DOCSLIB.ORG

Assessing the Likelihood of Gene Flow from Sugarcane (Saccharum Hybrids) to Wild Relatives in South Africa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Assessing the Likelihood of Gene Flow from Sugarcane (Saccharum Hybrids) to Wild Relatives in South Africa ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 07 June 2018 doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00072 Assessing the Likelihood of Gene Flow From Sugarcane (Saccharum Hybrids) to Wild Relatives in South Africa Sandy J. Snyman 1,2*, Dennis M. Komape 3, Hlobisile Khanyi 3, Johnnie van den Berg 3, Dirk Cilliers 3, Dyfed Lloyd Evans 1,2,4, Sandra Barnard 3 and Stefan J. Siebert 3 1 Crop Biology Resource Centre, South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Mount Edgecombe, South Africa, 2 Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, South Africa, 3 Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa, 4 BeauSci Ltd., Waterbeach, Cambridge, United Kingdom Pre-commercialization studies on environmental biosafety of genetically modified (GM) crops are necessary to evaluate the potential for sexual hybridization with related plant species that occur in the release area. The aim of the study was a preliminary assessment of factors that may contribute to gene flow from sugarcane (Saccharum Edited by: Andrew F. Roberts, hybrids) to indigenous relatives in the sugarcane production regions of Mpumalanga International Life Sciences Institute, and KwaZulu-Natal provinces, South Africa. In the first instance, an assessment United States of Saccharum wild relatives was conducted based on existing phylogenies and Reviewed by: Graham Bonnett, literature surveys. The prevalence, spatial overlap, proximity, distribution potential, and Commonwealth Scientific and flowering times of wild relatives in sugarcane production regions based on the above, Industrial Research Organisation and on herbaria records and field surveys were conducted for Imperata, Sorghum, (CSIRO), Australia Alan John Gray, Cleistachne, and Miscanthidium species. Eleven species were selected for spatial Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, analyses based on their presence within the sugarcane cultivation region: four species in Edinburgh, United Kingdom the Saccharinae and seven in the Sorghinae. Secondly, fragments of the nuclear internal *Correspondence: Sandy J. Snyman transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the 5.8s ribosomal gene and two chloroplast genes, [email protected] ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase (rbcL), and maturase K (matK) were sequenced or assembled from short read data to confirm relatedness between Saccharum hybrids and Specialty section: This article was submitted to its wild relatives. Phylogenetic analyses of the ITS cassette showed that the closest wild Biosafety and Biosecurity, relative species to commercial sugarcane were Miscanthidium capense, Miscanthidium a section of the journal junceum, and Narenga porphyrocoma. Sorghum was found to be more distantly related Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology to Saccharum than previously described. Based on the phylogeny described in our study, Received: 23 January 2018 the only species to highlight in terms of evolutionary divergence times from Saccharum Accepted: 17 May 2018 are those within the genus Miscanthidium, most especially M. capense, and M. junceum Published: 07 June 2018 which are only 3 million years divergent from Saccharum. Field assessment of pollen Citation: viability of 13 commercial sugarcane cultivars using two stains, iodine potassium iodide Snyman SJ, Komape DM, Khanyi H, van den Berg J, Cilliers D, Lloyd (IKI) and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride, showed decreasing pollen viability (from 85 to 0%) Evans D, Barnard S and Siebert SJ from the north to the south eastern regions of the study area. Future work will include (2018) Assessing the Likelihood of Gene Flow From Sugarcane other aspects influencing gene flow such as cytological compatibility and introgression (Saccharum Hybrids) to Wild Relatives between sugarcane and Miscanthidium species. in South Africa. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 6:72. Keywords: gene flow, hybridization, pollen viability, phytogeography, spatial assessment, phylogeny, doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00072 Miscanthidium Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology | www.frontiersin.org 1 June 2018 | Volume 6 | Article 72 Snyman et al. Gene Flow Likelihood in Sugarcane INTRODUCTION and herbicide and salt tolerance), creeping bentgrass (herbicide tolerance), and oilseed rape (herbicide tolerance) (Rieger et al., Commercial sugarcane (Saccharum hybrids) was thought to 2002; Warwick et al., 2003; Chen et al., 2004; Watrud et al., 2004; have arisen from an interspecific hybridization event between S. Zapiola et al., 2008). This could lead to the evolution of highly spontaneum and S. officinarum in Java in the late 1800’s (Paterson competitive weeds and the degeneration of the genetic diversity et al., 2013). Recent literature, though, suggests that the heritage in indigenous grasses. is more complicated, especially when considering the nuclear This study was conducted to assess the likelihood of gene phyologenetic relationships (Lloyd Evans and Joshi, 2016a). The flow from commercial sugarcane to wild relatives in the sugar complex ancestry, the polyploid and aneuploid nature of modern production regions of South Africa. Factors such as spatial sugarcane makes conventional breeding challenging (Butterfield overlap, proximity, flowering synchrony and pollen viability et al., 2001). Notwithstanding these issues, in excess of 60 “N” are prerequisites for hybridization to occur. Therefore, if close sugarcane cultivars have been released in the South African relatives occur in areas where sugarcane is cultivated, then industry since 1955, but environmental constraints affect sexual transgenic sugarcane presents a likelihood for gene flow to hybridization because floral induction, flowering synchronicity these species. To assess this possibility, the objectives are as between selected parental germplasm and pollen fertility are follows: (i) review the literature to identify the wild relatives problematic at sub-tropical latitudes (Brett, 1950; Horsley of Saccharum, collate what is known about gene flow between and Zhou, 2013). Attempts to increase genetic diversity by cultivated Saccharum hybrids and wild relatives in South intergeneric crossing of commercial hybrids and members of the Africa, determine overlapping flowering times and assess pollen “Saccharum complex” have met with either limited or no success, viability of commercial sugarcane; (ii) quantify the distribution even under controlled conditions with human intervention, and of wild Saccharum relatives and assess the spatial overlap there are no reports of such hybridization in the wild (Bonnett of their distributions with commercial sugarcane plantations; et al., 2008; Cheavegatti-Gianotto et al., 2011; Organisation for (iii) determine phylogenetic relationships within the Saccharum Economic Cooperation and Development, 2013). complex to confirm which species are most closely related to Cultivar improvement using genetic modification (GM) cultivated sugarcane; (iv) make an assessment of the likelihood technology is being explored and a range of traits have been of gene flow potential between related species and cultivated introduced to sugarcane (reviews by Lakshmanan et al., 2005; sugarcane. Brumbley et al., 2008; Meyer and Snyman, 2013). Commercial cultivation of GM sugarcane has only been approved in Indonesia (Xue et al., 2014) and more recently, Brazil1, but research of this MATERIALS AND METHODS nature is underway in most sugarcane-producing countries. In South Africa, legislation governs the use and cultivation Phytogeography of Saccharum Wild of GM crops [namely the Genetically Modified Organisms Act Relatives in South Africa (Act 15 of 1997) and the National Environmental Management Wild relatives which diverged from Saccharum <7.3 million Act (Act 107 of 1998)]. One aspect of GM crop cultivation that years ago (based on chloroplast sequence chronograms) were requires assessment prior to commercial release is establishing identified from a global phylogeny based on chloroplast the likelihood of lateral gene flow between related plant genomes/regions for the Poaceae (Skendzic et al., 2007; Soreng species. Hybridization is only possible between a crop plant et al., 2015; Lloyd Evans and Joshi, 2016a). Eleven species of the and a wild relative if a number of barriers to gene flow are Sorghinae and Saccharinae subtribes of the Andropogoneae were traversed (McGeoch et al., 2009). According to den Nijs et al. selected for spatial analyses based on their presence within the (2004), successful gene transfer (barrier crossing) requires plant sugarcane cultivation region of South Africa: four species that populations to: (a) overlap spatially; (b) overlap temporally belong to Saccharinae and seven to Sorghinae (Organisation for (flowering periods); and (c) be sufficiently close biologically Economic Cooperation and Development, 2013; Fish et al., 2015; that the resulting hybrids are fertile, facilitating introgression of Soreng et al., 2015). Grass nomenclature is in accordance with genetic material into a new population. The probability of and The Plant List (2013). extent of gene flow varies according to these limiting factors Herbarium specimens were sourced from 11 South African (Légère, 2005). herbaria. All specimen data were captured and a gap analysis Gene flow from transgenic crops to wild relatives may have conducted for the study area to identify where insufficient negative environmental effects if the hybrid plants inherit an information was available regarding the occurrence of wild increased capacity for invasiveness and weediness of a species relatives. At these sites, sugarcane
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sugarcane (Saccharum Officinarum L.)
    /4 ^'^ SUGARCANE (SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM L.) ORIGIN CLASSIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS, AND DESCRIPTIONS OF REPRESENTATIVE CLONES ■ u AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 122 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SUGARCANE (SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM L.) ORIGIN CLASSIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF REPRESENTATIVE CLONES By Ernst Artschwager Formerly Senior Botanist and E. W. Brandes Formerly Head Pathologist Crops Research Division Agricultural Research Service AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK No. 122 The garden sugarcanes of Melanesia constitute the original base from which our present-day varieties of sugarcane derive. Varietal descriptions of the Melanesian garden canes and their derivatives are drawn from a living collection and are here placed on record. As background material and to promote fullest interest in use of this extensive store of germ plasm, what is known or what logically may be in- ferred concerning the history, value, and use of these varieties as a group and their interrelationships with other varietal groups in the genus is given. CONTENTS Page Page Origin, classification, and charac- Vegetative characters used in the teristics 1 description and classification Importance of Saccharum offici- of noble canes—Continued narum 3 Vegetative characters—Con. Colloquial names 3 Blade 56 Relative position of Saccharum Leaf sheath 57 officinarum in the genus 7 Auricles 59 Geographic origin and dispersal. 18 Ligule 61 Origin 18 Dewlaps 61 Dispersal 21 Midrib pubescence 64 Collecting expeditions, 1853- Evaluation of characters used_- 65 1951 28 Descriptions and taxonomic keys Vegetative characters used in the of the clones 81 description and classification Descriptions of the clones 83 of noble canes 45 New Guinea group 83 Materials and methods 45 New Caledonian group 160 Vegetative characters 48 Hawaiian group 180 v Internode 48 Miscellaneous noble group 198 Bud 52 Taxonomic keys 253 Leaf 56 Literature cited 260 Washington, D.
    [Show full text]
  • Southwest Guangdong, 28 April to 7 May 1998
    Report of Rapid Biodiversity Assessments at Qixingkeng Nature Reserve, Southwest Guangdong, 29 April to 1 May and 24 November to 1 December, 1998 Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden in collaboration with Guangdong Provincial Forestry Department South China Institute of Botany South China Agricultural University South China Normal University Xinyang Teachers’ College January 2002 South China Biodiversity Survey Report Series: No. 4 (Online Simplified Version) Report of Rapid Biodiversity Assessments at Qixingkeng Nature Reserve, Southwest Guangdong, 29 April to 1 May and 24 November to 1 December, 1998 Editors John R. Fellowes, Michael W.N. Lau, Billy C.H. Hau, Ng Sai-Chit and Bosco P.L. Chan Contributors Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden: Bosco P.L. Chan (BC) Lawrence K.C. Chau (LC) John R. Fellowes (JRF) Billy C.H. Hau (BH) Michael W.N. Lau (ML) Lee Kwok Shing (LKS) Ng Sai-Chit (NSC) Graham T. Reels (GTR) Gloria L.P. Siu (GS) South China Institute of Botany: Chen Binghui (CBH) Deng Yunfei (DYF) Wang Ruijiang (WRJ) South China Agricultural University: Xiao Mianyuan (XMY) South China Normal University: Chen Xianglin (CXL) Li Zhenchang (LZC) Xinyang Teachers’ College: Li Hongjing (LHJ) Voluntary consultants: Guillaume de Rougemont (GDR) Keith Wilson (KW) Background The present report details the findings of two field trips in Southwest Guangdong by members of Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden (KFBG) in Hong Kong and their colleagues, as part of KFBG's South China Biodiversity Conservation Programme. The overall aim of the programme is to minimise the loss of forest biodiversity in the region, and the emphasis in the first three years is on gathering up-to-date information on the distribution and status of fauna and flora.
    [Show full text]
  • A Synopsis of Thai Apocopis Nees (Poaceae, Panicoideae)
    THAI FOR. BULL. (BOT.) 38: 150–159. 2010. A synopsis of Thai Apocopis Nees (Poaceae, Panicoideae) ATCHARA TEERAWATANANON1, SARAWOOD SUNGKAEW2*, VEERAYA BOONTIA3 & TREVOR R. HODKINSON4 ABSTRACT. A synopsis of the genus Apocopis occurring in Thailand is presented, including a key to the species, correct nomencla- ture, descriptions and illustrations. Six species are recognised, of which four species are lectotypifi ed. KEY WORDS: Panicoideae, Apocopis, Thailand. INTRODUCTION 222. 1900; E.G.Camus & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, The genus Apocopis Nees (Poaceae, Fl. Indo-Chine 7: 291. 1922; Bor, Kew Bull. 1: Panicoideae) consists of about 15 species, chiefl y 102. 1952; Schmid, Fl. Agrostologique de distributed in India, China, Southeast Asia to l’Indochine 13(1): 179. 1958; Bor, Grasses Burma, Polynesia (Clayton and Renvoize, 1986; Watson Ceyl., Ind. & Pakist.: 94. 1960; Roberty, Monogr. and Dallwitz, 1992; Clayton et al., 2006). Apocopis Syst. Andropog. du Globe. (Theses Fac. Sci. was originally described by Nees von Esenbeck Toulouse): 324. 1960; Lazarides, The Tropical (1841) to include A. royleanus (now Apocopis Grasses of Southeast Asia: 19. 1980; Clayton & paleacea (Trin.) Hochr.), using the specimen of Dr Renvoize, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 13: 316. 1986; J. F. Royle, from India. It is characterised by an Gould in Dassanayake, Fosberg and Clayton, Rev. infl orescence which is composed of spike-like Handb. Fl. Ceylon 8: 37. 1994; S.L.Chen & racemes consisting of a fragile rhachis that bears S.M.Phillips, Fl. China 22: 598. 2006.— the imbricate fertile sessile spikelets with broadly Amblyachyrum Hochst., Flora 39: 25. 1856. truncate lower glumes and pedicelled spikelets Annual or perennial, tufted or shortly rhi- which are normally suppressed (Bor, 1952, Clayton zomatous.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on the Distribution of Hemarthria Longiflora (JD Hooker)
    RESEARCH PAPER Biology Volume : 3 | Issue : 5 | May 2013 | ISSN - 2249-555X Notes on the distribution of Hemarthria longiflora (J. D. Hooker) A. Camus (Poaceae) in the Indian subcontinent KEYWORDS Hemarthria longiflora (J. D. Hooker) A. Camus, status, rediscovery, Maldah, distribution. Monoranjan Chowdhury A.P. Das Plant Taxonomy & Environmental Biology Lab., Plant Taxonomy & Environmental Biology Lab., University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India India ABSTRACT Collection of Hemarthria longiflora (J. D. Hooker) A. Camus from the wetland area of Maldah district of West Bengal. It is an extremely rare in occurrence recorded from the lower Gangetic plains of India. Only Three specimens so far were collected from Indian sub-continent. Introduction: ensis (Loureiro) W.D. Clayton, Cyperus difformis Linnaeus, The Genus Hemarthria R. Brown (Poaceae: Andropogon- Schoenoplectus juncoides (Roxburgh) Palla, Digitaria ciliaris eae – Rottboelliinae) represented by fourteen species and (Retzuis) Koeler etc. The identity of Hemarthria longiflora col- distributed mostly in tropical and subtropical regions of the lected from Maldah was confirmed through different litera- Old World and also introduced in America (Bixing and Phil- ture including Flora of China (Bixing and Phiilps, 2005), the lips, 2005). Species of this genus are aquatic or semi-aquatic Flora of British India (Hooker, 1897) and also by matching at i.e., concentrated around the wetlands in South East Asia. CAL. The present locality lays almost midway between Sylhet Detail investigation of literature revealed that five species of and Kharagpur. It is expected that proper survey during its Hemarthria R. Brown are reported to grow in different parts flowering period (i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Grass Genera in Townsville
    Grass Genera in Townsville Nanette B. Hooker Photographs by Chris Gardiner SCHOOL OF MARINE and TROPICAL BIOLOGY JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY TOWNSVILLE QUEENSLAND James Cook University 2012 GRASSES OF THE TOWNSVILLE AREA Welcome to the grasses of the Townsville area. The genera covered in this treatment are those found in the lowland areas around Townsville as far north as Bluewater, south to Alligator Creek and west to the base of Hervey’s Range. Most of these genera will also be found in neighbouring areas although some genera not included may occur in specific habitats. The aim of this book is to provide a description of the grass genera as well as a list of species. The grasses belong to a very widespread and large family called the Poaceae. The original family name Gramineae is used in some publications, in Australia the preferred family name is Poaceae. It is one of the largest flowering plant families of the world, comprising more than 700 genera, and more than 10,000 species. In Australia there are over 1300 species including non-native grasses. In the Townsville area there are more than 220 grass species. The grasses have highly modified flowers arranged in a variety of ways. Because they are highly modified and specialized, there are also many new terms used to describe the various features. Hence there is a lot of terminology that chiefly applies to grasses, but some terms are used also in the sedge family. The basic unit of the grass inflorescence (The flowering part) is the spikelet. The spikelet consists of 1-2 basal glumes (bracts at the base) that subtend 1-many florets or flowers.
    [Show full text]
  • Saccharum X Officinarum) E De Um Parente Selvagem (S
    1 Universidade de São Paulo Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” Biologia reprodutiva de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum x officinarum) e de um parente selvagem (S. villosum Steud) com potencial de contaminação por pólen Jayça Amate Marim Toledo Dissertação apresentada para obtenção do título de Mestra em Ciências. Área de concentração: Genética e Melhoramento de Plantas Piracicaba 2015 2 Jayça Amate Marim Toledo Bióloga Biologia reprodutiva de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum x officinarum) e de um parente selvagem (S. villosum Steud) com potencial de contaminação por pólen versão revisada de acordo com a resolução CoPGr 6018 de 2011 Orientador: Prof. Dr. GIANCARLO CONDE XAVIER OLIVEIRA Dissertação apresentada para obtenção do título de Mestra em Ciências. Área de concentração: Genética e Melhoramento de Plantas Piracicaba 2015 3 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação DIVISÃO DE BIBLIOTECA - DIBD/ESALQ/USP Toledo, Jayça Amate Marim Biologia reprodutiva de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum x officinarum) e de um parente selvagem (S. villosum Steud) com potencial de contaminação por pólen / Jayça Amate Marim Toledo. - - versão revisada de acordo com a resolução CoPGr 6018 de 2011. - - Piracicaba, 2015. 99 p. : il. Dissertação (Mestrado) - - Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”. 1. Cana-de-açúcar 2. Fluxo gênico 3. Saccharum I. Título CDD 633.61 T649b “ Permitida a cópia total ou parcial deste documento, desde que citada a fonte – O autor” 3 Dedico este trabalho aos meus pais Jair (in memoriam) e Rita de Cassia. Ao meu irmão Franklin e ao meu noivo Lino Fernando. Sem vocês absolutamente nada seria possível. 4 5 AGRADECIMENTOS Durante esses dois anos de curso e pesquisa com o objetivo de adquirir o título de mestre em ciências pelo programa de genética e melhoramento de plantas da ESALQ, nunca havia deparado com situações tão desafiadoras como as passadas por esse período de tempo.
    [Show full text]
  • Introductory Grass Identification Workshop University of Houston Coastal Center 23 September 2017
    Broadleaf Woodoats (Chasmanthium latifolia) Introductory Grass Identification Workshop University of Houston Coastal Center 23 September 2017 1 Introduction This 5 hour workshop is an introduction to the identification of grasses using hands- on dissection of diverse species found within the Texas middle Gulf Coast region (although most have a distribution well into the state and beyond). By the allotted time period the student should have acquired enough knowledge to identify most grass species in Texas to at least the genus level. For the sake of brevity grass physiology and reproduction will not be discussed. Materials provided: Dried specimens of grass species for each student to dissect Jewelry loupe 30x pocket glass magnifier Battery-powered, flexible USB light Dissecting tweezer and needle Rigid white paper background Handout: - Grass Plant Morphology - Types of Grass Inflorescences - Taxonomic description and habitat of each dissected species. - Key to all grass species of Texas - References - Glossary Itinerary (subject to change) 0900: Introduction and house keeping 0905: Structure of the course 0910: Identification and use of grass dissection tools 0915- 1145: Basic structure of the grass Identification terms Dissection of grass samples 1145 – 1230: Lunch 1230 - 1345: Field trip of area and collection by each student of one fresh grass species to identify back in the classroom. 1345 - 1400: Conclusion and discussion 2 Grass Structure spikelet pedicel inflorescence rachis culm collar internode ------ leaf blade leaf sheath node crown fibrous roots 3 Grass shoot. The above ground structure of the grass. Root. The below ground portion of the main axis of the grass, without leaves, nodes or internodes, and absorbing water and nutrients from the soil.
    [Show full text]
  • Spread of African Pasture Grasses to the American Tropics1
    Spread of African Pasture Grasses to the American Tropics Item Type text; Article Authors Parsons, J. J. Citation Parsons, J. J. (1972). Spread of African pasture grasses to the American tropics. Journal of Range Management, 25(1), 12-17. DOI 10.2307/3896654 Publisher Society for Range Management Journal Journal of Range Management Rights Copyright © Society for Range Management. Download date 03/10/2021 04:34:23 Item License http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ Version Final published version Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/647510 Spread of African Pasture Grasses variably they are more palatable to livestock than the native American to the American Tropics1 species, and more productive. Such adaptability to grazing clearly must JAMES J. PARSONS be related to their simultaneous evolutionary development with Professor of Geography, Department of Geography, University of California, Berkeley. grazing animals in their areas of origin during the late Pliocene and Pleistocene. Highlight the north coast of Colombia, on the There are no data on how much Andean spurs of eastern Venezuela, Most of the economically important of Tropical America today supports pasture grasses of the tropics have in the interior of Brazil, on the is- a grass cover. It is a patchwork originated in Africa. Introduced into lands of the Greater Antilles-today quilt. Excluding the Amazon basin, the New World, they have often be- one sees pasture lands stretching to come naturalized, spreading rapidly it must approach 40 per cent. What the horizon, interrupted only by and widely. Six species have been part of this surface supports natu- scattered palms, remnant woodlots, principally involved in this massive ralized African species is not known.
    [Show full text]
  • A Taxonomic Revision of Germainia (Andropogoneae: Poaceae) in Thailand
    Blumea 57, 2013: 221–228 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/blumea RESEARCH ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/000651913X663442 A taxonomic revision of Germainia (Andropogoneae: Poaceae) in Thailand A. Teerawatananon1,3, S. Sungkaew2,3*, V. Boontia4, T.R. Hodkinson5 Key words Abstract A taxonomic revision of the genus Germainia (Andropogoneae, Poaceae) in Thailand is presented based on herbarium and field studies, including evidence from morphology, habitats and geographical distribu- Andropogoneae tion. Six of the nine recognized Germainia species are found in Thailand. We include a key to the taxa that are Germainia currently known from Thailand or may be expected, lists of species synonymies, species descriptions and lists of Poaceae representative specimens. Thailand Published on 17 January 2013 INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS Germainia Balansa & Poitr. is a small genus in the tribe Andro­ There were two main sources of specimens used in this study: pogoneae (Poaceae) comprising nine species and distributed specimens collected from fieldwork in Thailand and herbarium in E India (Assam), S Myanmar (Tenasserim), Indo-China specimens, also from other areas, obtained from the following (Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, S Vietnam), S China (Guangdong herbaria: AAU, ABD, BK, BKF, BM, C, E, GH, K, KKU, L, NY, (Canton), Yunnan), Indonesia (Aru Isl., Indonesian Papua), SING, TCD, US and the Herbarium of Natural History Museum, Papua New Guinea (Central, Sandaun (W Sepik), Western National Science Museum, Technopolis, Pathum Thani, Thai- Prov.), and Australia (Northern Territory, N Queensland) (Chai- land. Four field trips, totalling a period of five months were made Anan 1972, Chen & Phillips 2006, Chen et al. 2007).
    [Show full text]
  • Ornamental Grasses for the Midsouth Landscape
    Ornamental Grasses for the Midsouth Landscape Ornamental grasses with their variety of form, may seem similar, grasses vary greatly, ranging from cool color, texture, and size add diversity and dimension to season to warm season grasses, from woody to herbaceous, a landscape. Not many other groups of plants can boast and from annuals to long-lived perennials. attractiveness during practically all seasons. The only time This variation has resulted in five recognized they could be considered not to contribute to the beauty of subfamilies within Poaceae. They are Arundinoideae, the landscape is the few weeks in the early spring between a unique mix of woody and herbaceous grass species; cutting back the old growth of the warm-season grasses Bambusoideae, the bamboos; Chloridoideae, warm- until the sprouting of new growth. From their emergence season herbaceous grasses; Panicoideae, also warm-season in the spring through winter, warm-season ornamental herbaceous grasses; and Pooideae, a cool-season subfamily. grasses add drama, grace, and motion to the landscape Their habitats also vary. Grasses are found across the unlike any other plants. globe, including in Antarctica. They have a strong presence One of the unique and desirable contributions in prairies, like those in the Great Plains, and savannas, like ornamental grasses make to the landscape is their sound. those in southern Africa. It is important to recognize these Anyone who has ever been in a pine forest on a windy day natural characteristics when using grasses for ornament, is aware of the ethereal music of wind against pine foliage. since they determine adaptability and management within The effect varies with the strength of the wind and the a landscape or region, as well as invasive potential.
    [Show full text]
  • Southern Gulf, Queensland
    Biodiversity Summary for NRM Regions Species List What is the summary for and where does it come from? This list has been produced by the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (SEWPC) for the Natural Resource Management Spatial Information System. The list was produced using the AustralianAustralian Natural Natural Heritage Heritage Assessment Assessment Tool Tool (ANHAT), which analyses data from a range of plant and animal surveys and collections from across Australia to automatically generate a report for each NRM region. Data sources (Appendix 2) include national and state herbaria, museums, state governments, CSIRO, Birds Australia and a range of surveys conducted by or for DEWHA. For each family of plant and animal covered by ANHAT (Appendix 1), this document gives the number of species in the country and how many of them are found in the region. It also identifies species listed as Vulnerable, Critically Endangered, Endangered or Conservation Dependent under the EPBC Act. A biodiversity summary for this region is also available. For more information please see: www.environment.gov.au/heritage/anhat/index.html Limitations • ANHAT currently contains information on the distribution of over 30,000 Australian taxa. This includes all mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs and fish, 137 families of vascular plants (over 15,000 species) and a range of invertebrate groups. Groups notnot yet yet covered covered in inANHAT ANHAT are notnot included included in in the the list. list. • The data used come from authoritative sources, but they are not perfect. All species names have been confirmed as valid species names, but it is not possible to confirm all species locations.
    [Show full text]
  • <I>Ustilago-Sporisorium-Macalpinomyces</I>
    Persoonia 29, 2012: 55–62 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj REVIEW ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/003158512X660283 A review of the Ustilago-Sporisorium-Macalpinomyces complex A.R. McTaggart1,2,3,5, R.G. Shivas1,2, A.D.W. Geering1,2,5, K. Vánky4, T. Scharaschkin1,3 Key words Abstract The fungal genera Ustilago, Sporisorium and Macalpinomyces represent an unresolved complex. Taxa within the complex often possess characters that occur in more than one genus, creating uncertainty for species smut fungi placement. Previous studies have indicated that the genera cannot be separated based on morphology alone. systematics Here we chronologically review the history of the Ustilago-Sporisorium-Macalpinomyces complex, argue for its Ustilaginaceae resolution and suggest methods to accomplish a stable taxonomy. A combined molecular and morphological ap- proach is required to identify synapomorphic characters that underpin a new classification. Ustilago, Sporisorium and Macalpinomyces require explicit re-description and new genera, based on monophyletic groups, are needed to accommodate taxa that no longer fit the emended descriptions. A resolved classification will end the taxonomic confusion that surrounds generic placement of these smut fungi. Article info Received: 18 May 2012; Accepted: 3 October 2012; Published: 27 November 2012. INTRODUCTION TAXONOMIC HISTORY Three genera of smut fungi (Ustilaginomycotina), Ustilago, Ustilago Spo ri sorium and Macalpinomyces, contain about 540 described Ustilago, derived from the Latin ustilare (to burn), was named species (Vánky 2011b). These three genera belong to the by Persoon (1801) for the blackened appearance of the inflores- family Ustilaginaceae, which mostly infect grasses (Begerow cence in infected plants, as seen in the type species U.
    [Show full text]