The Spread of Mosquito-Borne Diseases: a Major and Global Public Health Problem Anubis Vega, Bernard Okeh
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Culicidés Et Arbovirus De Centrafrique
THÈSE présentée à l'UNIVERSITE DE PARIS SUD CENTRE D'ORSAY pour obtenir le titre de DOCTEUR D'UNIVERSITE par Bernard GEOFFROY CULICID~S ET ARBOVIRUS DE CENTRAFRIQUE Soutenue le 6 janvier 1982 devant la Commission d'Examen: Messieurs J. BERGERARD Président J. MOUCHET Y. GILLON Examinateurs M. GERMAIN J. COZ O.R.S.T.O.M. - PARIS - 1982 THE SE présentée A L'UNIVERSITE DE PARIS SUD CENTRE D'ORSAY pour obtenir Le titre de DOCTEUR D'UNIVERSITE par BERNARD GEOFFROY CULICIDES ET ARBOVIRUS DE CENTRAFRIQUE Soutenue le: 6 j anvier 1982 devant la Commission d' examen ~lessieurs BERGERARD J. Président MOUCHET J. GILLON • Y. Examinateurs GEFJvIAIN 1\1. • •••••••••••• COZ J. O.R.S.T.O.M. - PARIS - 1982 CUL ICI DES ET ARB0 Vl RUS DE CENTRAFRl QUE ETUDE BIOÉCOLOGIQUE DES MOUSTIQUES ADULTES DES STATIONS DE LA GOMOKA ET DE BOZO, ET DE LEUR ROLE DANS L'EPIDEMIOLOGIE DES ARBOVIRUS l 1 J ~ j l 1 1j SOM MAI RE page REMERCIEMENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 3 CHAP ITRE 1 . 5 1. GENERALITES SUR LA R.C.A. 7 1 • 1. Cl imatoI0 gi e 7 1. 2. Situation géographique .•...•....••••....• 8 1.3. Hydrographie............................. 8 1.4. Données démographiques .•••.••••••.......• 9 2. PRESENTATION DES ZONES D'ETUDE ..••..•••..•..•• 10 2.1. Climatologie 10 2.2. Phytogéographie 11 i 3. DONNEES RELATIVES AUX PRINCIPAUX POINTS 1 D'OBSERVATIONS ......•..................••..... 15 J 1 3.1. Station de LA GOMOKA .••........•.•.•.•... -15 1 3.2. Station de BOZO . 18 1 CHAPITRE 23 1 II l l'Éçtlli!Qllɧ _ÉI )=1ÉItiQgɧ ..•.....•••.....•.•..... 25 1 1. METHODES DE CAPTURES •.......•.........•.....•. 26 1 1 1 .1. -
Sampling Adults by Animal Bait Catches and by Animal-Baited Traps
Chapter 5 Sampling Adults by Animal Bait Catches and by Animal-Baited Traps The most fundamental method for catching female mosquitoes is to use a suit able bait to attract hungry host-seeking individuals, and human bait catches, sometimes euphemistically called landing counts, have been used for many years to collect anthropophagic species. Variations on the simple direct bait catch have included enclosing human or bait animals in nets, cages or traps which, in theory at least, permit the entrance of mosquitoes but prevent their escape. Other attractants, the most widely used of which are light and carbon dioxide, have also been developed for catching mosquitoes. In some areas, especially in North America, light-traps, with or without carbon dioxide as a supplement, have more or less replaced human and animal baits as a routine sampling method for several species (Chapter 6). However, despite intensive studies on host-seeking behaviour no really effective attractant has been found to replace a natural host, and consequently human bait catches remain the most useful single method of collecting anthropophagic mosquitoes. Moreover, although bait catches are not completely free from sampling bias they are usually more so than most other collecting methods that employ an attractant. They are also easily performed and require no complicated or expensive equipment. HUMAN BAIT CATCHES Attraction to hosts Compounds used by mosquitoes to locate their hosts are known as kairomones, that is substances from the emitters (hosts) are favourable to the receiver (mosquitoes) but not to themselves. Emanations from hosts include heat, water vapour, carbon dioxide and various host odours. -
Communicable Disease Control
LECTURE NOTES For Nursing Students Communicable Disease Control Mulugeta Alemayehu Hawassa University In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2004 Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00. Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education. Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication. ©2004 by Mulugeta Alemayehu All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors. This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or students and faculty in a health care field. Communicable Disease Control Preface This lecture note was written because there is currently no uniformity in the syllabus and, for this course additionally, available textbooks and reference materials for health students are scarce at this level and the depth of coverage in the area of communicable diseases and control in the higher learning health institutions in Ethiopia. -
Why Aedes Aegypti?
Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 98(6), 2018, pp. 1563–1565 doi:10.4269/ajtmh.17-0866 Copyright © 2018 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Perspective Piece Mosquito-Borne Human Viral Diseases: Why Aedes aegypti? Jeffrey R. Powell* Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut Abstract. Although numerous viruses are transmitted by mosquitoes, four have caused the most human suffering over the centuries and continuing today. These are the viruses causing yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya, and Zika fevers. Africa is clearly the ancestral home of yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika viruses and likely the dengue virus. Several species of mosquitoes, primarily in the genus Aedes, have been transmitting these viruses and their direct ancestors among African primates for millennia allowing for coadaptation among viruses, mosquitoes, and primates. One African primate (humans) and one African Aedes mosquito (Aedes aegypti) have escaped Africa and spread around the world. Thus it is not surprising that this native African mosquito is the most efficient vector of these native African viruses to this native African primate. This makes it likely that when the next disease-causing virus comes out of Africa, Ae. aegypti will be the major vector to humans. Mosquito-borne viruses (arboviruses) have been afflicting The timeline for the spread of Ae. aegypti is reasonably clear humans for millennia and continue to cause immeasurable and is consistent with epidemiologic records. Beginning in the suffering. While not the only mosquito-borne viruses, the fol- sixteenth century, European ships to the New World stopped lowing four have been the most widespread and notorious in in West Africa to pick up native Africans for the slave trade8 terms of severity of diseases and number of humans affected: and very likely picked up Ae. -
Globalization and Infectious Diseases: a Review of the Linkages
TDR/STR/SEB/ST/04.2 SPECIAL TOPICS NO.3 Globalization and infectious diseases: A review of the linkages Social, Economic and Behavioural (SEB) Research UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research & Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) The "Special Topics in Social, Economic and Behavioural (SEB) Research" series are peer-reviewed publications commissioned by the TDR Steering Committee for Social, Economic and Behavioural Research. For further information please contact: Dr Johannes Sommerfeld Manager Steering Committee for Social, Economic and Behavioural Research (SEB) UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) World Health Organization 20, Avenue Appia CH-1211 Geneva 27 Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] TDR/STR/SEB/ST/04.2 Globalization and infectious diseases: A review of the linkages Lance Saker,1 MSc MRCP Kelley Lee,1 MPA, MA, D.Phil. Barbara Cannito,1 MSc Anna Gilmore,2 MBBS, DTM&H, MSc, MFPHM Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum,1 D.Phil. 1 Centre on Global Change and Health London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK 2 European Centre on Health of Societies in Transition (ECOHOST) London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK TDR/STR/SEB/ST/04.2 Copyright © World Health Organization on behalf of the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases 2004 All rights reserved. The use of content from this health information product for all non-commercial education, training and information purposes is encouraged, including translation, quotation and reproduction, in any medium, but the content must not be changed and full acknowledgement of the source must be clearly stated. -
Data-Driven Identification of Potential Zika Virus Vectors Michelle V Evans1,2*, Tad a Dallas1,3, Barbara a Han4, Courtney C Murdock1,2,5,6,7,8, John M Drake1,2,8
RESEARCH ARTICLE Data-driven identification of potential Zika virus vectors Michelle V Evans1,2*, Tad A Dallas1,3, Barbara A Han4, Courtney C Murdock1,2,5,6,7,8, John M Drake1,2,8 1Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 2Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 3Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California-Davis, Davis, United States; 4Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, United States; 5Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 6Center for Tropical Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 7Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 8River Basin Center, University of Georgia, Athens, United States Abstract Zika is an emerging virus whose rapid spread is of great public health concern. Knowledge about transmission remains incomplete, especially concerning potential transmission in geographic areas in which it has not yet been introduced. To identify unknown vectors of Zika, we developed a data-driven model linking vector species and the Zika virus via vector-virus trait combinations that confer a propensity toward associations in an ecological network connecting flaviviruses and their mosquito vectors. Our model predicts that thirty-five species may be able to transmit the virus, seven of which are found in the continental United States, including Culex quinquefasciatus and Cx. pipiens. We suggest that empirical studies prioritize these species to confirm predictions of vector competence, enabling the correct identification of populations at risk for transmission within the United States. *For correspondence: mvevans@ DOI: 10.7554/eLife.22053.001 uga.edu Competing interests: The authors declare that no competing interests exist. -
Zika Virus Infection
SAS Journal of Medicine ISSN 2454-5112 SAS J. Med., Volume-3; Issue-7 (Jul, 2017); p-186-193 Available online at http://sassociety.com/sasjm/ Review Article Zika Virus Infection: No Longer a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, an Update and Future Trend Mubano Olivier Clément* School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China *Corresponding author Mubano Olivier clément Email: [email protected] Abstract: Zika virus (ZIKV), a flavivirus known since 1947 and spread by Aedes mosquitoes is an arbovirus responsible of ZIKV infections with normally mild clinical symptoms. It’s only since its outbreak in Brazil from when it is considered as serious problem with public health emergency and international concern; thus it appears to be associated with congenital microcephaly accompanied by grave outcomes. Fortunately, at the end of 2016 the ZIKV epidemic starts to decline, resulting in the end of World Health Organization’s zika virus consideration as a problem of public health emergency. Here, we reviewed the transmission, clinical essentials and prevention of ZIKV infection by highlighting the reason behind of zika decreasing, but also the future perspective regarding vaccine and therapy against this virus. Keywords: zika virus, aedes aegypti, World Health Organization, microcephaly, prevention. INTRODUCTION cells near the site of inoculation then spread to lymph Recently since 2015 there has been a prompt nodes and the bloodstream [5]. Although flaviviral and a quick emergence of ZIKV in different part of the replication is thought to occur in cellular cytoplasm, World especially in Americas. This outbreak has one study suggested that ZIKV antigens could be found pushed the World Health Organization (WHO) to in infected cell nuclei [6]. -
Vector Control
Residential Good Housekeeping 1. Objective: The objective of the following site housekeeping practices is to reduce impacts from stormwater runoff by developing and using good housekeeping practices. Everyday activities such as driving to work, gardening or washing your car affect the quality of water in local creeks and the San Francisco Bay. Water from garden hoses, sprinklers and rainfall washes materials into gutters and storm drains. Chemicals such as motor oil, paint products, pet waste and pesticides flow from yards, parking lots and streets, sending contaminated water, or urban runoff, untreated into local creeks, groundwater and the San Francisco Bay, where it harms fish and other wildlife. It is estimated that 50% to 80% of all pollutants entering the San Francisco Bay are discharged from storm drain systems. PLEASE NOTE: If you see someone pouring auto fluids or any other substance into the storm drain, call 911. Pouring substances into the storm drain is against the law. 2. Automotive Housekeeping 2.1 Do not store automotive parts, fluids, batteries or chemicals outside. These items should be stored in an area not exposed to the weather. 2.2 Check driveway and garage surfaces daily for leaks, spills and litter. Clean up spills with a broom, not a hose. Use absorbents to soak up spills (i.e. cat litter, sawdust, or cornmeal), as needed, then sweep up absorbents after use. 2.3 Check for vehicle leaks. Use a drip pan until repair is complete. 2.4 Consider washing vehicles at a commercial car wash or on a pervious area (landscape, gravel, etc. -
An Overview of Mosquito Vectors of Zika Virus
Microbes and Infection xxx (2018) 1e15 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Microbes and Infection journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/micinf An overview of mosquito vectors of Zika virus Sebastien Boyer a, Elodie Calvez b, Thais Chouin-Carneiro c, Diawo Diallo d, * Anna-Bella Failloux e, a Institut Pasteur of Cambodia, Unit of Medical Entomology, Phnom Penh, Cambodia b Institut Pasteur of New Caledonia, URE Dengue and Other Arboviruses, Noumea, New Caledonia c Instituto Oswaldo Cruz e Fiocruz, Laboratorio de Transmissores de Hematozoarios, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil d Institut Pasteur of Dakar, Unit of Medical Entomology, Dakar, Senegal e Institut Pasteur, URE Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Paris, France article info abstract Article history: The mosquito-borne arbovirus Zika virus (ZIKV, Flavivirus, Flaviviridae), has caused an outbreak Received 6 December 2017 impressive by its magnitude and rapid spread. First detected in Uganda in Africa in 1947, from where it Accepted 15 January 2018 spread to Asia in the 1960s, it emerged in 2007 on the Yap Island in Micronesia and hit most islands in Available online xxx the Pacific region in 2013. Subsequently, ZIKV was detected in the Caribbean, and Central and South America in 2015, and reached North America in 2016. Although ZIKV infections are in general asymp- Keywords: tomatic or causing mild self-limiting illness, severe symptoms have been described including neuro- Arbovirus logical disorders and microcephaly in newborns. To face such an alarming health situation, WHO has Mosquito vectors Aedes aegypti declared Zika as an emerging global health threat. This review summarizes the literature on the main fi Vector competence vectors of ZIKV (sylvatic and urban) across all the ve continents with special focus on vector compe- tence studies. -
A National Public Health Framework for the Prevention and Control of Vector-Borne Diseases in Humans
A National Public Health Framework for the Prevention and Control of Vector-Borne Diseases in Humans WWW.CDC.GOV/VECTOR 1 Amblyomma maculatum Publication and Copyright Information Centers for Disease Control and Prevention A National Public Health Framework for the Prevention and Control of Vector-Borne Diseases in Humans Atlanta, Georgia: September 2020 www.cdc.gov/vector Media inquiries: 404-639-3286 (9:00 am–6:00 pm ET); [email protected] Acknowledgement: Layout and graphics provided by CDC’s Creative Services. Cover Clockwise from top right: • Blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis), James Gathany photographer • Aedes aegypti mosquito, James Gathany photographer • Illustration of the United States • Oriental rat flea Xenopsylla( cheopsis), James Gathany photographer Accessible Version: www.cdc.gov/ncezid/dvbd/framework.html 2 A NATIONAL PUBLIC HEALTH FRAMEWORK FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES IN HUMANS Introduction and Scope Our nation’s ability to defend against the present the U.S. population from these diseases, five federal and future threat of vector-borne diseases relies on a departments and the Environmental Protection Agency comprehensive national system that is able to detect, contributed to developing a national framework for vector- prevent, and respond to these threats. A concerted borne disease prevention and control. These federal and sustained effort is needed to address significant partners represent the primary federal departments and challenges and reverse the upward trends in illness, agencies engaged -
Northwest Mosquito and Vector Control District 1966 Compton Avenue, Corona, California 92881 951-340-9792
Northwest Mosquito and Vector Control District 1966 Compton Avenue, Corona, California 92881 951-340-9792 www.northwestmvcd.org Zika Fact Sheet What is Zika? Zika is an infectious disease caused by the Zika virus, which is transmitted to people by Aedes mosquitoes. Symptoms of Zika typically include fever, rash, joint pain, and/or red eyes. Where does Zika occur? Zika occurs in many tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world, particularly in Africa, Southeast Asia, and islands in the Pacific Ocean. Recent outbreaks have occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean. How do people get Zika? Zika virus is transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes (also known as yellow fever mosquitoes) and by Aedes albopictus mosquitoes (also known as Asian tiger mosquitoes). These mosquitoes are not native to California. However, since 2011 they have been detected in several California counties. An Aedes mosquito can only transmit Zika virus after it bites a person who has this virus in their blood. Thus far in California, Zika virus infections have been documented only in a few people who were infected while travelling outside the United States. A person with Zika is not contagious. Zika is not spread through casual contact such as touching or kissing a person with the virus, or by breathing in the virus. However, according to the CDC, two cases of sexually transmitted Zika virus may have occurred. Caution should be exercised to avoid Zika. Is the Aedes aegypti mosquito present in Riverside County? Yes, the Aedes aegypti mosquito has been recently found in Riverside County in an extremely small area. -
Environmental Factors: Vector Borne Diseases
Environmental Factors: Vector Borne Diseases Dr. P. V. M. Lakshmi Additional Professor (Epidemiology) School of Public Health PGIMER, Chandigarh Outline or Presentation • Basic definitions • Burden of Vector Borne Diseases (VBDs) • Epidemiological triad • Environmental factors related to VBDs • Climate change What is environment? • All that is external to the individual human host • Environment provides the food people eat, the water they drink, the air they breathe, the energy they command, the plague and pests they combat and the mountain, seas, lakes, streams, plants and animals that they enjoy and depend upon • Physical, biological, social, cultural and other dimensions of the environment commonly interact and influence the health status of individuals and populations (Definition: Dictionary of Epidemiology, IEA) Vector • An insect or any living carrier that transports an infectious agent from an infected individual or its wastes to an susceptible individual • The organism may or may not pass developmental cycle within the vector Vector Borne Diseases • Human illnesses caused by parasites, viruses and bacteria that are transmitted by mosquitoes, sandflies, triatomine bugs, blackflies, ticks, tsetse flies, mites, snails and lice Vector borne diseases • Mosquitoes • Aedes: Chikungunya, Dengue fever, Rift Valley fever, Yellow fever, Zika • Anopheles: Malaria, Lymphatic filariasis • Culex: Japanese encephalitis, Lymphatic filariasis, West Nile fever • Sandflies: • Leishmaniasis, Sandfly fever (phelebotomus fever) Vector borne Diseases…