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KHADIJA JOBIM ______Dissertação De Mestrado Natal/RN, Novembro De 2015 KHADIJA JOBIM UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO NORTE CENTRO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM SISTEMÁTICA E EVOLUÇÃO FUNGOS MICORRÍZICOS ARBUSCULARES (GLOMEROMYCOTA) EM DIFERENTES NÍVEIS DE PROFUNDIDADE EM FRAGMENTOS FLORESTAIS, SETE LAGOAS, MG KHADIJA JOBIM ________________________________________________ Dissertação de Mestrado Natal/RN, novembro de 2015 KHADIJA JOBIM FUNGOS MICORRÍZICOS ARBUSCULARES (GLOMEROMYCOTA) EM DIFERENTES NÍVEIS DE PROFUNDIDADE EM FRAGMENTOS FLORESTAIS, SETE LAGOAS, MG Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Sistemática e Evolução da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Sistemática e Evolução. Orientador: Bruno Tomio Goto Co-orientador: Francisco Adriano de Souza NATAL/ RN 2015 Catalogação da Publicação na Fonte. UFRN / Biblioteca Setorial do Centro de Biociências Jobim, Khadija. Fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (Glomeromycota) em diferentes níveis de profundidade em fragmentos florestais, Sete Lagoas, MG. / Khadija Jobim. – Natal, RN, 2015. 147 f.: il. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Bruno Tomio Goto. Co-orientador: Prof. Dr. Francisco Adriano de Souza. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Centro de Biociências. Programa de Pós Graduação em Sistemática e Evolução. 1. Micologia. – Dissertação. 2. Micorriza. – Dissertação. 3. Taxonomia. – Dissertação. 4. Conservação. – Dissertação. I. Goto, Bruno Tomio. II. Souza, Francisco Adriano de. III. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. IV. Título. RN/UF/BSE-CB CDU 582.28 KHADIJA JOBIM FUNGOS MICORRÍZICOS ARBUSCULARES (GLOMEROMYCOTA) EM DIFERENTES NÍVEIS DE PROFUNDIDADE EM FRAGMENTOS FLORESTAIS, SETE LAGOAS, MG Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Sistemática e Evolução da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Sistemática e Evolução. Área de concentração: Sistemática e Evolução. Aprovada em 11/11/2015. BANCA EXAMINADORA: _______________________________________________________________ Dr. Bruno Tomio Goto Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (Orientador) __________________________________________________________________ Dra. Danielle Karla Alves da Silva Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco __________________________________________________________________ Dra. Sandra Farto Botelho Trufem AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço, Ao professor Dr. Bruno Tomio Goto, orientador, por ter me guiado desde os primeiros passos na micorrizologia, quando estudante de iniciação científica, até o período atual do mestrado acadêmico. Ao Dr. Francisco Adriano de Souza, co-orientador, por ter concedido a oportunidade de trabalhar nesse projeto de pesquisa. Aos professores do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemática e Evolução (PPGSE), por toda a oportunidade de aprendizado ofertada, em especial, aos professores Drs. Iuri Goulart Baseia, Bruno Bellini e Fúlvio Aurélio de Morais Freire pelas contribuições realizadas durante a disciplina de Seminários II para o aperfeiçoamento do meu trabalho e ao professor Iuri Goulart Baseia pela oportunidade também de aprender sobre outros grupos de fungos durante a convivência com o seu grupo de pesquisa. À Gisele Silva Marques de Melo, secretária do PPGSE, pela paciência e disponibilidade em ajudar a todos os alunos do programa. Aos colegas do Laboratório de Biologia de Fungos, Ana Clarissa Moura Rodriguez, Bianca Denise Barbosa da Silva, Donis da Silva Alfredo, Julieth de Oliveira Sousa, Luana Mayra Nunes Conrado, Layana Alves de Morais e Rhudson Henrique Santos Ferreira da Cruz, pelo coleguismo e amizade. Aos colegas do Laboratório de Biologia de Micorrizas, Adler Santana de Medeiros, Amanda Barreto Xavier Leite, Aretha Kadichari Dantas Melo, Cibelly Freire de Miranda, Kássia Jéssica Galdino da Silva, Marcus Issler Batista Gomes de Araújo, Stephania Ruth Basílio Silva Gomes e Xochitl Margarito Vista também pelo coleguismo e amizade. À amiga Bruna Iohanna Santos Oliveira, pela parceiria no aprendizado sobre as micorrizas. Aos colegas do Laboratório de Investigação de Matrizes Vegetais Energéticas, Raimunda Adlanny Dias da Silva, Émile Rocha de Lima e Victor Hugo Moura de Souza, pela convivência divertida no laboratório, companhia nos congressos e pela oportunidade de troca de saberes em nossas diferentes áreas de pesquisa. Aos amigos que conheci durante a jornada acadêmica, Allyne do Nascimento Eufrásio Silva, Amanda Cristina Dantas de Souza, Angélica Kaynne da Cunha Moura, Arthur de Souza Soares, Flávia Santos da Silva, Juliana Galvão Bezerra, Karlla Danielle Jorge Amorim, Paulo Fernandes da Costa Neto e Roberta Godoy da Costa Nunes, por todo o apoio que me forneceram desde que nos conhecemos. Aos amigos de longa data, Andrey Miranda Albuquerque de Oliveira, Bráulio Távora Pereira Pong, Elouíse Gabrielly Lima de Lucena, Elder Douglas Jales Pinto, Jeniffer de Souza Rocha, Renato Catarino Pessoa Vieira, Rômulo Alves Fidelis e Thayná Rua Viegas. Parte de mim é o que é hoje, graças ao que tenho aprendido e compartilhado com vocês. Aos meus pais, Vilsineire Braga dos Anjos e Hugo Jobim e à minha avó Joana Bezerra da Silva (in memorian), por acreditarem em mim e me ajudarem sempre. Por terem estado ao meu lado em todas as circunstâncias. À Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), pelo suporte financeiro para o desenvolvimento desse trabalho. E por fim, a todos aquele que contribuíram direta ou indiretamente para a realização deste trabalho. DEDICATÓRIA Aos meus pais, Vilsineire e Hugo, e à minha avó Joana (in memorian), dedico. “Mais importante do que os fatos é como você os descobre e interpreta: a educação no verdadeiro sentido...” - Richard Dawkins, An Appetite for Wonder: The Making of a Scientist RESUMO Fungos Micorrízicos Arbusculares (FMA) são importantes componentes do sistema solo-planta por desempenharem simbiose mutualista com raízes de plantas, promovendo o aumento no crescimento do simbionte vegetal e tolerância a estresses ambientais. Estudos ecológicos sobre a estrutura de comunidades de FMA têm se concentrado geralmente em áreas restritas a zonas superficiais do solo (0 – 20 cm), contudo, alguns estudos têm sugerido que a abundância e diversidade de FMA podem diferir consideravelmente de acordo com a profundidade do solo. Essa constatação é relevante para estudos dedicados à avaliação da diversidade de FMA, sobretudo em áreas impactadas, visto que as práticas prejudiciais do uso do solo tendem ao empobrecimento das espécies. Esse trabalho objetivou avaliar a ocorrência de FMA em diferentes profundidades do solo em fragmentos florestais da Fazenda Experimental Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, uma área de transição entre os biomas Cerrado e Mata Atlântica, situada em Sete Lagoas, MG, a fim de caracterizar a composição e distribuição de espécies de FMA em função da distribuição vertical no solo. Para isso, em janeiro de 2014, foram realizadas coletas de solo em oito fragmentos florestais, com alcance máximo de 230 cm, considerando-se os seguintes intervalos: I: 0 – 20 cm; II: 20 – 40 cm; III: 40 – 60 cm; IV: 60 – 80 cm; V: 80 – 120 cm; VI: 120 – 160 cm e VII: 160 – 230 cm. Parte do solo foi destinada para a implantação de culturas armadilhas para posterior extração e recolhimento de glomerosporos de FMA e parte foi destinada para avaliação físico-química. Foi registrado o total de 62 espécies, distribuídas em nove famílias: Acaulosporaceae (29), Ambisporaceae (1), Archaeosporaceae (2), Dentiscutataceae (2), Diversisporaceae (1), Entrophosporaceae (2), Glomeraceae (19), Paraglomeraceae (3) e Scutellosporaceae (3). Foi detectada tendência ao decréscimo do número de espécies e da diversidade em relação ao aumento da profundidade, tendo apresentado variações significativas entre as diferentes zonas. Algumas espécies apresentaram ocorrência somente em zonas superficiais ou de maior profundidade, bem como outras espécies apresentaram ampla distribuição ao longo do gradiente total. O Ca, P, Mn, matéria orgânica e pH consistiram nos atributos físico-químicos do solo que afetaram a distribuição da maior parte das espécies encontradas. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a amostragem de zonas mais profundas do solo nos estudos de diversidade de FMA permite acessar uma diversidade até então negligenciada, incluindo a detecção de espécies de ocorrência restrita nessas zonas. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: micologia, micorriza, diversidade, taxonomia, conservação. ABSTRACT Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are important components of soil-plant system due to mutualistic symbiosis with plant roots, promoting the increase in the growth of the plant symbiont and tolerance to environmental stresses. Ecological studies on the structure of AMF communities have focused most in the restricted areas the superficial zone, however, some studies have suggested that the abundance and diversity of AMF may differ considerably according to soil depth and it is relevant to studies devoted to the assessment of the diversity of AMF, especially in impacted areas, considering that the harmful practices of land use tend to the impoverishment of species. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of AMF in different soil depths in forest fragments of the Fazenda Experimental Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, a transition area between the Cerrado and Atlantic Forest biomes located in Sete Lagoas, MG, in order to characterize the composition and distribution AMF species depending on the vertical distribution in the soil. For this, in january 2014, soil samples were taken
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