Appendix The Huygens Teams, Behind the Scenes In the pages that follow are pictures of the Huygens Operation being responsible for its design, construction, launch, fl ight Teams and of memorable moments during the Titan landing on and Huygens landing. It is hoped that the knowledge pro- 14–15 January 2005. We have also included other iconic pic- vided within this book will represent a small token of appre- tures taken at key events during the development and operations ciation for the prodigious efforts of all of the people that of the Cassini Huygens mission over more than 25 years. have been involved with the Cassini-Huygens Mission over The people depicted herein, together with those pre- the roughly 27 years since it was proposed for a joint ESA/ sented in the appendix of the sister book, represent a subset NASA study in 1982. It is they who have made Cassini- of all of the people who have been part of the Cassini- Huygens a shining success, and their tireless efforts will Huygens Mission, from developing it as a candidate plane- continue to bear important scientifi c and cultural fruits far tary-exploration mission in the early 1980s, to eventually into the future. 511 512 Appendix 1. Group photo of the attendees of the Cassini-Huygens Project Science Group meeting at JPL on October 15, 2007 2. Group photo of attendees of the Huygens Critical Design Review (CDR) held at Aerospatiale, Cannes, 25–29 September 1995 The review participants included members of the following teams: ESA Huygens project team, Huygens industrial teams, JPL Cassini Project team, Huygens PI teams The Huygens Teams, Behind the Scenes 513 3. Group Photo at the European Space Agency European Spacecraft Operations Centre (ESA/ESOC) during a Huygens Flight Operations Review in 1996 Participants included members of the Huygens Flight Operations team, Huygens Project team, Huygens Project Scientist team, Huygens Industrial team, Huygens Principal Investigator teams, JPL Flight Operations team, ESOC Public Relations team 4. Review of the Huygens mission preparation activities at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, in 2002 Earl Maize (JPL), Claudio Sollazzo (JPL/HPOC), John Aiello (JPL), Shaun Standley (JPL/HPOC), Bobby Kazeminejad (ESTEC/PS team), David Allestad (JPL), Nathan Strange (JPL), Gerard Huttin (Alcatel) 514 Appendix 5. The Huygens Flight Operations Team at ESOC Top picture: Joe Wheadon, Martin Johnsson, Alan Smith, Martin Hermes, Dave Salt, Claudio Sollazzo, around the Huygens balloon drop test model Bottom picture: Boris Smeds and Kevin Kewin operating the fully functional Huygens electrical model in ESOC’s Huygens Probe Operations Centre (HPOC) The Huygens Teams, Behind the Scenes 515 6. Members of the Aerosol Collector and Pyrolyser (ACP) Operations Team Left picture: Manfred Steller, Guy Israel, Siegfried Bauer Right picture: Hasso Niemann, Jean-Francis Brun, Guy Israel 7. Members of the Doppler Wind Experiment (DWE) Team David Atkinson, Michael Bird, Robin Dutta-Roy, Dirk Plettemeier, Yvonne Dzierma, Michael Allison, Len Tyler 516 Appendix 8. Members of the Descent Imager and Spectral Radiometer (DISR) Operations and Data Processing Teams Left picture: Athena Coustenis, Laura Ellen Dafoe, Bjoern Grieger, Bernard Schmitt, Mike Bushroe, Peter Rueffer, name missing, Sylvain Doute Right picture: Bjoern Grieger, Larry Soderblom, Bashar Rizk, Stefan Schröder, Michael Küppers 9. Members of the Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) Operations Team Left Picture: Eric Raaen Stan Way, Larry Frost, Hasso Niemann, Siegfried Bauer Right Picture: George Carignan, Hasso Niemann, Jaime Demick-Montelaara, Eric Raaen In the middle back Huygens Team members Miguel Pérez Ayúcar and Thierry Blancquaert (both seen from behind) are talking to Huygens Operation Manager Claudio Sollazzo and Huygens Project Scientist Jean-Pierre Lebreton; on the far right, HASI team members Francesca Ferri and Giacomo Colombatti The Huygens Teams, Behind the Scenes 517 10. Members of the Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument (HASI) Operations Team and of the Surface Science Package (SSP) Operations Team Top Picture: John Rainnie, Ben Clark, Marcello Fulchignoni, Mark Leese, John Zarnecki, Andrew Ball, Ralph Lorenz, John Delderfi eld, Phil Rosenberg, Manish Patel, Martin Towner, Brijen Hathi, Francesca Ferri, Louise Patel Bottom Picture: Francesca Ferri, Marcello Fulchignoni, Alexio Aboudan, Giacomo Colombatti, Andrew Ball, Piero Lion Stoppato, Mark Leese 518 Appendix 11. Members of the Surface Science Package (SSP) Operations Team Martin Towner, Phil Rosenberg, Marek Banaszkiewicz, Andrew Ball, Axel Hagermann, Manish Patel, Dave Parker, Brijen Hathi, John Rainnie 12. Chairs of the Descent Trajectory Working Group (DTWG) Bobby Kazeminejad, David Atkinson The Huygens Teams, Behind the Scenes 519 13. Members of the Huygens Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) Team, all affi liated (at that time) with JIVE Cormac Reynolds, Leonid Gurvits, Sergei Pogrebenko, Ian Avruch, Arpad Szomoru, Bob Campbell, Steve Parsley 14. Members of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Real Time Huygens Radio Tracking Team Sami Asmar, Robert Preston, Sue Finley, Bill Folkner, Jim Border, Steve Lowe, Aseel Anabtawi. Team members not available for the picture: Garth Franklin, Jacob Gorelik, Doug Johnston and Viktor Kerzhanovich 520 Appendix 15. Selection of the fi rst DISR images to be shown to the world in the Huygens Science Operations Room at ESA/ESOC, Darmstadt, Germany on 14 January 2005 Top picture: Jonathan Lunine, Larry Soderblom, Laura Ellen Dafoe, Marty Tomasko, Sylvain Doute Bottom picture: Marty Tomasko, Jocelyne Constantin-Landeau, Inigo Mascaraque The Huygens Teams, Behind the Scenes 521 16. Presentation of the fi rst Huygens images to the world by Marty Tomasko on 14 January 2005 522 Appendix 17. Scenes at ESOC the day after the Huygens Landing: a gathering of Cassini-Huygens scientists, project and industry engineers, operations and media personnel, 15 January 2005 18. Members of the Huygens Data Archiving Team The Huygens Teams, Behind the Scenes 523 19. Artistic rendering of the Huygens probe on Titan surface; the terrain surrounding of the probe has been inspired by the picture sent by DISR after landing (ESA Illustration) Index A Amines, 222 Absorption, 188, 189, 195 Amino acids, 217, 224–228 Absorption band (spectrum), 104, 105, 120, 132 Ammonia (NH3), 35, 38, 40, 41, 43–55, 63, 69, 72, 75, 76, 78, Absorption, pressure (or collision)-induced, 324, 327, 341 103, 110–112, 130, 131, 142, 144, 150, 161, 162, Abundance, 177, 178, 180–185, 189, 191–194 165, 171, 178–185, 189, 194, 195, 217, 219, 222, Acceleration 226–229, 481, 482, 484 centrifugal, 329 Ammonia hydrates, 40, 41, 48, 142, 144, 161, 165, 171 gravitational, 326, 329 Ammonium sulfates, 45, 47, 53, 54 Accelerometer, 334, 339 Amorphous ice, 39–41 Accretion, 35–37, 39, 42–47, 50–52, 54, 181, 194 Angle of refraction, 178 Accretionary heating phase, 178, 180, 182, 195 Angular momentum, 325, 330, 335, 342, 343, 345, 346, Acetylene (C2H2), 76, 127, 191, 195, 217, 220, 222–224, 229 348, 361, 367 Adaptive optics (AO), 77, 325, 331, 332, 356, 362, 363, 368, 369 Angular size, 177 Adiabat, 188 Anthracene, 224 Adiabatic cooling, 238 Antigreenhouse, 188 Adiabatic lapse rate, 238, 240 36Ar, 179, 182, 194 Adiri region, 81 40Ar, 42, 43 Aeolian Ara Fluctus, 110 features, 342 36Ar/38Ar, 196 processes/transport, 132 Arc discharge, 222 Aerobraking, 484, 485 Arcus, 507 Aerocapture, 483–485 Arecibo radio telescope, 77 Aerodynamic forces, 187 Argon (Ar), 44, 49, 50, 52, 55, 76, 177–179, 182, 194, 195 Aerosampling, 484, 485 Ar/N2, 218 Aerosol, 11–13, 16, 17, 19, 28, 29, 177, 178, 181, 193, 195, Aromatic compounds, 221 261, 266, 269, 272, 273, 283, 284, 288, 290–292, ASRG, 484 297–319, 327, 338–339, 344, 397, 407, 414, 417, 418, Astrobiology, 215–230, 481–483 439–443, 445, 447 Atmosphere, 75–79, 81, 87, 89, 99, 103, 107, 108, 111–113, 116–118, chemistry, 210 124, 127, 129, 130, 133, 177–196, 202–210, 212, 213, radii, 310, 313–314 479–487, 489, 494, 496 scattering effect, 196 primordial, 45, 47, 50 shape, 298–300, 306, 311–313 Atmospheric size, 297–300 composition, 345 Aerosol collector pyrolyzer (ACP), 144, 170, 224, 225 contributions, 500 Aggregate, 297–301, 306–308, 312–314 density, 192 Agnostosphere, 254, 484 effects, 188, 496 Air glow, 394, 401, 413–417 escape, 261, 266–268, 292, 413–418, 423 26Al, 36, 37 haze, 328, 336, 338, 339, 341, 344, 347, 494 Albedo, 77, 79–83, 85–87, 103, 116, 122–125, 132, 188, 189, 355, heating, 394, 413–418, 448 356, 366, 369 refractivity, 178 features, 496 scattering, 494 bright, 507 shielding, 189 dark, 507 sputtering, 183, 374, 377–379, 382, 384, 385, 387, 406, 419, 448 heterogeneities, 490 stability, 324, 332, 335, 340, 343 map, 494 temperature, 326, 339 variations, 492, 496 tracer, 324, 325, 336 Aldehydes, 222 windows, 496, 503 Alkanofer, 96 Atomic rubidium oscillator, 332 AL84001 meteorite, 183 Australia Telescope National Facility (ATNF), 333 Altimetry, 79, 87, 91–93, 96, 133, 500, 502, 503 Axial tilt, 236 Amidogen radicals (NH2), 180 Azides, 226 525 526 Index Azimuth model, 494 C8H2, 222 12 Aztlan, 113–115, 122 CH4, 182 13 CH4, 182 Channel (system). See Valley B Channels, 480, 481 Background atmosphere, 179, 191 Charged particle bombardment, 418–438 Ballistic corona, 378, 381 CH4-CH4 collisions, 189 Balloons, 196, 481, 483, 484, 486 Chemical Baroclinic eddies, 345 propulsion, 484 Barotropic eddies, 346, 347 reactants, 181 Belet, 84, 90, 114, 116 reactions, 177 Benzene (C6H6), 105, 142, 145, 146, 158–160, 170,