of 1995, its 43rd test in fuel cycle expert Atsuyuki Suzuki suggests Atoms in Japan, 7/95, p. 17 (13387). total. In response, Japan cuts grant aid to that Japan contribute to nuclear disarmament China to $5.2 million, roughly six percent by purchasing Russian weapons-grade plu- * 9/29/95 of the $81.2 million granted to China in tonium. Suzuki says the benefits for Japan, Framatome sets up a Tokyo division and now 1994. Before signing the Comprehensive which faces a near-term plutonium short- has eight offices in Asia with plans to ex- Test Ban Treaty in 1996, China reportedly age, and for Russia, which will annually pand further. intends to perform another test in 1995 and generate almost 5 MT of plutonium through NucNet News, 9/29/95 (13789). two or three more tests in 1996. The sec- weapons dismantlement, could outweigh ond test will be held next year. Japan threat- Japanese public resistance to importing plu- JAPAN WITH KAZAKHSTAN ens to make further cuts to its foreign aid to tonium. Use of the Russian plutonium may China if the tests are carried out. be confined to the government-owned ATR * 8/8/95 Arms Control Today, 10/95, p. 24 (13812). Tokyo Fugen and fast breeder reactor FBR Monju. Hitachi, Japan’s foremost producer of Shimbun, 8/25/95, p. 1; in FBIS-EAS-95-165, 8/ With adjustments, Fugen should be able to nuclear power industry equipment and fuel 25/95 (13358). Willis Witter, Washington Times, deplete 1 MT of plutonium per year and 8/30/95, p. A9 (13358). processing technology, is prepared to coop- load up to 4 MT in its core, Suzuki says. Monju, he adds, is capable of loading as erate with Kazakhstan in the field of nuclear 8/29/95 energy. much as 1,900 kg of plutonium per year Tulegen Askarov, Ekspress-K (Almaty), 8/8/95, p. Japan states that it is dropping most of its over a two-year cycle. 3; in FBIS-SOV-95-158, 8/8/95 (13761). grant aid to China in response to Chinese Ann MacLachlan, NuclearFuel, 10/9/95, pp. 8-9 nuclear testing. (13565). Andrew Pollack, New York Times, 8/30/95, p. A6 JAPAN WITH MARSHALL ISLANDS, (13491). * SOUTH KOREA, AND TAIWAN 10/24/95 According to a notice from the British 10/31/95 * Crown Agency company to Russian Mari- 9/19/95 According to sources close to the Japanese The Marshall Islands negotiate with Japan, time officials, the Japanese government will embassy in China, China has canceled plans not call the international tenders, first an- Taiwan, and South Korea over the possible to conduct another nuclear test in 1995. use of Enewetak atoll as a repository for nounced in 10/94, for the construction of China apparently canceled the test due to radioactive waste storage and reprocessing spent nuclear fuel. Japanese threats to further reduce economic Radio Australia (Melbourne), 9/19/95; in FBIS- facilities at defense plants in the Russian EAS-95-182, 9/19/95 (13568). assistance to China and to reconsider the Maritime region. According to Valeriy scope and terms of assistance in the event Shafranovskiy, acting chairman of the Com- of another test. Japan now plans to con- JAPAN WITH: mittee for Natural Resources of the Mari- North Korea (KEDO), 124 sider providing a 141 billion yen credit to time region, the Japanese government has China in response to the cancellation. not yet provided an explanation for its ac- Itar-Tass (Moscow), 10/31/95; in FBIS-CHI-95-211, 10/31/95 (13951).

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 119 Nuclear Developments tion. The Japanese government had prom- sible sites for the project. proximately one-fifth that of wet method ised to call international tenders and allo- Atoms in Japan, 9/95, pp. 12-13 (13788). equipment construction. cate a portion of the $100 million pledged Nikkei Sangyo Shimbun, 10/17/95, p. 5; in FBIS- to Russia for the dismantlement of former JAPAN WITH SOUTH KOREA JST-95-073, 10/17/95 (14028). Soviet nuclear facilities for the construction of storage and reprocessing facilities. Con- 9/22/95 struction of the facilities was to be finished The defense ministers of Japan and South KAZAKHSTAN by 9/95. Although specialists from the Far Korea agree to work together more closely Eastern department of the Russian Academy on military matters to counter the North of Sciences have suggested using “their own Korean nuclear threat. technologies for the utilization of radioac- Washington Times, 9/23/95, p. A9 (13999). INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS tive waste,” which they claim are less ex- pensive and more efficient than foreign tech- JAPAN WITH SYRIA 7/29/95* nologies, Maritime officials favor foreign projects. Maritime officials claim that there Mid-9/95 In a statement to U.N. Secretary General are no funds available for “domestic Japanese Deputy Foreign Minister Shuji Boutros Boutros-Ghali, President Nursultan projects.” Yanai rejects allegations that Japan is plan- Nazarbayev announces that Kazakhstan is Eduard Popov, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 10/24/95; in ning to sell a nuclear reactor to Syria. Yanai “completely free of nuclear weapons,” hav- FBIS-TAC-95-006, 10/24/95 (13913). explains that Japan is actually exporting a ing removed over 1,200 nuclear warheads hydroelectric power station to Syria. from its territory by 4/95. Jane’s Defence Weekly, 7/29/95, p. 12 (13230). JAPAN WITH RUSSIA AND UNITED STATES Alon Pinkas, Jerusalem Post, 9/18/95, p. 2; in FBIS- NES-95-180, 9/18/95 (13301). * 6/95 8/8/95 Facilities in Japan are vying with facilities JAPAN WITH UNITED KINGDOM A “sizable group” of nuclear industry em- in the U.S. and Russia to become the site of ployees in Kazakhstan is opposed to the the International Thermonuclear Experi- 9/19/95 country’s non-nuclear weapon status. Dis- mental Reactor (ITER). Competing for the The nuclear freighter Pacific Pintail leaves gruntled workers in Kazakhstan’s nuclear ITER are the Japan Atomic Energy Research Japan for Sellafield, U.K., loaded with 35 weapons development sector have few op- Institute’s (JAERIs) Naka Fusion Research spent fuel assemblies from Hokkaido Elec- tions for alternative employment: they will Establishment in Ibaraki Prefecture, tric Power Company’s (HEPCO’s) Tomari- not be allowed to emigrate en masse, and Tomakomai Eastern Industrial Park in 1 and -2 pressurized water reactors (PWRs). Russia is not capable of integrating all Hokkaido, and Rokkasho-mura in Aomori Nuke Info Tokyo, 9/95-10/95, p. 9 (14026). Japan Kazakhstani nuclear engineers into its Prefecture. On 6/14/95, the Rokkasho-mura Times, 9/20/95; in Uranium Institute News Brief- economy. ing, 9/20/95-9/26/95 (13384). Tulegen Askarov, Ekspress-K (Almaty), 8/8/95, p. village assembly expresses unanimous sup- 3; in FBIS-SOV-95-158, 8/8/95 (13761). port for siting the ITER at the Mutsu- 10/95 Ogawara locale. Japan has allocated 21.9 9/25/95* billion yen for research on the ITER. British Nuclear Fuel, Ltd. (BNFL) opens Atoms in Japan, 7/95, pp. 13-14 (13486). Tetsuro an office in Tokyo. Starting in 1997, BNFL’s Kazakhstan remains the only former Soviet Kitagishi, Genshiryokyu Kogyo (Tokyo), 4/95, pp. services will include those of a commer- republic to lack a state policy on nuclear 77-80; in FBIS-JST-95-056, 9/6/95 (13650). cial-scale mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel fabrica- waste management, a fact that is complicat- tion plant now under construction. ing the disposal of Kazakhstan’s nearly 232.9 7/26/95-7/27/95 BNFL News, 10/95, p. 3 (13660). million MT of waste. Most of Kazakhstan’s The 8th Council of the ITER convenes in waste, 220.6 million MT, was produced by San Diego to discuss design and site require- JAPAN WITH UNITED STATES the mining and processing industry. The ments for the Japanese, European, Russian, remaining 12.3 million MT of waste was and U.S. joint venture. The council’s In- 10/17/95* generated during nuclear explosions. terim Design Report sets as goals the at- The U.S. Argonne National Laboratory and Aziya-Ezh (Almaty), 9/95, p. 7; in FBIS-SOV-95- 185-S, 9/25/95 (13291). tainment of “1,000-sec controlled-nuclear- Japan’s Central Research Institute of Elec- fuel combustion and self-ignition, and the tric Power Industry (CREIPE) discover a 10/12/95* testing of high-heat flux nuclear engineer- more efficient technique for extracting ura- According to Tuseyn Ozhakhliyev, chief of ing equipment.” Projected construction nium and plutonium from the spent fuel of the Radiation Hygiene Division of the costs for the main facility are $5-6.5 bil- fast breeder reactors (FBRs). The new dry Almaty Sanitary and Epidemiological Di- lion. The ITER’s annual operating expenses method is based on the concept of electroly- rectorate, no burial sites for radioactive are estimated at $350-400 million. In early sis. Assembling the equipment needed to waste currently exist in Kazakhstan. Cur- 1996, the parties will begin to discuss pos- conduct dry method separation costs ap- rently over 4,000 “sources” of radioactive

120 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 Nuclear Developments waste, a figure that increases monthly, have ergy Company (KATEP) sign an agreement uranium to Libya. Responding to a report yet to be buried. Storage prices at the of intent to start a joint venture. The agree- by Libya’s Jana News Agency that Libya “in- Baikal-1 complex on the Semipalatinsk test ment is backed by the Kazakhstan govern- tends to buy quantities of the radioactive site, which is designed for reception and ment and provides each participant with an uranium” from Kazakhstan, Bayadilov says, long-term storage of radioactive sources equal stake in the venture, started in order “Kazakhstan has not been approached by prior to burial, are excessively high and to exploit the low-cost Inkai and Mynkuduk Libya, and we are not prepared to sell prevent organizations from using their ser- uranium deposits in Kazakhstan’s Chu- nuclear fuel to Libya.” On 8/14/95, Kazakh vices. According to Yergali Bayadilov, gen- Sarysuu region. KATEP is expected to ex- Vice-Foreign Minister Bulat Nurgaliyev also eral director of Kazakhstan’s Nuclear En- port the material produced by the joint ven- refutes the allegations, saying, “There have ergy Agency, a plan to use the tunnels at the ture. Uranerz and Cameco have pledged 40 not been any contacts with Libya in respect Degelen Mountain nuclear test tunnel com- million Canadian dollars in investments to to the possible sale of concentrated or en- plex at Semipalatinsk as a temporary state develop the deposits. riched uranium.” Nurgaliyev notes storage facility is being considered. Nuclear News, 10/95, p. 48 (13483). Interfax Kazakhstan would only sell uranium to na- Karavan-Blitz (Almaty), 10/12/95, p. 2; in FBIS- (Moscow), 8/17/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-160, 8/17/95 tions that are signatories to the NPT and (13483). Nukem, 10/95, pp. 4-20 (13732). TEN-95-015, 10/12/95 (13737). Anatoliy Ladin, abide by IAEA safeguards. Krasnaya Zvezda (Moscow), 10/17/95, p. 3 (13737). Reuter, 8/10/95; in Executive News Service, 8/10/ KAZAKHSTAN WITH FRANCE 95 (13306). Interfax (Moscow), 8/14/95; in FBIS- 10/18/95 SOV-95-157, 8/14/94 (13306). Libyan Television The government of Kazakhstan adopts a 8/8/95* Network (Tripoli), 8/8/95; in FBIS-TAC-95-016- L, 8/8/95 (13318). resolution calling for the further develop- President Nursultan Nazarbayev holds dis- ment of the nuclear power industry. The cussions in Almaty with representatives of KAZAKHSTAN WITH PRC government also adopts a proposal to con- the French firm Bouygues concerning the struct a modern nuclear power station on construction of five or six nuclear power 8/20/95* the territory of the former nuclear test site plants in Kazakhstan. at Semipalatinsk. Draft nuclear regulatory Tulegen Askarov, Ekspress-K (Almaty), 8/8/95, p. As part of its program to build regional se- laws and a plan for the development of the 3; in FBIS-SOV-95-158, 8/8/95 (13761). curity cooperation with neighboring coun- nuclear industry through the year 2030 are tries, China has offered nuclear security to be prepared and submitted to the govern- 10/27/95* guarantees to Kazakhstan. An article in Ekspress-K asserts that Yan Xuetong, Xiandai Guoji Guanzi (Beijing), 8/ ment by the end of 1995. Three Kazakh 20/95, pp. 23-28 (13973). ministries are to develop a technical and Kazakhstan can legally deploy certain types economic report outlining ideal sites for of nuclear weapons on its territory without 9/14/95* violating Kazakh treaty obligations, and that nuclear power stations in the country. At a conference in Beijing, Kazakhstan’s Panorama (Almaty), 11/1/95, p. 1; in FBIS-SOV- the “door to deployment” of Russian or President N. Nazarbayev expresses concern 95-212, 11/1/95 (13724). French nuclear weapons “remains open.” over Chinese underground nuclear tests near Kazakhstan may find it necessary to “walk * the Kazakh border. After three years of en- 10/27/95 the French nuclear path” as a means of re- treaties from Kazakhstan, China consents According to “local scientists and special- ciprocation for France’s assistance in writ- to the formation of a joint Chinese-Kazakh ists,” customs officers in Kazakhstan cannot ing the Kazakh constitution and construct- commission to observe underground test differentiate between smuggled nuclear ing nuclear power plants which, when com- sites and report any shifts in radioactivity material, components used in the manufac- pleted, will close Kazakhstan’s uranium fuel toward Kazakhstan. The establishment date turing of tactical or strategic nuclear weap- cycle. ons, and conventional freight. Tulegen Askarov, Ekspress-K (Almaty), 10/27/95, and authority of the commission have not Tulegen Askarov, Ekspress-K (Almaty), 10/27/95, p. 2; in FBIS-SOV-95-224-8, 10/27/95 (13734). yet been decided. p. 2; in FBIS-SOV-95-224-8, 10/27/95 (13734). Vladimir Skosyrev, Izvestiya (Moscow), 9/14/95, p. 3; in The Current Digest, 1995, p. 25 (13810). KAZAKHSTAN WITH: KAZAKHSTAN WITH: Indonesia, 107 KAZAKHSTAN WITH RUSSIA Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Iran and United States, 109 Russia, and ISTC, 100 Japan, 119 6/30/95* Russia and Kazakhstan have invested in a KAZAKHSTAN WITH CANADA KAZAKHSTAN WITH LIBYA number of joint studies including one at Semipalatinsk on the safe use of nuclear Mid-8/95 8/10/95 energy. The issues of physical security of During the week of 8/13/95, Canada’s Kazakhstan’s Atomic Energy Agency gen- nuclear facilities, shipment of “special Cameco, Inc. and Uranerz Exploration and eral director Yergali Bayadilov denies alle- loads,” and the observance of regulations on Mining, Ltd. and the Kazakh Nuclear En- gations that Kazakhstan intends to export

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 121 Nuclear Developments

“access to research results” have surfaced in CTR funds were allocated to assess the Germany GmbH and Halliburton Italiana Russian and Kazakh legislation. project and to fund the first tunnel closures. through subsidiaries in Kuwait and Libya. Yuri Kirinitsiyanov, Rossiiskaya Gazeta (Moscow), The U.S. Defense Nuclear Agency and the Halliburton’s subsidiary in Libya confiscated 6/30/95, p. 7 (13233). National Nuclear Center of Kazakhstan will the pulse generators and eventually returned implement the Degelen project within the them to the U.S. Halliburton CEO Thomas 7/10/95 framework of the CTR Nuclear Infrastruc- Cruikshank maintains that the deal was made Russian Prime Minister Viktor ture Elimination Initiative in Kazakhstan. due to the company’s then-insufficient in- Chernomyrdin signs Decree No. 688 set- U.S. Department of Defense News Release, 10/3/ ternal export control procedures and train- ting in motion a 9/9/94 Russian-Kazakh 95; in USIA Wireless File, 10/4/95, pp. 10-11 ing. (13726). Nuclear Proliferation News, 10/12/95, p. agreement to create the Interros interstate Export Practitioner, 7/31/95, p. 5 (14035). 14 (13726). Post-Soviet Nuclear & Defense Moni- financial-industrial group. Cooperation in tor, 10/13/95, p. 7 (13726). the nuclear industry will be a “priority area” LIBYA WITH: for Interros. 10/13/95* Iraq, 115 Viktor Chernomyrdin, Rossiiskaya Gazeta (Mos- cow), 7/18/95, p. 6 (13229). Ten CTR projects with a total of $131.5 Kazakhstan, 121 million in funding are currently underway 8/29/95* in Kazakhstan. The CTR funds include $8 million for material protection, control,and The Russian-Kazakh inter-governmental LITHUANIA group Interros gains control over a package accounting (MPC&A) and physical protec- of government-owned shares in the Ulba tion and $7.26 million for work on export state holding company, a metallurgical fa- controls, as well as funds for a government cility in Kazakhstan that supplies nuclear communications link and defense conver- INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS fuel to power stations in the CIS countries. sion project. The International Science and According to Kazakh Deputy Prime Minis- Technology Center, which is partially sup- * ter Vitali Mette, Ulba will be merged with ported by CTR funds, recently awarded 9/6/95 Russian facilities to form a single techno- $200,000 to the Kazakhstan Institute of The Lithuanian government plans to shut logical cycle for nuclear fuel production. Atomic Energy’s National Nuclear Center. down the first 1300 MW LWR at the Elena Rubleva, Finansoviye Izvestiya (Moscow), 8/ Kazakhstan joined the ISTC in 6/95. Ignalina nuclear power station by 2005, and 29/95, p. 2; in WPS, 9/20/95, p. 21 (13515). Post-Soviet Nuclear & Defense Monitor, 10/13/95, the second reactor by 2010. According to p. 15 (13736). Lithuanian Ministry of Energy estimates, KAZAKHSTAN WITH UKRAINE $300 million will be needed in order to shut 10/13/95* down the first reactor. Lithuania adopted 9/21/95 The U.S. Department of Energy’s Los this decision in part due to the high cost of Alamos National Laboratory is working Ukrainian President Leonid Kuchma and nuclear fuel and the lack of waste storage with Kazakhstan on a nuclear material con- Kazakh President Nursultan Nazerbayev sign facilities. trol project. cooperation agreements on science and tech- Nikolai Lashkevich, Izvestiya (Moscow), 9/6/95, Post-Soviet Nuclear & Defense Monitor, 10/13/95, p. 3 (13618). nology and discuss bilateral research initia- pp. 8-12 (13741). tives in nuclear physics and nuclear power LITHUANIA WITH NORTH KOREA, engineering. Vasyl Mykhalchuk, UT-1 Television Network RUSSIA, AND SWITZERLAND (Kiev), 9/21/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-184, 9/21/95 LIBYA (13285). 10/16/95 According to a U.S. News and World Re- KAZAKHSTAN WITH UNITED STATES port article and a 10/15/95 60 Minutes tele- LIBYA WITH GERMANY, ITALY, KUWAIT, vision report, four tons of beryllium and 10/3/95 AND UNITED STATES 19.8 lbs (9 kg) of cesium were stolen from U.S. Assistant Secretary of Defense Ashton a Russian facility in 1993 by Russian orga- Carter and Kazakh Foreign Minister 7/95 nized crime gangs. The shipment was seized Kassmjomart Tokayev sign an agreement The U.S.-based Halliburton Company pays in Lithuania before it could be shipped to a under which the U.S. will provide up to $171 “mystery buyer” in Switzerland who may million in Cooperative Threat Reduction $3.8 million in fines to the U.S. Depart- ments of Justice ($1.2 million) and Com- have “represented Korean interests.” (CTR) funds for the decommissioning and Reuter (New York), 10/14/95; in Executive News sealing of 186 tunnels at the Degelen Moun- merce ($2.6 million) for illegal sales of “neu- Service, 10/16/95 (13881). tain nuclear test tunnel complex at tron pulse generators” to Libya in the late Semipalatinsk. In FY 1995, $6 million in 1980s. The sales were made by Halliburton

122 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 Nuclear Developments

LITHUANIA WITH RUSSIA technologies whose transfer is to be re- 9/95* stricted, a fact that will likely hamper the Inspection of nuclear facilities in North 9/95 new organization’s effectiveness. Korea’s nuclear program is problematic be- The Lithuanian State Energy System and Barbara Starr, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 8/5/95, p. 5 cause many separate and independent gov- (13373). Ronald van de Krol, Financial Times, 9/ Russia’s foreign trading firm “Energiya” sign 14/95 (13714). Export Practitioner, 9/30/95, pp. ernment departments are involved, each of a $60 million contract under which 2-3 (13714). them in charge of different sites and account- Lithuania will provide Russia with up to 4 able only to the Central People’s Commit- billion kW/h of electricity in exchange for tee. The following government departments Russian nuclear fuel. The agreement ex- are associated with a number of nuclear sites tends through 4/96. The parties will nego- NORTH KOREA which may be subject to future international tiate separate contracts on prices and quan- inspection: the Mining Industry Commit- tities of fuel and electricity to be exchanged tee, responsible for the Pyongsan, Unggi, on a monthly basis. Haegum-gang, and Hamhung uranium min- BNS (Tallinn), 10/2/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-191, 10/ INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS ing facilities; the Ministry of Nuclear En- 2/95 (13524). ergy, responsible for the Kusong uranium 7/94 processing facility and the Sinpo nuclear 10/28/95 In an interview, North Korean Prime Min- power plant (an uncompleted Soviet project); Russian police arrest two Lithuanian citi- ister Kang Song-san’s son-in-law, Kang the Academy of Sciences, which oversees zens at the Smolensk train station for at- Myong-to, who defected in 5/94, estimated the University of Chemical Industry, tempting to smuggle 14 kg of Cesium-134 that North Korea possessed five to six Hamhung, the Kim Il-sung University, and and Cesium-137 across the Russian border. nuclear warheads but declined to make a Kimchaek University of Technology; the Moskovskiy Komsomolets (Moscow), 11/4/95, p. 1; Ministry of Public Security, which controls in WPS, 11/10/95, p. 5 (13905). public statement for fear of international reaction. the Yongbyon Nuclear Research Center and Choe Won-ki, Chungang Ilbo (Seoul), 8/28/95, p. affiliated Pakchon facilities and jointly ad- 3; in FBIS-TAC-95-005, 8/28/95 (13964). ministers the Yongbyon-related Kuryong River nuclear explosives test site with the NEW FORUM * 8/28/95 Ministry of Defense; and the Ministry of North Korean Prime Minister Kang Song- Defense, which also controls the Kilchu san’s son-in-law, Kang Myong-to, says in nuclear warfare training base and the 9/17/95 an interview that subterranean facilities he Pakchon air force base. North Korean de- observed under construction in North Twenty-eight nations, including the U.S., fectors have indicated that there are other Korea’s Chagang Province in 1989 are prob- Russia, and Eastern European countries, facilities that should be examined as well, ably used to store plutonium or to produce finish negotiations to establish the umbrella but these claims have yet to be confirmed. nuclear warheads. Kang says it is telling organization “New Forum,” as a successor Peter Lewis Young, Jane’s Intelligence Review, 9/ that the North Korean Third Bureau of En- 95, pp. 418-419 (13857). to COCOM. The countries discuss mili- gineers, a military unit administered by the tary and dual-use export regulations and re- Central Committee which specializes in the 10/24/95 lated topics such as pre-notification. Fu- construction of nuclear facilities, was put A signed article in the North Korean publi- ture member states, including Poland, Rus- in charge of the project. Kang refers to a cation Nodong Sinmun calls for the disman- sia, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and most 1989 discussion with Puhung Trading Cor- tling of nuclear weapons and terms this the NATO countries, have agreed to the follow- poration President Kim Yang-ku, in which most important aspect of complete global ing measures: (a) to notify one another of Kim said that the construction in Chagang disarmament. The article stresses North trade license agreements and exports related was for a “project to build nuclear facili- Korea’s support for the creation of a nuclear to the transshipment of conventional arms ties.” According to Kang, Puhung is a com- free zone, saying Northeast Asia has “the and dual-use technology to rogue states such pany responsible for obtaining imported largest number of nuclear weapons” and is as North Korea, Libya, and Iraq; (b) to no- materials for the Third Bureau of Engineers. therefore in “greatest danger of war.” tify one another after refusing a request for Kang speculates that easy access to nearby Korean Central Broadcasting Network (Pyongyang), a trade license; and (c) not to enact the U.S. munitions plants may have been the impe- 10/24/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-205, 10/24/95 (13958). proposal to establish a system of “prior no- tus for constructing nuclear facilities in the tification.” Membership in the New Forum NORTH KOREA WITH IAEA region. does not allow states the unilateral right to Choe Won-ki, Chungang Ilbo (Seoul), 8/28/95, p. veto a given export. Unlike COCOM, New 3; in FBIS-TAC-95-005, 8/28/95 (13964). 9/11/95 Forum lacks lists of specific countries to An IAEA official says that, during talks whom exports are to be controlled and of from 9/11/95 to 9/19/95, a team of IAEA

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 123 Nuclear Developments negotiators will try to persuade North Ko- in its 8,000 spent nuclear fuel rods or in ogy Minister Chong Kung-mo recommends rea to allow examination of its plutonium to the liquid wastes at its radio-chemical labo- that the IAEA strengthen its inspection role enable the IAEA to determine the total ratory. Blix says North Korea agreed only in verifying North Korea’s adherence to the amount of plutonium in North Korea’s pos- to allow IAEA inspectors to determine if Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). Chong session. The IAEA is requesting that North the fuel rods were irradiated and to photo- encourages North Korea to concede to the Korea permit inspections of its spent fuel graph the radio-chemical laboratory. North IAEA’s safety measures and ensure the trans- rods before they are processed for storage Korea has indicated it will condition exami- parency of its nuclear development. by U.S. technicians. Plutonium levels can- nation of the fuel rods on progress in nego- Yonhap (Seoul), 9/16/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-182, 9/ not be measured after the fuel has been tiations for a LWR supply contract. 16/95 (13796). stored. Cha Man-sun, KBS-1 Radio Network (Seoul), 9/ Yonhap (Seoul), 9/12/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-176, 9/ 26/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-186, 9/26/95 (13945). KOREAN PENINSULA ENERGY DEVELOP- 12/95 (13945). Yonhap (Seoul), 9/12/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-176, 9/ MENT ORGANIZATION (KEDO) 12/95 (13945). (North Korea with Australia, Brunei, 9/15/95-9/20/95 Late 9/95 Canada, France, Germany, Indonesia, The IAEA sends a safeguards inspection Japan, Kuwait, Malaysia, New The U.S. rejects as “not implementable” the team to North Korea. In addition to their Zealand, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, IAEA’s recent requests to verify North regular monitoring duties, the officials will South Korea, Thailand, United Arab Korea’s nuclear history, reportedly prefer- monitor North Korean compliance with the Emirates, United Kingdom, and ring to continue working-level talks with 10/21/94 Agreed Framework. United States) Evan S. Medeiros, Arms Control Today, 10/95, p. North Korea. The U.S. wants to store North Korea’s spent fuel rods and delay inspec- 22 (13971). 6/15/95 tion for four or five years, when the rods Russian Ambassador to China Igor 9/18/95-9/22/95 could be examined in conjunction with spe- cial inspections of North Korea’s undeclared Rogachev says during an interview that Rus- At the 39th IAEA General Conference, 103 sia and the PRC are “closely cooperating member states adopt a resolution concern- nuclear facilities. Nuclear experts insist that it will be impossible to discover North with each other with regard to the question ing the implementation of the IAEA-DPRK of the Korean Peninsula,” but neither coun- safeguards agreement. The resolution calls Korea’s nuclear past if the rods are not ex- amined prior to storage. A U.S. official is try has as much influence on North Korea on North Korea to cooperate with the IAEA as they once did. In the same interview, to “preserve intact” all data pertinent to de- quoted as saying that IAEA Director Gen- eral Hans Blix’s stance and that of the Russian Vice Foreign Minister Aleksandr termining the “accuracy and completeness” Panov suggests that the U.S., Japan, and of North Korea’s original nuclear inventory Agency Secretariat represented an “abroga- tion of the Geneva agreement.” South Korea have “ulterior motives” for pro- report until North Korea “comes into full viding LWRs to North Korea and says it is compliance with its safeguards agreement.” Pak Tu-sik, Choson Ilbo (Seoul), 9/21/95, p. 2; in FBIS-EAS-95-183, 9/21/95 (13862). Kyonghyan unlikely that Russia or China will be will- The resolution on North Korea echoes Di- Sinmun (Seoul), 9/26/95, p. 3; in FBIS-EAS-95- ing to play a “cameo role” in KEDO. Panov rector General Hans Blix’s opening state- 186, 9/26/95 (13862). adds that Russia would not favor the impo- ment on 9/18/95, in which he noted that sition of sanctions against North Korea if it “limited progress” was made during recent 10/13/95 refused to accept LWRs supplied by South IAEA-DPRK technical talks related to the IAEA Director General Hans Blix says in a Korea, and that China would probably take safeguards agreement. According to Blix, report to the U.N. Security Council that the same position. unresolved concerns include disposition of North Korea has denied IAEA inspectors Interfax (Moscow), 7/27/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-145, spent nuclear fuel from North Korea’s 5 MW permission to evaluate the plutonium levels 7/27/95 (13949). reactor and installation of waste tank moni- in North Korea’s spent nuclear fuel. Blix toring equipment at its reprocessing plant. notes that North Korea has only provided 6/29/95 North Korea has only agreed to “study” a the IAEA with minimal access to Yongbyon U.S. Ambassador-at-Large Robert Gallucci document provided by the IAEA contain- nuclear facilities. says that, if the South Korean firm desig- ing proposals on associated technical mat- KBS-1 Radio Network (Seoul), 10/14/95; in FBIS- nated as main contractor in the LWR project ters. EAS-95-202, 10/14/95 (13865). subcontracts to a U.S. firm such as Com- IAEA Press Release (Vienna), 9/22/95; in FBIS- bustion Engineering (ABB-CE), the U.S.- TAC-95-005, 9/22/95 (13922). NORTH KOREA WITH IAEA AND SOUTH DPRK 10/21/94 framework agreement will KOREA have to be supplemented by an additional 9/25/95 U.S.-DPRK agreement and will require IAEA Secretary General Hans Blix tells a 9/16/95* Congressional approval. Gallucci says up to special IAEA Board of Governors meeting During the 39th Plenary Session of the 20 percent of 50,000 tons of oil provided to that North Korea has denied the IAEA per- IAEA, held in Vienna from 9/18/95 to 9/ North Korea under the 1/95 accord was di- mission to measure the amount of plutonium 22/95, South Korean Science and Technol-

124 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 Nuclear Developments verted, probably for the production of steel. North Korea in 8/95 to facilitate the admin- been advised in advance of the MoU and Nuclear Proliferation News, 7/11/95 (13870). istrative processes of KEDO. According to says that, as a commercial agreement, the Kong, South Korea’s “central role” in the MoU could not lawfully constrain decisions Early 7/95 North Korea LWR project will, neverthe- of the South Korean government or of The Philippines pledges a minimum of less, be preserved. KEDO regarding the LWR project in North $100,000 to support KEDO. Munwha Ilbo (Seoul), 7/15/95, p. 1; in FBIS-EAS- Korea. Merlinda Manalo, Manila Standard, 7/13/95, p. 4; 95-136, 7/15/95 (13936). Han Chong-ho, Munwha KEPCO President Yi Chong-hun says the in FBIS-EAS-95-129, 7/3/95 (13472). Ilbo (Seoul), 7/5/95, p. 2; in FBIS-EAS-95-128, 7/ 5/95 (13936). Yonhap (Seoul), 7/5/95; in FBIS- company agreed to the MoU to prevent EAS-95-128, 7/5/95 (13936). ABB-CE from pursuing contracts in North Early 7/95 Korea on its own and to resolve questions South Korea awaits North Korea’s response 7/19/95 about royalties. A contract for the transfer to a proposal that would allow 400 South KEDO begins operations of its New York of technology between ABB-CE and Korean engineers and technicians to make office. KEPCO indicated that ABB-CE would re- preparations and site surveys for the LWR Munhwa Ilbo (Seoul), 7/19/95, p. 2; in FBIS-EAS- ceive royalties equal to four to five percent project in North Korea by the end of 1995. 95-138, 7/19/95 (13868). of design and construction costs of the Ko- Merlinda Manalo, Manila Standard, 7/13/95, p. 4; in FBIS-EAS-95-129, 7/3/95 (13472). rean Standard reactor when it is exported to 7/21/95 third countries. But the MoU did not stipu- A South Korean official announces that the 7/5/95 late whether North Korea can be consid- U.S. companies Combustion Engineering ered part of Korea and, therefore, exempt KEDO Executive Director Stephen (ABB-CE), General Electric, and Sargent Bosworth meets with South Korean officials, from royalties. This point was clarified on and Lundy will act as technical consultants 7/10/95, when an official from the South including Unification Minister Na Ung-pae to South Korean companies that will build and Foreign Minister Kon No-myong, to Korean company Korea Atomic Energy Re- LWRs in North Korea. The official explains search Institute (KAERI) said it had con- consider the formation of a delegation from that the Korea Electric Power Corporation KEDO for upcoming LWR contract talks firmed with ABB-CE that the MoU does (KEPCO), as main contractor, will be re- not apply to reactors constructed in North with North Korea. The authority of the sponsible for the management of the LWR KEDO Secretary General, a position to Korea. project. South Korean companies will pro- Yonhap (Seoul), 7/24/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-141, 7/ which Bosworth is provisionally appointed, vide infrastructure for the project, includ- 24/95 (13935). Yonhap (Seoul), 7/21/95; in FBIS- is also discussed. ing civil engineering, machinery, and elec- EAS-95-140, 7/21/95 (13935). Han Chong-ho, Yonhap (Seoul), 7/1/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-128, 7/ Munwha Ilbo (Seoul), 7/21/95, p. 1; in FBIS-EAS- 1/95 (13938). tricity, without assistance from U.S. com- 95-140, 7/21/95 (13935). KBS-1 Television Net- panies. work (Seoul), 7/22/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-141, 7/22/ 7/12/95 Yonhap (Seoul), 7/21/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-140, 7/ 95 (13935). Yonhap (Seoul), 7/10/95; in FBIS- 21/95 (13867). Son Ki-yong, Korea Times (Seoul), EAS-95-131, 7/10/95 (13935). A Japanese Foreign Ministry official says 7/23/95, p. 2; in FBIS-EAS-95-141, 7/23/95 Japan wants to send a team of investigators (13867). 7/25/95 to North Korea to study the future site of A South Korean official says the South Ko- 7/24/95 the LWRs prior to the finalization of a LWR rean government has received a letter from supply contract between North Korea and The South Korean Secretary General of the the U.S. addressing the role of the program KEDO. Office of Planning for the Light Water Re- coordinator in the construction of LWRs in Nihon Keizai Shimbun , 7/13/95; in Nikkei Telecom actor Project Choe Tong-chin says a Memo- North Korea. In the letter, the U.S. informs Database (Tokyo), 7/13/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-135- randum of Understanding (MoU) between A, 7/13/95 (13475). South Korea that it wants to enhance the the South Korean company, KEPCO, and role of the program coordinator by giving it 7/12/95 the U.S. firm, ABB-CE, has the inappro- the authority to veto specification standards priate effect of guaranteeing the U.S. com- South Korean Ambassador to the U.S. Pak of LWR components in the reactor design. pany a significant role in the LWR construc- Kon-u says South Korea will send techni- The U.S. wants the program coordinator to tion project in North Korea. The MoU, cians numbering in the thousands to North oversee and approve the reactor design and signed on 3/9/95, stipulates that KEPCO Korea, once construction of the LWRs has approve spending by the project’s prime will not be required to pay royalties to ABB- begun. contractor. The South Korean official ex- CE if the role the U.S. firm is allowed to KBS-1 Radio Network (Seoul), 7/12/95; in FBIS- presses concern that a strong program co- EAS-95-134, 7/12/95 (13869). play in constructing South Korean Standard ordinator could threaten the central role that nuclear reactors (modeled after ABB-CE South Korea is supposed to play in the 7/14/95 System 80 reactors) elsewhere is equal to project. According to the official, South South Korean Foreign Minister Kong No- that it played in constructing South Korea’s Korea prefers to restrict the role of the pro- myong indicates that a U.S. company will Ulchin 3 and 4 reactors. Choe notes that gram coordinator to prevent it from order- probably lead a LWR site survey mission to the South Korean Foreign Ministry had not

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 125 Nuclear Developments ing main LWR components from U.S. com- tries have promised to contribute a total of The survey team is headed by Sol Rosen panies rather than from South Korea. $16.8 million to KEDO to finance construc- from the U.S. State Department Office of Choe Won-ki, Chungang Ilbo (Seoul), 7/26/95, p. tion of LWRs in North Korea under the 10/ the Nuclear Ambassador. Following the 2; in FBIS-EAS-95-143, 7/26/95 (13940). 21/94 U.S.-DPRK nuclear accord. Contri- survey mission, the KEDO team of experts butions include $5.8 million from Japan; says North Korea has requested that KEDO * 7/26/95 $1.8 million from South Korea; $5 million pay $2.5 million in outstanding survey debts A South Korea government source says a from Australia; $1.8 million from Italy, over from the canceled Soviet project to build U.S. firm, either Burns and Roe or Sargent a three-year period; $1.2 million from two VVER-440 reactors at Sinpo. North and Lundy, will probably be chosen to be Canada; $1.8 million from the U.K.; Korea supplied the KEDO team with a cur- program coordinator for KEDO. $320,000 from New Zealand; $300,000 sory report on the findings of the Soviet Yi To-un, Seoul Sinmun, 7/26/95, p. 4; in FBIS- EAS-95-143, 7/26/95 (13972). from Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei to- survey, conducted in 1985, but says a pre- gether; $120,000 from Finland; and vious agreement with Moscow prevents dis- 7/30/95 $25,000 from Greece. Indonesia’s contri- closure of details, including geological data, Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Aleksandr bution will be a shipment of 3,000 MT of until the $2.5 million is paid. Reuter (Beijing), 8/15/95; in Executive News Ser- Panov says a Russian Ministry of Atomic heating oil to North Korea. The Nether- lands has also offered $500,000 for the vice, 8/15/95 (13866). KBS-1 Television Network Energy (Minatom) envoy will visit the New (Seoul), 8/15/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-158, 8/15/95 York headquarters of KEDO to discuss project. Although these contributions only (13866). Yonhap (Seoul), 8/14/95; in FBIS-EAS- Russia’s potential participation in the orga- cover a small portion of the overall $4 bil- 95-156, 8/14/95 (13866). Yonhap (Seoul), 8/9/ lion in estimated LWR project costs, the U.S. 95; in FBIS-EAS-95-153, 8/9/95 (13866). Nuclear nization. Panov says Minatom will make News, 10/95, pp. 44-45 (13866). the final decision as to whether or not Rus- administration was pleased with the show sia joins KEDO. He indicates that Russia of international support for the project. Nucleonics Week, 8/10/95, pp. 1, 8 (13939). Evan 8/16/95 does not want to play an unimportant role. S. Medeiros, Arms Control Today, 9/95, p. 29 Under contract with KEDO, the South Ko- Interfax (Moscow), 7/27/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-145, (13939). 7/27/95 (13949). rean firm Yukong Ltd. prepares to ship 40,000 tons of heavy oil to North Korea in 8/1/95 7/31/95 two shipments of 20,000 tons each. The KEDO holds its first general meeting in New first oil shipment is due to leave the South The U.S., South Korea, and Japan convene York. Representatives from 31 countries a meeting of the KEDO Executive Council Korean port of Ulsan on 8/17/95 on a Chi- are present at the meeting, including Rus- nese tanker supplied by KEDO, and the sec- in New York, during which they discuss sia, Egypt, and Israel. Though it was in- when and how to set up a LWR supply con- ond shipment is to be completed by 8/24/ vited, China does not attend. 95. As per a U.S.-DPRK agreement during tract with North Korea. During the meet- Nucleonics Week, 8/10/95, pp. 1, 8 (13939). ing, they create three advisory committees talks on 6/15/95, an additional 60,000 tons is to be provided to North Korea in two ship- to manage the construction of the LWRs, 8/7/95 the disposal of North Korea’s spent nuclear ments of 30,000 tons in 9/95 and 10/95. A European Commission spokesperson says Reuter (Seoul), 8/16/95; in Executive News Ser- fuel rods, and the transfer of heavy oil to the Commission will make a final decision vice, 8/16/95 (13859). Yonhap (Seoul), 8/16/95; North Korea. At the meeting, South Ko- on its proposed $20 million contribution to in FBIS-EAS-95-158, 8/16/95 (13859). Han rean Secretary General of the Office of Plan- Chong-ho, Munhwa Ilbo (Seoul), 8/8/95, p. 1; in KEDO in late 1995. FBIS-EAS-95-152, 8/8/95 (13859). ning for the Light-Water Reactor Project Nucleonics Week, 8/10/95, pp. 1, 8 (13939). Choe Tong-chin, Japanese Nuclear Ambas- 9/11/95-9/12/95 sador Tetsuya Endo, and U.S. Ambassador- 8/8/95 KEDO meets with North Korean officials at-Large Robert Gallucci inaugurate Stephen A South Korean official says the U.S. will in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, to discuss the Bosworth as KEDO Executive Director and install monitoring equipment in North Ko- contract for building two LWRs in North establish the KEDO Secretariat. It is deter- rean power plants to ensure that the 100,000 Korea. If the negotiations advance as hoped, mined that a LWR site survey team will go tons of heavy oil supplied to it under the expert-level talks will be held between the to North Korea in mid 8/95, although a sepa- terms of the 10/21/94 U.S.-DPRK frame- KEDO delegation, which is led by Special rate delegation from KEDO will not, due work agreement is used only for heating and Aide to the U.S. Nuclear Ambassador Gary to North Korea’s resistance. power generation. Yi Kwang-chul, KBS-1 Radio Network (Seoul), 7/ Hang Chong-ho, Munwha Ilbo (Seoul), 8/8/95, p. Samore, and the North Korean delegation, 31/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-147, 7/31/95 (13937). 1; in FBIS-EAS-95-152, 8/8/95 (13859). which is led by Yi Yong-ho, Deputy Direc- Yonhap (Seoul), 7/14/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-135, 7/ tor of the Foreign Ministry’s America bu- 14/95 (13937). Yonhap (Seoul), 7/29/95; in FBIS- EAS-95-146, 7/29/95 (13937). 8/15/95 reau. During the negotiations, the U.S. and A team of 10 nuclear experts from KEDO North Korea each present draft contracts 8/95 travels to Sinpo, North Korea, to survey a outlining “scope of supply” and repayment The U.S. State Department says 12 coun- proposed site for the construction of LWRs. terms for the construction of the $4.5 bil-

126 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 Nuclear Developments lion LWRs. An unnamed diplomatic offi- 9/15/95 9/21/95 cial says the main point of contention at the A KEDO official says that, during the 9/ The U.S. Senate approves a 1996 foreign talks is a North Korean request for supple- 11/95 to 9/12/95 LWR talks between KEDO aid bill that would place conditions on fund- mentary items, such as a simulator to help and North Korea, North Korea did not ob- ing for the supply of LWRs to North Korea train nuclear technicians, roads, electrical ject to KEDO using the term “ROK” when under the 10/21/94 U.S.-DPRK Agreed and port facilities, and fuel processing plants referring to the type of LWRs the DPRK Framework. The new bill requires North at the reactor site. These demands would will receive under the terms of the agree- Korea to relax trade barriers with South cost KEDO some $1 billion. KEDO and ment. North Korea had objected to South Korea and put a South Korean contractor in U.S. officials say such aid would not be Korean reactors in the past. charge of the LWR project before U.S. funds consistent with the 10/21/94 Agreed Frame- Kyonghyang Sinmun (Seoul), 9/16/95, p. 2; in FBIS- are released. The U.S. administration is work. Nonetheless, KEDO is deliberating EAS-95-180, 9/16/95 (13974). expected to try to have the conditions taken paying land acquisition costs for the reactor out of this bill in the House-Senate confer- site. Another significant difference in opin- 9/15/95 ence. ion involves repayment terms. KEDO wants Stephen Bosworth, Executive Director of Thomas W. Lippman, Washington Post, 9/23/95, North Korea to repay the costs of the reac- KEDO, predicts during a press conference pp. 1, 14 (13856). tor project over 15 years with no grace pe- in Seoul that the contract between North riod, but North Korea is requesting a 30- Korea and KEDO for LWRs will be com- 9/21/95 year repayment period with a 10-year grace pleted soon. Bosworth calls reports of a South Korean Foreign Ministry spokesman period. KEDO and North Korea both rec- North Korean demand for extra facilities So Tae-won says the exact amount South ognize the need for separate agreements on totaling $1 billion “an exaggeration.” Dur- Korea, Japan, and the U.S. will contribute “communications and exchanges of people ing his three-day stay in South Korea, to finance the North Korea LWR project has and goods for the project.” According to Bosworth will confer with the primary con- not been confirmed. According to So, the one diplomat, North Korea has shown “flex- tractor, KEPCO, about a commercial con- three countries will not consider how to di- ibility” when discussing its request for tract. Bosworth also says that the U.S. pro- vide the LWR project costs until the exact supplementary facilities and more liberal gram coordinator to the project will act in figure has been determined and North Ko- repayment terms. an advisory capacity, but will not have a rea and KEDO have agreed on a LWR sup- Evan S. Medeiros, Arms Control Today, 10/95, p. larger part in the project than KEPCO. ply contract. So refutes South Korean Am- 22 (13971). Yonhap (Seoul), 9/11/95; in FBIS- Bosworth called the program coordinator a bassador to Japan Kim Tae-chi’s 9/20/95 EAS-95-175, 9/11/95 (13971). Yonhap (Seoul), “technical arm of KEDO.” According to statement that South Korea would shoulder 9/12/95; in BBC Monitoring Service: Asia-Pacific, 9/13/95 (13971). Reuter, 9/12/95; in Executive Bosworth, heavy oil shipments to North three-quarters of the $4 billion LWR project News Service, 9/12/95 (13976). Korea will continue, although KEDO is costs but confirms South Korea’s main role having difficulties financing the shipments. in implementing and financing the project. 9/12/95 Yonhap (Seoul), 9/15/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-179, 9/ Yonhap (Seoul), 9/21/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-183, 9/ 15/95 (13979). Korea Herald (Seoul), 9/16/95, p. 21/95 (13858). Thailand pledges $300,000 to KEDO. 2; in FBIS-EAS-95-180, 9/16/95 (13979). Yonhap; in Munhwa Ilbo (Seoul), 9/13/95, p. 2; in FBIS-EAS-95-177, 9/13/95 (13470). 9/21/95 9/18/95 KEDO proposes to hold high-level talks with 9/14/95-9/16/95 The U.S. House of Representatives adopts North Korea in New York around 10/16/ During a two-day meeting of the executive a resolution urging President Clinton not to 95. The participants in this second round board of KEDO, U.S. delegates propose that improve relations or ease economic restric- of talks will attempt to reach a compromise linkages be drawn between the scope of LWR tions with North Korea until it makes ef- on five issues which surfaced during the supply and terms of payment and issues such forts to resume talks with South Korea and initial talks in Kuala Lumpur. as the implementation of nuclear inspec- fulfills the terms of the North-South Decla- Yonhap (Seoul), 9/21/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-183, 9/ ration on the Denuclearization of the Ko- 21/95 (13989). Kyodo (Tokyo), 9/14/95; in FBIS- tions, a nuclear freeze, and compensation EAS-95-178, 9/14/95 (13989). in the event of radioactive leaks. Both Ja- rean Peninsula. pan and South Korea criticize the proposal Reuter, 9/18/95; in Executive News Service, 9/18/ 95 (13860). 9/23/95 on the grounds that the package deal would The South Korean National Unification likely “expand the scope of LWR supply” 9/20/95* Board presents the National Assembly with and increase the expense of the project for Ambassador-at-Large Robert Gallucci is a draft agreement on the peaceful use of the main contractor, South Korea. None- assigned a new position and the structure of nuclear energy with North Korea which theless, acceptance of the proposal is inevi- the U.S. policy-making team that handles would guarantee the free exchange of work- table according to some South Korean gov- North Korea’s nuclear program is changed. ers, materials, and equipment during the ernment officials. Pak Tu-sik, Choson Ilbo (Seoul), 9/21/95, p. 2; in construction of LWRs in North Korea. The Choe Won-ki, Chungang Ilbo (Seoul), 9/20/95, p. FBIS-EAS-95-183, 9/21/95 (13862). 1; in FBIS-EAS-95-183 (13990). Board expresses the hope that these ideas

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 127 Nuclear Developments will be incorporated in the final LWR sup- project and compensate for what we have worked out. Since 9/1/95, a group of tech- ply contract between KEDO and North invested for the establishment of an inde- nicians, including those from the U.S. firm Korea. pendent nuclear power industry for scores Centec-21, have been at the Yongbyon Pak Song-won, Seoul Sinmun (Seoul), 9/24/95, p. of years.” North Korea has reportedly dis- nuclear facility trying to stabilize the spent 2; in FBIS-EAS-95-185, 9/24/95 (13476). cussed receiving thermal power plants in- fuel storage pond and to clarify the water in stead of LWRs with U.S. officials. North the pond. A Department of Energy con- 9/25/95 Korea, the U.S., and KEDO have not offi- tractor, NAC International, will spend up North Korea receives the second of three cially commented on the report. to six months canning 8,000 spent fuel rods KEDO heavy fuel oil shipments. With fi- Nuclear Nonproliferation News, 10/12/95, pp. 15- from the fuel pool, possibly beginning as nancial help from member countries, KEDO 16 (13988). Seoul Sinmun, 10/2/95, p. 1; in FBIS- early as the middle of 10/95. EAS-95-190, 10/2/95 (13988). plans to send 500,000 tons of fuel oil to Kathleen Hart, Nucleonics Week, 10/5/95, p. 10 North Korea by 1996. (13985). Evan Medeiros, Arms Control Today, 10/95, p. 22 9/29/95 Late 9/95 (13971). Argentine President Carlos Menem reas- Carnegie Endowment for Peace Senior Re- sures South Korean President Kim Yong- searcher Selig Harrison says during an in- 9/26/95 sam that Argentina is committed to support- terview that the North Korean military had South Korea appeals to Kuwait to partici- ing the 10/21/94 U.S.-DPRK Agreed protested the failure to complete an agree- pate in the KEDO consortium and send Framework and the “complete solution of ment on the supply of LWRs to North Ko- heavy fuel oil to North Korea. Kuwait de- the North Korea nuclear issue.” Menem says rea that was to be signed within six months cides to confer with other Gulf Coopera- Argentina will give serious thought to South of the 10/21/94 U.S.-DPRK nuclear accord. tion Council member states and to consider Korea’s request that it join KEDO. According to Harrison, North Korea seems the proposal. Yonhap (Seoul), 9/29/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-190, 9/ willing to consider allowing South Korean Kim Kyong-ho, Korea Herald (Seoul), 9/28/95, pp. 29/95 (13477). 1, 10; in FBIS-EAS-95-189, 9/28/95 (13977). technicians to participate in LWR construc- 9/29/95 tion in North Korea. KBS Radio (Seoul), 10/1/95; in BBC Monitoring 9/28/95 The Thai Foreign Ministry says Thailand Services: Asia-Pacific, 10/3/95 (13925). In an interview, a spokesman from the North will provide oil to North Korea as an alter- Korean Foreign Ministry says North Korea native source of energy until the comple- Late 9/95 will not pay any of the costs for the LWRs tion of the LWR project in North Korea. Three North Korean nuclear technical ex- it is set to receive as part of the DPRK- Yonhap; in Munhwa Ilbo (Seoul), 9/13/95, p. 2; in FBIS-EAS-95-177, 9/13/95 (13470). perts and one “security expert” prepare to KEDO negotiations before it has determined tour LWR sites in the U.S., viewing the that the reactors have been constructed “in design of Combustion Engineering’s (CE) a way a commercial operation can be car- 9/30/95 KEDO and North Korea start working-level System 80 LWR model for the first time. ried out.” The Foreign Ministry spokesman The CE System 80 LWR was modified to adds that North Korea has the right to in- talks on the supply of two 1,000 MW LWRs to North Korea. Among the topics to be produce the South Korean [Korean Standard] spect the safety of the reactors because they LWR model. The main site the North Ko- will be owned and operated by North Ko- covered during the working-level talks are North Korea’s repayment terms for the cost reans are to visit is the Palo Verde nuclear rea. power plant in Arizona, where three 1,300 KCBN (Pyongyang), 9/28/95; in FBIS-TAC-95-005, of the reactor program and the extent to 9/28/95 (13984). which training, safety equipment, and other MW System 80 LWRs are located. Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 9/21/95, p. 3 technology will be provided with the reac- (13853). 9/28/95 tors. If specific details are not included in North Korea’s Foreign Ministry expresses the KEDO-DPRK supply contract, they will Late 9/95 dissatisfaction with the slow implementa- be included in the contract between KEDO South Korean officials say the U.S. is shift- tion of the 10/21/94 U.S.-DPRK Agreed and KEPCO. The supply contract may be ing the financial burden of the LWR project Framework. In a statement delivered by the completed in 10/95 during senior-level ne- in North Korea to South Korea, as a result North Korean Central News Agency gotiations between KEDO and North Ko- of commitments made by the Clinton ad- (KCNA), the Foreign Ministry says, “It is rea. A U.S. State Department source says ministration to protect U.S. voters from pay- self-evident that we cannot continue to uni- that North Korea had not asked for thermal ing the bulk of LWR supply costs. laterally fulfil our obligation - nuclear freeze nuclear reactors instead of LWRs at the Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 9/21/95, p. 3 - if the U.S. side does not fufill its obliga- Kuala Lumpur round of talks in 9/95. (13853). tions concerning the provision of light wa- KEDO confirmed in a 9/25/95 statement ter reactors...KEDO must bear all the money that it would provide North Korea with two 10/95 needed not only for the infrastructure LWRs and level the reactor site, although A South Korean official says opposition construction...but for the whole of the this latter provision has not been completely from the North Korean military, particularly

128 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 Nuclear Developments its reluctance to send diplomatic pouches North Korea and at high-level talks sched- 10/13/95 through Panmunjom, is causing setbacks in uled for 10/16/95 in New York, the U.S. U.S. State Department Spokesman Nicho- the opening of liaison offices between the and South Korea will “strongly demand” that las Burns says the U.S. is certain North U.S. and North Korea. According to a South North Korea allow special inspections to be Korea will fulfil its obligations under the Korean official involved in the LWR talks, specified in the agreement. Inspections will 10/21/94 U.S.-DPRK Agreed Framework, North Korean negotiators’ statements that commence when the major components of including special inspections of its nuclear this issue would be “difficult for hard-line the LWRs have been supplied to North Ko- facilities, despite a reported statement to the military forces to accept,” are an indication rea, between the end of 1998 and the begin- contrary made by North Korean Mission to of the military’s “strong influence over policy ning of 1999. The U.S. and South Korea the U.N. Ambassador Han Song-yol. The making in North Korea.” will also set a timetable for the dismantling State Department says the accord requires Kim Hyon-ho, et al., Choson Ilbo (Seoul), 10/12/ of North Korea’s graphite-moderated reac- North Korea to satisfy all IAEA safeguards 95, p. 31; in FBIS-EAS-95-198, 10/12/95 (13946). tors, currently in a state of freeze. North requirements and to settle remaining ques- Korea claims to have never agreed to spe- tions about its past nuclear activities before 10/4/95 cial inspections, maintaining that this is an the transfer of key LWR components can U.S. Senator Frank Murkowski submits a issue to be discussed between North Korea take place. Senate bill aimed at imposing stringent regu- and the U.S. at a later date. Yonhap (Seoul), 10/14/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-202, lations on the implementation of the 10/21/ Ko Tae-song, Hanguk Ilbo (Seoul), 10/9/95, p. 1; 10/14/95 (13941). 94 U.S.-DPRK nuclear accord. The pro- in FBIS-EAS-95-195 (13991). posed bill is co-authored by Senators Jesse 10/13/95 Helms, John McCain and Don Nickles. If 10/12/95-10/26/95 An editorial in Nodong Sinmun says the enacted, the proposed legislation would During the second round of the KEDO- agreement for the provision of LWRs to make the establishment of full diplomatic North Korea high-level talks in New York, North Korea is political in nature and must and economic ties between the U.S. and North Korea demands that KEDO provide be solved by political means. The agree- North Korea contingent upon North Korea’s national power distribution facilities and a ment must adhere to the principle of “si- compliance with certain stipulations of the nuclear fuel plant in addition to LWRs. multaneous acts” [actions]. According to accord, and would restrict the U.S. govern- KEDO refuses, stating that the demand falls this principle, says the editorial, the United ment from financing fuel exports to North outside guidelines established at the first States cannot demand money from North Korea in the event that North Korea is found round of high-level talks in Kuala Lumpur Korea before the LWRs are completed and to be diverting the fuel or resuming its during 6/95. KEDO and North Korea dis- operating. North Korea also maintains that, nuclear weapons program. The bill would cuss such issues as the range of additional as part of the DPRK-U.S. framework agree- require North Korea to improve relations facilities, terms of payment, compensation ment, the United States is responsible for with South Korea through North-South dia- for accidents which might occur during con- the construction of infrastructure as well as logue, adhere to IAEA safeguards, permit struction and after completion of the plant, the LWRs. inspection of two possible nuclear waste the transparency of KEDO’s construction of KCNA (Pyongyang), 10/13/95; in FBIS-EAS-95- disposal sites, facilitate the relocation of its the plant, and North Korea’s obligation to 198, 10/13/95 (14000). Chong Yonchu, Hangyore Sinmun (Seoul), 10/23/95, p. 7; in FBIS-EAS-95- spent nuclear fuel to a third country, and maintain a nuclear freeze and accept inspec- 204, 10/23/95 (14001). agree to permanently disassemble its graph- tions of its nuclear facilities. ite reactors. Murkowski explains that the The two sides agree to add an annex cov- 10/14/95 proposed legislation would clarify how and ering additional details to the reactor sup- The Executive Council of KEDO rejects when each side must take action to comply ply contract. The contents of the annex will North Korea’s request for an additional $1 with the U.S.-DPRK accord, stressing that be discussed during the expert-level talks. billion worth of supplementary LWR facili- the U.S. position should be clear in order The primary contract will cover the terms ties. The South Korean Head of the Office to guarantee that North Korea conforms to of North Korea’s repayment, the terms un- of Planning for the Light Water Reactor the agreed freeze of its nuclear weapons pro- der which North Korea will implement the Project Choe Tong-chin says North Korea’s gram. Geneva agreement, the administrative sup- demand is unreasonable, adding that an ad- Yonhap (Seoul), 10/5/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-193, 10/ port and services to be provided by North 5/95 (13861). ditional request involving a 30-year repay- Korea, and the construction costs to be ment plan with a 10-year grace period is shouldered by KEDO. KEDO’s estimated also unacceptable. The issue is to be dis- 10/9/95 budget will be adjusted as the project pro- The United States and South Korea agree cussed further during high-level negotiations ceeds to reflect cost increases. between KEDO and North Korea set for 10/ that special inspections of unregistered Yonhap (Seoul), 10/20/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-211, North Korean facilities should be carried 10/20/95 (14002). Yonhap (Seoul), 10/29/95; in 16/95. FBIS-EAS-95-212, 10/29/95 (14003). Yi Kwang-chol, KBS-1 Radio Network (Seoul), 10/ out as part of the LWR supply contract. 14/95; FBIS-EAS-95-202, 10/14/95 (13943). During expert talks between KEDO and

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 129 Nuclear Developments

10/19/95 10/31/95* (OAU’s) Council of Ministers, envisions that Japanese Prime Minister Tomiichi Responding to North Korea’s demand for the IAEA will ensure that participating states Murayama asks Amir and Crown Prince of additional facilities for the proposed LWRs, comply with their commitments under the Kuwait Shaykh Jabir al-Ahmad al-Sabah for KEDO agrees to the construction of roads, treaty. Kuwait to help supply crude oil to North a port, and workers’ lodging quarters; and IAEA Newsbriefs, 6/95-7/95, p. 6 (13494). Korea, through KEDO, as a source of alter- says it will furnish the water and electricity native energy until the completion of LWRs necessary for the construction of the reac- 6/28/95 in North Korea. Al-Sabah says his foreign tors. The South Korean government insists The summit conference of the OAU adopts minister will consider the request. that it cannot shoulder further expenses. a NWFZ treaty, an unidentified OAU se- Kyodo (Tokyo), 10/19/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-202, 10/ Regarding the expenses involved in the con- nior official announces on 7/6/95. The 19/95 (13864). struction of the reactors, a South Korean gov- treaty contains an amendment put forth by ernment official states that, “the amount of Mauritius calling for the NWFZ to include 10/20/95 expenses required for the construction of nearby islands, in addition to the African During summit talks, Canadian Prime Min- light-water reactors, which is estimated to continent. ister Jean Chretien tells South Korean Presi- be $4 billion in consideration of the ex- Asahi Shimbun (Tokyo), 7/7/95 (13454). dent Kim Yong-sam that Canada will be- panded scope of light-water reactor provi- come an active member of KEDO. sion and of the price increase, will further Chon Si-yong, Korea Herald (Seoul), 10/21/95, pp. increase drastically.” 1, 9; in FBIS-EAS-95-204, 10/21/95 (13947). PAKISTAN Kim Yon-kwang, Choson Ilbo (Seoul) 10/31/95, p. 2; in FBIS-EAS-95-212, 10/31/95 (13986). 10/21/95 One year after its signing, the 10/21/94 U.S.- NORTH KOREA WITH: DPRK Agreed Framework remains Lithuania, Russia, and INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS unimplemented. According to the Wash- Switzerland, 122 ington Post, this may be due to KEDO’s 6/24/95 financial problems, as well as mistrust be- Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission NORTH KOREA WITH SOUTH KOREA tween the U.S. and DPRK. South Korea (PAEC) Chairman Ishfaq Ahmad Khan re- and Japan have agreed only to finance the 10/12/95 jects allegations printed in the 6/18/95 edi- reactors and oppose any other expenditures. tion of the Muslim (Islamabad) claiming that South Korean National Assembly Represen- Fewer than a dozen nations have contrib- Pakistan is halting efforts to complete the tative Son Se-il says that during a visit to uted a total of about $10 million, while the Chashma-2 nuclear power reactor due to fi- South Korea in 7/92, North Korean Chair- U.S. House of Representatives wants to cut nancial problems and U.S. pressure. Khan man of External Economic Affairs Kim Tal- the proposed U.S. contribution of $23 mil- says, “Construction of a 300 MW, PWR- hyon proposed a North-South collaborative lion for 1996 by 40 percent. In any case, based, nuclear power plant is proceeding project to construct a nuclear power plant the consortium’s planned oil shipments to according to schedule at Chashma while the in North Korea. Son says South Korea’s North Korea will be underfunded by some feasibility of the installation of additional then-Deputy Prime Minister Choe Kak-kyu $40 million. Liaison offices between the power stations is being studied.” The report did not reply to the proposal due to compli- U.S. and North Korea have yet to be opened also says that in 5/95, a Chashma design cations stemming from a North Korean es- because North Korea opposes an overland bureau employing 50 scientists and engi- supply route for the U.S. office through the pionage incident. Yonhap (Seoul), 10/12/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-198, neers was closed. demilitarized zone. 10/12/95 (13955). Shahid-ur-Rehman Khan, Nucleonics Week, 7/6/95, Washington Post, 10/21/95, p. A26 (13843). p. 5 (13398).

10/31/95* 7/6/95* Asked if South Korea would pay for the cost ORGANIZATION FOR The government of Pakistan budgets just of power transmission and distribution fa- under $1 million for uranium exploration cilities and a nuclear fuel plant for the North AFRICAN UNITY (OAU) in the Deara Ghazi khan and Mianwali dis- Koreans, Deputy Prime Minister Na Ung- tricts. pae tells the Assembly Unification and For- Shahid-ur-Rehman Khan, Nucleonics Week, 7/6/95, eign Affairs Committee that South Korea p. 5 (13398). cannot provide funding beyond the standard 5/95 scope of supply. A draft treaty to create a nuclear-weapon- 7/21/95 Yonhap (Seoul), 10/31/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-210, free zone (NWFZ) in Africa is agreed upon. The Pakistani Senate Standing Committee 10/31/95 (13793). The draft treaty, which must now be rati- on Foreign Affairs, citing “security concerns fied by the Organization for African Unity’s aris[ing] from India’s military preponder-

130 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 Nuclear Developments ance,” states in a report that “no other op- PAKISTAN WITH GERMANY 6/14/95* tion remains for Pakistan except to fall back Construction of the 300 MW Chashma on nuclear capability as the weapon of last 8/28/95* nuclear reactor that China exported to Paki- resort.” The report adds that “Pakistan has Telephone Industries of Pakistan Ltd. stan is said to be underway with completion far greater justification to acquire a nuclear (PVT), a joint venture of Germany’s Si- expected on schedule. There are also plans option than India or Israel which enjoy over- emens AG and Pakistan’s state-owned Post, for Pakistan to make nuclear power plant whelming military superiority over their Telephone, and Telegraph (PTT) company, parts. China is training 148 Pakistani tech- neighbors.” The report also urges Pakistan’s renews efforts to obtain specialized magnet nicians at Qinshan, producing 83 graduates government-run nuclear industry to recom- parts from Germany. Siemens spokesman by 7/14/95. mence producing weapons-grade uranium. Reiner Schoenrueck says such efforts vio- Yang Zhiping, Zhongguo Hegongye Bao, (Beijing), Nuclear Proliferation News, 8/7/95, p. 10 (13770). late PVT’s procurement guidelines, which 6/14/95, p. 1; in FBIS-CST-95-011, 6/14/95 Zia Mian and Abdul Nayyar, INESAP-Information (13348). Zhongguo Hegongye Bao, (Beijing), 6/ Bulletin, 10/95, pp. 8-9 (14023). stipulate that “any equipment which Tele- 21/95, p. 4; in FBIS-CST-95-011, 6/21/95 (13348). phone Industries wants in Germany must Nuclear Europe Worldscan, 7/8/95, pp. 69-70 (13348). Xinhua (Beijing), 7/14/95; in FBIS-CHI- * be obtained through Siemens itself.” In 8/13/95 95-135, 7/14/95 (13348). Foreign press reports claim that Pakistan has 1991, the Pakistani Embassy in Bonn at- tempted to bypass German export controls a “nuclear aerial fission bomb” and has per- PAKISTAN WITH SOUTH KOREA fected the explosive’s detonation mechanism by ordering aluminum-nickel-cobalt enabling it to be carried under one of (Alnico)-260 S-ring magnets from Magnetfabrik Bonn GmbH (MFB) on be- 9/95 Pakistan’s F-16’s. The ROK agrees to supply a pressure vessel Savita Pandey, All India Radio Network (Delhi), 8/ half of PVT. In early 1992, the German 13/95; in FBIS-NES-95-156, 8/13/95 (13334). Federal Economic Office, now the Federal for the Chashma plant that China is build- Export Control Office (BAFA), rescinded ing in Pakistan, because China said in 9/95 9/95* initial approval for the deal believing that that it would be unable to supply this item. Former army staff head General Mirza the ring magnets would be used in gas ul- However, Deputy Director General of the Aslam Beg says Pakistan’s nuclear program tracentrifuges for Pakistan’s nuclear pro- ROK Ministry of Foreign Affairs Jong-Moo has been less expensive than 10 F-16’s and gram. Choi says South Korea will formally apply notes its nuclear development acted as a sta- Mark Hibbs, NuclearFuel, 8/28/95, pp. 1, 13-14 for membership in the Nuclear Suppliers bilizer of South Asian security. (13702). Group (NSG) in 10/95. If the ROK is ac- Asian Defence Journal, 9/95, p. 104 (13694). cepted, it will not be able to supply nuclear PAKISTAN WITH: equipment to countries such as Pakistan, 10/18/95 India, Israel, PRC, Russia, and which are not under full-scope IAEA safe- Pakistan celebrates the inception of the ura- U.S., 106 guards. Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 9/28/95, p. 1 nium exploration and mining project at India, PRC, Russia, and United (13844). Qabul Khel in the North-West Frontier Prov- States, 107 ince. Pakistani Minister for Petroleum and Israel, 116 PAKISTAN WITH UNITED STATES Natural Resources Anwar Saifullah Khan states that Pakistani scientists are already PAKISTAN WITH PRC 7/27/95 capable of establishing and operating a ura- A U.S. State Department spokesman states nium processing plant. 6/4/95* Business Recorder (Karachi), 10/23/95, p. 3; in that the U.S. is considering a proposal for a FBIS-NES-95-211, 10/23/95 (13672). Citing U.S. intelligence officials, Leonard one-time waiver of the Pressler Amendment, Spector of the Carnegie Foundation says whose passage froze a 1989 sale of 28 F-16 10/21/95 China is helping Pakistan construct a re- jets to Pakistan although Pakistan had al- Pakistani Senator Tariq Chaudhry condemns search plutonium facility at Khushab which ready paid for them. The measure, pro- Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto and former could provide Pakistan with plutonium for posed by Senator Hank Brown, will be con- Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif’s continuous nuclear weapons. Spector says Pakistan can sidered by the Senate after the 8/95 recess, support for keeping Pakistan’s nuclear weap- already construct nuclear weapons in “hours” possibly as part of the foreign aid bill to be ons program “capped” since 1989. by using highly-enriched uranium. The aid voted on in 9/95. The Brown Amendment Nation (Islamabad), 10/22/95, pp. 1, 15; in FBIS- is also alarming because, according to would allow the U.S. to sell Pakistan spare NES-95-204, 10/22/95 (13691). Spector, “It means the Pakistanis have not parts for its F-16’s, although the sale of the frozen their nuclear weapons programme as 28 F-16’s would not be permitted to go had been believed.” Asian Recorder, p. 24,842, 6/4/95-6/10/95 (13928).

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 131 Nuclear Developments through. The U.S., however, could sell the construct the Nuclear Industry Southern kt.] jets elsewhere and refund Pakistan the money Leaching Technology Laboratory in Charles Hutzler, Washington Times, 8/18/95, p. A13 it has already paid. The House of Repre- Changsha to extract hard rock uranium de- (13356). Radio Australia (Melbourne), 8/17/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-159, 8/17/95 (13356). sentatives will vote on a similar bill put forth posits in Southern China by means of un- by Congressman Doug Bereuter. The derground leaching. 8/19/95 Pressler Amendment forbids U.S. aid or Huang Huanjun, Zhongguo Hegongye Bao (Beijing), A Washington, D.C.-based non-governmen- military exports to Pakistan unless the U.S. 5/17/95, p. 1; in FBIS-CST-95-014, 5/17/95 (13795). tal organization, International Campaign for president can verify that Pakistan “does not Tibet, says China stored nuclear weapons possess a nuclear explosive device.” On 9/ 7/13/95 in Tibet. China only admits that it stored 23/95, an Indian Foreign Ministry official China says it plans to produce and export radioactive waste on the shores of Lake says that U.S. enactment of the Brown 1,200 MW reactors in the next 10 years. Kokonor, Tibet, according to World Tibet Amendment will exacerbate the arms race Reuter (Beijing); in Executive News Service, 7/13/ Network News. in South Asia and is the equivalent of the 95 (13816). Reuter Textline Database (London), 8/21/95; in U.S. legitimizing Pakistan’s nuclear ambi- FBIS-TEN-95-007-L, 8/21/95 (13361). tions. 7/14/95* Nuclear Proliferation News, 8/7/95, p. 10 (13770). Chinese scientists say they have developed 10/17/95 Bruce Fein, Washington Times, 8/8/95, p. 2 (13770). Washington Times, 9/23/95, p. A10 a new nuclear isotope, Protactinium (Pa)- Chinese Vice Premier and Minister of For- (13774). Elaine Sciolino, New York Times, 9/22/ 239, using a heavy ion accelerator. Term- eign Affairs Qian Qichen urges all nuclear 95, p. A3 (13635). ing the new development a “major break- states to sign an agreement on no-first-use through in the country’s basic research in of nuclear weapons against non-nuclear 9/16/95* nuclear physics,” the scientists say the iso- weapon states and nuclear-free zones. Chi- According to an editorial in the Pakistani tope represents an important contribution nese Ambassador for Disarmament Affairs newspaper Jang, CIA Director John Deutch to “research on nuclear structure in the at the U.N. General Assembly Sha Zukang says the CIA will destroy Pakistan’s nuclear heavy-mass neutron-rich zone.” says China will stop all tests once it signs program through a secret operation. The Xinhua (Beijing), 7/14/95; in FBIS-CHI-95-136, the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). editorial adds that although Pakistan has 7/14/95 (13888). Sha Zukang says the CTBT should not limit achieved the capability and technology to peaceful nuclear explosions or peaceful use produce nuclear weapons, its current nuclear 7/14/95 of nuclear energy. development efforts are for peaceful pur- China begins construction of its first 10 MW Xinhua (Beijing), 10/18/95; in FBIS-CHI-95-201, poses. high temperature reactor near Beijing. The 10/18/95 (13818). Chen Dawei and Tang Dianwei, Jang (Rawalpindi), 9/16/95, p. 10; in FBIS-NES- reactor is scheduled to achieve criticality in Zhongguo Xinwen She (Beijing), 9/30/95; in FBIS- 95-180, 9/16/95 (13395). 1999 and begin operation in 2000. The In- CHI-95-190, 9/30/95 (13818). stitute of Nuclear Energy Technology, the 10/25/95 9/21/95 Nuclear Power Institute of China, and the The U.S. Senate passes the Brown Amend- Beijing Institute of Nuclear Engineering will A Japanese government source says China ment. On 10/24/95, a U.S. House-Senate participate in the project. intends to postpone its third nuclear test this conference committee approves the amend- Nuclear Engineering International, 9/95, pp. 2-3 year. China may resume its nuclear tests ment. (13360). after the spring of 1996. Yomiuri Shimbun (Tokyo), 10/26/95, p. 2; in FBIS- Elaine Sciolino, New York Times, 9/22/95, p. A3 EAS-95-208, 10/26/95 (13794). (13635). Thomas W. Lippman and Dan Morgan, 7/25/95 Washington Post, 9/21/95, p. A9 (13635). Chinese nuclear industry experts recom- mend that China exploit foreign research PRC WITH: breakthroughs and advanced technology to Algeria, 99 free up resources needed to complete an PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF experimental fast neutron reactor by 2000. PRC WITH CANADA CHINA (PRC) Zhongguo Tongxun She (Hong Kong), 7/25/95; in FBIS-CHI-95-149, 7/25/95 (13817). 9/12/95 Canada signs an agreement with China to 8/17/95 build a 300 MW nuclear reactor in The Australian Seismological Center reports INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS Guangdong province. that China has carried out a nuclear test with Finansovie Izvestia, 9/12/95, p. 1 (13819). a yield estimated to be up to 80 kt of TNT, 5/17/95* about half the size of a test China conducted 10/13/95 The Zhongnan Geological Bureau of the in 5/95. [This figure conflicts with earlier Chinese Nuclear Industry Corporation will China and Canada sign a memorandum of reports that the 5/95 test had a yield of 95 understanding which could lead to China’s

132 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 Nuclear Developments purchase of two 700 MW CANDU reactors plant will be modeled after the Daya Bay Kazakhstan, 121 for its Qinshan site. The MoU indicates nuclear plant recently completed in Marshall Islands, Russia, and China’s interest in acquiring CANDU tech- Guangdong Province. Under the 6 billion Taiwan, 152 nology and an agreement in principle to franc contract, Framatome will provide an Pakistan, 131 negotiate a deal. The deal could be worth extension of the scope of technical coopera- more than 1 billion Canadian dollars and tion, deliver two 985 MW PWRs, and fab- PRC WITH PERU could involve some 100 Canadian compa- ricate fuel assemblies. nies. NucNet, 7/18/95, p. 13 (13359). Ray Silver, Nucleonics Week, 10/19/95, p. 3 10/9/95 (13874). 10/25/95 Chinese Premier Li Peng and other Chinese China signs contracts for the receipt of two officials arrive in Lima on a three-day offi- PRC WITH: additional 1,000 MW French PWRs to be cial visit. On 10/10/95, after meeting with Brazil, India, Indonesia, PRC and constructed at Lingao. The PWRs are simi- Peruvian Energy and Mines Minister Amado Russia, 103 lar to those at China’s Daya Bay power sta- Yataco, the president of the China Nuclear Canada, Japan, South Korea, and tion. The contracts, totaling $1.6 billion, Industry Corporation, Jiang Xinxiong, an- United States, 118 are signed between the French companies nounces that Peru and China will collabo- of Framatome, GEC Alsthom, and rate on a nuclear development cooperation program. No specific projects have been PRC WITH FINLAND, GERMANY, AND Electricité de France (EdF) and China’s Lingao Nuclear Power Co., a subsidiary of planned. RUSSIA EFE (Madrid), 10/10/95; in FBIS-CHI-95-197, 10/ the China Guangdong Nuclear Power Co. 10/95 (13764). 6/95 (CGNPC). Framatome will supply the two nuclear islands and the first two cores; GEC A contract for the supply of two 1,000 MW PRC WITH ROMANIA Alsthom will provide two conventional is- Russian PWRs to China’s Wufangdian Prov- lands and related equipment; and EDF will ince is expected to be signed on 9/1/95. The 10/4/95 provide technical assistance. Construction Russian firm, Atomenergoexport, will The technical manager of Romag SA’s heavy is planned to begin in 1996. Units 1 and 2 handle commercial aspects, St. Petersburg’s water production facility at Halinga, are planned to be operational in 2002 and Atomenergoprojekt will act as design engi- Dumitru Sirbu, says Romania could start 2003, respectively. neer, Finnish utility Imatran Voima Oy will Ann MacLachlan, Nucleonics Week, 10/26/95, p. selling heavy water to other countries, in- provide software, and the German-Russian 3 (13952). cluding South Korea and China, by 1997. joint venture, Nuclearcontrol, will develop Sirbu says “eventually all surpluses of heavy control systems for the reactors. PRC WITH FRANCE AND water produced here would be available for Nuclear News, 8/95, p. 75 (13351). UNITED KINGDOM export.” Sirbu adds that all four heavy wa- ter production units at Halinga, each with PRC WITH FRANCE 10/26/95* an annual capacity of 90 MT, will be run- Framatome SA, Electricité de France, and ning by mid-1996. Late 6/95 Adrian Dascalu, Reuter, 10/4/95; in Executive News a joint venture between Britain’s General Service, 10/4/95 (13639). In the third week of 6/95, China announces Electric Co. and France’s Alcatel-Alsthom, that the signing of the 9.5 billion Hong Kong GEC-Alsthom, agree to build two 985-MW PRC WITH RUSSIA dollar Daya Bay 2 nuclear power plant con- reactors in southern China. Construction tracts will be postponed until 10/15/95. is scheduled to begin in 1996, with comple- Daya Bay 2, which will be composed of two 7/18/95 tion planned for 2003. The Director of the Ural electrochemical reactors similar to the reactors at Daya Bay, Wall Street Journal (New York), 10/26/95, p. A16 will be constructed in Lingao. Construc- (13841). plant in Novouralsk, Vitaly Kornilov, says tion is scheduled to begin in early 1996. that over the next two years the firm will The plant is expected to be completed by PRC WITH: supply China with $8 million worth of 2002 or 2003. India, 107 equipment for a uranium enrichment facil- Alex Lo, Eastern Express (Hong Kong), 7/29/95- India, Israel, Pakistan, Russia, ity the Russian Atomic Energy Ministry is 7/30/95, p. 4; in FBIS-CHI-95-147, 7/31/95 constructing in China. The plant will pro- and U.S., 106 (13809). duce enriched uranium concentrate with a India, Pakistan, Russia, and Uranium-235 content of up to five percent. 7/14/95 United States, 107 Under the terms of the contract, China will France’s Framatome signs a contract with Iran, 109 pay 74 percent of the project’s costs with China to build the new Lingao nuclear power Iran, Iraq, and Russia, 109 hard currency and pay for equipment and station in Guangdong Province. The new Japan, 119 automation systems with consumer goods.

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 133 Nuclear Developments

Interfax (Moscow), 7/18/95; in FBIS-TAC-95-004, two VVER-1,000 PWRs in China in 1996. of the ROK-PRC Science and Technology 7/18/95 (13352). Chinese scientists have conducted a safety Joint Committee in Beijing. At this meet- analysis of the Liaoning Province site which ing, South Korea and China agree to form 9/95 has been chosen for the reactors. The total the ROK-PRC Nuclear Energy Joint Com- Well-placed official sources say a 200,000 contract is estimated at $2 billion. Russia mittee. Vice minister-level officials from SWU/yr centrifuge enrichment plant being has agreed to provide training for the Chi- the two countries will act as senior delegates constructed by Russia’s Ministry of Atomic nese personnel, which, according to Rus- to the joint committee. Nuclear energy ex- Energy (Minatom) in Shaanxi Province in sian officials, will be more comprehensive perts from both countries will meet and se- China will be in operation before the end of than that given to Iran. lect nuclear energy-related collaborative 1996. China intends to place the plant un- Nucleonics Week, 10/5/95, pp. 1, 8 (13847). Xinhua projects. der IAEA safeguards and have a permanent (Beijing), 10/24/95; in FBIS-CHI-95-206, 10/24/ Hanguk Ilbo (Seoul), 10/5/95, p. 2; in FBIS-EAS- inspector there. Under the contract terms, 95 (13875). 95-194, 10/5/95 (13765). China cannot obtain Russian technology. The configuration of the plant’s cascades PRC WITH SOUTH KOREA PRC WITH TAIWAN will prevent China from producing HEU, but China will be allowed to add more cen- 7/9/95 7/28/95 trifuges to the plant to increase its capacity. A South Korean Foreign Ministry official Speaking before Taiwan’s National Assem- The plant will produce low-enriched ura- indicates that progress has been made on a bly, Taiwanese President Li Teng-hui says nium to fuel China’s Qinshan PWRs. The plan to export South Korean nuclear reac- “whether [or not] we need the protection of two 1,000 MW PWRs planned for Liaoning tors to China. South Korea’s Korea Atomic nuclear weapons...we should re-study the by Minatom will be fueled by SWU from Energy Research Institute (KAERI) has re- question from a long-term point of view.” Minatom plants in Russia. Russian sources portedly sought to adapt South Korean On 7/31/95, however, after a Politburo-level say that under the amended Russian suspen- Ulchin reactors to serve as a model for con- Chinese official announces that the devel- sion agreement, any Russian uranium en- struction of the second reactor unit in opment of a Taiwanese nuclear arsenal would riched in the Chinese plant will be consid- China’s Guangdong 2 project. provoke an invasion by the Chinese People’s ered acceptable for export to the U.S. Yi Sang-man, Chungang Ilbo (Seoul), 7/10/95, p. Liberation Army (PLA) in order to protect 2; in FBIS-EAS-95-131, 7/10/95 (13835). Mark Hibbs, NuclearFuel, 9/20/95, pp. 1, 16 Taiwan from a “dangerous and war-monger- (13353). 9/18/95 ing leader,” Li denies any revival of the island’s nuclear weapons program, stating 9/25/95 South Korean officials say South Korea will the Republic of China (Taiwan) has the sell a reactor pressure vessel to China for Private sector sources say that Russia’s power to make a nuclear arsenal, but “we the Qinshan-2 power reactor, beating out Minatom will begin negotiations with China definitely will not develop nuclear weap- Japan’s Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) on the sale of HEU for research reactor fuel. ons.” On 7/29/95, Presidential Press Of- for the contract. The $20 million contract Diplomatic sources express concern that, ficer Ting Yuan-chao says government policy was signed by Korea Heavy Industries & because none of China’s research reactors restricts nuclear research programs to peace- Construction Co. Ltd. (KHIC), the China are subject to IAEA safeguards inspections, ful purposes. Several members of the Na- Nuclear Energy Industry Corporation the HEU could be diverted to make fuel for tional Assembly support the development (CNEIC) and the Kohap Group. KHIC will China’s nuclear-powered submarines. of nuclear weapons to counter a perceived Mark Hibbs, NuclearFuel, 9/25/95, p. 7 (13822). manufacture the first pressure vessel. The threat from the PRC. second pressure vessel, expected to be de- AFP (Hong Kong), 7/31/95; in FBIS-CHI-95-147, 9/28/95 livered by 1998, will be built jointly by 7/31/95 (13767). Wen Wei Po (Hong Kong), 8/1/ Russian Vice Premier Oleg Davydov says CNEIC and the Nuclear Power Institute of 95, p. A2; in FBIS-CHI-95-149, 8/1/95 (13767). Russia’s participation in construction of the China. The Kohap Group will manage fi- South China Morning Post (Hong Kong), 7/31/95, Liaoning nuclear power plant in China is nances and sales support. pp. 1, 6; in FBIS-CHI-95-146, 7/31/95 (13480). part of an attempt to establish a long-term Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 9/21/95, pp. 1-2 10/6/95 cooperation with China. Davydov says that (13825). China Nuclear Industry Newspaper (Beijing), 7/19/95, p. 2; in FBIS-EAS-95-161, 7/ Speaking of the military threat from the Russia and China have already reached 19/95 (13825). agreement on the general plans for the PRC, Premier Lien Chan tells Taiwan’s Leg- islative Yuan that, while it is necessary to Liaoning project. 10/4/95 Grigory Arslanov, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 9/28/95; in develop an effective means to contain China, FBIS-SOV-95-189, 9/28/95 (13829). South Korea’s Minister of Science and Tech- there is no need to develop nuclear arma- nology Chong Kun-mo and China’s Minis- ments. 10/5/95* ter of the State Science and Technology China Broadcasting Corporation News Network Commission and Member of the PRC State (Taipei), 10/6/95; in FBIS-CHI-95-196, 10/6/95 The Russian Federation Ministry of Atomic (13766). Energy confirms that it will start building Council, Song Jian, hold the third meeting

134 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 Nuclear Developments

10/13/95 10/2/95 Nezavisimaya Gazeta (Moscow), 10/17/95, p. 6 (13898). Vesti (St. Petersburg), 9/14/95, p. 1; in National Defense Minister Chiang Chung- U.S. Secretary of State Warren Christopher WPS, 11/3/95, p. 5 (13758). ling says Taiwan will not develop nuclear tells reporters that President Clinton will weapons, even though it faces an increasing meet on 10/24/95 with Chinese President 4/95* Chinese military threat. Jiang Zemin in New York. As to the pos- According to the Chinese journal Studies Bear Lee, CNA (Taipei), 10/14/95; in FBIS-CHI- sible sale by China of two small nuclear re- 95-200, 10/14/95 (13887). In S & T Management, as many as 9,200 actors to Iran, Christopher states, “With re- scientists emigrated from Russia in 1992, spect to the Iran nuclear situation, the Chi- PRC WITH UNITED KINGDOM causing the country to lose its leading role nese foreign minister indicated they were in some fields of science. The journal re- not going forward with that particular trans- ports that the U.S. is capitalizing on the po- 10/13/95 action for various reasons, and that seems Hong Kong-based Standard Chartered Bank litical and economic chaos in the former to be where the matter now rests.” Soviet Union by “conducting a large-scale announces that it has granted a $24.5 mil- Susan Cornwell, Reuter (Washington), 10/2/95; in lion loan to the State Development Bank of Executive News Service, 10/2/95 (13479). commandeering” of former Soviet nuclear China (SDB) for the supply of equipment physicists. 10/9/95* Wang Zhangbao, Keji Guanli Yanjiu (Guangzhou), for the second phase of the Qinshan Nuclear 3/95-4/95, pp. 27, 31-33; in FBIS-CST-95-011, 8/ Power Plant, located in the Zhejiang Prov- The U.S. House decides to cut funding for 22/95 (13293). ince. This is the first time that the SDB has the U.S.-China Joint Defense Conversion received buyer’s credit from the United Commission. The Commission, created by 6/23/95* Kingdom, and this is the first loan received U.S. Defense Secretary William Perry and Vice Admiral V. Tomilin, chief of the Rus- for the production of the second phase of Chinese General Ding Henggao, director of sian Navy Main Directorate, reports that Qinshan. the Commission for Science, Technology 8,000 cubic meters of liquid and solid ra- Xinhua (Beijing), 10/13/95; in FBIS-CHI-95-199, and Industry for National Defense dioactive waste, more than 25,000 spent fuel 10/13/95 (13801). (COSTIND), was established in 1994. assemblies, and five operative nuclear sub- William Triplett, Defense News, 10/9/95, pp. 23- marine reactors are located in the Murmansk PRC WITH UNITED STATES 24 (13998). 10/12/95 region. More than 100 trainloads of spent nuclear fuel are currently awaiting removal * Assistant Director of the Wisconsin Project 1/95 from Murmansk. In 1994, shipping and on Nuclear Arms Control Gerard White tells The U.S. Commerce Department has singled reprocessing one rail car of spent fuel cost the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Re- out two Chinese research organizations for 2.3 billion rubles. inclusion on a list of suspect entities which lations Subcommittee on East Asian and Komsomolskaya Pravda (Moscow), 6/23/95, p. 5 would require a license to purchase sensi- Pacific Affairs that China is a major sup- (13411). tive U.S. imports. The two organizations, plier to countries of proliferation concern. Fudan University and the Shanghai Insti- According to White, China possesses 300 7/7/95 tute of Nuclear Research, were chosen due to 450 nuclear warheads, but it may have Russian President Boris Yeltsin appoints to their work in tomography, which can aid manufactured enough weapons-grade ura- Russian Minister of Atomic Energy Viktor in the non-destructive testing of missile solid nium and plutonium for a total of at least Mikhailov to the Security Council of the fuel and nuclear explosive detonation pack- 900 to 1,350 warheads. In 1994, says Russian Federation. Mikhailov is the first ages. Since the late 1980s, Fudan Univer- White, “the U.S. Commerce Department per- atomic energy minister to serve on the Se- sity has obtained more than 20 licenses to mitted nuclear dual-use exports to China curity Council. acquire sensitive U.S. exports. valued at some one billion dollars.” Yaderniy Kontrol (Moscow), 8/95, p. 1 (13446). Risk Report, 1/95-2/95, p. 12 (13994). Federal News Service, 10/12/95 (13933). 7/13/95* 9/30/95 The Russian Federal Nuclear Center (FNC) Clinton administration officials say Chinese RUSSIA in Snezhinsk has developed an “environmen- President Jiang Zemin will be invited to tal monitoring” technique that is capable of meet with President Clinton in New York exposing clandestine nuclear weapons manu- in 10/95. The issues for discussion will facturing throughout the world. FNC sci- include nuclear nonproliferation, North entists claim that using the new method INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS Korea, and military cooperation. guarantees detection, and say the method is Thomas Lippman, Washington Post, 10/1/95, p. 33 capable of discerning between peaceful (13821). Donald Lambro, Washington Times, 8/ 1995 nuclear activities and nuclear weapons pro- 28/95, pp. A1, A8 (13983). Two cases of low-enriched uranium theft duction. According to Rodion Voznyuk, occur at the Mashinostroitelnyy Plant in head of the system developments center at Elektrostal.

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 135 Nuclear Developments the All-Russian Technical Physics Scientific 7/24/95* 7/27/95* Research Institute, explosions that take place Although a solid nuclear waste burial site The dismantling of Russian nuclear war- in the development of nuclear weapons re- for the European part of Russia is being heads has yielded roughly 100 MT of weap- lease “so-called hot particles” that can be constructed on Novaya Zemlya, no such fa- ons-grade plutonium and 500 MT of weap- detected in water, sediment, plant, and soil cility is being constructed for the Far East, ons-grade uranium. In addition, through samples. Use of this technique will report- despite the tremendous need. Solid nuclear the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel, Rus- edly confirm whether Iran, Iraq, North waste has accumulated at the Zvezda facil- sia is adding 1 MT of reactor-grade pluto- Korea, or other countries are engaged in ity in the Far East for 30 years; there are at nium to an existing stockpile of nearly 30 clandestine nuclear weapons programs. least 450 containers at the facility. Accord- MT. Russian Television Network (Moscow), 7/13/95; in ing to V.A. Maslakov, director of the Zvezda Boris Konovalov, Izvestiya (Moscow), 7/27/95, p. FBIS-SOV-95-142, 7/13/95 (13241). Radio Rossii 5 (13442). Network (Moscow), 7/8/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-131, facility, Russia has the technology to resolve its solid waste management problem, but 7/8/95 (13241). Sergei Sergeyev, Russian Public * Television (Moscow), 8/10/95; in FBIS-TAC-95- lacks the financial resources. 7/27/95 016-L, 8/10/95 (13431). Rabochaya Tribuna (Mos- Russian Public Television (Moscow), 7/24/95; in U.S. intelligence sources report that poor cow), 8/18/95, p. 6; in FBIS-SOV-95-162, 8/18/95 FBIS-TEN-95-012, 7/24/95 (13277). maintenance of weapons storage facilities in (13431). Russia poses a threat to the security of Rus- 7/26/95 sian nuclear weapons. While Russian Presi- * 7/13/95 Russian President Boris Yeltsin issues Ex- dent Boris Yeltsin, General Mikhail By the year 2000, Russia must decommis- ecutive Order 350, a revision to the “Regu- Kolesnikov, and Defense Minister Pavel sion 160 of the Navy’s nuclear submarines lations for Federal Supervision of Nuclear Grachev are known to have the authority to because they have either reached the end of and Radiation Safety,” transferring author- launch nuclear weapons independently, a their service life, or are simply “not re- ity to oversee “nuclear and radiation safety former U.S. intelligence official says that quired.” According to Captain First Rank in developing, producing, testing, operat- several other Russian officials may also have Stanislav Golovinskiy, deputy chief of the ing, storing, and disposing of nuclear weap- such authority. Moreover, U.S. officials note Northern Fleet Technical Directorate, due ons and military nuclear power plants” from that Russian nuclear weapons are poorly to a lack of funding for the removal of reac- the Russian Nuclear and Radiation Safety designed and lack sufficient “fail-safe mecha- tor cores, decommissioned submarines are Supervision Committee (Gosatomnadzor) to nisms” to prevent an unauthorized or unin- being kept afloat. Dozens of decommis- the Ministry of Defense. According to tentional launch. sioned submarines are already located “all Minatom spokesman Georgi Kaurov, con- Bill Gertz and Rowan Scarborough, Washington over” the Kola Peninsula. Liquid and solid cerns about the safety of nuclear weapons Times, 7/27/95 (13598). radioactive waste tanks of the fleet are “prac- and a desire to limit access to nuclear se- tically full.” The special train used to trans- crets were behind Yeltsin’s decision to issue 7/29/95 port spent fuel to reprocessing facilities can the directive. Before being issued a permit The Russian government passes resolution carry fuel elements from only two subma- to use nuclear power or radioactive materi- No. 773, which establishes a mechanism for rines per trip, at a cost of 10 billion rubles. als, all Russian nuclear facilities were re- accepting spent fuel from foreign countries. However, the train makes only three trips quired to satisfy safety criteria established The resolution allows Russia to accept spent to the North each year, and these are dedi- by Gosatomnadzor. The Ministry of De- fuel from nuclear plants built by the USSR cated primarily to transporting reactor cores fense did not recognize Gosatomnadzor’s and plants being built by Russia (such as removed from active submarines, which are authority even before Yeltsin’s directive. those in Iran), as well as those built by other given priority on account of their combat Russian sources indicate that other nuclear countries. The resolution enters into force status. The cost of dismantling just one agencies are attempting to exclude them- on 9/1/95. nuclear submarine is 500 million rubles, and Natalya Timashova, Izvestiya, 9/13/95, p. 2 (14043). selves from Gosatomnadzor guidelines. Yaderniy Kontrol, 9/95, pp. 14-15 (14038). although the service life of a nuclear sub- Russian Academy of Science member Sergei marine is 25 years, some submarines over Zelentsov emphasizes that 16 ministries and 8/3/95* 35 years in age are still awaiting dismantle- government offices have jurisdiction over The Maritime [Primorski] krai, home to the ment. According to Golovinskiy, officials Russian nuclear weapons, making the con- Russian Pacific Fleet’s central base, is in are “exerting every last ounce of energy” to cealment of accidents and work deficiencies need of a liquid nuclear waste recycling fa- keep decommissioned submarines afloat, practically impossible. and are using “every trick” to move nuclear Lev Lin, Kuranty (Moscow), 8/15/95, p. 4; in FBIS- cility. According to specialists, two of reactor cores to treatment facilities. SOV-95-158, 8/15/95 (13235). Viktor Litovkin, Russia’s storage tankers for liquid waste will Dmitriy Litovkin, Krasnaya Zvezda (Moscow), 7/ Izvestiya (Moscow), 9/29/95, p. 1 (13634). not hold up for two more years. According 13/95, p. 1 (13428). Nezavisimaya Gazeta (Moscow), 10/17/95, p. 6 to Y. Stomatyuk, chairman of the Commit- (13898). Dmitriy Kukanov and Natalia Timashova, Izvestiya (Moscow), 9/15/95, pp. 1-2 (13753). tee for Natural Resources, the safety of de- commissioned submarines or storage tank- ers cannot be certified.

136 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 Nuclear Developments

O. Zhurman, Russian Television Network (Moscow), 8/13/95* cow), 8/15/95; in FBIS-TEN-95-013, 8/15/95 7/31/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-149, 8/3/95 (13278). Inspections of Minatom facilities in 1994 (13434). reveal that procedures used at nuclear in- 8/6/95* 8/15/95* stallations do not accurately account for fis- The release of a classified report, compiled sile materials. The Russian Federation Pros- Russian Foreign Ministry spokesman on 5/19/95 by Russian scientists and mili- ecutor General’s office has concluded that Mikhail Demurin says that Russia is actively tary experts at the request of Russian Presi- the physical protection of Russian nuclear pursuing the creation of a comprehensive dent Boris Yeltsin, reveals that conditions facilities has not improved, notwithstand- and enforceable “non-discriminatory treaty” at Russian civilian and military nuclear fa- ing Russian Minister of Atomic Energy to ban nuclear tests by the end of 1996. cilities are more dangerous than previously Viktor Mikhailov’s special order to improve However, Russia intends to reserve the right assumed in the West, and that “catastrophic” accounting procedures and safeguards for “to carry out certain acts” to verify the safety conditions exist at a number of nuclear nuclear materials. The Prosecutor General’s of its nuclear arsenal. According to plants. The report indicates that the safety office also identifies several facilities where Demurin, the “character and scope of such situation in the strategic armed forces is deficiencies in safety and security are known acts is subject to updating.” grim: currently there are no technically Ria Novosti (Moscow), 8/15/95; in FBIS-TAC-95- to exist, but have not been corrected. Sev- 016-L, 8/15/95 (13416). qualified officers, and units are staffed with eral earlier smuggling cases illustrate the half the required personnel. Only recently “leniency of security” at Russian nuclear in- * did Russian Foreign Minister Andrei 8/17/95 stallations as well as the smugglers’ aware- Russian President Boris Yeltsin announces Kozyrev publicly acknowledge that pluto- ness of defective accounting procedures. An nium theft and smuggling are indeed occur- the creation of a “dual purpose technology” instrument operator at the Eko-Luch Scien- program to apply to civilian sector technolo- ring in Russia. While no figures related to tific Production Association in Podolsk stole the amount of stolen nuclear materials are gies currently utilized in the country’s de- three containers holding radioactive mate- fense-related industries. The “dual purpose included in the analysis, the report indicates rial. The same individual had managed to that “large quantities” of weapons-grade plu- technology” program may assist in stemming accumulate 1.5 kg of U-235 by repeatedly the tide of Russian scientific emigration, es- tonium are missing from Arzamas-16’s stealing 50-70 g quantities of the material, Avangard facility. The report is critical of timated to be approaching 90,000 emigres which was part of the facility’s “technologi- each year, most of whom go abroad for tem- Russian border guards for their carelessness cal surplus.” Two employees at Shop No. in “controlling officials in charge of secrets.” porary work. Of those who emigrate, more 103 at the All-Russian Research Institute of than 50 percent are physicists. The major- In the past, border guards have permitted Theoretical Physics in Chelyabinsk-70 stole officials “in charge of secrets” to leave the ity (60 percent) of emigrants go to Germany, 5.5 kg of U-238. A former employee at with 25 percent and 10 percent of the re- country for a $100 bribe. Arzamas-16 was arrested with 5.1 kg of U- Nikolai Nor-Mesek, Welt Am Sonntag (Hamburg), mainder going to Israel and the U.S., re- 8/6/95, p. 11; in FBIS-TEN-95-012, 8/6/95 238, which he had attempted to sell through spectively. However, in 8/95, Russian tele- (13432). middlemen in Ukraine. An investigation vision reported that no nuclear physicists determined that the material had been pro- with weapon expertise have permanently 8/13/95 duced at Arzamas-16, but officials have not settled abroad, notwithstanding Iraqi Presi- Russian Minister of Atomic Energy Viktor been able to ascertain who actually stole the dent Saddam Hussein’s purported $300,000 Mikhailov says that the value of Russia’s material, or how it was removed from the per year offer to entice Russian nuclear nuclear exports will reach $1.5 billion in facility. weapons specialists to work in Iraq. 1995, and will double in the next three to Aleksandr Mytsykov, Moskovskiye Novosti (Mos- Vera Rich, Physics World Electronic News (Bristol), four years. cow), 8/13/95-8/20/95, p. 20 (13584). 8/17/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-161, 8/17/95 (13280). Interfax (Moscow), 8/14/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-157, * 8/14/95 (13237). 8/15/95 8/23/95* More than 10 “really obsolete” nuclear sub- The Kurchatov Institute Russian Scientific 8/13/95 marines have been awaiting dismantlement, Center in Moscow has exhausted 80-90 per- According to Russian Minister of Atomic some for over 15 years, at the Russian North- cent of its spent fuel storage capacity. Fa- Energy Viktor Mikhailov, nearly one mil- ern Fleet’s recycling plant in Severodvinsk. cilities that began housing spent fuel in the lion people are employed within the Rus- Since nuclear waste storage facilities in mid-1940s now hold more than 200 MT of sian nuclear industry, earning an average Severodvinsk and Murmansk are completely waste. wage of 720,000 rubles [per month]. The full, reactors cannot be removed from de- V. M. Kuznetsov, Izvestiya (Moscow), 8/23/95, p. current population of Russian “closed cit- commissioned submarines. Limited finan- 7 (13259). ies” is 2.5 million. cial resources in the Northern Fleet are im- Interfax (Moscow), 8/14/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-157, peding the process of dismantling and stor- 8/25/95* 8/14/95 (13237). ing reactor components. The Russian Prosecutor General’s Office Valeri Anuchin, Russian Public Television (Mos- rules that Russian Minister of Atomic En-

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 137 Nuclear Developments ergy Viktor Mikhailov’s approval of the stat- by the year 2000. The project provides for irrelevant, and that a country’s ability to ute “On the Procedure for Ensuring a Spe- the replacement of any reactor when neces- provide remuneration is more important than cial Regime of the Safe Functioning of En- sary, thus permitting an “infinitely long” use the country’s political posture. terprises and Installations Located in Closed (up to 500 years) of the underground site. Post-Soviet Nuclear & Defense Monitor, 9/1/95, pp. Administrative-Territorial Formations” vio- Boris Konovalov, Segodnya (Moscow), 8/31/95, p. 7-8 (13294). lates the constitutional rights of citizens, and 9 (13513). is thus “counter to the law.” The Prosecutor’s 9/5/95 Office says that the Russian legislature alone 9/1/95 Igor Kupriyanov, deputy director of has the authority to issue orders concerning The Russian parliament sanctions the stor- Tekhsnabexport, says that Russia has the closed administrative-territorial formations. age and eventual reprocessing of foreign capacity to capture up to 30 percent of the Furthermore, provisions within the statute spent fuel at the yet-to-be completed RT-2 global uranium market. However, an anti- that call for the detention of “violators of facility at Krasnoyarsk-26. On 9/5/95, dumping action initiated by the U.S. in 1993 the procedure for passing through check- Minatom spokesman Georgi Kaurov an- has limited Russia’s share of the international points” at said installations violate “admin- nounces that, in an effort to generate rev- market to only five or six percent. enue, Russia is prepared to store foreign Veronika Romanenkova, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 9/5/ istrative legislation.” 95; in FBIS-SOV-95-172, 9/5/95 (13234). Rossiiskiye Vesti (Moscow), 8/25/95, p. 1; in FBIS- spent fuel at RT-2 until the reprocessing SOV-95-166, 8/25/95 (13430). plant comes on line. RT-2 is only 25 per- * cent complete and, due to financial con- 9/5/95 8/28/95 straints, is not likely to be finished before Thirty decommissioned nuclear submarines, Viktor Anufriyenko of Russia’s Obninsk 2005. When finished, RT-2 will reprocess most of which have spent fuel on board, are Energy Physics Institute (OEPI) says that spent fuel from VVER-1000 reactors. The still afloat in the White Sea. Russian Navy the OEPI is developing a new nuclear reac- facility will charge a fee for reprocessing spent fuel storage sites are currently filled tor that generates about “1.3 kg of new fuel and Russia will retain plutonium and ura- to capacity. According to Aleksei Yablokov, per kilogram of spent fuel.” nium derived from reprocessing; nuclear chairman of the Interdepartmental Ecologi- Aleksei Ivlev, NTV Television (Moscow), 8/28/95; waste will be returned to the country of ori- cal Security Commission of the Russian in FBIS-SOV-95-179, 8/28/95 (13441). gin. Although Kaurov states that RT-2 has Security Council, it will take Russia 150 adequate storage space to accommodate years to implement its dismantlement obli- * 8/30/95 spent fuel until the facility is completed, a gations under START II unless new “uncon- Thirty MT of plutonium from reprocessed recent Izvestiya report indicates that Russia ventional” technology is found. fuel is stockpiled in Russia’s South Urals Irina Zernova, Smena (St. Petersburg), 9/5/95, p. does not have the ability to store or repro- 4; in WPS, 11/3/95, pp. 9-11 (13901). region and is waiting to be used as fuel in cess its own waste, and that spent fuel im- fast-neutron reactors. According to Mayak ports would fill storage at RT-2 by the year Combine Director V. Fetisov, the utiliza- 9/7/95 2000. Russian Minister of Atomic Energy Viktor tion of fast-neutron reactors would allow Reuter (Moscow), 9/5/95; in Executive News Ser- Russia to curtail the “growing stream of vice, 9/5/95 (13292). Nuclear Engineering Inter- Mikhailov says that Russia does not intend weapons-grade plutonium” by using the national, 10/95, p. 12 (13603). to dump enriched uranium on Western mar- material to generate energy rather than stor- kets. Mikhailov says that the Urals Elec- * ing it in dumps. 9/1/95 tromagnetic Facility is using fourth- and Boris Konovalov, Izvestiya (Moscow), 8/30/95, p. Vyacheslav Tikhonov, a senior scientific fifth-generation centrifuges to enrich ura- 2 (13750). specialist at the Russian Institute of National nium. The facility comprises almost half Population Problems (INPP), says that Rus- of Russia’s annual 20 million SWU capacity. 8/31/95* sia has little hope of retaining specialists in Nuclear News, 10/95, p. 18 (13529). Russian President Boris Yeltsin’s Council the nuclear and aerospace industries, given * for Scientific and Technological Policy holds the current rate of personnel loss and per- 9/7/95 its first working session and approves the sistent funding shortages in these fields. An Russia has accumulated more than 600,000 construction of underground nuclear power INPP survey of displaced Russian scientists MT of radioactive waste, and economic con- stations. The underground plants will use reveals the following: 80 percent of surveyed straints have caused the processing of “me- reactors from Russian naval ice-breakers and defense workers report that their skills are tallic radioactive waste” to come to a virtual missile cruisers, and will be fueled with not currently in demand in Russia’s standstill. Radioactive waste is being bur- highly-enriched uranium. The first 300 economy, but that their skills are “easily” ied in “special sarcophagi” or is left in the MW underground plant will be constructed transferrable to the civilian sector; 75 per- open. at Krasnoyarsk-26 (Zheleznogorsk) to re- cent of those surveyed indicate a desire to Rossiiskiye Vesti (Moscow), 9/7/95, p. 1; in FBIS- SOV-95-173, 9/7/95 (13255). place Krasnoyarsk’s second plutonium-pro- emigrate from Russia; and 50 percent of ducing reactor, which is slated for closure “those desiring work abroad” say that the country from which the work originated is

138 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 Nuclear Developments

9/16/95* port as saying that the Northern and Pacific that the Ministry of Defense has taken over An article in Izvestiya reports that “stock- Fleets have over 30,000 fuel cells in unsafe the responsibility of monitoring conditions piles of nuclear submarine ballistic missiles” temporary storage. at military nuclear installations. Accord- are stored at Revda-3, a secret Russian Reuter (Bonn), 9/18/95; in Executive News Ser- ing to a Segodnya article, the entire reason Northern Fleet base in Murmansk Oblast. vice, 9/18/95 (13433). for the existence of Gosatomnadzor has van- Although the Russian military has not pub- ished. 9/20/95* licly acknowledged the existence of nuclear Sergei Danilyuk, Segodnya (Moscow), 9/21/95, p. Many of Russia’s active nuclear power sta- 9 (13427). Russian Public Television (Moscow), warheads at the site, a memorandum to the 9/16/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-180, 9/16/95 (13427). START I treaty confirms the existence of tions lack plans for disposal of radioactive waste. Facilities at Kursk, the Leningrad nuclear weapons at Murmansk; Russia’s * Combine, and Smolensk are full, nearly full, 9/21/95 commitment under START I to “eliminate By the year 2000, Russia’s nuclear waste and partially recycle RSM-25 (“Ripple”), or over capacity. Storage facilities at Beloyarsk are expected to be filled in two stores will increase by 20 to 30 percent as a RSM-40 (“Height”), and RSM-50 (“Wave”) result of nuclear submarine dismantlement. naval missiles” at the site is being imple- or three years. Marina Yelmanova, Kuranty (Moscow), 9/20/95, p. Liquid waste storage facilities at Bilibino, mented. Although the base has seven years 4; in FBIS-TEN-95-015, 9/20/95 (13602). Kalinin, Kola, and Leningrad nuclear power from the 9/1/90 signing of the START I stations are from 75 to 80 percent filled. treaty to remove 1,924 missiles, it does not 9/20/95* Moreover, sources indicate that at least 11, have the resources to complete the task. Over 140 nuclear reactors from Russia’s 96 and perhaps as many as 22, regions in Rus- According to seamen at the base, the Rus- decommissioned nuclear submarines are sia do not allow nuclear waste to be trans- sian government is not providing funding awaiting disposal. According to Admiral ported across their territories. The for the process, estimated to cost over 2 bil- Oleg Yerofeyev, commander of the Russian Murmansk oblast permits waste transfers, lion rubles. To date, the Revda base has Northern Fleet, 50 percent of solid radio- but only when waste is being transported eliminated 23 ballistic missiles. active waste storage capacity and 60 per- out of the region. A waste crisis is devel- Viktor Litovkin, Izvestiya (Moscow), 9/16/95, p. 1; in FBIS-SOV-95-180, 9/16/95 (13899). cent of liquid radioactive waste storage ca- oping at nuclear power stations with RBMK- pacity has been exhausted. At an unguarded type reactors due to the fact that RBMK fuel 9/16/95* facility a few kilometers from Severodvinsk, is not currently being reprocessed. Due to financial constraints, the solid nuclear waste is buried 5 m below the Sergei Danilyuk, Segodnya (Moscow), 9/21/95, p. asphalt. Zapadnaya Litsa, a closed military 9 (13427). Russian Public Television, 9/16/95; in Severodvinsk Zvezda Science and Produc- FBIS-SOV-95-180, 9/16/95 (13427). tion Association is dismantling only two of installation near the Norwegian border, is the only interim storage facility for North- the 12 nuclear submarines slated for dis- 9/23/95 mantlement. Since facilities to store nuclear ern Fleet spent fuel. Fuel elements are of- ten stored outside and left unguarded. Ac- Russian Prime Minister Viktor waste retrieved from the submarines have Chernomyrdin prohibits the practice of cut- reached their capacity, submarines are left cording to Aleksei Yablokov, chairman of the Russian Interdepartmental Ecological ting power to “installations of the armed afloat with the waste still on board. Anatoli forces and the defense industry” after Shepure, head of the nuclear and radiation Security Commission and advisor to Rus- sian President Boris Yeltsin, it will take over “Kolenergo,” the utility for the Kola Penin- safety department at the Zvezda facility, sula, stopped supplying electricity to the states that the Russian Navy is not fulfill- 100 years to remove all the fuel elements from the shore near Zapadnaya Litsa using Northern Fleet submarine base on 9/21/95. ing its obligation to accept nuclear waste Armed soldiers forced engineers at the plant from Zvezda. the four available trains. Klaus Weidmann, ARD Television Network to restore power, but not before control over Vladimir Loyter, Russian Television Network (Mos- (Munich), 9/18/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-182, 9/20/95 nuclear reactors aboard four decommis- cow), 9/16/95; in FBIS-TEN-95-013, 9/16/95 (13426). (13254). sioned submarines was lost. Chernomyrdin also “scrapped” a law that gave utilities the * 9/18/95* 9/21/95 authority to cut power to military facilities According to the German television program According to Yuri Vishnevski, chairman of if they failed to pay debts within 30 days. Gosatomnadzor, in the past three years International Herald Tribune, 9/25/95, p. 1 (13425). “Report Baden-Baden,” the Russian Navy has Washington Times, 9/24/95, p. A9 (13425). not removed nuclear reactors, spent fuel, or Gosatomnadzor was allowed to make only occasional inspections of military facilities, nuclear waste from over 50 decommissioned * and was not allowed to maintain continu- 9/28/95 submarines because no storage space is avail- Russian Naval Commander Admiral Feliks able. According to Admiral Oleg Yerofeyev, ous supervision. Vishnevski says his agency should not be held accountable for the situ- Gromov reports that the Russian Navy has commander of Russia’s Northern Fleet, 95 decommissioned 140 nuclear-powered sub- percent of storage capacity for solid nuclear ation at military nuclear facilities. No state system presently exists for assessing and marines, fewer than half of which have had waste has been exhausted. “Report Baden- their nuclear reactors removed. Baden” cites a Gosatomnadzor internal re- monitoring nuclear materials in Russia, now

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 139 Nuclear Developments

Aleksandr Naumov, NTV, 9/28/95; in FBIS-SOV- his recent decree allowing the government theft of nuclear materials; none of the sto- 95-189, 9/28/95 (13289). to establish procedures for the import and len materials was usable in nuclear weap- reprocessing of foreign spent fuel. ons. The MVD also says that the majority * 9/28/95 Nuclear Engineering International, 10/95, p. 12 of reported incidents transpired at Minatom Captain First Class Viktor Kruglov, deputy (13603). facilities, and that on-site staff were respon- head of the Department of Nuclear Safety sible for 90 percent of the thefts. in Russia’s Ministry of Defense, says that 10/3/95 Interfax (Moscow), 10/10/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-196, Russia’s more than 120 decommissioned Valeri Maslakov, director of the Zvezda ship- 10/10/95 (13591). Yaderniy Kontrol (Moscow), 10/ nuclear submarines are under constant moni- repair enterprise, reports that the Primorye 95, p. 20 (13910). toring. According to Kruglov, of the 147 Territory is in desperate need of a disposal nuclear vessels decommissioned to date, site for the solid radioactive waste gener- 10/17/95 only 42 have had their reactors removed. ated during the servicing of Russian Pacific Naval chemical service chief Captain First The lone train available to remove subma- Fleet nuclear submarines. Maslakov indi- Class Valeri Danilyan states that the Rus- rine waste is controlled by Minatom, which cates that the processing of liquid radioac- sian Pacific Fleet “urgently” needs a facility allows only six trips annually to Ministry tive waste is less of a concern. During the that can fully process liquid radioactive of Defense facilities. According to Kruglov, prolonged debate over an international ten- waste, of which the Fleet has accumulated at this rate it will take 30 years to transport der to construct a liquid waste facility, the 3,000 MT. The Navy operates three instal- just the nuclear waste from the submarines. Fleet constructed a facility on its own, and lations that have processed roughly 1,500 Anatoli Yurkin, Itar-Tass, 9/28/95; in FBIS-UMA- has already processed nearly 50 percent of MT of radioactive waste in 1995. How- 95-192-S, 9/28/95 (13290). Nuclear Proliferation the liquid waste in Primorye. Maslakov ever, Danilyan indicates that these facilities News, 10/12/95, pp. 13-14 (13596). expects $7 million in U.S. equipment for are inadequate because they do not com- pletely “recycle” liquid waste or solidify it 9/28/95* submarine dismantlement to be installed at Zvezda by the end of 1995, enabling the into a form suitable for burial. One of Russia’s submarine dismantlement facility to scrap up to five submarines per Interfax (Moscow), 10/17/95; in FBIS-TAC-95-006, facilities, which is operated by the Navy, is 10/17/95 (13727). year. However, Zvezda cannot begin to dis- capable of handling two to three submarines mantle submarines until a solid waste dis- per year. Submarines that need to be de- 10/18/95* posal site is built in the region. commissioned are located either near Interfax (Moscow), 10/3/95; in FBIS-TAC-95-006, The MVD says it has evidence suggesting Murmansk, or at the Siberian port of 10/3/95 (13725). that Chechen rebel groups led by Shamil Severodvinsk. Approximately 30,000 fuel Basayev may commit acts of terrorism assemblies (500 MT of spent fuel) aboard 10/4/95* against Russian nuclear facilities, many of roughly 50 submarines need to be removed. According to an official from which are located in densely-populated ar- The Northern and Pacific Fleets produce Gosatomnadzor, an unguarded 1,840 cubic eas near Moscow. On 7/6/95, Basayev about 3,000-3,500 cubic meters of spent fuel meter solid nuclear waste store with a failed threatened to use radioactive materials per year. drainage system is discovered in Mironova against Moscow and other strategic targets Mark Hibbs, NuclearFuel, 9/28/95, p. 12 (13435). Gora, a village in the Arkhangelsk region. in Russia should peace negotiations be un- Moskovskaya Pravda (Moscow), 9/21/95, p. 2; in successful. General Sergei Korolev of the WPS, 9/28/95, p. 15 (13615). Interfax (Moscow), 10/4/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-192, 10/4/95 (13408). Russian Interior Troops reports that in 1994- 10/95* 95, the MVD assigned an additional 6,000 10/10/95 troops and additional “armored technology” Minatom is circumventing an environmen- General Andrei Terekhov of the Russian to guard nuclear facilities against terrorists. tal law prohibiting the import of radioac- Interior Ministry (MVD) reports that no Nikolai Bondarev, director of Operating tive waste by designating spent nuclear fuel instances of weapons-grade material theft Conditions at the Kurchatov Institute, a fa- as “raw material.” This redefinition makes have been registered in Russia. According cility housing large quantities of highly-en- it possible for Minatom to permit Finnish to Terekhov, thieves usually target radioac- riched uranium in the form of fuel rods, has spent nuclear fuel shipments to the Mayak tive materials that have no weapons appli- not ruled out the threat of an attack, saying Production Association to continue. Rus- cations. Moreover, Terekhov says that there that terrorists might be tempted to use sian legislation is in the works that would are no mafia-type organizations in Russia nuclear weapons. Specialists assert that the clearly define spent nuclear fuel as waste. that specialize in the illicit trade of nuclear security system employed at the Kurchatov Under the terms of a draft law, imports of materials. According to MVD statistics, Institute provides adequate protection spent fuel would be allowed only within the nine cases of radioactive material theft oc- against theft and terrorist attacks. However, framework of international agreements ap- curred in the first nine months of 1995. not all Russian nuclear facilities are proved by the Russian parliament. How- Another source reports that of a total of 13 equipped with such systems. ever, it is unlikely that Russian President incidents involving illegal radioactive ma- 2x2 Television (Moscow), 10/18/95; in FBIS-SOV- Boris Yeltsin will sign the bill into law, given terials theft in 1995, only three involved the 95-202, 10/18/95 (13519). 2x2 Television (Mos-

140 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 Nuclear Developments

cow), 10/16/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-200, 10/16/95 sidering a Canadian proposal to use Rus- RUSSIA WITH CANADA (13449). Interfax (Moscow), 10/10/95; in FBIS- sian weapons-grade plutonium as fuel in two SOV-95-196, 10/10/95 (13591). AFP (Paris), 7/6/ * 95; in FBIS-TAC-95-014-L, 7/6/95 (13271). Canadian CANDU reactors. Under the pro- 8/24/95 posal, a facility would be built in Russia to Ontario Hydro Nuclear (OHN) and Atomic 10/20/95 convert metallic weapons-grade plutonium Energy of Canada Limited have submitted The Duma passes the federal law “On the into an oxide form. The resulting pluto- a joint proposal to the U.S. Department of Use of Nuclear Energy.” Another federal nium-oxide would be blended with depleted Energy to convert weapons-grade plutonium law, “On Nuclear Arms,” which is currently uranium to form mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel. to mixed-oxide fuel for use in Canada’s four being drafted, will apply to all military uses Fuel assemblies would then be fabricated to Bruce reactors. According to Don Ander- of nuclear energy, including testing, manu- match the standards for CANDU reactors. son, manager of OHN, within 12 to 15 years facturing, designing, and using “nuclear Over the course of the 25-year project, the the Bruce reactors could burn 50 MT of arms and military-purpose nuclear energy two reactors would consume an estimated plutonium from both Russian and U.S. installations.” The two laws will not over- 50 MT of weapons-grade plutonium. stockpiles. Within 25 years, the Bruce re- lap in terms of issue areas addressed. Canada could begin burning Russian pluto- actors could totally eliminate excess pluto- Pavel Kuznetsov, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 10/20/95; in nium within four years. According to Ca- nium stocks in Russia and the U.S. Russia FBIS-SOV-95-204, 10/20/95 (13528). nadian officials, spent fuel from the continues to use the BN-600 fast breeder CANDU reactors would be disposed of on reactor to test the feasibility of using weap- * 10/25/95 Canadian territory. Russia is considering ons-grade plutonium as a commercial fuel A container of radioactive material, some expanding the project to include the U.K. source, but the BN-600 fast-breeder program of which is pure cesium, is discovered in a and France. Both nations could offer ex- has been frozen due to limited financial re- men’s rest room at Sheremetyevo-2 airport. pertise in producing MOX fuel assemblies sources. Sources close to the Russian Min- Sergei Shmelev, Segodnya (Moscow), 10/25/95, p. for light water reactors, and the U.K. could istry of Atomic Energy (Minatom) say that 6 (13902). be a potential purchaser of Russian MOX Russia is planning to shelve the fast-breeder fuel. Germany and Belgium are also under 10/29/95* program for the near term, and is instead consideration as partners in the program. considering the Canadian plan to utilize The former Soviet Union has dismantled 720 Gennadi Aleksandrov, Segodnya (Moscow), 7/26/ weapons-grade plutonium as light water re- nuclear weapon systems since 1990. Ac- 95, p. 7; in FBIS-SOV-95-164-S, 7/26/95 (13583). actor (LWR) fuel. cording to U.S. Pentagon officials, this rep- Ray Silver, Nucleonics Week, 8/24/95, pp. 11-12 (13586). Gennadi Aleksandrov, Segodnya (Moscow), 7/26/ resents a 33 percent reduction in the former 95, p. 7 (13723). Ray Silver, Nucleonics Week, 8/ Soviet Union’s nuclear arsenal. 24/95, pp. 11-12 (13586). Bill Gertz, Washington Times, 10/29/95, p. A1 RUSSIA WITH: (13900). Brazil, 103 8/95 Brazil, India, Indonesia, and Atomic Energy of Canada, Ltd. (AECL) RUSSIA WITH: PRC, 103 experts travel to Russia as part of a study to Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, evaluate the feasibility of building a CANDU Kazakhstan, and ISTC, 100 RUSSIA WITH BULGARIA AND UKRAINE reactor fuel plant in Russia and selling the Belarus, 101 fuel to Canada. The study, to be completed 9/1/95 in the next six to nine months, assumes that RUSSIA WITH BELGIUM According to a Bulgarian police report, a Canada will retain all spent fuel and con- Russian/Ukrainian group smuggling nuclear siders Canadian utilities’ incentives to pur- 7/95 materials has been “broken.” The only in- chase plutonium instead of uranium. Rus- Russian atomic energy industry sources say formation the Bulgarian officials disclose sia and Canada have considered building a that Belgium is a “potential candidate” for is that “the materials seized were of strate- conversion facility at Chelyabinsk. Al- participation in a Russian weapons-grade gic value and included rare metals.” though Canada might insist that equipment plutonium utilization project. UPI, 9/1/95; in Executive News Service, 9/1/95 transfers be subject to IAEA safeguards, it (13336). Gennadiy Aleksandrov, Segodnya, 7/26/95, p. 7 may agree to an alternative proposal which (13457). would apply safeguards to fabricated fuel Mid-9/95 leaving Russia. RUSSIA WITH BELGIUM, CANADA, Ukraine agrees to allow Russian nuclear fuel Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 9/7/95, p. 10 (13537). FRANCE, GERMANY, AND bound for Bulgaria’s Kozloduy nuclear power plant to pass through its territory. UNITED KINGDOM Bulgaria is expected to receive the shipment 9/11/95* Supporters of a German plan to manufac- 7/26/95* on 10/17/95. Khorizont Radio Network (Sofia), 9/29/95; in FBIS- ture MOX fuel at Siemens’ Hanau plant in Russian nuclear industry officials are con- EEU-95-190, 9/29/95 (13400). Germany claim that, according to a classi-

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 141 Nuclear Developments fied study solicited by the U.S. Department Channel Network (Moscow); in FBIS-SOV-95-194, will be charged with technical aspects of of Energy (DOE), the Canadian nuclear in- 10/5/95 (13531). Gennadiy Yezhov and Nikolay the plant’s construction, while Hydrostav Setunskiy, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 10/5/95; in FBIS- dustry found it could be 10 times more ex- SOV-95-194, 10/5/95 (13531). Bratislava of Slovakia will be responsible pensive to burn MOX in CANDU reactors for civil engineering. Energoprojekt Prague instead of natural uranium. Nevertheless, RUSSIA WITH: of the Czech Republic will work as the because the utilization of Russian weapons- Cuba (Juragua Plant), 104 project’s general designer, with assistance grade plutonium in MOX fabrication would from Russian designers. signal an important step toward disarma- NucNet News, 9/29/95; in Uranium Institute News RUSSIA WITH CZECH REPUBLIC AND ment, AECL is considering plans to make Briefing, 9/27/95-10/3/95 (13700). SLOVAKIA MOX fuel in Russia and looking for a way to subsidize the use of MOX in Canada. 10/95 German proponents believe that if the Rus- 7/6/95 The Slovak utility Slovenske Electrarne AS sian Ministry of Atomic Energy (Minatom) A Russian-Czech consortium that includes (SE) declares that it will sign final contracts provides the plutonium free of charge, then the Czech company, Skoda Prague, tenta- to finance the completion of the Mochovce MOX processing will cost $260 less per kg tively agrees to provide $150 million in VVER-440 nuclear power reactor in early than uranium. Minatom, however, refuses credits to the Slovak government for work 1996. A Slovak government document says to relinquish any plutonium to third parties on its two VVER-440 reactors at Mochovce. Slovakia is “considering technical rather than free of charge. Of this sum, $70 million is to buy fuel from financial assistance” from EdF and “is in- Mark Hibbs, NuclearFuel, 9/11/95, p. 8 (13540). Russia, $50 million is for Skoda, and $30 terested in funding for the plant from Rus- million is to pay Russian engineers. The sia, including a loan of $80 million based 10/95 contract for the loan is due to be signed on on the condition that nuclear fuel worth $70 AECL Vice-President for Marketing Ken 9/1/95. million is purchased from Russia.” Petrunik and John Kargar of AECL’s Mos- Nuclear News, 9/95, p. 41 (13577). Pravda Hannah Wolfson, Nucleonics Week, 10/5/95, p. 2 (Bratislava), 7/7/95, p. 1; in FBIS-SOV-95-132, 7/ (13782). cow branch participate in a preliminary 7/95 (13577). meeting with Minatom officials to examine 9/5/95 RUSSIA WITH: the feasibility of constructing two CANDU- Slovak Ministry of Economics spokesman 6 power stations near Vladivostok. One Estonia, 105 Josef Sucha discloses that Slovakia has re- Estonia and Finland, 105 report states that on 10/25/95, an agreement jected a financing proposal put together by will be signed to build two 700 MW nuclear the European Bank for Reconstruction and RUSSIA WITH FINLAND, NORWAY, AND reactors in the Russian Far East, with Development (EBRD) and Euratom for Canada providing 80 percent of the project Electricite de France (EdF) and German SWEDEN costs and the Russian government supply- companies to complete two VVER-440 re- * ing 20 percent. A second report claims that actors at Mochovce. Sucha says Slovakia’s 10/12/95 Russia will finance 30 percent of the $2.6 principal objection is to the precondition In spring 1996, Russian nuclear submarines billion deal, and AECL will fund the re- that it close its Bohunice-1 and -2 VVER- slated to be taken out of service will be de- maining 70 percent with foreign investors. 440 reactors by 2000. While Slovakia has contaminated, according to an agreement Presidium Chairman of the Far Eastern not formally rejected the EBRD plan, it is reached at a meeting of the foreign affairs Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences considering an alternative proposal whereby ministers of the Council of Countries Ac- Georgiy Yelyakov objects to the project, Ceska Sporitelna (Czech Savings Bank) and cessing the Barents Sea. Russia cannot arguing that the plant will not be economi- Komercna Banka (Czech Commercial Bank) handle the radioactive waste and atomic re- cal and could cause another Chernobyl. would each lend Slovakia $200 million. The actors of these ships alone, but Sweden, Ray Silver, Nucleonics Week, 10/19/95, p. 4 Finland, and Norway promise to help de- (13499). Lidiya Smirnova, Segodnya (Moscow), alternate proposal also foresees Russia lend- 10/20/95, p. 2; in FBIS-SOV-95-204, 10/20/95 ing Slovakia $80 million, and Slovakia, in contaminate the submarines. (13499). Reuter, 10/27/95; in Executive News Ser- turn, purchasing Russian nuclear fuel “as Radio Sweden; in Rossiiskaya Gazeta, 10/12/95, p. 1 (13720). vice, 10/27/95 (13499). long as nuclear power stations operate in Slovakia.” * RUSSIA WITH FRANCE 10/5/95 Mark Hibbs, Ann MacLachlan, and Hannah During an official visit to Ottawa by Rus- Wolfson, Nucleonics Week, 9/14/95, pp. 1, 8-9, * sian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin, (13772). Eva Laukova, Pravda (Bratislava), 9/16/ 10/9/95 95, pp. 1, 3; in FBIS-EEU-95-182, 9/16/95 Russia and France are conducting a feasi- Russia and Canada discuss expanding “con- (13786). tacts in the nuclear industry.” Chernomyrdin bility study to convert plutonium from says, “I am confident that we will cooperate 9/29/95* nuclear weapons into MOX in a reprocess- ing facility known as TOMOX (Transfor- in the field of nuclear engineering.” Skoda Prague, the general contractor to mation Objects-MOX). The results of the Nikolay Ivanov, Russian Public Television First Slovakia’s Mochovce nuclear power plant,

142 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 Nuclear Developments study will be submitted to French and Rus- Russian weapons-grade plutonium and Ger- 7/7/95 sian officials in late 1996. The TOMOX man spent fuel. Simultaneously, German Germany’s Siemens announces the closing plant would convert 1,300 kg of weapons officials push to locate a disposal site for of the nearly complete MOX fuel element plutonium per year into 1.5 MT of MOX spent nuclear fuel on Russian territory. One plant at Hanau. Siemens says mounting fuel for Russia’s 600 MW BN-600 fast estimate places the expected cost of MOX environmental and political pressures breeder reactor (FBR) at Beloyarsk and 20 fuel at 1,500 Deutche marks (DM)/kg, sig- prompted domestic German utilities to with- MT for its four VVER reactors at Balakovo. nificantly less than the enriched uranium draw financial support for the plant, forc- French and Russian studies indicate the BN- world market price of 4,000-5,000 DM/kg. ing its closure. With $790 million already 600 could recycle about 300 kg of pluto- The plan, which would require government invested in the Hanau facility, Siemens has nium per year using 24 percent MOX fuel, subsidies to Germany’s Siemens, raises a begun pursuing a deal, to be confirmed by while the VVER-1,000 units could process number of legal and security questions re- the Russian and German governments, to 250 kg per year using 30 percent MOX fuel. lated to plutonium transportation methods process Russian weapons-grade plutonium The TOMOX plan is part of Aida-MOX, a and routes; it would necessitate transship- at the plant. Siemens is reducing its staff French-Russian collaboration researching ping plutonium through third countries such from 2,000 to 430, and will keep the plant ways to use plutonium extracted from weap- as Ukraine, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, in a state of interim readiness until further ons in a MOX fabrication plant. Various and Austria. Russian Minister of Atomic details about the deal are known. Uranium technical processes related to MOX fabri- Energy Viktor Mikhailov states, “There has fabrication at the Hanau plant will stop by cation are being explored by Minatom’s In- been no discussion on this issue, nor will 9/30/95. organic Materials Institute (VNIINM), there be any in the future, because there is Nuclear News, 8/95, p. 74 (13536). France’s Commissariat a l’Energie Atomique no way we will deliver weapon-grade plu- (CEA), the Dimitrovgrad Atomic Reactors tonium to Germany.” Although the Ger- 7/10/95 Institute (RILAR), and Russia’s Khlopin man Social Democrat and Green coalition A Minatom official vehemently denies Institute. Russian plutonium management opposes the utilization of Hanau for MOX charges that 360 g of plutonium and a small project manager for CEA’s Fuel Cycle Di- processing, it proposes employing Hanau amount of highly-enriched uranium (HEU) vision, Bruno Sicard, says that CEA has as a plutonium vitrification plant. confiscated in Germany last summer were subcontracted the TOMOX study to Cogema Mark Hibbs, NuclearFuel, 7/31/95, p. 18 (13718). of Russian origin. The Minatom official and its subsidiary SNG. Sicard adds that Nuclear News, 7/95, pp. 35-36 (13718). Der Spiegel says that “every gram” of plutonium in Rus- (Hamburg), 7/10/95, pp. 71-72; in FBIS-TEN-95- the facility’s location has not been deter- 011, 7/10/95 (13718). sia is registered. Investigations conclude mined, but one option under consideration that the German authorities fabricated plu- is to couple it to the half-complete A-300 7/6/95 tonium demand by offering the smugglers breeder MOX fuel plant near Chelyabinsk. German diplomatic sources report that Si- $276 million to make a shipment of pluto- Ann MacLachlan, NuclearFuel, 10/9/95, pp. 6-8 emens will spend $7 million a month for nium. Prior to the offer, no cache of pluto- (14011) Gennadiy Aleksandrov, Segodnya, 7/26/ nium had been located on German soil. 95, p. 7 (13457).. up to six months to maintain the MOX fa- Mark Hibbs, NuclearFuel, 7/17/95, pp. 7-8 (13509). cility in Hanau until Russia and Germany Arms Control Today, 9/95, p. 36 (13716). RUSSIA WITH: reach an agreement to process weapons- France, Germany, Ukraine and grade plutonium derived from dismantled 7/13/95* United States, 154 Russian nuclear weapons at the facility. If In an effort to enter the international nuclear Russia and Germany fail to reach an agree- fuel market, the Machinery Production Plant RUSSIA WITH GERMANY ment, the Hanau facility will be dismantled. (MPP) near Moscow enters into an agree- In early 7/95, a German federal interagency ment with Siemens of Germany to produce 7/95 working group reports that processing Rus- dozens of nuclear fuel rods. From these Russian atomic energy industry sources say sian plutonium would not be economically fuel rods, Siemens will construct two fuel that Germany is a “potential candidate” for feasible, unless Russia supplies the mate- assemblies that will be tested in German and participation in a Russian weapons-grade rial for free. However, Russian Minister of Swiss nuclear reactors in 7/95. If Siemens plutonium utilization project. Atomic Energy Viktor Mikhailov says Rus- is satisfied with the test results, MPP will Gennadiy Aleksandrov, Segodnya, 7/26/95, p. 7 sia does not intend to supply plutonium free start production of complete nuclear fuel as- (13457). of charge. Other Russian Ministry of semblies for Siemens in early 1996. Atomic Energy (Minatom) officials say Veronika Romanenkova, Segodnya (Moscow), 7/13/ Early 7/95 Russia will not export any plutonium as long 95, p. 9 (13630). German utility officials, supported by the as the U.S. has access to its own stored plu- Free Democratic Party, announce a plan to tonium stocks. 7/17/95* use the Hanau facility for the manufacture Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 7/6/95, pp. 1-2 Euratom Safeguards Agency Director of mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel to eliminate (13287). Wilhelm Gmelin requests that Germany pro- vide data on 360 g of plutonium and a small

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 143 Nuclear Developments amount of HEU confiscated in Germany in Chelyabinsk, Russia. cussed at cabinet-level meetings, explain- 8/94. Euratom officials claim they are “ab- Nuclear News, 8/95, p. 74 (13536). ing that such a topic is too sensitive. Kohl solutely sure” the smuggled materials “could tells Free Democratic Party head Hermann- not have been produced in a facility in the 8/10/95* Otto Solms, a proponent of the Hanau Op- E.U.” A senior official at a U.S. national Minatom says it is seeking funding to com- tion, to stop pushing the issue. laboratory notes that Gmelin can not rule plete the RT-2 reprocessing plant in Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 9/14/95, pp. 11-12 out the possibility that the plutonium and Krasnoyarsk and that German firms have (13541). HEU found in Germany could be of Euro- indicated an interest in finishing the plant. pean origin, despite indications that the ma- Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 8/10/95, p. 10 RUSSIA WITH GERMANY AND terials are of Russian origin. Although E.U. (13539). UNITED STATES civilian facilities provide Euratom with their 9/4/95 * chemical and isotopic information for fis- 8/3/95 sile materials, Britain and France refuse to Minatom decides not to send any part of The organized crime directorate for the Rus- divulge any data on the production of nuclear Russia’s 100 MT of weapons-grade pluto- sian Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) weapons at their defense plants. Bernd nium to the Hanau nuclear facility in Ger- reveals that one German firm, Hertel AG, Schmidbauer, German Chancellor Helmut many for processing into MOX fuel. Call- and two U.S. firms, Teledyne Inc. of Hunts- Kohl’s intelligence coordinator, notes that ing the Russian plutonium feedstock a “natu- ville, Alabama, and Calport Resources Inc. the Russian intelligence network under the ral resource,” Minatom representative of Los Angeles, illegally shipped 192 MT Ministry of Interior (FSK) acknowledged Yevgeniy Mikherin states, “We will not pro- of highly-radioactive waste to Russia. In the smuggled material could have originated vide Germany the plutonium.” early 6/95, the MVD discovered 72 MT of Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 9/7/95, pp. 1, 9-10 in Russia. (13713). high-level radioactive waste, believed to be Mark Hibbs, NuclearFuel, 7/17/95, pp. 7-8 (13509). part of the shipment, near the Skopin- 9/7/95* Gidromet metal processing plant in the 7/17/95 German officials propose that Russia receive Ryazan Region. The Russian Prosecutor The Munich District Court sentences Co- no money for the sale of Russian weapons- General received the case in 7/95, and ques- lombian Justiniano Torres Benitez and Span- grade plutonium to be blended down into tioned Yuri Manelyuk, Hertel AG’s Mos- iards Javier Bengoechea and Julio Oroz to MOX fuel at Hanau until the fuel is pur- cow representative, Yuri Butakov, commer- prison terms of between three and five years chased by a third party. A German negotia- cial director of the Russian company for their roles in the 8/94 smuggling of 360 tor close to Minatom says, “Minatom made Metallurg, and other Russians with ties to g of plutonium from Russia into Germany. clear to us it wants to use the plutonium for the alleged deal; however, formal charges According to Chief District Judge Heinz its own VVERs and breeder program.” Talks have yet to be filed. Police thwarted a sec- Alert, the men received “light sentences” to realize the German plan reach an impasse ond attempt to bury the waste in Podolsk, because officials from the German due to German insistence that all equipment near Moscow. Authorities are searching for Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND) and Bavar- transfers be subject to IAEA safeguards. the remaining 120 MT of waste. Russian Television Network (Moscow), 8/3/95; in ian state Landeskriminalamt (LKA) lured Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 9/7/95, p. 10 FBIS-SOV-95-150, 8/3/95 (13265). the men into committing the crime by of- (13537). fering a $276 million bank draft from Bayerische Hypotheken und Wechselbank 9/8/95 RUSSIA WITH: AG to “pay for the plutonium.” According Minatom official Yevgeniy Mikherin says Finland, Germany, and PRC, 133 to Alert, BND and LKA officials pressured Minatom would require about $10 billion Benitez into obtaining the plutonium and before considering a proposal to blend Rus- RUSSIA WITH IAEA bringing it to Germany. sian weapons-grade plutonium into MOX Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 7/20/95, pp. 2-3 fuel at Hanau. Early 7/95 (13417). New York Times, 7/19/95, p. A1 (13417). Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 9/14/95, pp. 11-12 IAEA Director General Hans Blix meets Itar-Tass, 7/3/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-128, 7/3/95 (13541). (13417). Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 8/24/95, with Russian Minister of Atomic Energy pp. 10-11 (13592). Viktor Mikhailov and discusses the possi- * 9/14/95 bility of the IAEA using Russian equipment 8/95* Given lackluster domestic support, German and employees to monitor “the security of German Christian Democrat politicians back Chancellor Helmut Kohl rejects a proposal nuclear installations and nuclear weapons MOX fuel processing at Hanau, as well as a to process Russian weapons-grade pluto- nonproliferation.” An IAEA delegation vis- suggestion to dismantle the plant, export it, nium into MOX fuel at Hanau. The its the Russian Federal Nuclear Center in and reconstruct it in Russia. Siemens al- chancellor’s top aide and agenda-setter, Snezhinsk to discuss joint research in the ready initiated talks to jointly complete a Minister of State Anton Pfeifer, twice pre- areas of nuclear nonproliferation and physi- MOX facility at the Mayak complex near vents the Hanau Option from being dis- cal security of nuclear materials. On 7/4/

144 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 Nuclear Developments

95, Russian Foreign Minister Andrei RUSSIA WITH MULTI-COUNTRY GROUP for enrichment. Kozyrev says that Russia welcomes IAEA NuclearFuel, 9/11/95, pp. 2, 16 (13526). supervision of Russian programs to con- 7/13/95* struct nuclear reactors in Iran, India, and Valeri Mezhurov, director of the Elektrostal RUSSIA WITH NORWAY AND elsewhere. Blix says that his organization machine-building plant near Moscow, an- UNITED STATES is prepared to oversee implementation of nounces that the facility will export samples Russian plans to complete the Bushehr of uranium fuel assemblies to Germany and 7/6/95* nuclear power station in Iran. Switzerland. Currently, Russian nuclear fuel Russian, Norwegian, and U.S. negotiators Yuri Kozlov, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 7/4/95; in FBIS- can only be used in Soviet-designed reac- sign a contract to finance and expand a SOV-95-128, 7/4/95 (13276). Veronika Romanenkova, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 7/3/95; in FBIS- tors. However, Elektrostal is implementing project for water purification of radioactive SOV-95-128, 7/3/95 (13276). Radio Rossii Net- a low-cost plan to modify the fuel so that it waste at the Atomflot technological-repair work (Moscow), 7/8/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-131, 7/ can be burned in other reactors. Elektrostal facility in Murmansk. The parties also agree 8/95 (13241). Aleksei Chukurov, Komsomolskaya supplies nuclear fuel to seven power stations to consider the problem of solid nuclear Pravda (Moscow), 7/11/95, p. 2; in FBIS-SOV-95- 133, 7/11/95 (13429). in Russia, and a total of nine power stations waste and spent nuclear fuel at a later date. in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Finland, V. Blinov, Murmanski Vestnik (Moscow), 7/6/95, Hungary, Lithuania, Slovakia, and Ukraine. p. 2; in WPS, 9/20/95, pp. 24-25 (13629). RUSSIA WITH: Veronika Romanenkova, Segodnya (Moscow), 7/13/ India, 107 95, p. 9 (13630). Veronika Romanenkova, Itar- RUSSIA WITH: India, Israel, Pakistan, PRC, and Tass (Moscow), 7/5/95; in FBIS-TAC-95-014-L, 7/ PRC, 133 U.S., 106 5/95 (13286). India, Pakistan, PRC, and United 7/13/95* RUSSIA WITH ROMANIA AND UKRAINE States, 107 Scientists from the U.S., Russia, France, * Indonesia, 103 Germany, Canada, Norway, Sweden, Den- 8/15/95 Iran, 110 mark, and Estonia attend an international On several occasions, Romania confiscates Iran, Iraq, and PRC, 109 conference in Moscow on decommission- uranium smuggled from either Russia or Iran and Israel, 109 ing and dismantling of nuclear submarines, Ukraine. A recently reported seizure of “red Iran and United States, 112 and reach agreement on “mutual aid.” U.S. mercury” is discovered to be a hoax. Reuter, 8/15/95; in Executive News Service, 8/15/ Israel, 116 representative Leo Duffy states that the U.S. 95 (13547). Japan, 119 will give technical equipment to Russian shipbuilding facilities and will earmark $130 Japan and United States, 120 RUSSIA WITH SLOVAKIA Kazakhstan, 121 million to help salvage nuclear submarines. Nikolai Shumkov, representative of the Rus- Lithuania, 123 10/23/95 sian State Committee for the Defense Sec- Slovak Prime Minister Vladimir Meciar says Lithuania, North Korea, and tors of Industry, says Russia should solve Russian participation in the completion of Switzerland, 122 the problem itself and should expect no Slovakia’s Mochovce nuclear power plant, Marshall Islands, PRC, Western aid. The 1995 Russian budget al- which includes “providing documentation” and Taiwan, 152 locates 450 billion rubles to “salvaging and supplying and reprocessing nuclear fuel, nuclear waste.” According to Shumkov, if is “irreplaceable.” Meciar notes that, be- half of this money is received, progress can RUSSIA WITH MONGOLIA AND UNITED cause the Mochovce plant is Russian-de- be made in resolving Russia’s spent fuel STATES signed, Russia is the only country that will problem. An additional 100 nuclear-pow- accept Mochovce spent fuel for reprocess- * ered vessels are to be removed from the fleet 8/14/95 ing. Meciar says “if the project succeeds, Russia’s Priargunsky Mining and Chemical after the year 2000. Dmitriy Litovkin, Krasnaya Zvezda (Moscow), 7/ there is a chance that we can similarly re- Kombinat and the newly incorporated, U.S.- 13/95, p. 1 (13428). construct and update 44 [as published] based WM Mining are jointly developing nuclear power plants.” Meciar adds that con- an open-pit uranium mining operation to RUSSIA WITH NETHERLANDS, UNITED struction on Mochovce-1 should begin in exploit underground uranium reserves in KINGDOM, AND UNITED STATES 1996 and last until 1997, after which work Mongolia. The joint venture, called Dornad on Mochovce-2 will start. Uran, intends to employ a “heap leaching 9/11/95* Rozhlasova Stanica Slovensko Network (Bratislava), capability” to eliminate the need for Rus- 10/23/95; in FBIS-EEU-95-205, 10/23/95 (13677). The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission sian processing. Michael Knapik, Mark Hibbs, and Ariane Sains, issues an export license to Urenco, allow- 10/26/95 NuclearFuel, 8/14/95, pp. 1-2, 16-17 (13377). ing 500,000 kg of Russian-origin UF6 to Russian Deputy Prime Minister Yarov af- be shipped to the Netherlands or the U.K.

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 145 Nuclear Developments firms that in 1996, Russia will supply RT-2 reprocessing plant in Krasnoyarsk, mander Shamil Basayev’s 7/6/95 threat to nuclear fuel valued at $70 million to Russia. use radioactive substances in terrorist attacks Slovakia. Russian and Slovak specialists also Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 8/10/95, p. 10 against Moscow and other strategic targets agree to consider future collaboration in the (13539). if peace talks with Russia fail. Izotop is field of nuclear science at Russia’s Dubna unable to provide the Emergency Situations scientific research facility. RUSSIA WITH UKRAINE Ministry with complete information for the Maria Mikusova, Hospodarske Noviny, 10/30/95, years prior to 1991 because most records pp. 1, 6; in FBIS-EEU-95-213, 10/30/95 (13704). 7/8/95 were lost after the collapse of the Soviet Ukraine ships 144 spent fuel assemblies Union. RUSSIA WITH SOUTH KOREA from Zaporozhe and South Ukraine nuclear Vladimir Kolinko, Rossiya (Moscow), 8/23/95-8/ power stations to Russia, the first such ship- 29/95, pp. 1-2 (13522). 8/10/95* ment in two years. Ukraine was facing the The Russian Ministry of Atomic Energy possible closure of its nuclear power sta- 9/14/95* (Minatom) says it is seeking funding from tions due to limited storage capacity for Valery Menshikov, a member of the Rus- businesses in South Korea to complete the spent fuel. The resumption of spent fuel sian Interdepartmental Commission for En- RT-2 reprocessing plant in Krasnoyarsk, shipments is attributed to a 1/95 “special vironmental Safety, says Russia would be Russia. decision” by Russian President Boris Yeltsin. justified in refusing to accept further im- Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 8/10/95, p. 10 The spent fuel is shipped via rail to the RT- ports of Ukrainian nuclear warheads on the (13539). 2 VVER-1,000 reprocessing facility in basis of the critical condition of Russia’s Krasnoyarsk, where it will be stored until excessive radioactive waste stockpiles. Rus- 9/28/95 the construction of RT-2 is completed. sia has accumulated 22,000 containers of South Korean Prime Minister Yi Hong-ku Waste products created from reprocessing radioactive waste at Krasnoyarsk. and Russian Prime Minister Viktor will eventually be returned to Ukraine, and Ihor Osypchuk, Vseukrainskiye Vedemosti (Kiev), Chernomyrdin meet in Seoul and pledge to 9/14/95, p. 1; in FBIS-TAC-95-005, 9/14/95 Ukraine may have the option of receiving (13525). strengthen bilateral cooperation in the field mixed-oxide fuel. Additional rail shipments of atomic energy. of spent fuel from South Ukraine, Rovno, 9/30/95* Yonhap (Seoul), 9/28/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-188, 9/ and Zaporozhe nuclear power stations are 28/95 (13380). According to the Russian Intelligence Ser- expected in the near future. vice, nearly 600 nuclear warheads have been Unian (Kiev), 7/8/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-131, 7/8/ 10/8/95 95 (13258). Radio Ukraine World Service (Kiev), transferred to Russia from Ukraine. A South Korean Foreign Ministry official 7/15/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-011, 7/15/95 (13258). Marina Eratova, Pravda (Moscow), 9/30/95, pp. announces that, in response to a Russian NucNet News, 7/17/95 (13236). 1, 3 (13624). request for aid, South Korea will provide * Russia with a $1 million receptacle for the 8/95 10/14/95 disposal of low-level nuclear waste (LLW). Ukrainian Deputy Foreign Minister Vladimir Mukhin, head of the Ukrainian The container will be delivered following a Kostyantyn Hryshchenko says Russia is not Parliamentary Defense and State Security bilateral meeting in Seoul in early 1996. sending nuclear fuel rods to Ukraine, as Commission, states that Ukrainian ship- Kang Song-po, Kyonghyang Sinmun (Seoul), 10/9/ required under the 1994 trilateral agreement. ments of nuclear warheads to Russia are on 95, p. 2; in FBIS-EAS-95-197, 10/9/95 (13562). The agreement obliges Russia to provide $1 schedule, despite the fact that Ukraine has billion in fuel rods in exchange for nuclear received only $60 million of the $350 mil- 10/17/95 warheads located in Ukraine. The Ukrai- lion in financial assistance that the U.S. has The Russian and South Korean Ministers of nian National Nuclear Committee reports promised to deliver. Science and Technology, Boris Saltykov and that all Ukrainian nuclear power plants are Jane’s Defence Weekly, 10/14/95, p. 11 (13611). Chung Kun-mo, agree that the two coun- experiencing serious fuel shortages. * tries will work together on projects involv- Post-Soviet Nuclear & Defense Monitor, 8/7/95, p. 10/18/95 ing controlled thermonuclear reaction. 15 (13239). Interfax (Moscow), 7/13/95; in FBIS- Ukraine and Russia are sending nuclear Son Yong-kyu, Hanguk Ilbo (Seoul), 10/18/95, p. TAC-95-004, 7/13/95 (13244). ammunition to the Avangard facility at 2; in FBIS-EAS-95-201, 10/18/95 (13880). Arzamas-16 for dismantlement. Nuclear * 8/21/95 ammunition is transported to Avangard via RUSSIA WITH SWITZERLAND The Russian Emergency Situations Minis- special trains that are guarded by special try requests information from the Kiev-based forces units. 8/10/95* firm, Izotop, on past transfers to Chechnya Aleksandr Khokhlov, Komsomolskaya Pravda (Mos- The Russian Ministry of Atomic Energy of industrial and medical technology con- cow), 10/18/95, pp. 1-2 (13627). (Minatom) says it is seeking funding from taining radioactive material. The request is businesses in Switzerland to complete the presumably linked to Chechen rebel com-

146 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 Nuclear Developments

10/30/95 ventory of Russian weapons-grade nuclear export firm Tekhsnabexport to be paid in The Ukrainian Ministry of Defense an- material. According to Ken Luongo, office full for both components of HEU [includ- nounces that Ukraine has dismantled 90 director of arms control and nonprolifera- ing SWU and natural uranium (feed) com- percent of its Soviet-built nuclear warheads, tion at DOE, the Russian Nuclear and Ra- ponents] upon delivery. The protocol also including all of the newer SS-24 missiles. diation Safety Supervision Committee invites the U.S. to create legislation that will According to Colonel Aleksandr Serdyuk, (Gosatomnadzor) will use U.S. technical permit President Clinton to waive barriers head of the Ministry of Defense’s Strategic assistance, computers, and communications on low-enriched uranium (LEU) imports, Forces Administration, the remaining war- technology to determine the size and loca- thereby allowing payment for natural ura- heads are under the operational control of tion of fissile material stockpiles scattered nium to take place. The two sides agree to the Russian Federation, but remain stationed among 80 to 100 civilian sites throughout implement additional transparency measures on Ukrainian territory. Russia. At the meeting, Gore pledges $24 that will allow the U.S. to ensure that Rus- AFP (Paris), 10/30/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-210, 10/ million in Cooperative Threat Reduction sia is utilizing its HEU from dismantled 30/95 (13605). (CTR) aid to Russia for nuclear weapons weapons to produce LEU, not delivering dismantlement and fissile materials security. LEU from its civilian stockpile. In addi- RUSSIA WITH UNITED KINGDOM The U.S. also commits $75 million in CTR tion, Russia agrees to provide the U.S. with funds to help Russia construct a storage fa- documentation of material accountancy and 7/95 cility for plutonium and other dismantled control throughout the blending process. Russian atomic industry sources say that nuclear weapons components at the Mayak However, the U.S. and Russia are not able Russia is considering exporting mixed-ox- nuclear complex (formerly Chelyabinsk-65). to agree on a verification mechanism. ide (MOX) fuel to countries such as the During the meeting, U.S. Secretary of En- Mikhailov and O’Leary agree that the pro- U.K., targeting civilian power stations as ergy Hazel O’Leary and Russian Minister tocol should be implemented by 11/1/95. potential customers. of Atomic Energy Viktor Mikhailov sign a Under a second protocol, the U.S. is to pro- Gennadiy Aleksandrov, Segodnya, 7/26/95, p. 7 “statement of intent” to advance a study to vide Russia with a $100 million as pre-pay- (13457). find alternative sources of electric and ther- ment for Russia’s dismantlement of Ukrai- mal power that could replace three pluto- nian nuclear warheads. Russia will use fis- RUSSIA WITH UNITED STATES nium-producing reactors at Tomsk-7 and sile material obtained from the warheads as Krasnoyarsk-26. O’Leary and Mikhailov feedstock for low-enriched uranium, which, * 6/12/95 also release a joint statement that furthers within three years, will be sent to U.S. Yevgeniy Mikerin, head of the Fuel Cycle “existing cooperation on nuclear material nuclear power plants at a price of $780/kg and Nuclear Weapons Production Facilities protection, control, and accounting in repayment of the advance. Directorate at Minatom, says that, due to (MPC&A)” at the Obninsk Physics and Reuter (Moscow), 9/5/95; in Executive News Ser- the fact that the U.S. has not provided fi- Power Engineering Institute, the Elektrostal vice, 9/5/95 (13292). Ria Novosti (Moscow), 7/4/ nancial assistance for the construction of a 95; in FBIS-TAC-95-014-L, 7/4/95 (13414). Evan Machine Building Plant, the Mayak Chemi- S. Medeiros, Arms Control Today, 9/95, p. 26 storage facility at Krasnoyarsk, conditions cal Plant, the Dmitrovgrad Scientific Re- (13893). Post-Soviet Nuclear & Defense Monitor, for the storage of nuclear materials derived search Institute for Nuclear Reactors, and 7/12/95, p. 2 (13889). Post-Soviet Nuclear & De- from dismantled nuclear weapons have failed the Podolsk Scientific Production Associa- fense Monitor, 7/18/95, pp. 1-2 (13889). Vincent to improve in Russia. Although Russia has Kiernan, New Scientist, 8/12/95 (13266). Arms tion Luch. The statement also calls for the Control Today, 7/95-8/95, p. 27 (13607). William already initiated the project at its own ex- “installation and demonstration” of material J. Broad, New York Times, 7/9/95 (13914). Core pense, without U.S. assistance the project control and protection equipment supplied Issues, No. 4, 1995, p. 5 (13914). Nuclear Reveiw, will not be finished until the year 2000. to the Mayak plutonium storage site by the 8/95, pp. 11-12 (13914). Mikerin says that construction of a second U.S. O’Leary and Mikhailov also agree to storage facility at Tomsk has been postponed a six-month extension of the 1972 Peaceful Early 7/95 due to Russia’s current economic situation. Uses of Atomic Energy agreement, which Russia delivers the first two shipments of Gregori Polyanichko, Post-Soviet Nuclear & Defense LEU to the U.S. Enrichment Corporation Monitor, 6/12/95, pp. 12-15 (13406). has served as the foundation for DOE memo- randa of cooperation with Russia on nuclear facility in Portsmouth, Ohio, in accordance energy issues. with the U.S.-Russian HEU deal. Igor 6/29/95-6/30/95 Kupriyanov, deputy director of Russia’s At the fifth meeting of the Gore- At the meeting, Gore and Chernomyrdin agree to a protocol, which O’Leary and Tekhsnabexport, says that HEU obtained Chernomyrdin Commission, Russian Prime from nuclear warheads is blended down to Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin and U.S Vice Mikhailov sign, reaffirming each party’s commitment to the U.S.-Russian highly- a concentration of 4.5 to 4.9 percent U-235. President Al Gore approve an eight-year Kupriyanov says that the shipment brings project in which the U.S. Department of enriched uranium (HEU) deal and to “en- sure the full and timely implementation of Russia in line with the delivery timetable Energy (DOE) will assist the Russian gov- for the HEU agreement. ernment in developing a computerized in- the agreement by providing prompt pay- ment.” The protocol calls for the Russian Uranium Institute News Briefing, 7/5/95-7/11/95,

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 147 Nuclear Developments

p. 1 (13234). Veronika Romanenkova, Itar-Tass also use the assistance to purchase software senal, although their controls do not meet (Moscow), 9/5/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-172, 9/5/95 that monitors the physical security of nuclear U.S. standards. Osias says that although (13234). materials and special equipment used in there have been more than 100 reports of 7/18/95* managing “emergency situations that may the smuggling of nuclear warheads and their arise when working with these kinds of components over the last two years, so far U.S. Secretary of Energy Hazel O’Leary and materials.” The U.S. and Russia also sign a these reports have not been verifiable or Russian Gosatomnadzor Chairman Yuri treaty that obligates the U.S. to provide reliable. Vishnevski sign a cooperation agreement to Russia with an additional $12 million to Krasnaya Zvezda (Moscow), 8/24/95, p. 3 (13742). create programs for inspections, nuclear “ensure nuclear security” at Russian mili- Barbara Starr, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 9/2/95, p. 4 material protection, control, and account- (13492). tary facilities. ability (MPC&A), and license reviews. Viktor Litovkin, Izvestiya (Moscow), 8/9/95, p. 2 * Progress is reported in the completion of a (13894). 8/24/95 program to improve MPC&A systems for An expert panel of the American Nuclear weapons-grade fissile materials at the 8/22/95-8/23/95 Society approves a National Academy of Kurchatov Institute. The U.S. will furnish During U.S. Senate hearings, U.S. experts Sciences recommendation to dispose of U.S. the plutonium storage facility at the Mayak say that “loose nukes” in the former Soviet and Russian weapons-grade plutonium from Chemical Combine with access control Union pose a “valid and paramount threat” dismantled nuclear warheads by blending the equipment. to U.S. national security. The experts agree material into mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel for Post-Soviet Nuclear & Defense Monitor, 7/18/95, that Russia’s military no longer has the abil- use in existing reactors. The panel recom- p. 3 (13249). ity to secure its nuclear materials and weap- mends the timetable for initiating this pro- gram be accelerated. The panel favors burn- 7/25/95 ons adequately. The experts want the U.S. to place top priority on improving protec- ing plutonium in existing reactors in the Aleksandr Kostin, the Leningrad nuclear tion, control, and accounting of materials U.S., Russia, or a third country over the power station deputy director for access pro- in Russia; creating “reciprocity agreements” vitrification option. The panel endorses the cedures, reports that security at the Sosnovy between the U.S. and Russia’s nuclear de- U.K., Japan, and France as suitable third- Bor facility has been strengthened to pre- fense complexes; improving transport and country candidates. clude terrorist acts. Nucleonics Week, 8/24/95, p. 16 (13520). Lev Rumyantsev, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 7/25/95; in storage of nuclear weapons and components; dealing with “nuclear employment needs”; FBIS-SOV-95-142, 7/25/95 (13250). * and being ready to respond to evidence or 8/28/95 Late 7/95 information of “lost weapons” or weapons- A recent report by the U.S. President’s Council of Advisers on Science & Technol- Minatom and General Atomic of the U.S. grade nuclear material. Tom Cochran of ogy (PCAST) says that Russian nuclear are in the final stages of concluding an agree- the Natural Resources Defense Council smuggling and theft is one of the most seri- ment to create a joint venture that will ex- (NRDC) says that approximately 3 kg of ous threats to U.S. national security in the plore the possible use of General Atomic’s plutonium has been smuggled out of Rus- next 10 years. PCAST Chairman John gas turbine modular helium reactor (GT- sia. Holdren says that, according to early 1995 MHR) in Russia. Russia is considering Post-Soviet Nuclear & Defense Monitor, 9/1/95, pp. 5-7 (13744). reports from the Russian Ministry of Inter- using GT-MHRs to replace plutonium-pro- nal Affairs, 80 percent of all nuclear plants ducing reactors at Tomsk and Krasnoyarsk. 8/23/95* in Russia do not have “electronic monitors” GT-MHR fuel has a higher plutonium con- David Osias, national intelligence officer for and therefore cannot detect the removal of tent than mixed-oxide fuel, which is burned strategic programs at the U.S. Central In- plutonium or highly-enriched uranium from in light water reactors. Hence, the GT-MHR telligence Agency, testifies before the Sen- the facility. According to Tom Cochran of is considered a more effective means to dis- ate Foreign Relations Committee that the NRDC, Russia has 80 to 100 facilities “sup- pose of excess Russian plutonium stores. Nuclear News, 10/95, p. 44 (13523). chief concern of the U.S. intelligence com- porting nuclear weapons production, naval munity remains a possible loss of Russian fuel production, and civil nuclear fuel re- 8/9/95* weapons-grade nuclear materials to an “in- search and development that store or use Head of the Russian Ministry of Defense’s sider military threat.” According to Osias, significant quantities of weapons-usable fis- 12th Main Directorate Colonel General Russian security procedures were not de- sile material.” Cochran says the Russian Yevgeniy Maslin and U.S. Secretary of De- veloped to address organized internal threats. Ministry of Defense also oversees approxi- fense William Perry sign an agreement that Also of concern is the fact that the Russians mately 100 nuclear weapons storage facili- allocates $20 million in CTR financial as- may not know who maintains control over ties. nuclear materials or where such materials Kathleen Hart, NuclearFuel, 8/28/95, pp. 9-10 sistance to Russia for the purchase of con- (13743). tainers that will enhance the security of are being held. Osias says that the Russian nuclear warheads during transit. Russia will Ministry of Defense and General Staff have “effective control” over Russia’s nuclear ar-

148 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 Nuclear Developments

8/28/95-9/1/95 uranium and weapons-grade plutonium. conclusions as the NAS overview report of A working group of U.S. and Russian offi- The Obninsk project is part of a series of the same title issued in 1994. The 1994 cials, meeting under the auspices of the initiatives sponsored by the U.S.-Russian and the 1995 reports overlap significantly, Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission, discusses Lab-to-Lab Nuclear Material Protection, with both determining that there is an “ur- a plan to cooperate in securing the material Control and Accounting Program. gent security need” to secure plutonium protection, control, and accounting Post-Soviet Nuclear & Defense Monitor, 10/13/95, stockpiles in the U.S. and Russia against p. 1 (13518). Yaderniy Kontrol (Moscow), 10/95, the potential for reuse in weapons. The re- (MPC&A) of important Russian nuclear p. 20 (13911). Anatoli Shapovalov, Rossiiskaya facilities. Five facilities are chosen as “pri- Gazeta (Moscow), 10/18/95, p. 7 (13616). port recommends that DOE initiate joint ority cases”: the Elektrostal Machine-Build- U.S.-Russian work in the area. ing Plant; the Obninsk Institute of Physics 9/28/95 Marvin Miller, INESAP Information Bulletin, 10/ 95, p. 18 (13739). and Power Engineering; the Mayak Produc- U.S. President Bill Clinton issues a direc- tion Facility at Chelyabinsk; the Luch re- tive calling on U.S. federal agencies to ex- 10/13/95* search and manufacturing Facility at pand cooperation with Russia and other Podolsk; and the Dimitrovgrad Nuclear Re- According to Steve Younger, head of the former Soviet republics in strengthening the Center for International Security Affairs at actors Research Institute. A DOE official security of fissile material and nuclear weap- says securing MPC&A at the five sites will DOE’s Los Alamos National Laboratory ons. The presidential directive is aimed at (LANL), LANL has a productive “lab-to- result in improved security for “several tons” further reducing the risk of nuclear weap- of weapons-grade nuclear material. lab” relationship with Russian facilities, such ons or fissile material falling into the hands as Sverdlovsk-44 and Sverdlovsk-45, both Nuclear Proliferation News, 10/12/95, p. 14 of terrorists or rogue states. The directive (13740). of which manage large quantities of “spe- unifies previous nuclear security efforts and cial nuclear materials.” 9/11/95 establishes a plan for future cooperation. Post-Soviet Nuclear & Defense Monitor, 10/13/95, Clinton directs that four specific actions be U.S. President Bill Clinton will offer Rus- pp. 8-12 (13741). taken. First, DOE, U.S. national laborato- sia $100 million in aid at the G-7 nuclear ries, and other U.S. entities will increase * safety summit, which will be held in Mos- 10/23/95 cooperation with the republics of the former cow in 4/96. The aid, a substantial increase U.S. President Bill Clinton and Russian Soviet Union to improve security and ac- from the $10 million provided in 1995, is President Boris Yeltsin agree to work to- counting systems for nuclear weapons and aimed at helping Russia safeguard its weap- gether in seeking a zero-yield comprehen- materials. Second, the Department of De- ons-grade material stockpiles. sive nuclear test ban in 1996. Reuter (Moscow), 9/18/95; in Executive News Ser- fense will step up its cooperation with the Itar-Tass (Moscow), 10/23/95; in FBIS-SOV-95- vice, 9/18/95 (13267). Russian Ministries of Defense and Atomic 205, 10/23/95 (13610). Energy on nuclear security measures, in- * 9/12/95 cluding construction of a secure fissile ma- 10/26/95 A U.S. Senate Appropriations Subcommit- terial storage facility. Third, U.S. law en- A Russian parliament internal report rec- tee approves a foreign assistance budget that forcement agencies will increase coopera- ommends significant amendments to the allocates $16.5 million to the U.S. Federal tion with law enforcement authorities in the START II Treaty that would enable Russia Bureau of Investigation to “counter” nuclear former Soviet republics, as well as in other to keep missiles with multiple nuclear war- smuggling in the former Soviet Union. states, in areas such as the provision of se- heads. According to a U.S. Embassy cable, David Rogers, Wall Street Journal, 9/13/95, p. A5 curity equipment, liaison on specific cases, the report favors the ratification of START (13548). and joint training of personnel to combat II in principle, but proposes changes that nuclear smuggling. Fourth, the U.S. “would substantially alter its character in 9/21/95 Nuclear Regulatory Commission and DOE, ways that appear unacceptable from the Specialists from DOE and Minatom com- working in conjunction with standpoint of U.S. policy.” plete a year-long project to install nuclear Gosatomnadzor, will expand cooperation in Bill Gertz, Washington Times, 10/26/95, p. A1 material protection, control, and account- developing and implementing a national (13900). ing (MPC&A) equipment at the Institute of structure for nuclear material accounting and 10/31/95* Physics and Power Engineering in Obninsk, control in Russia. Russia. The new security system will serve White House Fact Sheet, Office of the Press Secre- A U.S.-Russian steering committee on plu- as a model for MPC&A at other facilities tary, 9/28/95, pp. 19-20 (13912). tonium disposition establishes a deadline, and laboratories in Russia. According to at the request of President Yeltsin, for work * U.S. officials who took part in the project, 10/95 on joint studies to be completed by the 3/ it was especially important to create a secu- A 1995 National Academy of Science (NAS) 96 G-7 nuclear material safety meeting. On rity system at Obninsk because the facility report entitled “Management and Disposi- 12/12/95-12/14/95, a technical workshop houses approximately 8 MT of radioactive tion of Excess Weapons Plutonium: Reac- will convene in Washington, D.C. to con- material, including 7 MT of highly-enriched tor-Related Options” reaches the same basic sider one of the four disposition options

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 149 Nuclear Developments under review. response to Peter Hounam and Steve rials to South Africa without first obtaining Post-Soviet Nuclear & Defense Monitor, 10/31/95, McQuillan’s book “The Mini-Nuke Con- DOE authorization. p. 8 (13745). spiracy” which suggests that South Africa George Lobsenz, Energy Daily, 9/19/95, p. 3 manufactured over 1,000 small tactical (14030). nuclear warheads that could be in the hands 8/23/95 SAUDI ARABIA of an anti-Mandela, right-wing faction. Right-wing leader and former military in- South African Mineral and Energy Affairs telligence head Tienie Groenewald dismisses Minister Pik Botha states that South Afri- the authors’ speculation as “ridiculous,” say- can Energy Corporation Executive Waldo ing South Africa never acquired the capa- Stumpf plans to talk about bilateral nuclear INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS bility to manufacture nuclear warheads small cooperation with U.S. Energy Secretary enough to be launched from long-range ar- Hazel O’Leary. 9/18/95-9/22/95 SAPA (Johannesburg), 8/23/95; in FBIS-TAC-95- tillery. President Nelson Mandela says he 005, 8/23/95 (13693). The head of the Saudi Arabian delegation has no basis for questioning the completion to the IAEA General Conference in Vienna, of nuclear dismantlement under de Klerk 9/95* Isa Abdallah Nuwaysir, suggests the creation and will not investigate “wild and unsub- of a nuclear-weapon-free zone (NWFZ) in DOE announces that the U.S. and South stantiated allegations.” Africa penned an Agreement for Coopera- the Middle East. Nuwaysir’s plan calls for Anton Ferreira, Reuter, 10/23/95; in Executive News all states in the region to accede to the NPT Service, 10/23/95 (14019). tion for Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy, and to be subject to full-scope IAEA safe- which paves the way for South Africa to join guards. 10/23/95 international nuclear energy development Saudi Arabian Kingdom Network (Riyadh), 9/20/ Part of a confidential Afrikaner programs and facilitates nuclear-related in- 95; in FBIS-NES-95-183, 9/20/95 (13374). Weerstandsbeweging (Afrikaner Resistance formation exchanges. The initial step of the Unit, AWB) report prepared by its intelli- agreement’s implementation will involve SAUDI ARABIA WITH: gence unit is disclosed, indicating “that South Africa’s participation in the Reduced North Korea (KEDO), 124 enough raw materials and equipment might Enrichment in Research and Test Reactors have been removed from the nuclear project (RERTR) program. The agreement, which site (at Pelindaba near Pretoria) during the requires U.S. Congressional approval, re- flects U.S. acknowledgment that South Af- SOUTH AFRICA winding-down phase [in 1993] to enable such a device to be assembled elsewhere.” rica has recently been taking “many posi- The report notes the high level of support tive and significant steps” toward nonpro- among personnel in the nuclear sector for liferation. the right-wing cause and states that “at the SpentFuel 9/4/95, p. 1; in Uranium Institute News INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS Briefing, 8/30/95-9/5/95 (13465). Nuclear Review, very least the raw materials, parts and ex- 9/95, p. 11 (13692). pertise are available to the right to build such * 7/95 a device at short notice.” 9/29/95 South Africa’s uranium enrichment facility SAPA (Johannesburg), 10/23/95; in FBIS-TAC-95- U.S. President Bill Clinton submits to Con- 006, 10/23/95 (14008). (“Z plant”), which utilizes a stationary gress a nuclear cooperation accord with walled centrifuge process, will be closed. South Africa and an Arms Control and Dis- SOUTH AFRICA WITH: In the future, the more cost-effective, tech- armament Agency (ACDA) nonproliferation Iran, 113 nologically advanced Molecular Laser Iso- assessment praising South Africa’s recent tope Separation (MLIS) process is expected Iran and Iraq, 109 nonproliferation record. The draft agree- to be used instead. ment allows for transfers of nuclear tech- Nuclear Europe Worldscan, 7/95-8/95, p. 72 SOUTH AFRICA WITH UNITED STATES (13396). nology, materials, equipment (including nuclear reactors), and components for use 10/23/95 8/18/95 in nuclear research and energy production, The South African opposition party Pan The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) re- although the export of some equipment and Africanist Congress (PAC) says there may moves South Africa from a list of countries technology will remain restricted. of proliferation concern, noting South Kathleen Hart, NuclearFuel, 10/23/95, pp. 4-5 be truth to the allegations that South Africa (13679). Enerpresse, 10/3/95 (13679). did not destroy all of its nuclear weapons. Africa’s NPT membership. Accordingly, In its statement, PAC points out that the dis- DOE relaxes restrictions on U.S. compa- mantlement of six nuclear weapons under nies wishing to sell nuclear-related goods F.W. de Klerk was not directly supervised and services to South Africa, permitting by the IAEA. The statement is made in U.S. firms to export civilian nuclear mate-

150 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 Nuclear Developments

SOUTH KOREA WITH: SOUTH KOREA WITH GERMANY Argentina, 99 SOUTH KOREA 9/11/95* SOUTH KOREA WITH CANADA Although German industry officials say that South Korea might be interested in purchas- 10/19/95 ing mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel manufactured INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS Canada declares its intention to sell more from Russian weapons plutonium at Si- CANDU reactors to South Korea. South emens’ Hanau plant, the German govern- 7/23/95 Korea currently has three CANDUs being ment is not considering the possibility due While speaking in the U.S. with Korean built and one in operation. to proliferation concerns. scientists, President Kim Yong-sam reveals Reuter (Ottawa), 10/19/95; in Executive News Ser- Mark Hibbs, NuclearFuel, 9/11/95, p. 8 (13540). South Korea’s intention to invest 120 bil- vice, 10/19/95 (13838). lion won in nuclear fusion technology by SOUTH KOREA WITH: 2001. The South Korean Ministry of Sci- SOUTH KOREA WITH: IAEA and North Korea, 124 ence and Technology (MOST) foresees the Canada, Japan, PRC, and United Japan, 120 construction of a “superconductivity States, 118 Japan, Marshall Islands, and Tocamak [Tokamak] nuclear fusion research Taiwan, 119 facility.” SOUTH KOREA WITH FRANCE AND Son Yon-kyun, Hanguk Ilbo (Seoul), 8/16/95, p. 20; in FBIS-EAS-95-159, 8/16/95 (13344). UNITED STATES SOUTH KOREA WITH MULTI-COUNTRY GROUP 8/28/95 10/5/95 The South Korean Ministry of Trade, In- During a National Assembly inspection of 8/3/95 dustry and Energy discloses that on 10/1/ South Korea’s Agency of Defense Develop- At an ASEAN conference in Brunei, Rus- 95 it will begin closely monitoring materi- ment (ADD), Kang Chang Sung—former sian Deputy Foreign Minister Aleksandr als, production facilities, and technology military intelligence commander and cur- Panov announces that Russia will be an ob- used to manufacture nuclear, biological, and rently an opposition member of the parlia- server in a joint international effort to re- chemical weapons, as well as missile sys- mentary defense committee—says former shape South Korea’s nuclear program, which tems. Permission to export these items, in- President Park Chung Hee told him in 9/78 some Western experts suspect has military cluding complex semi-conductors, optical that ADD had completed 95 percent of a implications. A conference to form the con- cable, electronic telephone switching equip- nuclear weapon. Kang says that when Park sortium will be held in New York at the end ment, machine tools, and new materials will was assassinated in 1979, South Korea had of 8/95. be given in the form of general rather than nearly completed its nuclear weapons pro- Andrei Bychkov and Stanislav Bychkov, Itar-Tass individual licenses. Export authorization gram with the aid of French technology. (Moscow), 8/3/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-150, 8/3/95 will only be valid for two years. Kang says about 20 scientists were sent over- (13390). Korea Times (Seoul), 8/29/95, p. 8; in FBIS-TAC- seas to obtain knowledge about nuclear 95-005, 8/29/95 (13878). weapons. The nuclear bomb was scheduled SOUTH KOREA WITH: to be completed in 1981, but pressures from North Korea (KEDO), 124 * 10/9/95 the United States led to the cancellation of North Korea (not KEDO), 130 Kurop-Do, the island chosen as the site for the program following Park’s death. Pakistan, 131 a planned permanent disposal facility for Times (London), 10/6/95 (13800). International PRC, 134 low- and medium-level waste on 10/6/95, Herald Tribune, 10/7/95 (13800). Sergei Agafonov, Russia, 146 may be unsuitable due to possible active Izvestia (Moscow), 10/7/95, p. 3 (13879). faults in the nearby seabed, according to the SOUTH KOREA WITH NUCLEAR Korean Atomic Industrial Forum (KAIF). 10/6/95 SUPPLIERS GROUP (NSG) A final decision regarding the location of The ROK Agency for Defense Development the disposal site will be made public in 11/ (ADD), a Defense Ministry think-tank, con- 95, after further examination. The proposed tradicts reports that South Korea had almost 10/16/95 disposal site will consist of rock cavern stor- developed a nuclear bomb in the 1970s. An South Korea joins the Nuclear Suppliers age facilities capable of containing 250,000 agency official states, “We had heard noth- Group and becomes its 32nd member. South drums. The site will also be used for the ing about a nuclear bomb. Yesterday [10/ Korea will have observer status in the NSG. 5/95] was the first time that we heard that Yonhap (Seoul), 10/17/95; FBIS-EAS-95-202, 10/ temporary storage of spent fuel rods. 17/95 (13851). NucNet, 10/9/95 (13806). we were involved in a nuclear project. It is just not true.” Washington Times, 10/7/95, p. A7 (13877). Inter- national Herald Tribune, 10/7/95 (13800).

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 151 Nuclear Developments

SOUTH KOREA WITH ROMANIA

10/4/95 SOUTH PACIFIC TAIWAN The technical manager of Romag SA’s heavy NUCLEAR-FREE ZONE water production facility at Halinga, Dumitru Sirbu, says Romania could start selling heavy water to other countries, in- INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS cluding South Korea and China, by 1997. 8/30/95 * Sirbu says “eventually all surpluses of heavy Vanuatu declares that it will become the 9/14/95 water produced here would be available for twelfth signatory to the South Pacific An official from the Taiwanese Atomic En- export.” Sirbu adds that all four heavy wa- Nuclear Free-Zone Treaty (SPNFZ). ergy Council’s Department of Nuclear Regu- ter production units at Halinga, each with AFP (Hong Kong), 8/30/95; FBIS-EAS-95-169, 8/ lation, Huang Tsing, says Taiwan’s only an annual capacity of 90 MT, will be run- 30/95 (13566). nuclear waste storage facility will reach ning by mid-1996. maximum storage capacity by the end of Adrian Dascalu, Reuter, 10/4/95; in Executive News 9/17/95 1995. The temporary storage facility, which Service, 10/4/95 (13639). The U.S. declares that it is approaching a is located on Orchid Island, 65 km off of decision on whether to sign the 1985 Taiwan’s southeastern coast, has 23 concrete SOUTH KOREA WITH: SPNFZ Treaty following talks with mem- trenches capable of holding 98,112 barrels, Russia, 146 bers of the Pacific Forum. U.S. Assistant with room for only 1,500 more barrels. Secretary of State for East Asian and Pa- Emily Thornton, Far Eastern Economic Review, 9/ 14/95, p. 70 (13815). SOUTH KOREA WITH UNITED STATES cific Affairs Winston Lord explains that current developments, including negotia- TAIWAN WITH: 8/23/95 tions for a comprehensive test ban treaty Japan, Marshall Islands, and A South Korean Ministry of Science and (CTBT), are encouraging the U.S. to reach Technology (MOST) officer says the U.S. a decision quickly. South Korea, 119 will work with South Korea to boost nuclear Belinda Goldsmith, Reuter, 9/17/95; in Executive News Service, 9/17/95 (13567). Washington Times, TAIWAN WITH MARSHALL ISLANDS, safety controls as part of an initiative adopted 9/18/95, p. A13 (13567). in 9/94 by MOST and the U.S. Department PRC AND RUSSIA of Energy (DOE). DOE is reviewing a 10/19/95 * Korean proposal to train experts on nuclear Japan says it would support a move by the 9/14/95 control, which, following ratification by the U.S., France, and the U.K. to join the Taipower is interested in storing nuclear Permanent Coordinating Group, should take SPNFZ, but has not yet seen such an initia- waste in other countries, possibly includ- effect in early 1996. Future projects will tive. According to an unidentified U.S. of- ing China, Russia, or the Marshall Islands. focus on promoting transparency with an ficial in New York, the U.S., France, and Emily Thornton, Far Eastern Economic Review, 9/ 14/95, p. 70 (13815). emphasis on accountability, inspection, and the U.K. will sign protocols to the SPNFZ protection of nuclear material, as well as Treaty “committing themselves not to de- TAIWAN WITH: containment and surveillance technology. ploy nuclear weapons or use or threaten to Korea Herald (Seoul), 8/24/95, p. 3; in FBIS-EAS- PRC, 134 95-164, 8/24/95 (13389). use them following the conclusion of French nuclear testing.” Reuter (Tokyo), 10/19/95; in Executive News Ser- SOUTH KOREA WITH ZANGGER vice, 10/19/95 (13563). COMMITTEE THAILAND

10/18/95 South Korea is admitted to the Zangger SYRIA Committee, which now has 31 members. THAILAND WITH CANADA Yonhap (Seoul), 10/19/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-203, 10/19/95 (13840). 9/8/95 SYRIA WITH: Thai Deputy Prime Minister Samak Argentina, 99 Sunthorawet meets with Canadian Deputy Japan, 120 Prime Minister and Environmental Minis- ter Sheila Copps to discuss bilateral coop- eration in the field of nuclear technology. Radio Thailand Network (Bangkok), 9/10/95; in

152 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 Nuclear Developments

FBIS-EAS-95-176, 9/10/95 (13378). and decommission regional and national uranium for VVER-1000 nuclear reactors. radwaste storage facilities. The “Radioactive Andrei Vaganov, Ogonyek (Moscow), 6/26/95, pp. THAILAND WITH CAMBODIA AND Waste Management Law” empowers the 76-77; in WPS, 7/4/95, pp. 6-8 (13619). VIETNAM Chernobyl affairs ministry (MinChernobyl) to license waste storage. Facilities that pro- 8/3/95 9/12/95 duce radioactive waste will be responsible According to Ukrainian Deputy Prime Min- Phnom Penh police confiscate 13 kg of ura- for reprocessing and storage. According to ister Anatoly Kinakh, the Ukrainian Cabi- nium and apprehend four people, three of Mikhailo Pavlovskiy, chairman of the Ukrai- net of Ministers will permit the Eastern whom are military officials. The alleged nian parliament’s nuclear policy & safety mining-concentrating mill to export yellow- smugglers are brought to court on 9/13/95. committee, additional laws covering other cake privately in an effort to lessen regional It is suspected that the uranium was nuclear sectors are currently being drafted. economic strife. Alex Brall, Nucleonics Week, 7/20/95, pp. 14-15 Infobank (Lvov), 8/4/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-150, 8/ smuggled from Vietnam to Cambodia with 4/95 (13283). the intention of sending it to Thailand. (13257). Thmar Da, Reasksmei Kampuchea (Phnom Penh), * 8/5/95 9/15/95, p. 5; in FBIS-EAS-95-179, 9/15/95 6/30/95 (13339). Nuclear power stations in Ukraine have pro- Mikhailo Dmitriovich Bondarkov, deputy duced over 60 million cubic meters of ra- director of the Ukrainian National Academy THAILAND WITH: dioactive waste, while the uranium indus- of Sciences (UNAS) Nuclear Studies Insti- North Korea (KEDO), 124 try has generated an additional 50 million tute, says UNAS and the Goskomatom have cubic meters of waste. Over 4,000 spent established a center for joint research at the institute in an effort to assist Ukrainian THAILAND WITH SWITZERLAND fuel assemblies have accumulated at Ukraine’s nuclear power stations. Data on nuclear scientists in preserving their skills 6/7/95 waste produced by Ukraine’s military-indus- and to utilize the nuclear-related equipment trial complex has not been disclosed. As at the institute fully. Switzerland’s Electrowatt Engineering Ser- Uryadovyy Kuryer (Kiev), 8/5/95, p. 7; in FBIS- vices (EWI) signs an agreement with Ukraine has lacked a regime to oversee ra- SOV-95-153, 8/5/95 (13232). Thailand’s Office of Atomic Energy for dioactive waste management, it is reported Peace (OAEP) on Swiss assistance with a to be “possible that some radwaste has never 9/8/95* new 5-10 MWt research reactor to be built been registered and was disposed of in in- Ukraine may construct a nuclear waste stor- at the nascent Ongkharak Nuclear Research dustrial dump sites.” age facility that will store 1 kg of waste at a Center. EWI will furnish engineering ser- Alex Brall, Nucleonics Week, 7/20/95, pp. 14-15 (13257). Unian (Kiev), 7/8/95; in FBIS-SOV-95- cost of $40, well below the $250 per kg vices during all phases of the project. The 131, 7/8/95 (13258). Ukraine pays Russia for storing Ukrainian Ongkharak center will consist of the reac- nuclear waste. tor, a repository for waste treatment and stor- Early 7/95 Tetyana Kravchenko, Molod Ukrayiny (Kiev), 9/8/ age, and a radioisotope research laboratory. Mikhail Umanets, chairman of the Ukrai- 95, p. 1; in FBIS-SOV-95-177, 9/8/95 (13282). Nuclear Engineering International, 8/95, p. 6 nian State Committee for the Use of Atomic (13383). 9/95 Energy (Goskomatom), says that the Ukrai- nian nuclear sector will collapse by 2020 Nur Nigmatullin, first deputy chairman of unless steps are taken to develop the indus- Goskomatom, announces a six-month re- UKRAINE try. According to Umanets, the loss of quali- structuring plan for the nuclear energy sec- fied personnel is the Ukrainian nuclear tor that includes the development of a industry’s largest problem. In 1993-94, “nuclear generating company.” Although the 8,500 workers, half of which were “high- plan is designed to make the Ukrainian en- ergy sector more responsive to market INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS skilled specialists,” left the Ukrainian nuclear sector. forces, the government will retain full con- trol over the energy sector. Long-term plans 6/30/95 Volodymr Klyuyko, Intelnews (Kiev), 7/5/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-129, 7/5/95 (13437). involve the creation of a single Ministry of The Rada passes a “Radioactive Waste Man- Energy that will have oversight authority agement Law” that delineates the powers of 7/4/95* for nuclear power production. The new min- state agencies involved in nuclear matters; Goskomatom announces that Ukraine will istry will oversee Goskomatom upon the sets guidelines for government policy with call an international tender on 7/31/95 to latter’s reorganization into a joint-stock com- regard to the management, registration, pro- select a partner for the creation of a nuclear pany. The State Committee for Nuclear Ma- cessing, and storage of radioactive waste; fuel production plant in Zholtiye Vodi. By terials Oversight will continue to operate and establishes methods to attain the autho- the year 2000, the plant is expected to an- under the auspices of the Ministry of the rization to site, design, construct, operate, nually produce about 350 MT of enriched Environment.

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Nuclear Engineering International, 9/95, p. 6 Commission’s Tacis program. An August UKRAINE WITH FRANCE, GERMANY, (13240). 1995 EdF-funded “prefeasibility study” es- RUSSIA, AND UNITED STATES timates that the completion of Ukraine’s 10/13/95 Rovno-4 and Khmelnitsky-2 VVER-1,000 7/28/95* Goskomatom Chairman Mikhail Umanets nuclear reactors will require 30 months. The says that the Ukrainian government will soon Siemens of Germany, Framatome of France, report recommends that the project be com- ABB and Westinghouse of the U.S., and the discuss a Goskomatom proposal to construct pleted by 1999. Robert Pays of EdF’s En- a nuclear waste repository. The Ukrainian Russian Ministry of Atomic Energy have gineering and Construction Division says submitted bids to the Ukrainian government Academy of Sciences, Goskomatom, and construction on the reactors will begin af- the State Geological Committee have already to construct a nuclear fuel production plant ter mid-1997. in Ukraine. A feasibility study shows that selected 12 potential storage sites for inter- Ann MacLachlan, Nucleonics Week, 10/19/95, pp. mediate- and high-level nuclear waste; four 10-11 (14013). the Ukrainian plant will turn a profit in four of the sites are located in rock formations to five years. Mikhail Umanets, chairman in the “Ukrainian shield” in the north; the UKRAINE WITH: of Goskomatom, plans to announce the suc- remaining sites are located in salt forma- Bulgaria and Russia, 141 cessful bidder in 10/95, although no details tions in the central Dnepr River basin. on financial arrangements have been final- ized. According to Dmitri Khrushchov, head of UKRAINE WITH CANADA Kathleen Hart, NuclearFuel, 9/11/95, p. 4 (13748). the Institute of Geological Science at the Unian (Kiev), 7/28/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-146, 7/28/ Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Ukraine 10/2/95 95 (13438). plans to build a 100,000 cubic meter re- Ukraine Prime Minister Yevhen Marchuk pository capable of holding “all nuclear plant meets in Kiev with Saskatchewan Province UKRAINE WITH FRANCE, GERMANY, waste” and waste derived from the decom- Premier Roy Romanov and expresses inter- ITALY, SPAIN, AND UNITED KINGDOM missioning and remediation of the est in attracting Canadian investment for the Chernobyl site. construction of a Ukrainian plant to pro- 10/31/95* Interfax (Moscow), 10/13/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-199, 10/13/95 (13409). Nuclear Engineering Interna- duce nuclear fuel. Germany is currently funding a project to tional, 10/95, p. 12 (13601). Interfax (Moscow), 10/3/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-192, dismantle Ukrainian missile silos, but the 10/3/95 (13368). U.K., France, Italy, and Spain have yet to 10/31/95* follow through on their pledges of disarma- UKRAINE WITH CZECH REPUBLIC Ukraine still possesses about 10 operational ment aid. nuclear-tipped missiles from its original ar- Washington Times, 10/31/95, p. A14 (13752). 8/95* senal of 176 ICBMs; however, the weapons are not “directed at specific targets” as they Ukraine’s Rovno nuclear power station pur- UKRAINE WITH IAEA used to be. According to senior Ukrainian chases special equipment for interim nuclear Ministry of Defense official Colonel waste storage from the Czech firm Skoda. 2/95 Alexander Serdyuk, nuclear disarmament in Although Rovno currently lacks a waste stor- An IAEA inspection at Sevastopol reveals a Ukraine may be slowed because Ukraine age facility, station designers have developed previously undisclosed research reactor at lacks the foreign currency it needs to pay a project to store nuclear waste at Rovno for the Navy Academy of the Ukrainian Minis- for the process. The U.S. has provided a period of 50 years. try of Defense. A. Panov, Zelenyi Svit, 8/95, p. 4 (13632). Ukraine with $100 million. William C. Potter, Arms Control Today, 10/95, pp. Washington Times, 10/31/95, p. A14 (13752). 9-16 (14042). UKRAINE WITH FRANCE 9/21/95 UKRAINE WITH: 7/28/95* Belarus and Estonia, 101 Ukrainian Environment and Nuclear Safety Ukraine and Cogema of France discuss po- Minister Yuri Kostenko and IAEA Director tential cooperation in developing Ukrainian Hans Blix sign an agreement “on the appli- UKRAINE WITH BELGIUM, FRANCE, AND uranium deposits as part of Ukraine’s plan cation of Nonproliferation Treaty safe- FINLAND to boost domestic uranium output and de- guards” during a ceremony marking the velop a nuclear fuel production facility. IAEA’s 39th General Conference session in 9/1/95 Unian (Kiev), 7/28/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-146, 7/28/ Vienna. Electricite de France (EdF), IVO of Fin- 95 (13438). Radio Ukraine World Service (Kiev), 9/21/95; in land, and Belgatom of Belgium begin pre- FBIS-TAC-95-005, 9/21/95 (13609). liminary work on Ukraine’s Rovno-4 and Khmelnitsky-2 VVER-1,000 nuclear reac- UKRAINE WITH: tors under the aegis of the European Iran, 113 Kazakhstan, 122

154 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 Nuclear Developments

UKRAINE WITH MULTI-COUNTRY GROUP

7/4/95 UZBEKISTAN IAEA experts and approximately 300 scientists and nuclear experts representing 20 countries attend the sixth International Cooperation in Nuclear Development Con- UZBEKISTAN WITH UNITED STATES ference, an event sponsored by the Ukrai- nian Nuclear Association and the Moscow- 10/13/95 based International Nuclear Association. Nikolay Kuchersky of Uzbekistan and Paul The experts discuss the potential for inter- Joffe, deputy assistant secretary for import national cooperation in the fields of nuclear administration at the U.S. Department of development, nuclear safety technologies, Commerce (DOC), sign an amendment that and waste management, and address the po- will extend the U.S.-Uzbekistan suspension tential for cooperation between Asian, Eu- agreement to the year 2004. The amend- ropean, and CIS countries. Nur ment authorizes deliveries for two years of Nigmatullin, first deputy chairman of the up to 940,000 lbs per year of Uzbekistani Ukrainian State Nuclear Committee, under- natural uranium to the U.S., provided it is scores the importance of international co- sold at or above the DOC reference price operation as a vehicle to help Ukraine de- level. The amendment also closes the “by- velop a domestic nuclear fuel cycle. pass option” by specifying that uranium ore Volodymr Klyuyko, Intelnews (Kiev), 7/5/95; in from Uzbekistan will always be regarded as FBIS-SOV-95-129, 7/5/95 (13437). Holos Ukrayiny being of Uzbekistani origin, regardless of (Kiev), 7/11/95, p. 1; in FBIS-SOV-95-139, 7/11/ 95 (13437). where it is milled, converted, or enriched. Uranium Institute News Briefing, 10/18/95-10/24/ 95 (13730). UKRAINE WITH: Romania and Russia, 145 Russia, 146

UKRAINE WITH UNITED STATES

7/8/95* The Ukrainian Ministry of Ecology and Nuclear Safety is examining a proposal by Duke Engineering of the U.S. to construct a storage site at the Zaporozhe nuclear power plant. Construction could begin in 1995. Failure to acquire spent fuel storage space by 1996 would force the closure of “two generating sets” per year. Duke Engineer- ing and Zaporozhe are also working together to free up storage space by re-racking on- site storage pools at the Zaporozhe plant. Unian (Kiev), 7/8/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-131, 7/8/ 95 (13258). NucNet News, 7/17/95 (13236).

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