www.sanctumenglish.in 25th December Parajumble – SE432 A. “Papa, will Santa come this year also?” asked Cloze Test – The Hindu my younger son, a four-year-old nursery student, with a twinkle in his eyes. On December 21 and 22 at a function held in Kumbakonam, in Tamil Nadu, Maryna B. He said, “What toy would Santa bring me?” Viazovska, Ukrainian mathematician who is currently based at Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, was ______(1)______the C. “You bet,” I said. “And for my brother?” he SASTRA Ramanujan Award. She was given the asked. “Yes, for him too!” I replied. award for having solved the problem of what is the densest possible way ______(2)______of D. “I’m sure, he will,” I replied, which brought a spheres in eight and 24 dimensions. The huge smile on his face and prompted him to problem is centuries old and Prof. Viazovska’s ask the next question, “Will he bring me proof involved ______(3)______use of the so- called modular forms – one of Srinivasa chocolate as well?” Ramanujan’s favourite topics. The prize is given annually to mathematicians ______(4)______32 E. He then asked me a question that stumped who have made a remarkable contribution to me. mathematics in areas related to Ramanujan’s work and ideas. Other mathematicians who ______(5)______given this award have gone on to win awards like the Fields Medal and the Cole Basic Fillers prize. 31. You ought to be ______yourself for being so 1. (a) awarded (b) given rude to old Mrs. Green. (c) presented (d) declared A) sorry for B) unhappy about 2. (a) of stacking (b) to stack C) ashamed of D) repenting for (c) to have stacked (d) to be stacked E) unfriendly to 3. (a) ingenious (b) ingenuous (c) indigenous (d) pompous 32. Just as the violinist began to play, one of the 4. (a) below (b) beneath ______on his violin broke. (c) under (d) over A) cords B) tapes C) strings 5. (a) has given (b) has been given D) wires E) chords (c) have been given (b) having been given 33. The little girl woke up screaming because she had had a ______. A) daydream B) nightmare C) fantasy Word of the Day… D) vision E) reverie

34. Have you any ______where you left your car keys? A) knowledge B) information C) notion D) idea E) thought

35. The magistrate ______the parents for not exercising proper control over the delinquent boy. A) blamed B) faulted C) judged D) accused E) exposed

36. I’d like to ______the holiday arrangements once more before we leave tomorrow. A) go for B) go over C) go round D) go about E) go by

www.facebook.com/sanctumenglish 9982019963 Gopal pura, Jaipur www.sanctumenglish.in 37. Mr. Brown always ______his letters to his Idioms – Theory secretary as soon as he has opened his post. A) answers B) writes C) copies D) dictates E) replies 1. 38. He made a note of the appointment in his Grey matter ______. A person’s intelligence A) journal B) diary C) ledger It’s an entertaining film but it doesn’t exactly D) register E) directory stimulate the old grey matter. 39. How ______is your house from the station? 2. A) long B) distant C) near The Grim Reaper D) far E) close Death 40. I have got to get up early tomorrow so I must When the Grim Reaper comes for you, remember to ______my alarm clock. there’s no escaping. A) time B) set C) fix 3. D) turn E) point A grin like Cheshire cat A very wide smile I just presumed he’d got the job because he walked in here with a grin like a Cheshire cat. Grammar Exercise 4. Infinitive – Gerund – Participle - Grit your teeth Causative To be determined to continue to do sth difficult 16. They were expected _____ back by eleven. It started to rain harder, but we gritted our A) being B) been C) have been D) to be teeth and carried on. 5. 17. We’ll get Robert _____ it. Give ground A) delivers B) delivering C) to deliver D) deliver To retreat or lose one’s advantage The dispute is set to continue for some time 18. Let’s not waste time _____ about this. as neither side seems willing to give ground. A) argue B) arguing C) having argued D) to have argued

19. I went to the airport _____ to meet her, but she didn’t arrive. A) to have expected B) expecting C) to expect D) to be expected

20. _____ that I would be late for school,I took a taxi instead of a bus. A) Thinking B) Thought C) Answers: To think D) To be thinking Cloze Test - AAACC Parajumble – ADCEB Basic Fillers - 31-C 32-C 33-B 34-D 35-A 36-B 37-D 38-B 39-D 40-B Grammar exercise -16-D 17-C 18-B 19-B 20-A

www.facebook.com/sanctumenglish 9982019963 Gopal pura, Jaipur www.sanctumenglish.in Best year ever: on Indian are on the same page; so is Rahul Dravid, who has played a significant developmental role with cricket’s exceptional 2017 the junior and ‘A’ sides. If there is a sobering The Indian men’s cricket team had an thought in these heady times, it is that the new exceptional 2017 — statistically, its best year year will bring stiffer challenges. A lot of 2017 ever. Across formats, only the all-conquering was at home; but 10 Tests in 2018 will be played Australians of 2003, with 38 wins from 47 in South Africa, England, and Australia, tours games, managed more victories than India’s 37 that stress-test every fissure and fault line. India in 53 matches this year. Virat Kohli’s side didn’t will not be afforded too many mistakes. Kohli’s merely consolidate its hold on the No. 1 spot in men have, however, given the team’s fans reason Tests; it also routinely bullied the opposition in to dream. the shorter forms of the game. The lone blip Daily Vocab The Hindu Editorial – 25th Dec came in the Champions Trophy in England, Best year ever: on Indian cricket’s where India unravelled against a feisty Pakistan. exceptional 2017 But few will complain when a runner-up finish in a global tournament is the year’s biggest Bully – to use power to frighten people ध स failure. That match apart, an inevitability दखाना seemed to accompany India’s success: whether Blip – a temporary problem सम या it was a Test, a One-Day International or a Twenty20, the team took the field noticeably Unravel – to start to fail असफल होना stronger than its adversary, and calmly, Adversary – opponent वरोधी ruthlessly, set about proving it. It is often said Glowering – stare ु ि ट that a side fashions itself in its captain’s image. Discordant – not in agreement वपर त There were certainly moments during the year when India played with the glowering intensity Derail – to leave the track पटर से उतरना Kohli is famous for. Ajinkya Rahane and Rohit Fertile – that produces good results उपजाऊ Sharma stepped successfully into the breach Thrust – to push ध का देना when Kohli was absent; and both brought to the Smitten – suddenly feeling that you are in love job the subtle impress of their personality. with sb ेम म पागल Besides, the side has leaders all around the On the same page – agree सहमत होना pitch. The few times India was threatened in 2017 — and only Australia during the Tests Fissure – a long deep crack दरार early in the year did it more than once — it invariably found a hero. 1. What was the effect of Kumble’s removal as The one discordant note in an otherwise team coach? harmonious 12 months was the controversy over 2. Writer has provided only one instance of Team India’s failure in this year? List. Anil Kumble’s exit as coach. The episode should 3. What are the future challenges for the team? have been handled better, but it is encouraging 4. What is the reason given for Hardik & that it did not derail the team. Indeed, the Kuldeep’s Success in the passage? overall system looks robust and fertile — rare 5. Which team has created problems for India plants such as the quick-bowling all-rounder in 2017 And How did team tackle that? (Hardik Pandya) and the left-arm wrist-spinner (Kuldeep Yadav) don’t take root and flourish otherwise. Nor do specialist Test batsmen such as M. Vijay and Cheteshwar Pujara or pure glovemen such as Wriddhiman Saha. The thrust towards empowering bowlers, vital in a country smitten by batsmen, has not weakened. Clearly, the selectors and the team management — both in Kumble’s time and now under Ravi Shastri — www.facebook.com/sanctumenglish 9982019963 Gopal pura, Jaipur www.sanctumenglish.in The first bank established by the British in India was Bank of Hindostan in 1770 in Calcutta What’s in a name? Ask banks. (though later research suggests they formed banks even earlier). The name makes it clear - Mint on Sunday, 23 Dec 2017 that the bank was of Hindostan, or India; location-based naming was a convention I recently came across an article which said followed by many early British banks (the Bank Lucknow Bank of Montreal celebrates its 200th of England, for instance). As the British anniversary. For a moment I thought there was conquered one princely kingdoms after another, a bank in Lucknow by the name which may have this convention spread across the country. started there and then moved elsewhere. Digging a bit deeper, I discovered that the reference was After Bank of Hindostan, Warren Hastings, then to Bank of Montreal branch in Lucknow— the governor of Bengal, established General Lucknow, Ontario, that is. (The Canadian town's Bank of Bengal and Bihar (1773), followed by name, it seems, was inspired by the 1857 Bengal Bank (1790, Calcutta), General Bank of mutiny.) India (1790, Calcutta) and Carnatic Bank (1791, Madras Presidency). William Shakespeare famously wrote in Romeo and Juliet, “What's in a name? That which we In the beginning of 19th century came the call a rose by any other name would smell as presidency banks, which were duly named Bank sweet.” Not really. Names do matter and we need of Bengal (though it was first called Bank of to look at history of bank names to understand Calcutta in 1806, and renamed in 1809), Bank their importance. of Bombay (1840) and Bank of Madras (1863). These banks were mainly required to work The historian Charles Kindleberger in a 1974 within their presidency regions of the British paper made the following observation: “The Empire's territories in India. affinity of finance and locations is underlined by the fact that so many banks have places rather C.N. Cooke in his 1863 book The Rise, Progress than functions (Merchants, Farmers, etc.) in and Present Condition of Banking in India lists their names. (Private banks, where confidence is several Indian banks which were established by all-important, are named for people).” the 1860s. We begin to see some names based on bank functions, such as The Commercial Take Bank of Montreal, for instance—the name Bank in Calcutta. Most, though, were still emphasizes the place of origin, an aspect of the named after places like Calcutta, Mirzapore, bank that the founders perhaps wanted to Cawnpore and Delhi. This period also saw stress. And in some private banks like, say, names such as North Western Bank of India JPMorgan or Rothschild, the names of their (Mussorie) and Union Bank (Calcutta)—similar promoters signalled in a way the quality of the names crop up throughout India's banking bank. history.

The history of banking in India suggests how the After the mid-1860s, banking activity came to a names of banks have not just changed over the halt after most banks collapsed due to either decades, but also responded to socio-political financial shocks or imprudent banking forces in the country. Let us try and unravel this practices. The period 1861-65 saw high levels of history. speculative activity in banking, especially in Bombay. This stemmed the American Civil War, India had an established banking culture long which led to huge demand for Indian cotton, before the British bought their own style of which in turn necessitated finances for the commercial banking here. Indigenous banks and cotton industry—and banks sprang forward to moneylenders dotted the country. The banks, provide these funds. like the private banks in Kindleberger's classification, were named after people—the In the early 1860s, a total of 25 banks came up Seths, the Chettiars, the Rastogis and so on. in Bombay (including the presidency bank), all These bankers served several kingdoms and of which ceased to exist in 1865 after the end of relied heavily on their reputational capital. Civil War. What is interesting is that out of these 25 banks, 10 had Bombay in the name. This was because the cotton boom was mainly based www.facebook.com/sanctumenglish 9982019963 Gopal pura, Jaipur www.sanctumenglish.in in Bombay and bankers were trying to signal Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth, pops up in a their connections with the port city—Bombay number of names: Dhanalakshmi Bank (Trichur, City Bank, Alliance Bank of Bombay, Bombay now Thrissur), Lakshmi Vilas Bank (Karur), Warrant Banking Co. and so on. (For a complete Laxmi Bank (Ankola), Jaya Laxmi Bank list, check D.E. Wacha's A Financial Chapter in (Mangalore, now Mangaluru), etc. Other gods the History of Bombay City.) found Ganesha found favour among the bankers too: Ganesh Bank of Kurundwad and Lord After 1865, only a few banks were established. Krishna Bank are prime examples. John Maynard Keynes in his 1913 book Indian Currency and Finance lists a few of these, all The Christian community, particularly in Kerala named after locations: the Alliance Bank of opened its own set of banks, with names like Simla, the Oudh Commercial Bank (the first Catholic Syrian Bank, Catholic Bank of India, bank founded by Indian promoters), the Punjab Catholic Oriental Bank and so on. Banking Company and Punjab National Bank. Out of these, remarkably enough, Allahabad Muslims, though, did not venture into banking Bank and Punjab National Bank have survived as Islam prohibits usury. This eventually led to this day. Mohammed Ali Jinnah to request the prominent Habib family of Bombay to establish a bank; One could say that after Punjab National Bank, they duly complied and set up Habib Bank in most Indian banks were either driven by 1942, and after Partition, this bank was shifted promoters who were Indian nationalists and to Karachi. gave it a name signalling their intent. The Swadeshi movement had begun to take shape in Apart from these, several princely states opened the 1880s (according to a 2007 book by their own banks—54, according to an Dwijendra Tripathi and Jyoti Jumani) and this "incomplete count", says the Reserve Bank of only intensified after the partition of Bengal in India. The names were largely self-explanatory— 1905, with the appearance of several "swadeshi" Bank of Baroda, Bank of Mysore, Travancore banks. Bank of India (in Bombay; this was the Bank, Bank of Bhopal, Hyderabad State Bank. third bank by the same name, but this is the Out of these 54 princely state banks, seven were one that succeeded), Canara Bank, Indian Bank converted into associate banks of State Bank of and Central Bank of India are among those still India and four remained as private banks— running. Krishnaram Baldeo Bank (Gwalior), Benaras State Bank, Miraj State Bank and Jammu and As can be seen, quite a few of the swadeshi Kashmir Bank. banks attached "India" to their names. Over time, the use of the word "national" began to There were some interesting changes in names pick up. Examples: Cochin National Bank, as well. Nadar Bank, set up in Tuticorin in 1921 Coimbatore National Bank, National Bank of with a focus on the Nadar community, changed Sialkot (before Partition). So much so that in the its name to Tamilnad Mercantile Bank in 1962 period 1946-48, five new banks came up with in a bid to broaden its appeal. South India Bank, "national" in the name, compared to three using also in Tamil Nadu (Tirunelveli, to be precise), "India" and one using "Hind". The founders of a changed its name to Bank of Tamilnad, helping bank from Quilon (Kollam today) in Kerala even differentiate itself from South Indian Bank of decided to name it Independent Bank in 1947. Thrissur. (Of course, the new name is no less confusing, given the existence of Tamilnad Alongside this build-up of nationalism in bank Mercantile Bank.) names, we also begin to see banks being named after gods/communities. Quite a few banks By 1969, at the time of bank nationalization, started out with "Hindu Permanent Fund" in quite a few of the banks mentioned had been their names, as in Canara Hindu Permanent shut down. We had 72 banks, of which 25 had Fund (Canara Bank now). Additionally, a the preposition "of" in the name. Only 11 banks number of banks were named after local had "India" in their names, of which seven were temples, such as Coimbatore Sri nationalized banks; two banks had the in their Kannikaparameswari Bank and names "national", of which one was state-owned; Srinivasaperumal Bank (both in Coimbatore). and another two had "Hindustan", and both were private banks.

www.facebook.com/sanctumenglish 9982019963 Gopal pura, Jaipur www.sanctumenglish.in In 1994, when new banks were licensed, there banks were earlier microfinance lenders, and the was a sea change in names. It was nearly 50 names were chosen so that they would express years since Independence and banks did not feel optimism. it necessary to rely any longer on nationalistic sentiment or attachment to specific locations. As for the 11 payments banks, most are owned Regional affiliations did not make sense any by large corporate houses such as the Aditya more as most of these banks were Birla Group, Bharti Airtel, Cholamandalam, headquartered in Mumbai. Vodafone, Reliance, Sun Pharmaceuticals and so on, and as such carry their names. Since the Some of the new banks derived their names from very concept of payments banks is brand new the existing financial firms that sponsored them: (they only accept deposits and facilitate UTI Bank (now Axis Bank), ICICI Bank, HDFC payments, and are not allowed to issue loans), Bank etc. These financial institutions had this is clearly another instance of the owners gained credibility in their operations, and the relying on their established names to generate a attachment of their names to the banks they set sense of trustworthiness. up was an exercise in making use of their brands. And then of course, there were names All in all, I think we can confidently say that like IndusInd Bank, Global Trust Bank (which names do matter—in banking, at least. eventually betrayed its customers' trust) and Centurion Bank. “When life gives you two Then, in 2003 and 2005, two new commercial choices, don’t go for the easy banks were licensed—namely Kotak Mahindra Bank and Yes Bank. The name of the first was one. Learning grammar is obviously based on two prominent Mumbai- easy but reading is not. based business families—Kotak and Mahindra— taking a leaf from the past. Yes Bank, on the Reading is ‘easier than other hand, said its name signalled that the bank was saying “yes” to providing quality in all you think’; If you are at kinds of banking services. Finally, in 2015, we saw the arrival of Bandhan Bank and IDFC Bank—bandhan meaning "bond" and IDFC being the name of the bank's parent financial Sanctum English” institution.

Apart from the main commercial banks, over the years there have been a number of specialized, often smaller lenders. The first were the local area banks, licensed in 2000—they had to Word of the Day (24 Dec)… attach "Local Area Bank" to their names to differentiate themselves from other banks (examples: Capital Local Area Bank, Coastal Local Area Bank).

Next on the list are the small finance banks and payment banks licensed in 2014. The 10 small finance banks, though they are headquartered at different places, do not carry associate their names with any particular location, with the exception of RGVN (North East) Microfinance Ltd, based in Guwahati. This is surprising change in itself, as earlier the majority of small banks were named after either location or community. The new bunch sport monikers such as Disha (direction), Suryoday (sunrise), Ujjivan (new life) and Utkarsh (prosperity)—this is mainly because most of these small finance www.facebook.com/sanctumenglish 9982019963 Gopal pura, Jaipur