DOCSLIB.ORG

Aspen Biology, Community Classification, and Management in the Blue Mountains

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Aspen Biology, Community Classification, and Management in the Blue Mountains United States Department of Agriculture Aspen Biology, Community Forest Service Classification, and Management Pacific Northwest Research Station in the Blue Mountains General Technical Report PNW-GTR-806 May 2010 David K. Swanson, Craig L. Schmitt, Diane M. Shirley, Vicky Erickson, Kenneth J. Schuetz, Michael L. Tatum, and David C. Powell The Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is dedicated to the principle of multiple use man- agement of the Nation’s forest resources for sustained yields of wood, water, forage, wildlife, and recreation. Through forestry research, cooperation with the States and private forest owners, and management of the national forests and national grasslands, it strives—as directed by Congress—to provide increasingly greater service to a growing Nation. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Author David K. Swanson was an area ecologist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, P.O. Box 907, Baker City, OR 97814, is now an ecologist with the U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 4175 Geist Rd., Fairbanks, AK 99709. Craig L. Schmitt is a zone pathologist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 1401 Gekeler Lane, La Grande, OR 97850. Diane M. Shirley is a forestry technician, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Umatilla National Forest, P.O. Box 158, Ukiah, OR 97880. Vicky Erickson is the regional geneticist, and David C. Powell is a forest silviculturalist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Umatilla National Forest, 2517 Hailey Avenue, Pendleton, OR 97801. Kenneth J. Schuetz (deceased) was a forest wildlife biolo- gist, and Michael L. Tatum is a forest silviculturist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Malheur National Forest, P.O. Box 909, John Day, OR 97845. Cover photo: Aspen stand with buck-and-pole fence constructed of local thinning slash 8 years prior to photo. Regeneration is lacking around the mature trees outside of the fenced area on the right. Blue Mountain Ranger District of the Malheur National Forest, in the vicinity of Camp Creek and Starr Ridge. Photo by Michael Tatum, Malheur National Forest. Abstract Swanson, David K.; Schmitt, Craig L.; Shirley, Diane M.; Erickson, Vicky; Schuetz, Kenneth J.; Tatum, Michael L.; Powell, David C. 2010. Aspen biology, community classification, and management in the Blue Mountains. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-806. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 117 p. Quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) is a valuable species that is declining in the Blue Mountains of northeastern Oregon. This publication is a compilation of over 20 years of aspen management experience by USDA Forest Service workers in the Blue Mountains. It includes a summary of aspen biology and occurrence in the Blue Mountains, and a discussion of aspen conservation and management techniques such as fencing, conifer removal, and artificial propagation. Local data on bird use of aspen stands, insects and diseases in aspen, and genetic studies of aspen are also included. An aspen community classification developed from over 200 sample plots is presented, with plant species composition and cover, environment and soils, and management considerations. Keywords: Populus tremuloides, forest management, forest ecology, plant community classification. Preface This publication is a collaboration that draws on the efforts of many people who have worked with aspen in the Blue Mountains. Primary authorship of the various sections is as follows: • Aspen Biology and Ecology–David K. Swanson, Kenneth J. Schuetz (Bird use of aspen on the Malheur National Forest), David C. Powell, and Michael L. Tatum • Genetic Diversity and Structure of Aspen Stands in the Blue Mountains–Vicky Erickson • Insects and Diseases of Aspen in the Blue Mountains–Craig L. Schmitt • Aspen Management in the Blue Mountains–David K. Swanson, Diane M. Shirley, Michael L. Tatum, and Vicky Ericson with contributions from most of the collaborators • Aspen Community Classification in the Blue Mountains–David K. Swanson i ii Aspen Biology, Community Classification, and Management in the Blue Mountains David K. Swanson, Craig L. Schmitt, Diane M. Shirley, Vicky Erickson, Kenneth J. Schuetz, Michael L. Tatum, and David C. Powell With contributions from (listed alphabetically): Roderick R. Clausnitzer, Lynda Cobb, Bill J. Collar, Elizabeth A. Crowe, Terry Hicks, Jerold Hustafa, Charles G. Johnson, Jr., Betsy H. Kaiser, Cynthia L. Kranich, Mark A. Penniger, Roy Schwenke, Joseph M. Sciarrino, Paul W. Survis, and Martin Vavra. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station General Technical Report PNW-GTR-806 May 2010 iii iv Contents 1 Introduction 1 Aspen Biology and Ecology 1 Aspen Clones and Root System 1 Reproduction 4 Ecological Range 6 Competition and Succession 6 Fire Effects 7 Herbivores and Aspen 7 Aspen Occurrence in the Blue Mountains 9 Decline of Aspen in the Blue Mountains 10 Invasive Plants and Aspen 10 Bird Use of Aspen Habitats in the Blue Mountains 12 Genetic Diversity and Structure of Aspen Stands in the Blue Mountains 16 Genetic Variation at the Stand Level 16 Geographic Variation in Genetic Structure 17 Genetic Evidence for Decline of Aspen Clones 17 Management Implications 17 Insects and Diseases of Aspen in the Blue Mountains 18 Stem Decays 19 Trunk Butt and Root Rots 19 Canker Diseases 21 Foliage Diseases 22 Insect Pests of Aspen 25 Aspen Management in the Blue Mountains 25 Overview 28 Conifer Removal 30 Fencing 34 Fire 35 Aspen Felling and Girdling 35 Mechanical Site Preparation 36 Thinning 36 Establishment of Aspen Outside of Existing Stands 38 Vegetative Propagation 40 Propagation of Aspen From Seed 41 Restoring Understory Plant Diversity in Aspen Stands 42 Assessment of Aspen Regeneration 43 Aspen Stand Quick Assessment and Desired Future Condition 47 Aspen Community Classification in the Blue Mountains 47 Study Area 48 Plant Association Concept v 48 Field Methods 49 Classification and Data Analysis Methods 50 Data Presentation 50 Keys to Aspen Communities of the Blue Mountains 51 Key to Riparian and Wetland Aspen Vegetation 52 Key to Upland Aspen Vegetation 53 Upland Grand Fir Series Aspen Type Key 54 Upland Ponderosa Pine and Douglas-Fir Series Aspen Type Key 55 Riparian and Wetland Aspen Plant Communities 55 Aspen-Engelmann Spruce Types 55 Aspen-Engelmann Spruce/Fowl Mannagrass-Bluejoint Reedgrass Plant Community Type 56 Aspen-Tall Shrub Types 56 Aspen/Mountain Alder-Red-Osier Dogwood Plant Community Type 56 Aspen/Mountain Alder-Common Snowberry Plant Community Type 56 Aspen/Black Hawthorne Plant Community Type 57 Aspen/Tall Shrub Wetland Plant Communities on Slopes 58 Riparian Aspen/Common Snowberry Types 58 Grand Fir/Common Snowberry (Floodplain) Plant Community Type 58 Douglas-Fir/Common Snowberry (Floodplain) Plant Association 58 Ponderosa Pine/Common Snowberry (Floodplain) Plant Association 58 Aspen/Common Snowberry Plant Community Type 62 Herbaceous Aspen Meadow Types 62 Aspen/Aquatic Sedge Plant Community Type 62 Aspen/Woolly Sedge Plant Association 65 Aspen/Yellow Sedge Plant Community Type 66 Aspen/Bluejoint Reedgrass Plant Community Type 68 Aspen/Kentucky Bluegrass Plant Community Type 68 Aspen/Meadow Foxtail Plant Community Type 68 Aspen/Mesic Forb Plant Community Type 72 Upland Aspen Communities 72 Talus and Rock Outcrop Aspen Types 72 Aspen (Rubble, High) Plant Community Type 72 Aspen (Rubble, Low) Plant Community Type 75 Aspen Types of the Subalpine Fir Series 75 Aspen (Subalpine Fir)/Western Coneflower Plant Community Type 77 Aspen Types of the Grand Fir Series 77 Grand Fir/Twinflower Plant Association 78 Grand Fir/Big Huckleberry Plant Association 81 Grand Fir/Rocky Mountain Maple Plant Association 83 Aspen (Grand Fir)/Oceanspray Plant Community Type vi 83 Aspen (Grand Fir)/Snowberry Plant Community Type 86 Other Grand Fir Series Aspen Communities 88 Aspen Types of the Ponderosa Pine and Douglas-Fir Series 88 Aspen/Chokecherry Plant Community Type 90 Aspen(Douglas-Fir)/Bitter Cherry Plant Community Type 92 Aspen (Ponderosa Pine–Douglas-Fir)/Snowberry Plant Community Type 95 Aspen/Pinegrass Plant Community Type 95 Aspen/Elk Sedge Plant Community Type 95 Aspen/Exotic Grass Plant Community Type 99 Other Douglas-Fir and Ponderosa Pine Series Aspen Communities 101 Acknowledgments 101 Metric Equivalents 102 References 109 Appendix A: Aspen Stands Sampled as Part of the Blue Mountains Genetics Study 112 Appendix B: Plant Names Used in This Report 117 Appendix C: Current PLANTS Database Synonyms for the Names Used in This Report vii Introduction together, variations in one or more of these characteristics can sometimes be used to identify different clones in the Stands of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) field without the cost of genetic testing. are an uncommon and unique habitat type in the Blue Aspen roots can grow laterally far from their parent trees Mountains (fig. 1). As one of very few broadleaf decidu- and produce suckers. Excavations of aspen root systems in ous trees in a region dominated by conifers and semi- the Great Lakes region revealed root growth rates of 2.5 ft/ desert grassland and scrub, aspen brings important diversity year (Day 1944) to 4.5 ft/year (Buell and Buell 1959) in good to the landscape.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Plant List Bristow Prairie & High Divide Trail
    *Non-native Bristow Prairie & High Divide Trail Plant List as of 7/12/2016 compiled by Tanya Harvey T24S.R3E.S33;T25S.R3E.S4 westerncascades.com FERNS & ALLIES Pseudotsuga menziesii Ribes lacustre Athyriaceae Tsuga heterophylla Ribes sanguineum Athyrium filix-femina Tsuga mertensiana Ribes viscosissimum Cystopteridaceae Taxaceae Rhamnaceae Cystopteris fragilis Taxus brevifolia Ceanothus velutinus Dennstaedtiaceae TREES & SHRUBS: DICOTS Rosaceae Pteridium aquilinum Adoxaceae Amelanchier alnifolia Dryopteridaceae Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea Holodiscus discolor Polystichum imbricans (Sambucus mexicana, S. cerulea) Prunus emarginata (Polystichum munitum var. imbricans) Sambucus racemosa Rosa gymnocarpa Polystichum lonchitis Berberidaceae Rubus lasiococcus Polystichum munitum Berberis aquifolium (Mahonia aquifolium) Rubus leucodermis Equisetaceae Berberis nervosa Rubus nivalis Equisetum arvense (Mahonia nervosa) Rubus parviflorus Ophioglossaceae Betulaceae Botrychium simplex Rubus ursinus Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata Sceptridium multifidum (Alnus sinuata) Sorbus scopulina (Botrychium multifidum) Caprifoliaceae Spiraea douglasii Polypodiaceae Lonicera ciliosa Salicaceae Polypodium hesperium Lonicera conjugialis Populus tremuloides Pteridaceae Symphoricarpos albus Salix geyeriana Aspidotis densa Symphoricarpos mollis Salix scouleriana Cheilanthes gracillima (Symphoricarpos hesperius) Salix sitchensis Cryptogramma acrostichoides Celastraceae Salix sp. (Cryptogramma crispa) Paxistima myrsinites Sapindaceae Selaginellaceae (Pachystima myrsinites)
    [Show full text]
  • Populusspp. Family: Salicaceae Aspen
    Populus spp. Family: Salicaceae Aspen Aspen (the genus Populus) is composed of 35 species which contain the cottonwoods and poplars. Species in this group are native to Eurasia/north Africa [25], Central America [2] and North America [8]. All species look alike microscopically. The word populus is the classical Latin name for the poplar tree. Populus grandidentata-American aspen, aspen, bigtooth aspen, Canadian poplar, large poplar, largetooth aspen, large-toothed poplar, poplar, white poplar Populus tremuloides-American aspen, American poplar, aspen, aspen poplar, golden aspen, golden trembling aspen, leaf aspen, mountain aspen, poplar, popple, quaking asp, quaking aspen, quiver-leaf, trembling aspen, trembling poplar, Vancouver aspen, white poplar Distribution Quaking aspen ranges from Alaska through Canada and into the northeastern and western United States. In North America, it occurs as far south as central Mexico at elevations where moisture is adequate and summers are sufficiently cool. The more restricted range of bigtooth aspen includes southern Canada and the northern United States, from the Atlantic coast west to the prairie. The Tree Aspens can reproduce sexually, yielding seeds, or asexually, producing suckers (clones) from their root system. In some cases, a stand could then be composed of only one individual, genetically, and could be many years old and cover 100 acres (40 hectares) or more. Most aspen stands are a mosaic of several clones. Aspen can reach heights of 120 ft (48 m), with a diameter of 4 ft (1.6 m). Aspen trunks can be quite cylindrical, with little taper and few limbs for most of their length. They also can be very crooked or contorted, due to genetic variability.
    [Show full text]
  • Page 5 of the 2020 Antelope, Deer and Elk Regulations
    WYOMING GAME AND FISH COMMISSION Antelope, 2020 Deer and Elk Hunting Regulations Don't forget your conservation stamp Hunters and anglers must purchase a conservation stamp to hunt and fish in Wyoming. (See page 6) See page 18 for more information. wgfd.wyo.gov Wyoming Hunting Regulations | 1 CONTENTS Access on Lands Enrolled in the Department’s Walk-in Areas Elk or Hunter Management Areas .................................................... 4 Hunt area map ............................................................................. 46 Access Yes Program .......................................................................... 4 Hunting seasons .......................................................................... 47 Age Restrictions ................................................................................. 4 Characteristics ............................................................................. 47 Antelope Special archery seasons.............................................................. 57 Hunt area map ..............................................................................12 Disabled hunter season extension.............................................. 57 Hunting seasons ...........................................................................13 Elk Special Management Permit ................................................. 57 Characteristics ..............................................................................13 Youth elk hunters........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Acer Glabrum Var. Douglasii Snowberry
    NATIVE PLANTS/SHRUBS: Saskatoon Serviceberry – Amielanchier alnifolia Oceanspray – Holodiscus discolor Blue Elderberry - Sambucus cerulea Erect, loosely branched shrub up to 15’ tall. Found Usually a shrub or small tree from 10’ to 20’ or Vine Maple - Acer circinatum Large shrubs or small trees up to 40’ tall and 6” in diameter. Occurs on moist, well-drained on well drained to dry sites in the sun and shade more tall. Found on moist, well-drained sites in An erect shrub, or more commonly a helter- sites in the sun or partial shade, from southern from south central California northward to British the sun; from British Columbia south to California, skelter arrangement of crooked branches; Alaska to northwestern California, and east- Columbia, eastward to Idaho. east through Idaho, Utah, and Nevada. up to 20’ tall, or less commonly a small tree ward throughout the Rocky Mountains. Elevational range: sea level to 9,000 feet. 30’ to 40’ in height. Common understory Dull Oregon Grape – Mahonia (Berberis) nervosa species in the West side forests of the Red Elderberry – Sambucus racemosa Pacific Northwest also pioneer species on Oregon Grape – Low, evergreen shrub with pinnately Berberis aquifolium (Tall Oregon Grape) A shrub or small tree from 8’ to 20’ tall. Occurs on cutover and burned-over lands. Found compound leaves; seldom over 30” high. moist, well-drained sites in the sun; most Erect evergreen shrub 3’ to 10’ tall, with dark on moist sites in the sun or shade from Grows on moist, well-drained sites in the sun common on the West Side of the Cascade green glossy leaves.
    [Show full text]
  • C E N Oz Oi C C Oll a Ps E of T H E E Ast Er N Ui Nt a M O U Nt Ai Ns a N D Dr Ai
    Research Paper T H E M E D I S S U E: C Revolution 2: Origin and Evolution of the Colorado River Syste m II GEOSPHERE Cenozoic collapse of the eastern Uinta Mountains and drainage evolution of the Uinta Mountains region G E O S P H E R E; v. 1 4, n o. 1 Andres Aslan 1 , Marisa Boraas-Connors 2 , D o u gl a s A. S pri n k el 3 , Tho mas P. Becker 4 , Ranie Lynds 5 , K arl E. K arl str o m 6 , a n d M att H eizl er 7 1 Depart ment of Physical and Environ mental Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, 1100 North Avenue, Grand Junction, Colorado 81501, U S A doi:10.1130/ G E S01523.1 2 Depart ment of Geosciences, Colorado State University, Natural Resources Building, Roo m 322, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, U S A 3 Utah Geological Survey, 1594 W North Te mple, Salt Lake City, Utah 84114-6100, U S A 1 5 fi g ur e s; 1 t a bl e; 4 s u p pl e m e nt al fil e s 4 Exxon Mobil Exploration Co mpany, 22777 Spring woods Village Park way, Spring, Texas 77389, U S A 5 Wyo ming State Geological Survey, P. O. Box 1347, Lara mie, Wyo ming 82073, U S A 6 Depart ment of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Ne w Mexico, Redondo Drive NE, Albuquerque, Ne w Mexico 87131, U S A C O R RESP O N DE N CE: aaslan @colorado mesa .edu 7 Ne w Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Ne w Mexico Tech, 801 Leroy Place, Socorro, Ne w Mexico 87801, U S A CI T A TI O N: Aslan, A., Boraas- Connors, M., Sprinkel, D.
    [Show full text]
  • Wildflower Talk
    Wildflower Talk These are a series of short articles written by Kristen Currin of Humble Roots Native Plant Nursery in Mosier, Oregon, featuring plants from around the Columbia Gorge. Each of these articles appeared in an issue of the Wasco County Soil and Water Conservation District’s newsletter, GROUNDWORK. I hope you enjoy them. All photos are courtesy of Kristen Currin. Please ask permission before using. www.humblerootsnursery.com Nothing in this document is to be construed as medical advice. A licensed herbalist should be consulted for proper identification and preparation before eating those plants designated as edible. Humble Roots Nursery nor the Conservation District are liable for improper consumption of plants listed in this document. INDEX Arnica, Heart-Leaf Glacier Lily Phlox, Cushion Bachelor Buttons Goldenrod Pineapple Weed Balsamroot Grass Widow Prairie Stars Bitterroot Indian Hemp Rabbitbrush (sp) Buckwheat, Arrowleaf Juniper Rabbitbrush, Gray Buckwheat, Snow Larkspur, Upland Rose, Wild California Poppy Kinnickinick Saxifrage Cattail Mariposa Lily Serviceberry Ceanothus Milkweed, Showy Shooting Star, Poet’s Chocolate Lily Miner’s Lettuce Sumac, Smooth Columbia Coreopsis Mugwort, Western Wapato Currant, Golden Native Shrubs Washington Lily Dutchman’s Breeches Nettle, Stinging Western Bunchberry Desert Parsley, Columbia Oceanspray Yellow Bee Plant Desert Parsley, Gray’s Oregon Grape Yellow Bells Elderberry, Blue Pearly Everlasting Yellow Star Thistle Gairdners Yampah Phantom Orchid 1 TOP Page Heart-leaf Arnica Arnica cordifolia Look for arnica's yellow flowers in spring. Arnica is an important native medicinal plant used topically to soothe sore muscles and sprains. A woodland plant and a good choice for the shady xeric garden. Bachelor Buttons, Cornflower Centaurea cyanus Many may think this beautiful blue flower is a native plant due to the fact that it dominates many of our meadows and is commonly sold in wildflower seed mixes.
    [Show full text]
  • Native Or Suitable Plants City of Mccall
    Native or Suitable Plants City of McCall The following list of plants is presented to assist the developer, business owner, or homeowner in selecting plants for landscaping. The list is by no means complete, but is a recommended selection of plants which are either native or have been successfully introduced to our area. Successful landscaping, however, requires much more than just the selection of plants. Unless you have some experience, it is suggested than you employ the services of a trained or otherwise experienced landscaper, arborist, or forester. For best results it is recommended that careful consideration be made in purchasing the plants from the local nurseries (i.e. Cascade, McCall, and New Meadows). Plants brought in from the Treasure Valley may not survive our local weather conditions, microsites, and higher elevations. Timing can also be a serious consideration as the plants may have already broken dormancy and can be damaged by our late frosts. Appendix B SELECTED IDAHO NATIVE PLANTS SUITABLE FOR VALLEY COUNTY GROWING CONDITIONS Trees & Shrubs Acer circinatum (Vine Maple). Shrub or small tree 15-20' tall, Pacific Northwest native. Bright scarlet-orange fall foliage. Excellent ornamental. Alnus incana (Mountain Alder). A large shrub, useful for mid to high elevation riparian plantings. Good plant for stream bank shelter and stabilization. Nitrogen fixing root system. Alnus sinuata (Sitka Alder). A shrub, 6-1 5' tall. Grows well on moist slopes or stream banks. Excellent shrub for erosion control and riparian restoration. Nitrogen fixing root system. Amelanchier alnifolia (Serviceberry). One of the earlier shrubs to blossom out in the spring.
    [Show full text]
  • Monument Rock Wilderness Baker County, OR T14S R36E S20, 21, 27, 28, 29, 33, 34 Compiled by Paul Slichter
    Monument Rock Wilderness Baker County, OR T14S R36E S20, 21, 27, 28, 29, 33, 34 Compiled by Paul Slichter. Updated January 9, 2011 Flora Northwest: http://science.halleyhosting.com Common Name Scientific Name Family Gray's Lovage Ligusticum grayi Apiaceae Mountain Sweet Cicely Osmorhiza berteroi Apiaceae Western Sweet Cicely Osmorhiza occidentalis Apiaceae Purple Sweet Cicely Osmorhiza purpurea ? Apiaceae Sierra Snake Root Sanicula graveolens Apiaceae Yarrow Achillea millefolium Asteraceae Western Boneset Ageratina occidentalis Asteraceae Orange Agoseris Agoseris aurantiaca Asteraceae Mountain Agoseris Agoseris monticola? Asteraceae Rosy Pussytoes Antennaria rosea Asteraceae Heart-leaf Arnica Arnica cordifolia Asteraceae Hairy Arnica Arnica mollis Asteraceae Big Sagebrush Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana Asteraceae Leafy Aster ? Symphyotrichum foliaceum ? Asteraceae Green Horsebrush Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus Asteraceae Long-leaved Hawksbeard Crepis acuminata Asteraceae Gray Hawksbeard Crepis intermedia Asteraceae Green Rabbitbrush Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (ssp. ?) Asteraceae Bloomer's Daisy Erigeron bloomeri v. bloomeri Asteraceae Cutleaf Daisy Erigeron compositus v. discoidea Asteraceae Eaton's Shaggy Fleabane Erigeron eatonii v. villosus Asteraceae Subalpine Daisy Erigeron glacialis Asteraceae Woolly Sunflower Eriophyllum lanatum v. integrifolium Asteraceae Rabbitbrush Goldenweed Ericameria bloomeri? Asteraceae Greene's Goldenweed Ericameria greenii Asteraceae White-flowered Hawkweed Hieracium albiflorum? Asteraceae Scouler's
    [Show full text]
  • F.3 References for Appendix F
    F-1 APPENDIX F: ECOREGIONS OF THE 11 WESTERN STATES AND DISTRIBUTION BY ECOREGION OF WIND ENERGY RESOURCES ON BLM-ADMINISTERED LANDS WITHIN EACH STATE F-2 F-3 APPENDIX F: ECOREGIONS OF THE 11 WESTERN STATES AND DISTRIBUTION BY ECOREGION OF WIND ENERGY RESOURCES ON BLM-ADMINISTERED LANDS WITHIN EACH STATE F.1 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ECOREGIONS Ecoregions delineate areas that have a general similarity in their ecosystems and in the types, qualities, and quantities of their environmental resources. They are based on unique combinations of geology, physiography, vegetation, climate, soils, land use, wildlife, and hydrology (EPA 2004). Ecoregions are defined as areas having relative homogeneity in their ecological systems and their components. Factors associated with spatial differences in the quality and quantity of ecosystem components (including soils, vegetation, climate, geology, and physiography) are relatively homogeneous within an ecoregion. A number of individuals and organizations have characterized North America on the basis of ecoregions (e.g., Omernik 1987; CEC 1997; Bailey 1997). The intent of such ecoregion classifications has been to provide a spatial framework for the research, assessment, management, and monitoring of ecosystems and ecosystem components. The ecoregion discussions presented in this programmatic environmental impact statement (PEIS) follow the Level III ecoregion classification based on Omernik (1987) and refined through collaborations among U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regional offices, state resource management agencies, and other federal agencies (EPA 2004). The following sections provide brief descriptions of each of the Level III ecoregions that have been identified for the 11 western states in which potential wind energy development may occur on BLM-administered lands.
    [Show full text]
  • Cercocarpus Montanus Cercocarpus Montanus ‘USU-CEMO-001’ ‘USU-CEMO- Was Collected As a Suspected Dwarf Plant in TM Moffat County, CO, on 20 June 2014
    HORTSCIENCE 55(11):1871–1875. 2020. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI15343-20 Origin Cercocarpus montanus Cercocarpus montanus ‘USU-CEMO-001’ ‘USU-CEMO- was collected as a suspected dwarf plant in TM Moffat County, CO, on 20 June 2014. This 001’: A New Sego Supreme Plant unique, procumbent specimen was discovered laying over a rock on a windy ridge at an Asmita Paudel, Youping Sun, and Larry A. Rupp elevation of 2708 m (Fig. 2A). The appearance Center for Water Efficient Landscaping, Department of Plants, Soils, and looked different from the typical C. montanus Climate, Utah State University, 4820 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322 nearby (Fig. 2B). The leaves are smaller and narrower with less serrations compared with Richard Anderson the typical plants (Fig. 2C). Healthy cuttings USU Botanical Center, 725 Sego Lily Drive, Kaysville, UT 84037 were collected, wrapped in moist newspapers and placed on ice until transferred to a cooler at Additional index words. alder-leaf mountain mahogany, cutting propagation, landscape plant, 4 °C. On 21 June, the terminal cuttings were native plant, true mountain mahogany rinsed in 1% ZeroTol (27.1% hydrogen diox- ide, 2.0% peroxyacetic acid, 70.9% inert in- gredient; BioSafe Systems, Hartford, CT), Sego SupremeTM is a plant introduction mose style with elongated achenes wounded by scraping 1 cm of bark from the program developed by the Utah State Uni- (Fig. 1B) (Shaw et al., 2004). It possesses base of the cutting on one side, treated with versity (USU) Botanical Center (Anderson an extensive root system and adapts to 2000 mg·L–1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)/1000 et al., 2014) to introduce native and adaptable medium to coarse textured soil.
    [Show full text]
  • Download The
    SYSTEMATICA OF ARNICA, SUBGENUS AUSTROMONTANA AND A NEW SUBGENUS, CALARNICA (ASTERACEAE:SENECIONEAE) by GERALD BANE STRALEY B.Sc, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 1968 M.Sc, Ohio University, 1974 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Botany) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA March 1980 © Gerald Bane Straley, 1980 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department nf Botany The University of British Columbia 2075 Wesbrook Place Vancouver, Canada V6T 1W5 26 March 1980 ABSTRACT Seven species are recognized in Arnica subgenus Austromontana and two species in a new subgenus Calarnica based on a critical review and conserva• tive revision of the species. Chromosome numbers are given for 91 populations representing all species, including the first reports for Arnica nevadensis. Results of apomixis, vegetative reproduction, breeding studies, and artifi• cial hybridizations are given. Interrelationships of insect pollinators, leaf miners, achene feeders, and floret feeders are presented. Arnica cordifolia, the ancestral species consists largely of tetraploid populations, which are either autonomous or pseudogamous apomicts, and to a lesser degree diploid, triploid, pentaploid, and hexaploid populations.
    [Show full text]
  • Selected Wildflowers of the Modoc National Forest Selected Wildflowers of the Modoc National Forest
    United States Department of Agriculture Selected Wildflowers Forest Service of the Modoc National Forest An introduction to the flora of the Modoc Plateau U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region i Cover image: Spotted Mission-Bells (Fritillaria atropurpurea) ii Selected Wildflowers of the Modoc National Forest Selected Wildflowers of the Modoc National Forest Modoc National Forest, Pacific Southwest Region U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region iii Introduction Dear Visitor, e in the Modoc National Forest Botany program thank you for your interest in Wour local flora. This booklet was prepared with funds from the Forest Service Celebrating Wildflowers program, whose goals are to serve our nation by introducing the American public to the aesthetic, recreational, biological, ecological, medicinal, and economic values of our native botanical resources. By becoming more thoroughly acquainted with local plants and their multiple values, we hope to consequently in- crease awareness and understanding of the Forest Service’s management undertakings regarding plants, including our rare plant conservation programs, invasive plant man- agement programs, native plant materials programs, and botanical research initiatives. This booklet is a trial booklet whose purpose, as part of the Celebrating Wildflowers program (as above explained), is to increase awareness of local plants. The Modoc NF Botany program earnestly welcomes your feedback; whether you found the book help- ful or not, if there were too many plants represented or too few, if the information was useful to you or if there is more useful information that could be added, or any other comments or concerns. Thank you. Forest J. R. Gauna Asst.
    [Show full text]