The Termination of the a Mandates
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Constitution of 'Iraq
[Distributed to the Official No. : C. 49. 1929. VI. Members of the Council.] [C.P.M.834] Geneva, February 20th, 1929. LEAGUE OF NATIONS CONSTITUTION OF ‘IRAQ (ORGANIC LAW) Note by the Secretary- General : The Secretary-General communicated to the Council, on August 23rd, 1924 (document C.412.1924.VI, C.P.M. 166),1 a letter from the British Government transmitting a translation of the Organic Law of ‘Iraq passed by the Constituent Assembly of ‘Iraq on July 10th, 1924. In a letter dated November 28th, 1928, the British Government transmitted the following document : The ‘Iraq Constitution, March 21st, 1925, recently published by the Government of ‘Iraq. The British Government points out, in the above-mentioned letter, that the publication of the document in question was necessitated by the discovery of considerable discrepancies between the Arabic text of the Organic Law, as passed by the ‘Iraq Constituent Assembly in July 1924, and the English translation which was communicated to the Secretariat in 1924. The British Government adds that the new text embodies the modifications introduced by the Organic Law Amendment Law, 1925,2 and was approved by the ‘Iraq Government as superseding all translations of the law hitherto published. The Secretary-General has the honour to communicate to the Council the text of the document transmitted by the British Government on November 28th, 1928. 1 See Official Journal, November 1924, page 1759. * The Organic Law Amendment Law, 1925, was published as an Appendix to the Annual Report on the Adminis tration of ‘Iraq for 1925, pages 175-177. S.d.N. -
Democracy and Monarchy As Antithetical Terms?: Iraq's Elections of September 1954 Bishop, Elizabeth
www.ssoar.info Democracy and monarchy as antithetical terms?: Iraq's elections of September 1954 Bishop, Elizabeth Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Bishop, E. (2013). Democracy and monarchy as antithetical terms?: Iraq's elections of September 1954. Studia Politica: Romanian Political Science Review, 13(2), 313-326. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-447205 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY-NC-ND Lizenz This document is made available under a CC BY-NC-ND Licence (Namensnennung-Nicht-kommerziell-Keine Bearbeitung) zur (Attribution-Non Comercial-NoDerivatives). For more Information Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.de Democracy and Monarchy as Antithetical Terms? 313 Democracy and Monarchy as Antithetical Terms? Iraq’s Elections of September 1954 ELIZABETH BISHOP Historian Bernard Lewis observes: ”Americans tend to see democracy and monarchy in antithetical terms; in Europe, however, democracy has fared better in constitutional monarchies than in republics”1. Let us take this opportunity to consider elections held in the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq during the Cold War, in order to assess how”democracy” fared during the years that country was a constitutional monarchy. As we do so, let’s keep Saad Eskander’s words in mind: ”You cannot have democracy in Iraq by just holding elections... You need to enable Iraq’s core of citizens to have free access to information, absolutely all, all of legislation. -
From De-Ba'athification to Daesh: Analyzing the Consequences Of
From De-Ba’athification to Daesh: Analyzing the Consequences of U.S. Policy in Iraq C. J. Dijkstra S1357298 Supervisor: Dr. T. Nalbantian August 2017 Leiden University Faculty of Humanities MA Middle-Eastern Studies: Modern Middle-Eastern Studies Thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Arts 2 Table of contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 4 State of the field ....................................................................................................................... 6 Pattern of organization ............................................................................................................ 8 Theoretical framework .......................................................................................................... 10 Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 1 – Ottomans and Ba’athists: Historical context of Iraq ................................................. 12 1.1 A brief history of Iraq .......................................................................................................... 12 The Ottoman Empire ............................................................................................................. 12 The British Mandate era ........................................................................................................ 14 Iraq from 1979-2003 ............................................................................................................ -
Reviving Constitutionalism in Iraq: Key Provisions of the Transitional Administrative Law
Maurer School of Law: Indiana University Digital Repository @ Maurer Law Articles by Maurer Faculty Faculty Scholarship 2005 Reviving Constitutionalism in Iraq: Key Provisions of the Transitional Administrative Law Feisal Amin Istrabadi Indiana University Maurer School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/facpub Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, and the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Istrabadi, Feisal Amin, "Reviving Constitutionalism in Iraq: Key Provisions of the Transitional Administrative Law" (2005). Articles by Maurer Faculty. 2361. https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/facpub/2361 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Articles by Maurer Faculty by an authorized administrator of Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. REVIVING CONSTITUTIONALISM IN IRAQ: KEY PROVISIONS OF THE TRANSITIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE LAW His EXCELLENCY FEISAL AMIN AL-ISTRABADI* Iraq has had a troubled constitutional history. Its only legiti- mate, permanent constitution came into effect in 1925, having been drafted during the British mandate established at the end of the First World War.' On October 3, 1932, Iraq was admitted to the League of Nations as an independent state, the first predominantly Arab state to gain its independence, thus ending the British Man- date. 2 The Constitution of 1925, as amended, remained in full force and effect until 1958. On July 14, 1958, a coup d'gtat overthrew the monarchy, after which Iraq was ruled under a series of so-called provisional constitu- tions. -
Ardasir's Struggle Against the Parthians. Towards A
Iranica Antiqua, vol. XLVI, 2011 doi: 10.2143/IA.46.0.2084420 ARDASIR’S STRUGGLE AGAINST THE PARTHIANS. TOWARDS A REINTERPRETATION OF THE FIRUZABAD I RELIEF BY Maciej GRABOWSKI (Institute of Archeology, Warsaw University) Abstract: The proposed reinterpretation of the Firuzabad I relief is based on the assumption that we deal with a particular iconographic synopsis of the events that occurred during Ardasir’s war against the Arsacids (c. 220-228). The concept of iconographic summary of several historical events may be traced back to the Achaemenid period (Bisotun relief), and may also be observed in the triumph reliefs of Sapur I. It is thus suggested that each of the three equestrian combat scenes depicted on the Firuzabad I relief recalls one of three major stages of Ardasir’s struggle against the Parthians. Information from textual sources combined with iconographic observations permit to develop a hypothesis concerning the identity of some of the depicted personages, and thus to reveal proper historical context of each scene. New terminus post quem for the Firuzabad I relief is also proposed, this being the year 228 which most probably marks the end of the last phase of the war. Keywords: Sasanian rock reliefs, Firuzabad, Ardashir, Artabanus, Shapur. The earliest Sasanian rock sculptures are two reliefs commissioned by Ardasir I (224-240) and carved on the cliffs of the Tang-e Ab gorge, near the town of Firuzabad (Fars Province). The first one (Firuzabad I) depicts an equestrian combat between three pairs of Persian and Parthian knights (Pl. 1, fig. 1), whereas the second (Firuzabad II) shows the so-called “inves- titure” scene. -
Deconstituting Mesopotamia © Copyright by the Endowment of the United States Institute of Peace
21 Deconstituting Mesopotamia Cutting a Deal on the Regionalization of Iraq1 Jonathan Morrow n the dust-ridden Baghdad summer of ence, under intense and public U.S. pressure, 2005, probably the most remarkable as- without popular involvement, and with the pect of the drafting of the constitution conspicuous absence of one of Iraq’s major Ifor the Republic of Iraq was not the full-scale constituencies: the Sunni Arabs. Account- insurgency and incipient civil war raging a ing for approximately 20 percent of Iraq’s few hundred meters away on Haifa Street, population,3 Sunni Arabs had, before the outside the concrete blast walls of the Green U.S. intervention in 2003, dominated Iraq’s Zone.2 Nor was it the complexity of Iraq’s political and economic life. By 2005, they © Copyrightcompeting ethnic and sectarian by constituthe- Endowmentwere the main population base for of an anti- tional agendas, nor even the breathtakingly U.S. and antigovernment insurgency. In the theshort Unitedtimetable in which Statesthe document was Instituteconstitutional referendum of ofPeace October 2005, produced, a little over a month. Rather, it Sunni Arab voters overwhelmingly rejected was the scale of the mismatch between an- the new constitution,4 though they failed to ticipation and reality. The process laid bare a block its entry into force. Thus the new Iraq vaulting expectation, defying all the evidence, was born. of a transformative moment in which a new The world of politics—and not least Mid- national truth about a post-Saddam Iraqi dle East politics—is defined by the distance identity would be revealed. -
Iraq: a Geography. INSTITUTION Military Academy, West Point, NY
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 476 013 SO 034 831 AUTHOR Malinowski, Jon C., Ed. TITLE Iraq: A Geography. INSTITUTION Military Academy, West Point, NY. Dept. of Geography and Environmental Engineering. PUB DATE 2002-00-00 NOTE 120p.; Introduction by Wendell C. King and Eugene J. Palka. AVAILABLE FROM United States Military Academy, West Point Department of Geography & Environmental Engineering, Building 600, West Point, New York 10996. Tel: 845-938-3128; Fax: 845-938-3339; Web site: http://www.dean.usma.edu/geo/gene.htm. PUB TYPE Guides Non-Classroom (055) Reports Descriptive (141) EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF01/PC05 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Area Studies; *Educational Resources; Foreign Countries; Geographic Concepts; Geographic Location; Higher Education; Secondary Education; Social Studies; *World Geography; *World Problems IDENTIFIERS *Iraq; Mesopotamia ABSTRACT Accused of harboring and supporting terrorists, Saddam Hussein's country of Iraq sits at the top of a short list of targets in United States war on terrorism. Iraq is a country about twice the size of the state of Idaho with a population of over 22 million. The country relies on oil for its economic well-being and controls what some estimate to be the second largest reserve in the world. The 5000-year history of the land between the rivers (Mesopotamia), has shown that armies conquer, are conquered, governments rise and fall, and there is no reason to predict that the future will not follow the same script. This collection of articles, written by the geography faculty of the U.S. Military Academy (West Point, New York), is meant to educate military and governmental leaders as they consider diplomatic and military solutions to deal with Iraq's threat to the region and to the world. -
British Mandate of Mesopotamia 1 British Mandate of Mesopotamia
British Mandate of Mesopotamia 1 British Mandate of Mesopotamia نيرهنلا نيب ام دالب ىلع يناطيربلا بادتنالا British Mandate of Mesopotamia Mandate of the United Kingdom ← 1920–1932 ← → ← Flag Capital Baghdad Language(s) Arabic, Kurdish, Aramaic Religion Islam, Christianity, Judaism Political structure League of Nations Mandate High Commissioner Sir Percy Cox National leader King Faisal I Historical era Interwar period - San Remo conference April 26, 1920 - Treaty of Sèvres August 10, 1920 - Anglo-Iraqi Treaty 1930 - Independence October 3, 1932 ) was a League of Nations Class Aقارعلا ىلع يناطيربلا بادتنالا :The British Mandate of Mesopotamia (Arabic mandate under Article 22 and entrusted to Britain when the Ottoman Empire was divided in August 1920 by the Treaty of Sèvres following World War I. This award was prepared on April 25, 1920, at the San Remo conference in Italy. France controlled the Mandates of Lebanon and Syria. Faisal ibn Husayn, who had been proclaimed King of Syria by a Syrian National Congress in Damascus in March 1920, was ejected by the French in July of the same year. British Mandate of Mesopotamia 2 The civil government of postwar Iraq was headed originally by the High Commissioner, Sir Percy Cox, and his deputy, Colonel Arnold Wilson. British reprisals after the murder of a British officer in Najaf failed to restore order. British administration had yet to be established in the mountains of north Iraq. The most striking problem facing the British was the growing anger of the nationalists, who felt betrayed at being accorded mandate status. Early unrest Three important anticolonial secret societies had been formed in Iraq during 1918 and 1919. -
116 Iraqi Kurdish Referendum and International Law Abdullah Manaz1
Cag University Journal of Social Sciences, 14(2), December 2017 Iraqi Kurdish Referendum and International Law Abdullah Manaz1 ABSTRACT: The Iraqi Kurds have decided to become independent by separate from the Iraqi central government. This situation clearly contradicts the Declaration of Independence, which is adopted by the United Nations in 1932 and binding about Iraq in terms of international law. This Declaration of Independence does not enfranchise any ethnic group. It accepted Arabic as the official language, and ensured that two large ethnic groups outside of Arabia, Kurds and Turkmens, could use their own language in education and justice institutions. Keywords: Iraq, Kurdish, Referendum, Ottoman, Federalism, Turkomans. Irak Kürt Referandumu ve Uluslararası Hukuk Öz: Irak Kürtleri, merkezi Irak hükümetinden ayrılarak Bağımsız olma kararı aldılar. Bu durum, Uluslararası Hukuk açısından bağlayıcılığı bulunan ve 1932 yılında Milletler Cemiyeti tarafından kabul edilen Bağımsızlık Deklarasyonu'na açıkça aykırı düşmektedir. Bağımsızlık Deklarasyonu, herhangi bir etnik gruba ayrıcalık tanımamıştır. Deklarasyonu Arapça'yı resmi dil olarak kabul etmiş ve Araplar dışında Türkleri ve Kürtleri, eğitim ve hukuk alanında kendi dillerini kullanabilecekleri iki büyük etnik grup olarak tanımlamıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Irak, Kürt, Referandum, Osmanlı, Federalizm, Türkmenler. 1. INTRODUCTION The Iraqi State, which was formed by societies that passed from the Ottoman citizenship to the Iraqi citizenship without ethnical and religious distinctions in the framework of the International Covenants, declared its independence in 1932 and this was accepted as United Nations. After 1958, the Iraqi Military Authorities, which came to power through revolutions, ignored many of the democratic rights to the contrary the Declaration rules, and gave some privileges to the Kurdish ethnic group. -
Building Everyday Peace in Kirkuk, Iraq
SIPRI Policy Paper BUILDING EVERYDAY 52 PEACE IN KIRKUK, September 2019 IRAQ The potential of locally focused interventions dylan o’driscoll STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE SIPRI is an independent international institute dedicated to research into conflict, armaments, arms control and disarmament. Established in 1966, SIPRI provides data, analysis and recommendations, based on open sources, to policymakers, researchers, media and the interested public. The Governing Board is not responsible for the views expressed in the publications of the Institute. GOVERNING BOARD Ambassador Jan Eliasson, Chair (Sweden) Dr Dewi Fortuna Anwar (Indonesia) Dr Vladimir Baranovsky (Russia) Espen Barth Eide (Norway) Jean-Marie Guéhenno (France) Dr Radha Kumar (India) Dr Patricia Lewis (Ireland/United Kingdom) Dr Jessica Tuchman Mathews (United States) DIRECTOR Dan Smith (United Kingdom) Signalistgatan 9 SE-169 72 Solna, Sweden Telephone: + 46 8 655 9700 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.sipri.org Building everyday peace in Kirkuk, Iraq The potential of locally focused interventions SIPRI Policy Paper No. 52 dylan o’driscoll September 2019 © SIPRI 2019 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of SIPRI or as expressly permitted by law. ISBN 978-91-85114-99-3 Contents Preface v Acknowledgements vi Summary vii Abbreviations ix 1. Introduction 1 Aim of this paper 4 Theoretical framework 5 Methodology 6 Figure 1.1. The geopolitical position of Kirkuk, hydrocarbon reserves, 2 and pipelines Figure 1.2. The ethnosectarian make-up of survey participants 6 2. -
The League of Nations, A-Mandates and Minority Rights During the Mandate Period in Iraq (1920–1932)*
chapter 10 The League of Nations, a-Mandates and Minority Rights during the Mandate Period in Iraq (1920–1932)* H. Müller-Sommerfeld For the new state of Iraq, created after the political end of the Ottoman Empire, 1920 meant the beginning of a “shared history”1 with the League of Nations (LoN) and Great Britain. From its twelve years of mandate administration until 1932 I deal with two issues in this essay.2 The first is the different political lan- guages concerning a-Mandates. While the LoN conceived of them as territorial international administration, most Iraqis saw them rather as “colonial rule.” The second issue, which I cover in the larger part of the paper, comprises the system of minority protection under the international law of the LoN and its perception in Iraq. In Geneva, it was understood and handled as a legal protec- tion shield for encroachments of nationalist majorities against minorities, but at the same time it was closely linked to the conception of a unitary nation- state, in which minorities should not be entitled to form a state within a state. Iraqi minorities themselves perceived and used these minority rights in differ- ent ways, as the contrasting cases of Iraqi Jews and Assyrian Christians show. From the many other minorities in Iraq I consider just these two using new materials from the archive, notably that for Assyrian Christians, of the LoN in the Library of the United Nations Office Geneva (unogl). In this essay I aim to consider the independent role of the LoN in the history of Iraq, and the Middle East, which to date is overshadowed by the * A draft of this essay was presented at the lucis conference: Common Ground? Jews, Chris- tians and Muslims in the Middle East, 26–27 September 2013, University of Leiden. -
Iraq-PCGN Toponymic Factfile-2021
TOPONYMIC FACTFILE Iraq Country name Iraq State title Republic of Iraq Name of citizen Iraqi Official language(s) Arabic (ara)1; Kurdish (kur) (see section 3 below) [Êraq) [kur‘) عێراق ;[Al ‘Irāq) [ara) العراق (Country name in official language(s ;[Jumhūrīyat al ‘Irāq) [ara) جمهورية العراق State title in official language(s) [Komar-î ‘Êraq) [kur) كۆمارى عێراق Script Perso-Arabic (ara & kur) BGN/PCGN Romanization System for Arabic2; Romanization System(s) BGN/PCGN Romanization System for Kurdish3 ISO-3166 code (alpha-2/alpha-3) IQ/IRQ Capital (conventional English name) Baghdad [Beghdad) [kur) بەغداد ;[Baghdād) [ara) بغداد (Capital in official language(s Introduction Iraq is a country in western Asia that borders Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest, and Syria to the west. It has a narrow section of coastline measuring 58 km on the northern Persian Gulf4 and its territory encompasses the Mesopotamian Alluvial Plain, the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, and the eastern part of the Syrian Desert. Two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, run north-to-south through the centre of Iraq and flow into the Shatt al Arab near the Persian Gulf. The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is often referred to as Mesopotamia, which comes from the Greek, meaning ‘between the rivers’5. Iraq's current boundaries were mostly demarcated in 1920 by the League of Nations when the Ottoman Empire was divided by the Treaty of Sèvres. Iraq was placed under the authority of the United Kingdom as the British Mandate of Mesopotamia.