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Antarctic Iceberg Resources John L kWde avaiblre unt'4r NA~ispisoflp E 74 - 1 0.2 0 0 nthe int'-m_ WsAedig- semination ofE .,l ,o:urces Survey 'rogram in0 ;.:! .vilhout liability for any :use .made thereof." R-1354-NASA/NSF November 1973 Applicability of ERTS for Surveying Antarctic Iceberg Resources John L. Hult and Neill C. Ostrander Final Report for Period February-July 1973 (E74-10200) APPLICABILITY OF ERTS FOR N74-15008 ISURVEYING ANTA.RCTIC ICEBERG RESOURCES iFinal Report, Feb.- Jul. 1973 (RAND Corp.) Sfwp BC $5.00 CSCL 08L Unclas 57 G3/13 00200 A Report prepared for GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER GREENBELT, MARYLAND 20771 Original photography may b gurclbase f,2mh ? t 'EROS Data Center e 10ih and Dakota Avenue Sioux Falls,. SH Siow1 Falls, S SANTA MONICA,and CA. 90406 The Rand Corporation 1700 Main Street Santa Monica, California 90406 This report was sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administra- tion under Contract NAS5-21905 and by the National Science Foundation under Grant GI-34981. Reports of The Rand Corporation do not necessarily reflect the opinions or policies of the sponsors of Rand research. Published by The Rand Corporation TECHNICAL REPORT STANDARD TITLE PAGE 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. R-1354-NASA/NSF 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date APPLICABILITY OF ERTS FOR SURVEYING ANTARCTIC November 1973 ICEBERG RESOURCES 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. John L. Hult and Neill C. Ostrander R-1354-NASA/NSF 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. The Rand Corporation MMC #59 1700 Main Street 11. Contract or Grant No. Santa Monica, California 90406 NAS5-21905 13. Type of Report and Period Covered 12. Sponsoring Agency-Name and Address Final Report Goddard Space Flight Center National Aeronautics & Space Administration Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Mr. Edward Crump, Code 430-GSFC 15. Supplementary Notes Prepared under support of the National Science Foundation, Office of Exploratory Research and Problem Assessment. Monitor: H. Kenneth Gayer 16. Abstract This investigation explores the applicability of ERTS to (a) determine the Antarctic sea-ice and environmental behavior that may influence the harvesting of icebergs, and (b) monitor iceberg loca- tions, characteristics, and evolution. Imagery sampling in the west- ern Antarctic between the Peninsula and the Ross Sea is used in the analysis. It is found that the potential applicability of ERTS to the research, planning, and harvesting operations can contribute impor- tantly to the promise derived from broader scope studies for the use of Antarctic icebergs to relieve a growing global thirst for fresh water. Live Antarctic readout will permit timely acquisition of imagery on every orbital pass, which will be necessary to achieve adequate glimpses through the 80 percent cloud cover. Thermal sensor bands will provide coverage in daylight or darkness. Several years of comprehensive monitoring will be necessary to characterize sea-ice and environmental behavior and iceberg evolution. Live ERTS services will assist harvesting control and claiming operations and offer a means for harmonizing entitlements to iceberg resources. The valuable ERTS services will be more cost effective than other means and will be easily justified and borne by the iceberg harvesting operation. 17. Key Words (S, lected by Author(s)) 18. Distribution Statement Antarctic icebergs, sea ice, cloud cover, topography. ERTS applications potential in Antarctica 19. Security Clossif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price' None None 56 Virginia 22151. *For sale by the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, Springfield, -iii- PREFACE This is a report on Applicability of ERTS for Surveying Antarctic Iceberg Resources, a project that was accepted for participation in NASA's first Earth Resources Technology Satellite program (ERTS-1). Most of the data analysis and work reported herein were supported by the Directorate of Research Applications, Office of Exploratory Research and Problem Assessment of the National Science Foundation, under an on- going program entitled A Feasibility Study of Polar Ice as a Fresh Water Resource. A recent report from the program, Antarctic Icebergs as a Global Fresh Water Resource (R-1255-NSF), provides background orientation and preliminary concepts for using Antarctic iceberg resources, and is a basis for evaluating the potential application for ERTS. This investigation was exploratory in nature. Only enough imagery sampling was requested to determine the applicability of ERTS for sur- veying Antarctic iceberg resources and to confirm estimates of the gen- eral abundance of icebergs with suitable characteristics for economic global transport as a source of fresh water. Much more comprehensive imagery, supplemented with ground truth data, during several yearly seasonal cycles will be required to provide an adequate inventory of Antarctic icebergs, their characteristics, and their evolution, and to characterize confidently the sea-ice and environmental behavior critical to the design and planning of iceberg harvesting operations. This report should be useful for planning future ERTS programs and-in the collection of imagery for the harvesting of Antarctic ice- berg resources, as well as for potential users and suppliers of Ant- arctic icebergs and governments or agencies concerned with the develop- ment or control of these resources. The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance, comments, and sources of information provided by Edward W. Crump of the Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA; the review and comments of Rand colleagues Jeannine V. Lamar, Charles Schutz, Ralph E. Huschke, and S. M. Olenicoff; the collection of statistical details from the imagery by F. Y. Katayama; and the editorial assistance of Jeanne Dunn. The authors accept the responsibility for any errors of fact or interpretation. PRECEDING PAGE BLANK NOT FILED _v_ SUMMARY This report gives the results of an ERTS-1 investigation entitled Applicability of ERTS for Surveying Antarctic Iceberg Resources. The very limited sampling of the orbital passes over Antarctica from which imagery was obtained provided enough information to satisfy the objec- tives. This investigation is one of a series exploring various aspects of the feasibility of using Antarctic icebergs as a global fresh water resource. Related investigations that have explored concepts for trans- porting and using the icebergs indicate great promise for this continuous yield resource. However, icebergs of appropriate size and shape must be available for assembly into trains for economical transport, and methods must be found to cope successfully with the surrounding sea ice. Also, ways of harmoniously harvesting this international resource must be developed. These problems have been the concern of this in- vestigation. The results from ERTS-1 for the period from November 1972 through March 1973 reveal a general prevailing cloud cover more than 80 per- cent of the time over the Antarctic coastal and sea areas of interest. However, openings in the cloud cover can be exploited to piece together imagery of a large fraction of the earth's surface off Antarctica every few weeks, if every ERTS imaging opportunity is taken. The sea-ice belt girding Antarctica was very evident, but there was insufficient imagery to refine previous descriptions of its sea- sonal behavior. Many images of iceberg clusters were obtained that confirm the general abundance and dimensional characteristics of ice- bergs and that identify differing characteristics with different sample areas. However, the sea-ice and iceberg environment should be compre- hensively and continuously monitored for several years in order to ac- quire enough information to confidently plan and design efficient ice- berg harvesting operations. A wealth of additional information for mapping, resource exploration, and research can also.be obtained when imagery for iceberg resources is collected. PRECEDING PAGE BLANK NOT FILMED -vi- The potential application for ERTS would be greatly enhanced with live Antarctic readout to enable the timely acquisition of complete imagery on every orbital pass. Also, use of thermal bands should provide better imagery in daylight or darkness throughout the year. With these improvements in ERTS performance, the long-term monitoring for planning and design as well as the quick-use requirements for con- trol of harvesting operations and the registering of claims and entitle- ments could be achieved. ERTS has capabilities that could support new concepts for claiming service and establishing entitlements that would drastically reduce the costs, conserve the resources, harmonize the operations, and reserve the opportunity for anyone to acquire any en- titlement in the future. The iceberg harvesting operations can easily bear the costs of the ERTS services that appear to be essential to the success of economical large-scale use of the continuous Antarctic iceberg yield that other- wise melts and returns to sea water without benefit to man in the pro- cess. -vii- CONTENTS PREFACE .................................................... iii SUMMARY ...... .............................................. FIGURES ................................... ............... ix Section I. INTRODUCTION ........................................ 1 II. RESULTS FROM ERTS-1 IMAGERY ......................... 3 Cloud Cover ........... .
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