Appendix The Huygens Teams, Behind the Scenes

In the pages that follow are pictures of the Huygens Operation being responsible for its design, construction, launch, fl ight Teams and of memorable moments during the Titan landing on and Huygens landing. It is hoped that the knowledge pro- 14–15 January 2005. We have also included other iconic pic- vided within this book will represent a small token of appre- tures taken at key events during the development and operations ciation for the prodigious efforts of all of the people that of the Cassini Huygens mission over more than 25 years. have been involved with the Cassini-Huygens Mission over The people depicted herein, together with those pre- the roughly 27 years since it was proposed for a joint ESA/ sented in the appendix of the sister book, represent a subset NASA study in 1982. It is they who have made Cassini- of all of the people who have been part of the Cassini- Huygens a shining success, and their tireless efforts will Huygens Mission, from developing it as a candidate plane- continue to bear important scientifi c and cultural fruits far tary-exploration mission in the early 1980s, to eventually into the future.

511 512 Appendix

1. Group photo of the attendees of the Cassini-Huygens Project Science Group meeting at JPL on October 15, 2007

2. Group photo of attendees of the Huygens Critical Design Review (CDR) held at Aerospatiale, Cannes, 25–29 September 1995

The review participants included members of the following teams: ESA Huygens project team, Huygens industrial teams, JPL Cassini Project team, Huygens PI teams The Huygens Teams, Behind the Scenes 513

3. Group Photo at the European Space Agency European Spacecraft Operations Centre (ESA/ESOC) during a Huygens Flight Operations Review in 1996

Participants included members of the Huygens Flight Operations team, Huygens Project team, Huygens Project Scientist team, Huygens Industrial team, Huygens Principal Investigator teams, JPL Flight Operations team, ESOC Public Relations team

4. Review of the Huygens mission preparation activities at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, in 2002

Earl Maize (JPL), Claudio Sollazzo (JPL/HPOC), John Aiello (JPL), Shaun Standley (JPL/HPOC), Bobby Kazeminejad (ESTEC/PS team), David Allestad (JPL), Nathan Strange (JPL), Gerard Huttin (Alcatel) 514 Appendix

5. The Huygens Flight Operations Team at ESOC

Top picture: Joe Wheadon, Martin Johnsson, Alan Smith, Martin Hermes, Dave Salt, Claudio Sollazzo, around the Huygens balloon drop test model Bottom picture: Boris Smeds and Kevin Kewin operating the fully functional Huygens electrical model in ESOC’s Huygens Probe Operations Centre (HPOC) The Huygens Teams, Behind the Scenes 515

6. Members of the Aerosol Collector and Pyrolyser (ACP) Operations Team

Left picture: Manfred Steller, Guy Israel, Siegfried Bauer Right picture: Hasso Niemann, Jean-Francis Brun, Guy Israel

7. Members of the Doppler Wind Experiment (DWE) Team

David Atkinson, Michael Bird, Robin Dutta-Roy, Dirk Plettemeier, Yvonne Dzierma, Michael Allison, Len Tyler 516 Appendix

8. Members of the Descent Imager and Spectral Radiometer (DISR) Operations and Data Processing Teams

Left picture: Athena Coustenis, Laura Ellen Dafoe, Bjoern Grieger, Bernard Schmitt, Mike Bushroe, Peter Rueffer, name missing, Sylvain Doute Right picture: Bjoern Grieger, Larry Soderblom, Bashar Rizk, Stefan Schröder, Michael Küppers

9. Members of the Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) Operations Team

Left Picture: Eric Raaen Stan Way, Larry Frost, Hasso Niemann, Siegfried Bauer Right Picture: George Carignan, Hasso Niemann, Jaime Demick-Montelaara, Eric Raaen In the middle back Huygens Team members Miguel Pérez Ayúcar and Thierry Blancquaert (both seen from behind) are talking to Huygens Operation Manager Claudio Sollazzo and Huygens Project Scientist Jean-Pierre Lebreton; on the far right, HASI team members Francesca Ferri and Giacomo Colombatti The Huygens Teams, Behind the Scenes 517

10. Members of the Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument (HASI) Operations Team and of the Surface Science Package (SSP) Operations Team

Top Picture: John Rainnie, Ben Clark, Marcello Fulchignoni, Mark Leese, John Zarnecki, Andrew Ball, Ralph Lorenz, John Delderfi eld, Phil Rosenberg, Manish Patel, Martin Towner, Brijen Hathi, Francesca Ferri, Louise Patel Bottom Picture: Francesca Ferri, Marcello Fulchignoni, Alexio Aboudan, Giacomo Colombatti, Andrew Ball, Piero Lion Stoppato, Mark Leese 518 Appendix

11. Members of the Surface Science Package (SSP) Operations Team

Martin Towner, Phil Rosenberg, Marek Banaszkiewicz, Andrew Ball, Axel Hagermann, Manish Patel, Dave Parker, Brijen Hathi, John Rainnie

12. Chairs of the Descent Trajectory Working Group (DTWG)

Bobby Kazeminejad, David Atkinson The Huygens Teams, Behind the Scenes 519

13. Members of the Huygens Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) Team, all affi liated (at that time) with JIVE

Cormac Reynolds, Leonid Gurvits, Sergei Pogrebenko, Ian Avruch, Arpad Szomoru, Bob Campbell, Steve Parsley

14. Members of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Real Time Huygens Radio Tracking Team

Sami Asmar, Robert Preston, Sue Finley, Bill Folkner, Jim Border, Steve Lowe, Aseel Anabtawi. Team members not available for the picture: Garth Franklin, Jacob Gorelik, Doug Johnston and Viktor Kerzhanovich 520 Appendix

15. Selection of the fi rst DISR images to be shown to the world in the Huygens Science Operations Room at ESA/ESOC, Darmstadt, Germany on 14 January 2005

Top picture: Jonathan Lunine, Larry Soderblom, Laura Ellen Dafoe, Marty Tomasko, Sylvain Doute Bottom picture: Marty Tomasko, Jocelyne Constantin-Landeau, Inigo Mascaraque The Huygens Teams, Behind the Scenes 521

16. Presentation of the fi rst Huygens images to the world by Marty Tomasko on 14 January 2005 522 Appendix

17. Scenes at ESOC the day after the Huygens Landing: a gathering of Cassini-Huygens scientists, project and industry engineers, operations and media personnel, 15 January 2005

18. Members of the Huygens Data Archiving Team The Huygens Teams, Behind the Scenes 523

19. Artistic rendering of the Huygens probe on Titan surface; the terrain surrounding of the probe has been inspired by the picture sent by DISR after landing (ESA Illustration) Index

A Amines, 222 Absorption, 188, 189, 195 Amino acids, 217, 224–228

Absorption band (spectrum), 104, 105, 120, 132 Ammonia (NH3), 35, 38, 40, 41, 43–55, 63, 69, 72, 75, 76, 78, Absorption, pressure (or collision)-induced, 324, 327, 341 103, 110–112, 130, 131, 142, 144, 150, 161, 162, Abundance, 177, 178, 180–185, 189, 191–194 165, 171, 178–185, 189, 194, 195, 217, 219, 222, Acceleration 226–229, 481, 482, 484 centrifugal, 329 Ammonia hydrates, 40, 41, 48, 142, 144, 161, 165, 171 gravitational, 326, 329 Ammonium sulfates, 45, 47, 53, 54 Accelerometer, 334, 339 Amorphous ice, 39–41 Accretion, 35–37, 39, 42–47, 50–52, 54, 181, 194 Angle of refraction, 178 Accretionary heating phase, 178, 180, 182, 195 Angular momentum, 325, 330, 335, 342, 343, 345, 346,

Acetylene (C2H2), 76, 127, 191, 195, 217, 220, 222–224, 229 348, 361, 367 Adaptive optics (AO), 77, 325, 331, 332, 356, 362, 363, 368, 369 Angular size, 177 Adiabat, 188 Anthracene, 224 Adiabatic cooling, 238 Antigreenhouse, 188 Adiabatic lapse rate, 238, 240 36Ar, 179, 182, 194 Adiri region, 81 40Ar, 42, 43 Aeolian Ara Fluctus, 110 features, 342 36Ar/38Ar, 196 processes/transport, 132 Arc discharge, 222 Aerobraking, 484, 485 Arcus, 507 Aerocapture, 483–485 Arecibo radio telescope, 77 Aerodynamic forces, 187 Argon (Ar), 44, 49, 50, 52, 55, 76, 177–179, 182, 194, 195

Aerosampling, 484, 485 Ar/N2, 218 Aerosol, 11–13, 16, 17, 19, 28, 29, 177, 178, 181, 193, 195, Aromatic compounds, 221 261, 266, 269, 272, 273, 283, 284, 288, 290–292, ASRG, 484 297–319, 327, 338–339, 344, 397, 407, 414, 417, 418, Astrobiology, 215–230, 481–483 439–443, 445, 447 Atmosphere, 75–79, 81, 87, 89, 99, 103, 107, 108, 111–113, 116–118, chemistry, 210 124, 127, 129, 130, 133, 177–196, 202–210, 212, 213, radii, 310, 313–314 479–487, 489, 494, 496 scattering effect, 196 primordial, 45, 47, 50 shape, 298–300, 306, 311–313 Atmospheric size, 297–300 composition, 345 Aerosol collector pyrolyzer (ACP), 144, 170, 224, 225 contributions, 500 Aggregate, 297–301, 306–308, 312–314 density, 192 Agnostosphere, 254, 484 effects, 188, 496 Air glow, 394, 401, 413–417 escape, 261, 266–268, 292, 413–418, 423 26Al, 36, 37 haze, 328, 336, 338, 339, 341, 344, 347, 494 Albedo, 77, 79–83, 85–87, 103, 116, 122–125, 132, 188, 189, 355, heating, 394, 413–418, 448 356, 366, 369 refractivity, 178 features, 496 scattering, 494 bright, 507 shielding, 189 dark, 507 sputtering, 183, 374, 377–379, 382, 384, 385, 387, 406, 419, 448 heterogeneities, 490 stability, 324, 332, 335, 340, 343 map, 494 temperature, 326, 339 variations, 492, 496 tracer, 324, 325, 336 Aldehydes, 222 windows, 496, 503 Alkanofer, 96 Atomic rubidium oscillator, 332 AL84001 meteorite, 183 Australia Telescope National Facility (ATNF), 333 Altimetry, 79, 87, 91–93, 96, 133, 500, 502, 503 Axial tilt, 236

Amidogen radicals (NH2), 180 Azides, 226

525 526 Index

Azimuth model, 494 C8H2, 222 12 Aztlan, 113–115, 122 CH4, 182 13 CH4, 182 Channel (system). See Valley B Channels, 480, 481 Background atmosphere, 179, 191 Charged particle bombardment, 418–438

Ballistic corona, 378, 381 CH4-CH4 collisions, 189 Balloons, 196, 481, 483, 484, 486 Chemical Baroclinic eddies, 345 propulsion, 484 Barotropic eddies, 346, 347 reactants, 181 Belet, 84, 90, 114, 116 reactions, 177

Benzene (C6H6), 105, 142, 145, 146, 158–160, 170, 171, 191, 220, scheme, 191 221, 224, 225 Chemilithotrophs, 229 Biomarkers, 215 Chemistry, 180, 184, 193, 195 Black body radiation, 178 Chiral Black Smokers, 195 carbon, 222 Blow-off, 376 symmetry breaking, 229

Boltzmann equation, 377, 378 CH4-N2-C2H6 droplets, 192

Brightness CH4-N2 collisions, 185, 189 temperature, 164–167, 171, 503 Christiaan Huygens, 177–179, 353

variations, 494 C2-hydrocarbons, 178 Brines, 45 Circulation Brucite, 181 global, 332 Budyko-Sellers models, 190 Hadley, 336, 340, 341, 343–348 Bulk modulus, 48 meridional, 325, 326, 335–340, 345–347 Burgundy, 216 thermally direct, 344–345 thermally indirect, 344–345 zonal, 346–347 C Circum-Saturnian nebula, 38 Calcium-aluminum inclusions (CAIs), 181 Clathrate hydrates, 39–42, 45–48, 50–55, 181, 193, 194 Caldera, 84, 110, 127, 132 dissociation, 44, 48, 49, 53, 54 Callisto, 37, 38, 54–55 Clathrates, 39–42, 44–55, 111, 112, 130, 181, 192–195 Canada France Hawaii Telescope (CFHT), 332 Clay, 181 Canals, 177 Climate, 188–191 Canyon, 103, 125 Cloud, 11, 14, 18, 21, 22, 28, 76, 79–81, 108, 109, 116, 122, 124, Carbohydrates, 226 361–366, 368, 369, 479–481 Carbon, 38, 39, 41, 50–52, 179, 182, 193–195 formation, 191 Carbonaceous chondrites, 217, 226 tracking, 329, 331–332 Carbon-based life, 228 Cloud-top heights, 187

Carbon dioxide (CO2), 46–49, 55, 131, 141, 143, 145, 146, 156, 158, CN, 184 159, 170, 179, 189, 194–196, 216–218, 224, 228, 230 C/N, 223

Carbon grains, 179, 195 C4N2, 220, 222 Carbon monoxide (CO), 45, 49, 52, 179, 194–196, 216, 217, Coastline, 85, 87, 99–104, 107 222, 224 Cobble, 103–105, 107, 121, 132 Carbon-silicate cycle, 230 Cold Carboxylic acids, 225 plasma, 222 Carrier signal, 178 trapping, 181 Cassini, 42, 45, 50, 52, 55, 178, 182, 187, 188, 192, 196 Collision-induced opacity, 185, 189 Cassini Channel A, Channel B, 332 Column abundance, 191 Cassini Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS), 191, 192 Cometary impacts, 181, 184 Cassini Equinox Mission, 111, 194 Comets, 181, 183–185, 215, 217, 219 Cassini extended mission, 133 Complex organic molecules, 181, 196 Cassini−Huygens, 177–179, 182, 183, 191, 194, 195, 479–487 Complex refarctive index, 224 Cassini mission, 19, 29, 76, 79, 81, 86, 93, 111, 112 Complex refractory organics, 220, 224, 225 Cassini orbiter, 323, 325, 335 Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS), 224, 324, 326, 327 Cassini plasma science instrument, 382, 386, 387 Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS), Cassini, 38 Cassini plasma spectrometer (CAPS), 223, 224 Composition, 480, 483, 484, 486 Cassini RADAR, 141, 142, 150, 154, 161–167, 171 Compression, 109 Cassini Solstice mission, 480, 481 Condensation (condense, condensing), 37, 39–41, 49, 51, 54, 177, Catalytic 180, 181, 185–188, 190–192, 331, 344, 345 agents, 230 clouds, 298, 316–319 destruction, 191 nuclei, 190, 302, 315, 365, 368 properties, 227 Condensible species, 186 Catchment, 121 Conductivity, 260, 291 Cavern, 127 Continent, 75, 93, 116, 130 12C/13C, 181, 182, 193, 195, 196 Convection (convective), 69–71, 359, 361, 363, 366–369

C6H2, 220, 222 ascent, 186 Index 527

heat fl ux, 340, 341 Doppler Wind Experiment (DWE), 331–336, 339, 342 moist, 331, 341, 342, 348 Downward looking infrared spectrometer (DLIS), 99, 106 storms, 187 Downward looking visible spectrometer (DLVS), 99, 105, 106 Co-oligomers, 223 Drainage channels, 492 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), 333 Drizzle, 365, 366 Core, 37, 44–45, 47, 53, 55, 181, 182, 193–195 Dry adiabatic lapse rate, 340 instability, 36 Dunes, 141, 142, 154, 155, 165, 167, 170, 191, 196, 342, 361, 460, Coriolis force, 329, 346 463–465 Corona, 222, 373–382, 384–389 fi elds, 480, 481, 484, 486, 492, 496, 503, 504 Cosmic rays, 225, 228 height, 87 Cosmic Vision, 484 length, 113, 118, 119 Coupled atmosphere-ionosphere photochemical model, 191 orientation, 116, 506, 507 Coupled surface-atmosphere climate system, 189 spacing, 115 Craters, 76, 79, 81, 84, 91, 93–96, 111, 113, 115, 125, 127–130, Dust ablation, 438, 439 132, 133, 480, 507 Dynamical turnover time, 325 Cross sections Dynamics, 16, 18, 23, 24 charge exchange, 375 Dynamo fi eld, 479, 480, 482 diffusion, 375, 378 ion-neutral, 375 momentum transfer, 375 E Crustal, 480 Early Earth, 216–219, 228, 229 Cryovolcanic icy crust, 192 Earth, 9–29, 75, 77, 78, 87, 90, 98, 103, 107, 108, 112, 113, 116–118, Cryovolcanism, 52–55, 78, 84, 111, 123, 127, 130, 131, 193, 228, 120, 124, 127, 129–133, 177, 178, 183, 186–191, 194, 195, 460, 463, 464, 473, 480, 481, 484 215–219, 226–230, 480–482, 484, 486 Cryovolcano, 331 atmosphere, 216–218 Crystalline ice, 41 hydrosphere, 230 Cumulus, 364, 366 Eccentricity, 63–65, 71, 72, 75, 108 Cyanoacetylene, 141, 143, 159, 160, 170, 220, 361, 362 Eclipse, 353 Cyanogen, 143, 145, 146, 158, 170, 220, 225 Eddy, 329, 330, 337, 345–347 Cyanopolyynes, 220, 222 diffusion, 191, 262, 265, 268, 292, 311–313, 368 Cycle of methane, 185–196 diffusion coeffi cient, 191, 192 Cyclostrophic, 324, 329, 330, 334, 346–348 diffusivity, 340 Cylinders, 330 mixing, 192 Effective surface temperature, 341 Effective temperature, 188 D Electron Degassing, 179 density, 260, 275, 277–284 Dendrite channels, 177 precipitation, 268, 277, 282, 290 Density, 36–38, 42, 44–49, 52–54, 226 temperature, 275, 277–282, 285, 289, 292 Descent Imager Spectral Radiometer (DISR), 79, 82–89, 98–107, 114, Emission, 188 115, 117, 122, 132, 146–149, 152, 170, 185, 186, 225, 325, angle, 109, 494 334–336, 339, 342, 345, 491 ethane, 330 Descent Trajectory Working Group (DTWG), 334, 336 methane, 341 Detached haze, 301–303, 310, 312–314, 358, 366 Emissivity, 142, 164, 165, 167, 171, 188, 193, 503, 504 layers, 238, 243, 338, 344 Enantiomeric excess, 222 D/H ratio, 181, 182, 184, 196, 219 Enantiopurity, 229

Diacetylene (C4H2), 220, 222 Enceladus (satellite of Saturn), 24, 37, 50, 55, 111, 216, 379, 388, Dielectric constant, 83, 84, 126, 142, 163–167, 171, 500, 503, 505 484–486 Differential heating, 343 Endogenic, 180–182 Differentiation, 35, 37, 39, 44–45, 47, 49, 181 Endogenous, 216, 217 Diffusive separation, 179, 183, 184 Energetic neutral atom (ENA), 377, 379, 396–398, 400, 409, Digital topographical model (DTM), 87, 89, 96, 98, 102, 103, 107 420–423, 437, 438 Dinitrogen, 220 Energy balance, 17 Dipole transitions, 178 climate models, 190 Direct Energy deposition, 381–383, 386, 389 capture, 179–180 Entropy, 190 infusion, 181 Entry probe, 178 Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) simulations, 378, 379, 381, Ephemeral clouds, 318 384, 385, 389 Equatorial regions, 187, 192, 484, 486 Dissociation, 179–181, 183 Equator-pole heat transport, 190 Distribution, 179, 185, 188, 191, 192 Equilibrium, 186, 189, 190 Divide, 81, 102, 103, 126 Equilibrium thermodynamics, 186, 189, 190 Doline. See Sinkhole Equinox, 353, 354, 356–358, 361, 362, 365, 367, 369, 455, 457, 460, Dolomite, 127 465, 467–468, 470, 473, 494 Doppler, 360 fall, 332 line shift, 330–331 spring, 325 shift, 93 Eros, 104 528 Index

Erosion, 187, 216 Gas instability model, 36 aeolian (see Dunes; Wind) Gemini, 77 fl uvial (see Valley) General Circulation Model (GCM), 323–325, 336, 340–343, glacial, 123 345–347 Escape, 180, 182, 183, 189, 191, 193 Geofl uids, 220, 224 depth, 375 Geometric albedo, 297, 298, 310, 312, 313, 319 processes Geomophological signatures, 189 atmospheric sputtering, 374, 387 Geostrophic, 329, 346, 347 chemical-induced escape, 374 Geosynchronous, 177 ionospheric outfl ow, 374, 379, 383, 384, 386 Gerard Kuiper, 177 photo-chemical, 375, 376 Giant planets, 189, 193 pick-up ion loss, 374 Gierasch mechanism, 346 slow hydrodynamic escape, 374, 376, 383, 385, 386 Global average energy limit, 187 thermal (Jeans) escape, 375, 376, 380 Global circulation model (GCM), 116, 122, 188, 190, 357, 367, 368 rate, 181, 374, 376, 378, 379 Global maps, 142, 152, 153, 166, 171

Ethane (C2H6), 35, 46, 47, 52, 55, 76, 78, 102, 116, 124, 125, 127, Goldstone-VLA, 77 133, 142–146, 149, 152, 158–162, 167–171, 188, 189, Gradient 191–193, 217, 220, 226, 227, 229, 364–369 latitudinal, 330 Ethane oceans, 191–192 meridional, 328, 329, 335, 336, 340, 342, 343, 345–347 Ethanol, 216 wind equation (relation), 329–330

Ethylene (C2H4), 220, 222 Gravitational Europa, 215, 230 energy, 181 European space agency (ESA), 178, 479, 481, 483–485 tide, 238, 324, 339, 343–344, 347 Eutectic, 53, 227 Gravity, 78, 112, 116, 117, 120 Exobase, 242, 260, 262, 266, 268, 374–387, 389 data, 67, 69, 72 Exobiology, 215 fi eld, 480, 483 Exogenous, 216, 217, 226 waves, 238, 254, 340, 343, 345–347 Exosphere, 260, 262, 266–268, 375, 377, 378, 396, 397, 404, Green Bank Telescope (GBT), 333–335 409–411, 416, 418–424, 429, 430, 433, 437 Greenhouse, 188–190 Exospheric temperature, 260, 266 effect, 341 Extended mission (XM), 480, 481 gases, 190 Extension, 103, 109, 111, 112 warming, 188 Extinction optical depth, 300, 304, 305, 307–309 Ground-based observations, 18, 24, 26, 479 Extraterrestrial organic chemistry, 215, 220 Ground-based tracking, 332 Groundwater, 120, 126 Guabonito, 81 F Gyroradius, 377 Faculae, 81, 107, 113, 115, 507, 508 Fensal, 84, 113, 115 Fischer−Tropsch catalysis, 51 H Fissures, 191 H, 180, 191 Fluctus, 508 Habitability, 196, 216, 228–229 Flumina, 508 Habitat, 228 Fluorescence, methane, 326 Hadley circulation, 116, 357, 358, 366 Fluvially dominated, 187 Hale-Bopp, 181, 183, 184 Fluvial valleys, 504 Half-life, 194 Flux, 180, 183, 187, 190–193 Halley, 181 Flybys, 178, 179, 192, 194 Haze, 9–13, 15–18, 20–22, 25–28, 79, 87, 89, 99, 105, 115, 177, 178, Forcing, 188 185, 186, 188, 189, 191, 193, 218, 221, 223, 229, 353–358, Forward scattering, 297–299, 302, 303, 306, 307, 312–314, 494 365–369 Fractal aggregates, 13, 297, 300, 307, 308, 312, 313 distribution, 323 Fractionation, 183, 184 layers, 413–418, 447 Free atmosphere, 340 profi le, 188 Frequency residual, 334 HCN, 181, 183, 184, 217, 220–224, 226, 227, 367

Fullerenes, 443–445, 447, 448 HC3N, 220–223

Fumaroles, 196 HC5N, 220 Future of life, 216, 230 HCN LTE rotational line cooling, 242 Heat balance, 298, 311 G fl ux, 187, 190 Galactic cosmic rays (GCR), 396, 397, 413, 439–442, 444, 448 transfer parameter, 190 Galilean satellites, 37, 108, 177 Heavy negative ions, 395, 397, 400, 441, 442, 445, 448 Ganesa Macula height, 90, 94, 97 Helium, 35 Ganymede, 35, 37, 38, 45, 54–55, 86, 129, 482 Hemispheric contrast, 310, 311 Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), 43, 50–52, Heterogeneous reactions, 221 144–146, 182–186, 194, 195, 222–226 Heterosphere, 184 Index 529

Highlands, 492 Ice I, 45, 48, 53 High pressure ices, 45 Icy satellites resolution, 112, 129, 131, 133 High resolution imager (HRI), 98 Ignorosphere, 254

H2-N2, 185 Image processing, 494

H2O ice, 196 Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS), 79, 194, 331, 332, 339, 489, 491, Homochirality, 222 492, 494–496, 500–503, 506 Homopause, 179, 191, 243, 262, 265 Impact, 180, 181, 184, 193, 196, 215, 217, 222, 225, 228, 229. Homosphere, 179, 184, 193, 243 See also Craters Hotei Arcus, 82, 98, 99, 110, 111, 132 craters, 229 Hotei Regio, 141, 154, 156, 157 features, 492 Hot recoils, 374–378, 380, 381, 384 Incidence angle, 80, 83, 89, 96, 108, 126, 494, 500, 501, Hubble Space Telescope (HST), 20, 21, 77, 187, 355, 356, 359, 489, 503, 504 490, 509 Index of refraction, 223 Humidity, 366, 368 Induced magnetic tail, 481 Huygens, 35, 38, 39, 41–43, 50, 52, 55, 178, 182–188, 192, 194 Induced magnetosphere, 393–448 atmospheric descent, 339, 341 Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer (IRIS; Voyager), 12–15, 17, 18, carrier signal, 332, 333 23, 24, 326, 336–338 descent trajectory, 334, 335, 339 Infrared Space Observatory (ISO), 19, 20, 23, landing site, 146, 148, 149, 152, 154, 156, 161, 164, 165, 186, 24, 191 187, 489, 491–493 INMS, Cassini, 42, 55 landing site coordinates, 93, 96, 100 Inorganic, 193, 195 mosaics, 491, 492 Insolation, 187, 190, 353, 354, 363, 364, 368, 369 probe, 78, 79, 82, 104, 107, 111, 124, 126, 178, 182, 187, 324, Insulae, 507, 508 325, 329, 332–335, 339–342, 344, 489, 491, 492, 494 Interannual variability, 354, 355, 358 spacecraft, 9, 12, 25, 29 Interior, 181, 182, 185, 191–196, 479–481, 483, 486, 487 Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument (HASI), 326, 334, 339, Interior structure, 61–72 383, 384, 494 Internal Huygens gas chromatograph mass spectrometer, 185 gravity waves, 340, 343, 345, 347 Hyakutake, 181 liquid layer, 458–460 Hybrid plasma model, 409–411 International Astronomical Union (IAU), 80–82 Hydrate, 179 Interstellar medium (ISM), 183

Hydrazine (N2H4), 180 Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), 329, 341,

Hydrazyl radicals (N2H3), 180 345, 369 Hydrocarbons, 12, 14–16, 18–20, 23, 39, 46, 76, 81, 84, 85, 96, 97, Intrinsic magnetic fi eld, 458, 472 105, 117, 124, 126, 127, 132, 178, 181, 191–193, 195, Io, 111, 133 220–226, 229, 261, 269, 271–273, 282, 285–287, 291, 493, Ion, 394–398, 400–406, 408–411, 413, 417–439, 441–448 494, 509 chemistry, 261, 269, 272, 273, 277, 283, 288, 291, 292,

acetylene (C2H2), 244, 245 395, 448

benzene (C6H6), 244, 245 composition, 261, 276, 281, 282, 290, 292, 395, 411, 420, 426,

diacetylene (C4H2), 244, 245 427, 433, 434, 447

ethane (C2H6), 244, 245 fl ows, 280, 291

ethylene (C2H4), 244, 245 pick-up, 183

methyl acetylene (CH3C2H), 244, 245 precipitation, 268, 277, 288, 292

methylpolyynes (CH3C4H, CH3C6H), 245 Ionization, 260–262, 268, 269, 272, 275–282, 286, 290, 377,

polyynes (C4H2, C6H2, C8H2), 245 385, 396–398, 407–409, 411–416, 423, 426–429, 432,

propane (C3H8), 244 436–443, 448

Hydrogen (H2), 35, 38, 39, 41, 49, 180, 181, 185, 188, 189, 191, 195, Ion-neutral mass spectrometer (INMS), 181, 182, 184, 192–194, 224, 216–219, 221, 222, 224, 228–230 378–385, 387 Hydrogen cyanide, 220 Ionosphere, 177, 185, 191, 196, 203–205, 207, 208, 259–292, Hydrological cycle, 77, 112, 116, 121, 131, 133, 177, 185, 187, 191, 394–398, 400–403, 407–409, 412–419, 421, 422, 195, 316, 317, 481 424–434, 437–445, 447, 448 Hydrolysis, 181 IR spectra, 221 Hydrometeorology, 187 Island, 75, 87, 97, 100, 104, 124, 125 Hydrosphere, 35 ISO, 224 Hydrothermal Isobar, 326, 329, 330, 336 systems, 227 Isopycnal, 329 vents, 195 Isotherm, 328 Hydroxyl-carboxylic acids, 225 Isothermal, 180, 181 Hydroxyl molecules (OH), 180 Isotope ratios, 181–184, 193, 196 Hyperion, 24 12C/13C, 250 Hysteresis, 190 D/H, 250, 251 15N/14N, 250, 251 18O/16O, 250 I Isotopes, 29, 50, 182–185, 193 Iapetus (satellite of Saturn), 24, 37, 181 Isotopic fractionation, 224 Ice(s), 178–181, 184, 186, 188, 189, 192–196 Italian space agency (ASI), 178, 483 530 Index

J Love number, 65–67, 69–72 Jeans parameter, 375, 385 Lowlands, 492 Jose Comas Solá, 177 Lyman alpha, 221 Jupiter, 9, 10, 35–41, 50, 54, 55, 482, 483 Lyman-Birge, 178 Lyman-Birge-Hopfi eld, 178

K Kappa function, 381, 382 M Karstic processes, 127 Macromolecules, 223, 227, 228 Keck, 356, 357, 363, 364 Maculae, 508 Keck telescope, 77 Magellan mission, 96 Kelvin–Helmholtz instability, 238 Magnetic fi eld, 67–68, 479–484 Kepler mission, 219 Magnetodisk, 395, 396, 400–404, 406, 411, 426, 430, 447 Kerogens, 230 Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), 397, 406–409, 415, 448 Ketones, 222 Magnetosphere, 373, 377, 379, 386–388, 479, 481, 485 Kinetic Magnetosphere ion precipitation, 418 constants, 221 Magnetospheric plasma, 481 inhibition, 180 Map, 77, 79–84, 86–88, 92, 94, 96–99, 102, 103, 106, 117, 118, 131 models, 194 Maria, 508, 509 Knudsen number, 375 Mars, 104, 113, 116, 117, 120, 128, 177, 183, 185, 190, 215, Kraken Mare, 80, 85, 97, 125, 194 229, 482, 486 Krypton (Kr), 50, 55, 182, 194–196 Mass loss rates Ksa, 128, 129 hydrocarbons, 374, 380, 389 Kuiper, G., 9, 10 hydrogen, 374, 380, 389 methane, 374, 380, 383, 388, 389 nitrogen, 374, 379, 383, 389 L Mass spectrometer, 261, 262 Laboratory simulations, 298, 314–315, 319 Mayda Insula, 97 Laci, 508, 509 Mean free path for collisions, 375, 384 Lacustrine process, 131, 133 Mean molecular weight, 178, 179 Lagrangian circulation, 335 Medium resolution imager (MRI), 98 Lakes, 19, 142, 143, 162, 164, 166–171, 185, 187, 189, 190, 192–194, Menrva height, 94 196, 460, 463, 465, 473–475, 480, 481, 483, 485, 486 Mercury, 128 depth, 127, 194 Meridional hydrocarbon, 493 circulation, 18, 359, 361, 367, 369 Landers, 178, 196, 481, 483–486 transport, 332, 345, 346 Langmuir probe, 278–282, 289 variations, 326, 335, 337 Lapse rate, 238, 240 Mesopause, 238, 240, 242, 243, 254, 336, 345 Laser striping, 93 Mesosphere, 324, 326, 328, 336, 348 Late Heavy Bombardment, 184 Metabolism, 195 Latent heat, 187 Meteorites, 216, 217, 226 Latitude, 480, 486 Meteorological cycle, 177, 185 Latitudinal distribution, 188 Meteorological-photochemical-hydrogeochemical cycle, 185 Leaching, 46 Meteorology, 17–19, 480, 482, 486 Leilah Fluctus, 97, 98 Methanological cycle, 185

Length-of-day (LOD), 342 Methane (CH4), 9–16, 18–22, 24, 29, 35, 42, 44–55, 177–196, Life, 215–219, 228–230, 481, 482 216–224, 226, 229, 230, 241, 243–247, 250, 251, Lifetime, 191 260–263, 265–266, 268, 269, 271, 272, 288, 289, 292, Lifting condensation level (LCL), 186 479–482, 484, 486 Ligeia Mare, 97, 194 absorption coeffi cient, 77, 97 Lightning, 29 absorption spectrum, 494 Limb-darkening, 177, 358, 359, 366 atmospheric, 105 Limb observations, 326, 338 band, 355–358 Limb spectra, 327 clathrate, 5, 112, 144, 150 Limestone, 127 convective storm, 103, 121 LINEAR, 184 cycle, 76, 122, 185–196 Liquefi ed natural gas (LNG), 126 evaporation, 126 Liquid gas, 112 hydrocarbons, 143, 144, 162–164, 167, 171 geyser, 78 methane, 179, 186, 187 hydrate, 179 water, 215, 216, 225, 226, 228, 229 hydrological cycle, 229, 230 Longitude, 481 ice clouds, 316 Long-term variations, 310–311 lake, 124–127 Loss rate, 181 liquid, 75, 98, 104, 111, 112, 116, 123–126, 132 Lost city, 195 ocean, 76 Louisville theorem, 377, 381 origin, 50 Index 531

photolysis, 75 composition, 260, 261, 267, 269–275 rainfall/precipitation, 124 source rates, 387 release, 111, 121, 123, 132 winds, 285

replenishment, 193–194 N2-H2, 189

resupply, 112 NH3, 178–185, 194, 216–219, 224, 229 table, 107, 124 N isotopes, 224 windows, 76, 105–107, 132, 489, 490, 494 Nitriles, 15, 16, 105, 178, 193, 220–222, 224, 225, 261, 272, Methane-ethane mixture, 192 273, 285, 286, 479

Methanogens, 195, 229 acetonitrile (CH3CN), 248

Mezzoramia, 85 acrylonitrile (C2H3CN), 248

Mg, 195 ammonia (NH3), 248

Microbes, 195 cyanoacetylene (HC3N) and cyanogen (C2N2), 247, 248

Microbial production, 195 cyanobutadiyne (HC5N), 248 Micrometeorites, 217, 226 hydrogen cyanide (HCN), 247, 248

Micro-organisms, 224, 229 methylcyanopolyynes (CH3C3N, CH3C5N), 248

Microphysics, 298, 302, 312, 313, 365–366 methyleneimine/methanimine (H2CNH), 248

code, 188 propionitrile (C2H5CN), 248

Microwave, 142, 162, 164–167, 171 Nitrogen (N2), 10, 12, 13, 16, 18, 19, 39, 41, 42, 44–47, 49–52, 55, brightness, 193 177–196, 235, 236, 244, 251, 253, 479, 481, 488 Middle atmosphere, 324–327, 329, 335, 336, 343, 345, 347, 348 origin, 49–50

Mid-latitude, 363, 365, 368, 369 N2-N2, 185 Miller’s experiment, 217 14N14N, 182 Minerals, 181, 195 15N/14N, 182–184, 218, 219 phase, 227 14N/15N isotope ratio, 181–184, 193 Mixed atmosphere, 179, 182 Noble gases, 39, 41, 42, 46, 50, 51, 55, 194, 195 Mixing ratio, 179, 186, 188, 191, 194 Nomenclature, 491, 495, 497, 498, 507–509

(mole fraction) of CH4, H2, 243 Non-LTE effects, 242 MMRTG, 484, 486 Non-thermal escape, 238, 250 Models, 178, 180–192, 194, 195 Noodle, 108, 115 microphysical, 13, 16 North pole, 188 photochemical, 11, 15, 16, 18, 19 North-south asymmetry, 21, 355–359, 366 Molecular Nucleated accretion, 36 diffusive separation, 179 Nucleotides, 227 nitrogen, 260, 269 weights, 178, 179 Mole fraction, 179, 182, 185, 186, 188, 192, 193, 196 O Moment of inertia, 342 Obliquity, 353 Monomers, 297–302, 307, 312–314 Obscuration, 494 Monte Carlo simulations, 376–379, 383–386 Occultations, 178, 455, 466–468, 472, 474 Montgolfi ére, 483–486 radio, 324, 326, 336, 340, 343, 347 Moon (Earth), 113 radio (refractive) occultation experiment, 236 Moons of saturn, 9 solar (absorptive) occultation experiment, 236 Mountain height, 89–91, 109 stellar, 238, 240, 243, 245, 254, 325, 344 Murchison, 217 Ocean, 43–47, 49, 52, 53, 55, 61–72, 75, 76, 110–112, 188–192, 194–196, 480–484 Oligomers, 223, 227 N Olivine, 181, 195 N, 193 Omacatl Macula, 86 14N, 42, 43, 50, 183 Ontario Lacus, 81, 124, 125, 142, 161, 166–171, 192, 480 15N, 42, 43, 50, 183 16O/18O, 196 Nadir observations, 326, 337, 347 Opacity, 178, 185, 187–189 Nadir spectra, 326, 327 Operation mode, 496, 500 Naphtalene, 224 Opposition surge, 148 NASA, 479, 481, 483–485 Optical light curve, 81 Nasmyth Adaptive Optics System (NACO), 332 Optical refl ectivity, 188 National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), 333 Orbital eccentricity, 236 Navier-Stokes equation, 378 Orbiter, 481, 483–486 N-compounds, 218, 220, 222 Organic chemistry, 209, 210, 212 Near-infrared, 177, 187–189 Organic material, 86, 106, 107, 116, 117, 127, 131, 179, 195 Nebula, gas-starved disk, 38, 51 Organics, 179, 181, 195, 196, 479–482, 486 Nebular material, 179 Organisms, 228, 229 Negative ions, 275, 280, 284, 285, 288, 289, 291, 292, 481 Origin, 177–196 Neon (Ne), 177, 179 Origin of life, 215, 216, 218, 229, 230 Neptune, 26, 181 Outer planets, 180 Neutral Outgassing, methane, 44–49 atmosphere, 191 Oxidation, 181 532 Index

Oxirane, 222 vortex, 303, 311, 318, 481 Oxygen, 16, 23, 24, 179 Polarization, 494, 503, 505 Oxygen compounds Pole-to-pole circulation, 187

CH3C2O, 248 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 191, 221, 224,

CH3OH, 248 443, 444 CO, 248, 249 Polymerization, 191

CO2, 248, 249 Polymers, 223

H2O, 248, 249 Polypeptides, 227 O+, 249 Polyynes, 220, 222 OH, 248, 249 Post-accretionary evolution models, 183 Oxygen input to atmosphere, 444–445 Potassium (K), 42, 45, 46 Potassium, 40K, 182, 194 Potential vorticity, 247, 253, 336, 338 P Prebiology, 229 Paleoclimate, 190, 191 Prebiotic Panorama, 98, 100, 101, 106, 494 chemistry, 215, 220, 228 Panoramic mosaics, 491 evolution, 227 Parachute Precipitation, 145, 170, 186, 187, 191, 196, 361, 364, drogue, 333 365, 369 exchange, 333, 334 rates, 104, 121, 126 main, 333 storm, 121 Parkes Radio Telescope, 333 Pre-main sequence, 180 Partial pressures, 189, 190, 193 Pressure Particles, 186, 188 broadening, 177 Pebble, 104, 105 gradient force, 340, 343 Pee Dee Belemnite, 182 Prime mission, 480–481, 486 Penetrator, 483–486 Primitive atmosphere, 183 Periapsis, 484 Primordial argon, 36Ar, 179, 182 Peritectic, 44, 45 Probe, 178, 182, 185, 186, 480, 483–486 Phase Probe ground track, 335, 339 angle, 79, 100–102, 105, 106, 494, 503 Probe mass spectrometer, 192 function, 297, 299, 300, 302, 306–308, 311, 312 Probing the Universe with Enhanced Optics (PUEO), 332 Phoebe (satellite of Saturn), 24 Production, 180–183, 189–191, 195 Photochemical, 178, 180, 181, 183, 184, 191–193 Protoplanetary disks, 36 destruction, 182, 189, 191–193 Purines, 226 evolution, 189 Pyrimidines, 226 smog, 177 Pyrolysis-GC-MS, 223 Photochemistry, 14–16, 20, 75, 184, 185, 191, 193, 194, 218, 244, Pyroxene, 181, 195 251–253 Photoclinometry. See Shape-from-Shading Photodissociation, 180 Q reactions, 221 Questions, open, 9, 28–29 Photo-fractionation, 184 Quivira, 122, 123 Photogrammetry, 87, 94 Photolysis, 178, 180–183, 185, 186, 188, 191, 235, 236, 248, 250–252, 254 R Photometric, 355, 363, 364, 366 Radarclinometry, 89–91, 97, 116 Photopolymerization, 220 Radargram, 91, 92, 94 Pickup ions, 394–398, 401, 402, 404, 408–411, 418–438 Radiative Pioneer (spacecraft), 9, 12, 13, 354 balance, 185, 188, 189, 242 Plane-parallel layers, 188 cooling rates, 241, 242 Planetary boundary layer (PBL), 324, 340–342 equilibrium, 189, 242 Planetesimals, 36, 39, 41, 43, 49, 52, 54, 180, 181, 194, 216, 218, heating/cooling, 328, 339 219, 226 relaxation time, 324, 325, 336, 339 Plasma response time, 359 fl ux, 374, 377, 379, 381, 382, 386, 387 time constant, 237, 242 heating, 383, 386–387, 389 transfer model, 180, 183 injection, 472 Radiative-convective model, 187–189, 341, 345 pressure, 377, 379, 383, 386 Radioactive Plateau, 107 decay, 182, 194 Plate tectonics, 130 isotopes, 37, 45 Pluto, 375 Radio Detection and Ranging (RADAR), 50, 52, 55, 480, 486, 489, Pluvial process, 98, 107, 133 491, 492, 496, 500–506, 509 Polar backscatter, 163, 169 hood, 357–359, 366, 367, 369, 466–468, 473 observations, 19, 187, 193 lakes, 185, 192 radiometry, 165–170 regions, 486 refl ectivity, 193 Index 533

scatterometry, 163, 164 Sediment, 78, 86, 101, 103, 105, 106, 110, 115–118, 120, 121, Radiogenic 123, 125, 133 argon, 40Ar, 182 Self-broadening, 177 decay, 44 Self-recombination reaction, 180 Radioisotope Semianalytic grey radiative model, 188 decay, 181 Senkyo, 87 power, 484 Sensible heat fl ux, 340, 341 Radiometric calibration, 494 Serpentine, 181 Radiometry, 79, 83, 85, 89, 111, 116 Serpentinization, 45, 52, 55, 181, 195 Radio occultation, 178, 261, 277, 278, 281, 359 Shangri-La, 81, 84, 85, 113 Radio refractivity data, 179 Shape, 64, 66–67 Radio Science Subsystem (RSS), 335 Shape-from-shading, 87, 103, 131 Rain, 21, 177, 192, 363–366, 368 Shell distribution, 443 Raindrops, 187 Shock-induced, 181 Rainfall, 187, 195 Shoreline. See Coastline Rate limiting step, 180 Side looking imager (SLI), 98 Ratio(s), combinations, 496 Silicates, 39, 43–45, 49, 52, 53, 108, 111, 129, 133, 181, 195, Rayleigh scattering, 355 226, 230 Recycling, 180, 193 Simulation experiment, 220–224 Red-giant star, 189 Single-scattering albedo, 298, 305–311 Redox couples, 228 Sinkhole, 127 Reducing atmosphere, 217, 220 Sinlap, 84, 85, 94, 128, 129 Refractories, 216, 220, 224, 225 crater, 142, 154, 155, 164, 171 Regiones, 508, 509 Slow hydrodynamic escape, 238 Registration, 496 Smog, 177, 195, 218, 219 Regolith, 192 SOHO, 183 Relative humidity, 186, 189, 192 Soil, 145, 161 Relaxation viscous, 93 Solar Rhea (satellite of Saturn), 37, 128 absorption, 189 Ridge, 92, 102, 103, 107, 108, 127, 132, 133 activity, 236, 237 Ring distribution, 419 constant, 228 Rohe Fluctus, 110 cycle, 354, 355 Rossby radius of deformation, 345 fl ux, 180, 183, 187, 190 Rotational-vibrational spectral lines, 178 forcing, 188 Runoff, 121, 123, 130, 132 heating, 187 Rydberg, 178 heating rate, 310, 311 infrared radiation, 185 luminosity, 188, 189 S nebula, 179, 181, 216, 217 Sagan, Carl, 11, 19 nebula, composition, 36–41, 50, 51 Salt, 127 occultation, 13, 14 Saltation, 78, 115, 116 phase angle, 100–102, 105 Sapping/seepage erosion, 120 proportions, 179 SARTopo, 87, 91–97, 110 radiation, 259, 260, 268, 269, 272, 275–281, Saturation vapor pressure, 186, 192 289, 291 Saturn, 9, 10, 12, 15, 24, 26, 29, 36–42, 45, 50–52, 54, 55, ratios, 194 77, 99, 113, 128, 177, 179, 180, 189, 193–195, 479, spectrum, 189 481, 483–486 system, 9, 10, 25, 29 Saturnian nebula, 38, 52 ultraviolet fl ux, 180 Saturnian subnebula, 180, 181, 193, 194 wind, 183 Saturn local time (SLT), 393, 402, 403, 405, 410, 448 wind ion pick-up, 183 Saturn magnetosphere, 220–222, 393–395, 397, 398, 401–411, 418, Solar incidence-ram-angle (SRA), 397, 402–406, 427, 420, 426, 434, 439, 447, 448 447, 448 Scale height, 179, 189, 325, 326, 328, 329, 336, 337, 347 Solar zenith angle (SZA), 402, 408, 415, 416, 424, 425, 437 Scarp, 96 Solstice, 353, 354, 358, 363–365, 369 Scattering mission, 455, 458, 460, 473–475 atmospheric, 79, 87, 99, 100, 106 summer, 345 radar backscattering, 105, 106 winter, 328 volumes, 109, 123 South pole, 187 Scatterometry, 500 Space craft Schumann resonance, 62, 67, 480 pointing, 500 Seas, hydrocarbon, 494, 509 trajectory, 500 Seasonal variations, 310–311 Spacecraft Event Time (SCET), 333 Seasons, seasonality, 188, 190, 353–369 Speckle imaging, 77 modulation, 325, 345 Spectral variation, 325, 326, 330, 338, 340, 342 classes (units), 82 variations, 190, 485 signature, 86, 89, 120, 132 534 Index

Spectroscopy, 356, 359, 362, 365, 367, 480 contours, 328 correlation, 325 potential, 340 heterodyne, 325 profi le, 326, 331, 339–341, 344, 345 infrared, 325, 331 Tetramer, 227 rotational line, 327 Thermal Spin rate, 342 conductivity, 384 Static stability, 238, 335, 340 emission, 188, 241, 248 Stereochemical selectivity, 230 evolution, 45, 53 Stereoisomeric form, 222 inertia, 190, 325, 359, 366, 369 Stereo mapping, 94, 96 infrared radiation, 188, 359, 360, 362 Stratopause, 238, 239, 328, 345 inversion layer, 235, 240 Stratosphere, 177–179, 181, 185, 186, 191–192, 236–239, 241–245, opacity, 188, 189 247, 248, 251–254, 325–330, 334, 337, 339, 343, 345–347, radiation, 188 359–361, 364, 365, 367, 480 tide, 324, 325, 343, 347 Structured light method, 93 wind equation, 324, 325, 327–330, 335, 339 Subduction, 216 Thermodynamic phase, 180 Subnebula, 180, 182, 184, 193, 194 Thermosphere, 236–238, 241, 242, 244, 245, 252–254, 259–292, 396, turbulent evolution, 38, 41, 42, 51 401, 437–442, 480 Subsaturated air parcel, 186 density vs. altitude, 377, 380, 381 Subsidence, 188 heating, 377 Summer, 353–355, 358, 359, 361, 363, 365–369 temperature vs. altitude, 384 Sun, 180, 183, 188, 189, 193, 195 Tholin, 16, 20, 103–106, 126, 142, 143, 147–150, 155, 188, 223–225, Superadiabatic, 340, 344 298, 300–302, 306, 313–315, 319, 355, 358, 479 Superrotation, 334, 346–348 Thorium (Th), 45 Supersaturation, 179 Tidal energy, 344 Surface, 9–14, 16–22, 24, 28, 29, 177–179, 181, 183, 185–196, Tidal wind, 332, 343, 344 479–487 Tide composition, 142–144, 149–150, 158, 163, 165, 171, 496 tidal dissipation, 75, 76 conditions, 12 tidal heating, 112 coverage, 460, 473 tidal sloshing, 125 elevation, 500 Tilt, axial, 328 energy balance, 341 Time of fl ight (TOF), 400, 434, 435 features, 492, 496, 503, 507–509 Time scale, 180, 181, 183, 187, 192, 193 heating, 189 Titan (satellite of Saturn), 177–196, 201–213, 479–487 heterogeneous, 496 aerosols, 221, 223–225, 228 imaging, 500 albedo, 11, 13, 16, 18 materials, 504 atmosphere, 35, 42, 54, 55 pressure, 9–11, 13, 177, 178, 183, 324, 343 atmospheric composition, 13, 14 properties, 489, 500, 504, 505 book, 217 refl ectivity, 189 energy balance, 17 reservoirs, 177, 187, 191 evolution, 35–55 runoff, 191 interior, 18–19, 24 spectra, 153 internal structure, 39, 53 temperature, 10, 11, 14, 19, 178, 179, 187, 189, 190 lakes, 226–228 tension, 187 mythology, 9 thermal emissivity, 503 name, 9, 16, 21 units, 504 origin, 35–55 volatile reservoir, 189 origin and evolution, 16, 18, 24, 26 Surface-atmosphere reservoir, 188 physical state, 29 Surface-atmosphere thermodynamic equilibrium, 189, 190 pressure profi le, 9–13, 16, 17, 25, 26 Surface science package (SSP), 104, 225 radius, 13, 27 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), 141, 142, 154–156, 162, 164, 166, rotation, 327, 329, 330, 334, 343, 346 167, 169, 170, 500–504, 506 surface, 35, 36, 39, 42, 43, 47, 48, 50, 52, 54, 55 coverage, 79, 80, 84, 85, 89, 92–94, 96, 98–100, 102, 107, 110, surface temperature, 10, 11, 14, 19 113, 128, 130 temperature profi le, 17, 25–26 observation, 91, 110, 111, 115, 122, 124, 127, 130 tholins, 223–226, 228 refl ectivity measurement, 76 Titan Enceladus Mission (TandEM), 484 resolution, 79–87, 89–94, 96, 98–106, 111, 112, 115, 116, Titan Saturn System Mission (TSSM), 479, 481, 482, 484–487 119–123, 127, 133 Topographic speckle noise, 89, 97 mapping, 500 profi les, 500 relief, 500 T shading, 494 Talus, 129 Topography, 75, 81–107, 109, 130, 131 Tectonics/tectonism, 481, 484 Tortola Facula, 82, 89, 111 Temperature, 76, 78, 83, 84, 111, 112, 116, 117, 132, 324–330, Tracer gases, 324 334–336, 338–348, 353, 357, 359–362, 366–369 Trace species, 177 Index 535

Trajectory, 494, 500 VIMS resolution, 86, 89, 111, 115 Transformed Eulerian-mean circulation, 335 Volatiles, 177–196, 216–220, 222, 224, 225, 230 Transition region, 375–378, 381, 385 enrichment, 38, 40, 50, 51 Tributary, 102, 120 evaporation, 191 Triple point, 179, 186, 187 trapping, 39–41, 51, 52, 54 Tropopause, 236, 238, 239, 243, 252, 326, 355, 359, 364, Volcanism, 52, 127, 132 365, 369 Volume scattering, 142, 162, 163, 165, 166, 171, 500, 503–505 Troposphere, 178, 179, 181, 182, 185, 187, 188, 192, 236–239, Vortex, polar, 21 241–243, 324–326, 330, 331, 336, 339, 342, 343, 345–348, Voyager 1, 178, 479, 483 359, 361, 365, 480 Voyager 2, 178 Tsegihi, 82, 84, 89 Voyager (spacecraft), 9, 12–15, 75, 76, 86, 124, 178–180, T-Tauri, 183 187, 188, 190, 215, 220, 222, 224, 354–362, 366–368, Tui Regio, 82, 110, 111, 132, 141, 153, 156–160, 165, 170, 171 374, 379 Voyager Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer Radiometer (IRIS), 179 U Voyager radio-occultation experiment, 178, 179, 188 Ultramafi c silicate minerals, 195 Ultraviolet (UV), 189, 191, 193, 354, 355, 358, 359, 366, 369 observations, 11–13 W

photolysis, 191 Water (H2O), 180, 184, 196, 216, 217, 219, 224 spectrometer, 178, 179, 260 discovery, 16 Ultraviolet and Visual Echelle Spectrograph (UVES), 331 ice, 20, 28, 86, 104–107, 116, 117, 120, 123, 127, 132, Unit optical depth, 186 141–143, 146–156, 161–165, 170, 171, 225, 226, 228, Updraft, 187, 332, 341 493, 496 Upper atmosphere, 192 ocean, 215, 216, 219, 220 Uranium (U), 45 vapor, 24, 180, 181, 186, 217, 224, 230 Uranus, 181 Water-ammonia ocean, 194, 195, 226, 227 Urea, 225, 228 Water-rock reactions, 181, 195 Watershed, 121 Waves, 237, 238, 240, 254, 324, 326, 330, 337, 339, 340, 343–348 V Well-mixed, 179, 182, 188 Valley Westerlies, 342, 343 associated with craters, 132 Wind, 18, 20, 24, 26–29, 190 associated with lakes, 132 circumpolar, 324, 330 erosion deposition, 112–116 cyclostrophic, 324, 330, 346, 347 fl ow direction, 104 direction, 117 Huygens landing site, 81, 84–86, 88, 97–99, 101–104, 106, 107, meridional, 324, 335, 339, 346 114, 115, 117, 120, 121, 123, 131–133 regime, 114, 116 morphological parameter, 120 speed, 78, 112, 113 river bed, 103, 107, 132 thermal, 324, 325, 327–330, 335, 339, 346 valley structures (dendritic stubby branching), 132 vertical, 339–341 Vapor pressure, 179, 180, 186, 190, 192 zonal, 324–336, 338, 339, 342–347 Venus, 90, 110, 111, 113, 116, 129, 183, 189, 229, 479, 481–483 Winia Fluctus, 110 Vertical Winter, 353, 358–369 distribution, 298, 300–305, 312, 314 Winter polar vortex, 248, 254 gradients, 180 mixing, 191 profi le, 220, 221 X Very Large Telescope (VLT), 77, 331, 332 Xanadu, 21, 77, 81, 84–87, 89, 90, 93–95, 109, 110, 112, 116, 121, Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), 333 129, 130, 187 Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), 333, 335 Xenon (Xe), 47, 50, 55, 182, 194–196 Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite, 182 X-ray, 179, 180 Virgae, 508, 509 Virgae (small dark lanes), 81, 108, 120 Viscosity, 63, 70, 71, 98, 116, 120, 132 Z Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS), 28, 50, 55, 141, Zonal average, 324, 326, 329, 336, 340 142, 149–161, 164–171, 187, 188, 192, 326, 331, 332, 338, Zonal variations, 326, 328, 334, 342, 347 339, 341, 489, 491, 492, 494–499, 503–506 Zonal winds, 18, 25–29, 359–361, 367