Nuclear Developments NUCLEAR-RELATED TRADE AND COOPERATION DEVELOPMENTS FOR SELECTED STATES, JULY-OCTOBER 1995 CONTENTS OVERVIEW, 97 France, Japan, United COMMONWEALTH OF FRANCE Kingdom, and U.S., 118 INDEPENDENT STATES with ALGERIA Russia, 119 with Belgium, Canada, Germany, with Iran, 108 Russia, and United King- PRC, 99 BRAZIL dom, 141 Internal Developments, 102 CUBA ARGENTINA Belgium, Finland, and with Internal Developments, 104 with Ukraine, 154 Argentina, 99 with Brazil, 99 Belgium, Japan, United Argentina, Cuba, and Argentina, Brazil, and Brazil, Cuba, and Mexico, 99 Kingdom, and U.S., 118 Mexico, 99 Mexico, 99 Israel and United States, 99 Cuba (Juragua Plant), 104 Germany, 103 Juragua Plant Participants South Korea, 99 Japan, 119 India, Indonesia, PRC and (Brazil, France, Germany, Syria, 99 Kazakhstan, 121 Russia, 103 Italy, Russia, and United United States, 100 PRC, 133 Russia, 103 Kingdom), 104 PRC and United Kingdom, 133 United States, 103 Mexico, 105 ARMENIA Russia, 142 with BULGARIA CZECH REPUBLIC South Korea and U.S., 151 ISTC, 100 with with Ukraine, 154 Russia and Ukraine, 141 Iran, 108 ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH GEORGIA EAST ASIAN NATIONS Russia and Slovakia, 142 CAMBODIA with (ASEAN) Ukraine, 154 with IAEA, 106 Internal Developments, 100 Thailand and Vietnam, 153 EGYPT ISTC, 100 BELARUS Internal Developments, 105 CANADA GERMANY with with ESTONIA with Estonia and Ukraine, 101 Belgium, France, Germany, with Belgium, Canada, France, Iran, 101 Russia, and U.K., 141 Belarus and Ukraine, 101 Russia, and U.K., 141 ISTC, 100 Japan, PRC, South Korea, Finland and Russia, 105 Brazil, 103 Japan, 101 and U.S., 118 Russia, 105 Cuba (Juragua Plant), 104 Russia, 101 Kazakhstan, 121 Finland, PRC, and Russia, 133 United States, 102 FINLAND PRC, 132 Iran, 108 with BELGIUM Russia, 141 Italy, Kuwait, Libya, and Belgium, France, and with South Korea, 151 U.S., 122 Ukraine, 154 Canada, France, Germany, Thailand, 152 Pakistan, 131 Estonia and Russia, 105 Russia, and U.K., 141 Ukraine, 154 Russia, 143 Germany, PRC, and France, Finland, and Russia and U.S., 144 Russia, 133 Ukraine, 154 South Korea, 151 Norway, Russia, and Ukraine, 154 Sweden, 142 94 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 Nuclear Developments IAEA ISRAEL KUWAIT India, PRC, Russia, and with Internal Developments, 116 with U.S., 107 Georgia, 106 with Germany, Italy, Libya, and Israel, 116 North Korea, 123 Argentina and U.S., 99 United States, 122 PRC, 131 North Korea and South India, Pakistan, PRC, South Korea, 131 LIBYA Korea, 124 Russia, and U.S., 106 United States, 131 with Russia, 144 Iran, 109 Germany, Italy, Kuwait, and PERU Ukraine, 154 Iran and Russia, 109 United States, 122 with Pakistan, 116 INDIA Iraq, 115 PRC, 133 Russia, 116 Internal Developments, 106 Kazakhstan, 121 PRC with ITALY LITHUANIA Internal Developments, 132 Brazil, Indonesia, PRC, and with Internal Developments, 122 with Russia, 103 Cuba (Juragua Plant), 104 with Algeria, 99 Israel, Pakistan, PRC, Germany, Kuwait, Libya, and North Korea, Russia, and Brazil, India, Indonesia, and Russia, and U.S., 106 United States, 122 Switzerland, 122 Russia, 103 Pakistan, PRC, Russia, and Ukraine, 154 Russia, 123 Canada, 132 United States, 107 JAPAN Canada, Japan, South Korea, PRC, 107 NETHERLANDS Internal Developments, 116 and U.S., 118 Russia, 107 with with Finland, Germany, and Russia, United Kingdom, INDONESIA Belarus, 101 Russia, 133 and United States, 145 Internal Developments, 107 Belgium, France, U.K., and France, 133 with United States, 141 NEW FORUM France and U.K., 133 Brazil, India, PRC, and Canada, PRC, South Korea, Internal Developments, 123 India, 107 Russia, 103 and U.S., 118 India, Israel, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, 107 France, 119 NORTH KOREA Russia, and U.S., 106 North Korea (KEDO), 124 Kazakhstan, 119 Internal Developments, 123 India, Pakistan, Russia, and Marshall Islands, South with United States, 107 IRAN Korea, and Taiwan, 119 IAEA, 123 Iran, 109 Internal Developments, 108 North Korea (KEDO), 124 IAEA and South Korea, 124 Iran, Iraq, and Russia, 109 with PRC, 119 KEDO, 124 Japan, 119 Belarus, 101 Russia, 119 Lithuania, Russia, and Kazakhstan, 121 Commonwealth of Indepen- Russia and U.S., 120 Switzerland, 122 Pakistan, 131 dent States, 108 South Korea, 120 South Korea, 130 Peru, 133 Czech Republic, 108 Syria, 120 Romania, 133 Germany, 108 NORWAY United Kingdom, 120 Russia, 133 Iraq, PRC, and Russia, 109 with United States, 120 South Korea, 134 Iraq and South Africa, 109 Finland, Russia, and Taiwan, 134 Israel, 109 KAZAKHSTAN Sweden, 142 United Kingdom, 135 Israel and Russia, 109 Internal Developments, 120 Russia and United States, 145 United States, 135 Kazakhstan and U.S., 109 with NUCLEAR SUPPLIERS PRC, 109 Canada, 121 GROUP (NSG), ROMANIA Russia, 110 France, 121 with with Russia and U.S., 112 Indonesia, 107 South Korea, 151 PRC, 133 South Africa, 113 Iran and United States, 109 Russia and Ukraine, 145 Ukraine, 113 ISTC, 100 ORGANIZATION FOR South Korea, 152 United States, 113 Japan, 119 AFRICAN UNITY (OAU) RUSSIA Libya, 121 Internal Developments, 130 IRAQ Internal Developments, 135 PRC, 121 Internal Developments, 113 PAKISTAN with Russia, 121 with Internal Developments, 130 Belarus, 101 Ukraine, 122 Iran, PRC, and Russia, 109 with Belgium, 118 United States, 122 Iran and South Africa, 109 Germany, 131 Belgium, Canada, France, Libya, 115 India, Israel, PRC, Russia, Germany, and U.K., 141 and U.S., 106 Brazil, 103 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 95 Nuclear Developments Brazil, India, Indonesia, and SLOVAKIA TAIWAN UNITED STATES PRC, 103 with Internal Developments, 152 with Bulgaria and Ukraine, 141 Czech Republic and Russia, 142 with Argentina, 100 Canada, 141 Russia, 145 Japan, Marshall Islands, and Argentina and Israel, 99 Cuba (Juragua Plant), 104 South Korea, 119 Belarus, 102 SOUTH AFRICA Czech Republic and Marshall Islands, PRC, and Belgium, France, Japan, and Internal Developments, 150 Slovakia, 142 Russia, 152 U.K., 118 with Estonia, 105 PRC, 134 Brazil, 103 Iran, 113 Estonia and Finland, 105 Canada, Japan, PRC, and Iran and Iraq, 109 THAILAND Finland, Germany, and South Korea, 118 United States, 150 with PRC, 133 France, PRC, and U.K., 133 Canada, 152 Finland, Norway, and SOUTH KOREA France and South Korea, 151 Cambodia and Vietnam, 153 Sweden, 142 Internal Developments, 151 Germany, Italy, Kuwait, and North Korea (KEDO), 124 France, 142 with Libya, 122 Switzerland, 153 Germany, 143 Argentina, 99 Germany and Russia, 144 Germany and U.S., 144 Canada, 151 UKRAINE India, 107 IAEA, 144 Canada, Japan, PRC, and Internal Developments, 153 India, Israel, Pakistan, PRC, India, 107 U.S., 118 with and Russia, 106 India, Israel, Pakistan, PRC, France and U.S., 151 Belarus and Estonia, 101 India, Pakistan, PRC, and and U.S., 106 Germany, Belgium, France, and Russia, 107 India, Pakistan, PRC, and IAEA and North Korea, 124 Finland, 154 Iran, 113 U.S., 107 Japan, 120 Bulgaria and Russia, 141 Iran and Kazakhstan, 109 Indonesia, 103 Japan, Marshall Islands, and Canada, 154 Iran and Russia, 112 Iran, 110 Taiwan, 119 Czech Republic, 154 Japan, 120 Iran, Iraq, and PRC, 109 Multi-Country Group, 151 France, 154 Japan and Russia, 120 Iran and Israel, 109 North Korea, 130 France, Germany, Russia, Kazakhstan, 122 Iran and United States, 112 North Korea (KEDO), 124 and United States, 154 Mongolia and Russia, 145 Israel, 116 Nuclear Suppliers Group, 151 Germany, 154 Netherlands, Russia, and ISTC, 100 Pakistan, 131 IAEA, 154 U.K., 145 Japan, 119 PRC, 134 Iran, 113 Norway and Russia, 145 Japan and U.S., 120 Romania, 152 Italy, 154 Pakistan, 131 Kazakhstan, 121 Russia, 146 Kazakhstan, 122 PRC, 135 Lithuania, 123 United States, 152 Multi-Country Group, 155 Russia, 147 Lithuania, North Korea, and Zangger Committee, 152 Romania and Russia, 145 South Africa, 150 Switzerland, 122 Russia, 146 South Korea, 152 SOUTH PACIFIC Mongolia and U.S., 145 Spain, 154 Ukraine, 155 NUCLEAR-FREE ZONE Multi-Country Group, 145 United Kingdom, 154 Uzbekistan, 155 Internal Developments, 152 Netherlands, United King- United States, 155 UZBEKISTAN dom, and U.S., 145 SWITZERLAND UNITED KINGDOM with Norway and U.S., 145 with with United States, 155 PRC, 133 Lithuania, North Korea, and Belgium, Canada, France, Romania and Ukraine, 145 Russia, 122 VIETNAM Germany, and Russia, 141 Slovakia, 145 Russia, 146 with Belgium, France, Japan, and South Korea, 146 Thailand, 153 Cambodia and Thailand, 153 Switzerland, 146 United States, 118 Ukraine, 146 SYRIA Cuba (Juragua Plant), 104 ZANGGER COMMITTEE United Kingdom, 147 with France and PRC, 133 with United States, 147 Argentina, 99 Japan, 120 South Korea, 152 Japan, 120 Netherlands, Russia, and SAUDI ARABIA U.S., 145 Internal Developments, 150 PRC, 135 with Russia, 147 North Korea (KEDO), 124 Ukraine, 154 96 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1996 Nuclear Developments OVERVIEW Nuclear nonproliferation worldwide saw two divergent Nuclear warhead dismantlement in Ukraine reached 90 per- trends continue from July to October 1995. On the one cent completion, with a total of nearly 600 warheads trans- hand, some nuclear threshold states (Argentina and Bra- ferred to Russia. Belarus, however, held up withdrawal of zil) and a rollback state (South Africa) began to reap the the remaining 18 SS-25s from its territory, issuing a com- political and economic benefits of their changed nonprolif- pensation-related ultimatum to Russia and voicing displea- eration policies. On the other hand, one rollback state sure that promised disarmament aid from Italy, the United (Belarus) experienced difficulties in moving its nonprolif- Kingdom, and the United States had not been released. eration goals forward, and Iraq, Iran, and North Korea Agreements with France on nuclear power plant construc- continued to be sources of concern. Moreover, the relax- tion, with Ukraine on scientific/technological cooperation, ation of international and U.S. export controls as formu- and with the United States on sealing the Degelen Moun- lated in the post-COCOM (New Forum) proposals worried tain nuclear testing tunnels, moved Kazakhstan closer to some nonproliferation specialists.