DOCSLIB.ORG

Proceedings of the International Symposium on Catastrophic Tunnel Fires

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Catastrophic Tunnel Fires Edited by Haukur Ingason Proceedings of the International Symposium on Catastrophic Tunnel Fires 20–21 November 2003 SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute SP Swedish National Testing SP Fire Technology SP REPORT 2004:05 Edited by Haukur Ingason Proceedings of the International Symposium on Catastrophic Tunnel Fires 20–21 November 2003 International Symposium on Catastrophic Tunnel Fires (CTF), Borås, Sweden, November 20 – 21, 2003 ABSTRACT The report includes the Proceedings of the International Symposium on Catastrophic Tunnel Fires held in Borås, Sweden, 20 – 21 of November 2003. It provides unique data from the large-scale tests performed in the Runehamar Tunnel 2003 under leadership of SP in co-operation with TNO in the Netherlands and SINTEF in Norway. It also includes presentations of various catastrophic tunnel fires, rescue and fire fighting in tunnels and passive and active fire protection of tunnels. The European research project UPTUN and the new EU regulations for road tunnels are presented as well. Over 200 people from over 20 countries attended this symposium. Key words: Proceedings, International Symposium, Catastrophic Tunnel Fires (CTF) SP Sveriges Provnings- och SP Swedish National Testing and Forskningsinstitut Research Institute SP Rapport 2004:05 SP Report 2004:05 ISBN 91-7848-978-4 ISSN 0284-5172 Borås 2004 Postal address: Box 857, SE-501 15 BORÅS, Sweden Telephone: +46 33 16 50 00 Telex: 36252 Testing S Telefax: +46 33 13 55 02 E-mail: [email protected] 2 International Symposium on Catastrophic Tunnel Fires (CTF), Borås, Sweden, November 20 – 21, 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract 2 Table of contents 3 Preface 5 Catastrophic tunnel fires – What have we learnt? 7 Haack, A. The new EU directive on road tunnel safety 19 Thamm, B. Case Studies Fire development in catastrophic tunnel fires (CTF) 31 Ingason, H. The fire in the St Gotthard tunnel of October 24, 2001 49 Bettelini, M., Neuenschwander, H. Henke, A., Gagliardi, M. and Steiner, W. Spalling of tunnel structure linings – New Swedish result 69 Boström, L. Runehamar large scale fire tests Large-Scale Fire Tests in the Runehamar tunnel – Heat Release Rate (HRR) 81 Ingason, H. and Lönnermark, A. Large scale fire tests in the Runehamar tunnel – Gas temperature and radiation 93 Lönnermark, A. and Ingason, H. Runehamar tunnel fire tests: Radiation, fire spread and back layering 105 Lemaire, T. Presentation of test result from fullscale fire tests at Runehamar tunnel 117 Brandt, A. W. RUNEHAMAR tests as part of the UPTON project 121 Brekelmans, J. W. P. M. and Goudzwaard, D. The First Year’s research results of the european project UPTON 129 Nelisse, M. ® Protecting the Runehamar tunnel in Norway with Promatec -T against multiple dires, as part of the Upton research project 139 Van Olst, D. and Van den Bosch, R. Runehamar tunnel fire tests – Upton: Fire protection 145 Anton, O. and Wu, X. 3 International Symposium on Catastrophic Tunnel Fires (CTF), Borås, Sweden, November 20 – 21, 2003 Are sprinklers the solution to prevent Catastrophic tunnel fires? 155 Brinson, A. Rescue and fire fighting in tunnels What can the fire brigade do about catastrophic tunnel fires? 161 Bergqvist, A. Problems of evacuation in catastrophic tunnel fires 177 Frantzich, H. Engineering solutions for rescue and fire-fighting 187 Wahlström, B. Fire suppression systems Alternative fire sprinkler systems for roadway tunnels 193 Arvidson, M. Fire Suppression in road tunnels – Why it is needed – A fire brigade view 203 Fielding, L. Fire suppression systems for road tunnels (UPTON) 213 Opstad, K. and Wighus R. Tunnel fire protection – Hi-Fog concept for road and railway tunnels 223 Tuomisaari, M. 4 International Symposium on Catastrophic Tunnel Fires (CTF), Borås, Sweden, November 20 – 21, 2003 PREFACE Recent catastrophic tunnel fires (CTFs) in Europe have placed a focus on fire safety issues concerning road and rail tunnels. Several key factors have played an important role in the growth of the CTFs in Europe. In road tunnels the high fire load represented by the many Heavy Goods Vehicles (HGVs) involved has been instrumental to the catastrophic outcome. Fires in flammable HGV goods develop very quickly. In metro systems, however, the high density of people evacuating the scene, in combination with the fast fire spread between coaches, has been most important. Another important factor is the relationship between ventilation and the spread of the fire and rapid evolution of smoke which surprises people who are unable to escape in time. Finally, the rescue services have great difficulty fighting the fire ― vision is obscured by smoke, and the enormous heat levels prevent fire fighters from getting to the seat of the fire, even when the smoke has been ventilated away. No active fire protections systems such as sprinkler or water mist systems were involved in these fires. The need for a symposium dealing with all these aspects was therefore apparent. The presentations given at the symposium are provided in these proceedings. These proceedings provide a unique opportunity to read about the latest information on the heat release rates and smoke development from burning cargoes in HGVs, and on the resulting effects on the tunnel lining. The proceedings also include a description of recent catas- trophic tunnel fires and the problems of escape and fighting these fires. Novel fire suppression technologies and protection of linings for tunnel fires are featured and the European research project UPTUN and the new EU regulations are presented. We wish to acknowledge our colleagues at TNO (The Netherlands) and SINTEF (Norway) for the co-operation in performing the large-scale tunnel tests in Runehamar tunnel together with Promat International (Belgium), Gerco (The Netherlands), B I G Innovative/Tempest (Germany) and the Norwegian Road Administration. The Runehamar tests were funded by a consortium consisting of the above partners together with The Swedish Road Administration, the Swedish Rail Administration, the Swedish Rescue Services Agency, the Swedish Fire Research Board and the European Commission through the UPTUN project. We hope that this information will provide regulators, designers, builders, researchers and even users of tunnels with an understanding of the reasons for catastrophic tunnel fires in the past and tools to prevent them or reduce their impact in the future. Much work has been done but many questions remain. Future research should resolve further issues related to active and passive fire protection, detection, and fire fighting and evacuation procedures. Finally, we hope research efforts will expand to include the construction phase of tunnels as this presents slightly different issues that have not been thoroughly investigated as yet. Haukur Ingason 5 International Symposium on Catastrophic Tunnel Fires (CTF), Borås, Sweden, November 20 – 21, 2003 Catastrophic Tunnel Fires – What have we learnt? Alfred Haack STUVA, Cologne, Germany STARTING SITUATION A modern industrial society requires an efficient and reliable transportation infrastructure. This applies to road as well as rail. The construction and operation of efficient transportation tunnels is increasingly being called for to ensure that traffic can flow speedily without hold-ups. This is by no means a new insight. After all, the first European rail tunnels were built more than 150 years ago and the first Underground systems towards the end of the 19th century. The high-speed rail routes (Fig. 1) and inner urban commuter rail systems, which are being constructed in our age, above all require a high percentage of underground alignment. Giving an example around 600 km of tunnel for Underground, rapid transit and urban railways with a total of around 500 subsurface stations are operated in Germany at present alongside around 450 km of main line tunnels and roughly 150 km of road tunnels [2]. Fig. 1: ICE travelling out of a tunnel The overall length for operational transportation tunnels throughout the whole of Europe currently is well in excess of 15,000 km. It goes without saying that high safety and reliable availability are essential for such tunnels. This particularly applies to fire incidents in tunnels, which unfortunately cannot be excluded entirely. Such fires are characterised by the danger they pose to the persons affected and also in many cases by the considerable extent of damage they cause (Fig. 2). Serious cases of fire accidents resulting in persons being hurt or killed are e.g. known from Azerbaijan, the UK, France, Italy, Japan, Canada, Austria and the USA. A number of major fires have also occurred in Germany as well. In this connection, the confined space available which made escape and rescue conditions even more difficult was of particular significance for the consequences. 7 International Symposium on Catastrophic Tunnel Fires (CTF), Borås, Sweden, November 20 – 21, 2003 Fig. 2: Hamburg’s Moorfleet Tunnel on the federal motorway following the lorry fire in 1968 RECENT CATASTROPHIC TUNNEL FIRES Fire incidents in tunnels immediately catch the public's attention and this is quite natural. The media report at length in particular when people come to harm. The disastrous London Underground fire at the Kings Cross Underground station in November 1987, which cost 31 persons their lives and the catastrophic outcome of the Baku Underground fire (Azerbaijan) in October 1995 resulting in 289 deaths, are mentioned as examples. The Channel Tunnel fire between the UK and France on Nov. 18, 1996 (Fig. 3), where fortunately all the tunnel users escaped with their lives as well as the 2 terrible fires in road tunnels on March 24, 1999 below Mont Blanc in France [2-4] and on May 29, 1999 beneath the Tauern range in Austria, resulting in 39 and 12 deaths respectively, had also serious consequences. Fig. 3: Burnt out lorry transporter in the Channel Tunnel between the UK and France (fire incident on Nov. 18, 1996) 8 International Symposium on Catastrophic Tunnel Fires (CTF), Borås, Sweden, November 20 – 21, 2003 The 11.6 km long Mont Blanc Tunnel was opened for traffic in 1965.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Downloaded from the Skynet/Europe Network Web Site ( Accessed on 3 August 2021)
    atmosphere Article Air Quality in the Italian Northwestern Alps during Year 2020: Assessment of the COVID-19 «Lockdown Effect» from Multi-Technique Observations and Models Henri Diémoz 1,*,† , Tiziana Magri 1,†, Giordano Pession 1, Claudia Tarricone 1, Ivan Karl Friedrich Tombolato 1, Gabriele Fasano 1,2 and Manuela Zublena 1 1 Regional Environmental Protection Agency (ARPA) Valle d’Aosta, 11020 Saint-Christophe, Italy; [email protected] (T.M.); [email protected] (G.P.); [email protected] (C.T.); [email protected] (I.K.F.T.); [email protected] (G.F.); [email protected] (M.Z.) 2 Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-165-278576 † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: The effect of COVID-19 confinement regulations on air quality in the northwestern Alps is assessed here based on measurements at five valley sites in different environmental contexts. Surface concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2), ozone (O3), particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), together with a thorough microphysical (size), chemical, and optical (light absorption) aerosol characterisation, complemented by observations along the vertical column are considered. Even in the relatively pristine environment of the Alps, the «lockdown effect» is well discernible, both in the Citation: Diémoz, H.; Magri, T.; early confinement phase and in late 2020. The variations observed during the first confinement period Pession, G.; Tarricone, C.; Tombolato, in the city of Aosta (−61% NO, −43% NO2, +5% O3, +9% PM2.5, −12% PM10, relative to average I.K.F.; Fasano, G.; Zublena, M.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide Hiver 2020-2021
    BIENVENUE WELCOME GUIDE VALLÉE HIVER 2020-2021 WINTER VALLEY GUIDE SERVOZ - LES HOUCHES - CHAMONIX-MONT-BLANC - ARGENTIÈRE - VALLORCINE CARE FOR THE INDEX OCEAN* INDEX Infos Covid-19 / Covid information . .6-7 Bonnes pratiques / Good practice . .8-9 SERVOZ . 46-51 Activités plein-air / Open-air activities ����������������� 48-49 FORFAITS DE SKI / SKI PASS . .10-17 Culture & Détente / Culture & Relaxation ����������� 50-51 Chamonix Le Pass ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 10-11 Mont-Blanc Unlimited ������������������������������������������������������������� 12-13 LES HOUCHES . 52-71 ��������������������������������������������� Les Houches ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 14-15 Ski nordique & raquettes 54-55 Nordic skiing & snowshoeing DOMAINES SKIABLES / SKI AREAS �����������������������18-35 Activités plein-air / Open-air activities ����������������� 56-57 Domaine des Houches . 18-19 Activités avec les animaux ����������������������������������������� 58-59 Le Tourchet ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 20-21 Activities with animals Le Brévent - La Flégère . 22-25 Activités intérieures / Indoor activities ����������������� 60-61 Les Planards | Le Savoy ��������������������������������������������������������� 26-27 Guide des Enfants / Children’s Guide . 63-71 Les Grands Montets ����������������������������������������������������������������� 28-29 Famille Plus . 62-63 Les Chosalets | La Vormaine �����������������������������������������������
    [Show full text]
  • SWISS REVIEW the Magazine for the Swiss Abroad August 2016
    SWISS REVIEW The magazine for the Swiss Abroad August 2016 History at the Gotthard – the opening of the base tunnel A cotton and plastic sandwich – the new CHF 50 banknote Keeping an eye on the surveillance – the Davos-born photographer Jules Spinatsch Switzerland is mobile and Swiss Abroad may be found everywhere on Earth. And you, where are you situated around the globe? And since when? Share your experience and get to know Swiss citizens living nearby… and everywhere else! connects Swiss people across the world > You can also take part in the discussions at SwissCommunity.org > Register now for free and connect with the world SwissCommunity.org is a network set up by the Organisation of the Swiss Abroad (OSA) SwissCommunity-Partner: Contents Editorial 3 Casting your vote – even if it is sometimes a chore 5 Mailbag Hand on heart, did you vote in June? If you did, on how many of the five federal proposals? I tried to form an 6 Focus opinion on all of the initiatives and referenda. I stu­ The tunnel­building nation died the voting documents, read newspapers, watched “Arena” on Swiss television and discussed the issues 10 Economy with family and friends. The new banknotes Admittedly, it was arduous at times: Just the doc­ uments themselves, which included two hefty book­ 12 Politics lets, various information sheets and the ballot papers, namely for the five fed­ Referendum results from 5 June eral proposals – pro public service, unconditional basic income, the milch Proposals for 25 September cow initiative, the amendment to the law on reproductive medicine and an Parmelin’s first few months on the amendment to the Asylum Act – plus, because I live in Baselland, six cantonal Federal Council proposals ranging from supplementary childcare to the “Cantonal parlia­ ment resolution on the implementation of the pension fund law reform for 17 Culture the pension scheme of the University of Basel under the pension fund of the The alphorn in the modern age canton of Basel­Stadt – a partnership­based enterprise”.
    [Show full text]
  • Effective Firefighting Operations in Road Tunnels
    Effective Firefighting Operations in Road Tunnels Hak Kuen Kim, Anders Lönnermark and Haukur Ingason SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden Fire Technology SP Report 2010:10 Effective Firefighting Operations in Road Tunnels Hak Kuen Kim, Anders Lönnermark and Haukur Ingason The photo on the front page was provided by Anders Bergqvist at the Greater Stockholm Fire Brigade. 2 3 Abstract The main purpose of this study is to develop operational procedures for fire brigades in road tunnels. Although much progress has been achieved in various fields of fire safety in tunnels, very little attention has been paid specifically to fire fighting in tunnels. This study is focused on obtaining more information concerning how effectively the fire brigade can fight road tunnel fires and what limitations and threats fire brigades may be faced with. This knowledge can help parties involved in tunnel safety to understand safety issues and enhance the level of fire safety in road tunnels. The report is divided into three main parts. The first part consists of a review of relevant studies and experiments concerning various key parameters for fire safety and emergency procedures. The history of road tunnel fires is then summarised and analyzed. Among all road tunnel fires, three catastrophic tunnel fires are highlighted, focusing on the activities of fire brigades and the operation of technical fire safety facilities. In the second part specific firefighting operations are developed. This has been based on previous experience and new findings from experiments performed in the study. In the last part, information is given on how the proposed firefighting operations can be applied to the management of fire safety for road tunnels.
    [Show full text]
  • SWISS REVIEW the Magazine for the Swiss Abroad February 2016
    SWISS REVIEW The magazine for the Swiss Abroad February 2016 80 years of Dimitri – an interview with the irrepressible clown February referenda – focus on the second Gotthard tunnel Vaping without nicotine – the e-cigarette becomes a political issue In 2016, the Organisation of the Swiss Abroad celebrates 100 years of service to the Fifth Switzerland. E-Voting, bank relations, consular representation; which combat is the most important to you? Join in the discussions on SwissCommunity.org! connects Swiss people across the world > You can also take part in the discussions at SwissCommunity.org > Register now for free and connect with the world SwissCommunity.org is a network set up by the Organisation of the Swiss Abroad (OSA) SwissCommunity-Partner: Contents Editorial 3 Dear readers 4 Mailbag I hope you have had a good start to the new year. 2016 is a year of anniversaries for us. We will celebrate 25 5 Books years of the Area for the Swiss Abroad in Brunnen this “Eins im Andern” by Monique Schwitter April, then 100 years of the OSA in the summer. Over the course of those 100 years, hundreds of thousands 6 Images of people have emigrated from Switzerland out of ne- Everyday inventions cessity or curiosity, or for professional, family or other reasons. The OSA is there for them as they live out their 8 Focus life stories. Its mission is to support Swiss people living abroad in a variety of Switzerland and the refugee crisis ways. It too is constantly changing. “Swiss Review” has had a new editor-in-chief since the beginning of No- 12 Politics vember.
    [Show full text]
  • C-F-Leader.Pdf
    This electronic edition ©2006 Canadian Sea Scouts Homeport — http://www.seascouts.ca/ This edition prepared by Karl Pollak. Editor’s Note: The reader is reminded that these texts have been written a long time ago. Consequently, they may use some terms or express sentiments which were current at the time, regardless of what we may think of them at the beginning of the 21st century. For reasons of historical accuracy they have been preserved in their original form. If you find them offensive, we ask you to please delete this file from your system. For more historical texts with traditional Scouting topics, visit the The Dump at: http://www.thedump.scoutscan.com/ Should you ask me whence these stories? Whence these legends and traditions, With the odours of the forest, With the dew and damp of meadows, With the curling smoke of wigwams, With the rushing of great rivers, With their frequent repetitious, And their wild reverberations As of thunder in the mountains? LONGFELLOW (Hiawatha). DEDICATION The authors would like to dedicate this book first, to each other (in memory of many years of friendship, and particularly of the days when they must have been the worst A.S.M.s in the Movement); and second, to all their other friends who have sung with them in many times and places. Contents Foreword I Aim and Purpose of Camp Fires ..................................5 II The Fire.....................................................................8 III Ceremonial and Good Order......................................15 IV The Programme ......................................................20
    [Show full text]
  • Christmas in the French Alps 10 Amazing Days – Paris to Milan – Escorted Tour N Ew for 2014
    Christmas in the French Alps 10 Amazing Days – Paris to Milan – Escorted Tour N ew for 2014 Aiguille du Midi Copyright ATOUT France, Louis Frédéric Dunal Albatross gives you more… DAY 1 - 19 DECEMBER PARIS Your tour commences this evening in Paris. Dinner tonight is included, but Celebrate Christmas over 5 nights in the family run Hotel du first, enjoy a welcome drink in the hotel bar. This is an ideal chance to meet Bois in the village of Les Houches, deep in the snow laden your fellow travellers. (D) French Alps, surrounded by the soaring peaks of the Mont Blanc ‘massif’ in the Haute Savoie Your Paris Hotel - Crowne Plaza Paris République. This 4 star hotel is situated on Place de la République, in one of Paris’ most lively districts. The hotel Spend 3 nights in vibrant Paris, and enjoy a special evening features a restaurant that serves traditional French cuisine and a bar. drive taking in the stunning Christmas illuminations and Christmas Markets strewn along the Champs Elysées Guestrooms are spacious and contemporary in style and are equipped with modern ensuite facilities. Enjoy the excellent Christmas markets scattered amongst the half-timbered houses, picturesque canals and stone bridges DAY 2 - 20 DECEMBER PARIS of beautiful Annecy This morning we will enjoy a guided panoramic tour which will bring alive Travel on a cable car up to the dizzy heights of the summit of the city from the Eiffel Tower, Champs Elysées and Arc de Triomphe, to the the ‘Needle of Midday’ – the Aiguille du Midi – and soak up Louvre and Notre Dame.
    [Show full text]
  • Rose Jones Travel Award Report: the Tour of Mont Blanc
    Rose Jones Travel Award Report: The Tour of Mont Blanc Last summer I completed half of the Tour of Mont Blanc, whilst collecting data to demonstrate the effect of trekking on resting heart rate and breathing rate. Before departing, I also recorded body weight and kept a food log throughout the trip. At 4807m the summit of Mont Blanc stands over 3700m above the French town Chamonix, our starting point, and 3500m above the Italian town Courmayeur, our finishing point. The tour of Mont Blanc encompasses the Mont Blanc massif along a 170km trail which passes through France, Italy and Switzerland. This experience was one I will never forget and I cannot thank the CET enough for giving me such a wonderful opportunity. As we drove from Geneva airport to Chamonix, I was amazed by the view of the Mont Blanc Massif. The folding mountains were an astonishing view. On arrival, after a flight delay, we decided to change our plan and had to get a cable car to our starting point to ensure we got to our first hostel on time. We began a descent of over 1500m from the peak Le Brévent to Chamonix’s neighbouring town Les Houches. As we stepped off the cable car we were greeted by a view of the Lac du Brevent and a full-frontal view of Mont Blanc. The pathway zig zaged along the rocky landscape and, although the steep descent was difficult, the panoramic view made it worth it. On our way down we befriended a Canadian man who was completing the final leg of the Tour.
    [Show full text]
  • Updated 13Th June 2017 Alternative Transport and Bad Weather Options
    1 Updated 13th June 2017 Alternative Transport and Bad Weather Options: Tour du Mont Blanc Included below you will find stage by stage suggestions for bad weather walking alternatives for the Tour du Mont Blanc. Additionally, you will find detailed alternative transport suggestions for each stage of the TMB if you are unable to walk any section of the Tour du Mont Blanc. We have taken great care in preparing this information but schedules do change and you should also check with the local tourist information or your accommodation for updates or alternatives. Also at the time of writing this document, some 2016 Timetables were not available, so we have based the information on previous year’s timetables and given web links so you can find the up-to-date information at the time you depart. Feel free to call our UK office for assistance or if you need any help as we keep all the relevant timetables and can help you to change accommodation bookings if necessary. It is best to call during office hours from Monday to Friday between 9:00 – 17:30 UK time as this is when we are fully staffed and will almost always have French and Italian speakers in the office. Transport with Baggage Our baggage couriers (Taxi Besson) have two seats available in their van, which are available on a first come basis to ill or injured hikers who have booked baggage transfer. It is not available if the route is affected by poor weather or you are disinclined to walk. Please call them or us to check if it is available on a given day.
    [Show full text]
  • Secure Access for Mont Blanc Tunnel Staff With
    SECURE ACCESS FOR MONT BLANC TUNNEL STAFF WITH NEDAP AND SELESTA Being one of Europe’s standout tunnels, offering staff highly secure access to restricted areas of the Mont Blanc Tunnel was a main requirement. To provide drivers with secure yet convenient access, Nedap’s TRANSIT solution was implemented. The system was integrated by Selesta Ingegneria S.p.A. The Mont Blanc is one of Europe's most used tunnels. The Driver based vehicle identification road tunnel of 11.6 km-long stretches between the Chamonix To make sure only valid combinations of drivers and vehicles Valley in France and the Aosta Valley in Italy. The passageway get access to the restricted zones at the tunnel, Nedap’s Prox is one of the major trans-Alpine transport routes. In particular Booster is used. This in-vehicle transponder contains a for Italy, which transports one-third of its freight to Northern- vehicle identification number that is combined with Europe via this tunnel. It reduces the route from France to identification of the driver’s personal identification card. Turin by 50 km and to Milan by 100 km. Thanks to this patented solution, vehicles can never get Automatic staff access access to a secured area unless occupied by an authorized The authorities responsible for the Mont Blanc Tunnel were in driver. It is therefore used to enable secure, fast and need of a solution that could grant all authorized staff and convenient vehicle access in high secured areas and in their vehicles secure access to restricted areas of the tunnel. flexible vehicle and driver situations.
    [Show full text]
  • 1910 Forest Fires in Montana and Idaho| Their Impact on Federal and State Legislation
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1968 1910 forest fires in Montana and Idaho| Their impact on federal and state legislation John James Little The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Little, John James, "1910 forest fires in Montana and Idaho| Their impact on federal and state legislation" (1968). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 1455. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/1455 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE 1910 F0r;S3T FIRES IN MOFTAT^A AND IDAHO j TH'ilR IMPACT ON FEDERAL STATS LEGISLATION' By John James Little B.A. Michigan State University, 19^3 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts mJIVERSITY OP MONTAl^IA 1968 Approved by» J "{• ((t^ /<9^ Cnairman, Board of Examiners De August 28, 1968 Date UMI Number: EP36460 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.
    [Show full text]
  • Selection of the Optimum Tunnel System for Long Railway Tunnels with Regard to the Entire Lifecycle
    SELECTION OF THE OPTIMUM TUNNEL SYSTEM FOR LONG RAILWAY TUNNELS WITH REGARD TO THE ENTIRE LIFECYCLE H. Ehrbar & C. Tannò ETH Zurich, Switzerland H.-P. Vetsch Vetsch Rail Consult, Bützberg, Switzerland ABSTRACT: Since more than 30 years long tunnels with a total length of more than 50 kilometres exist. Many of them show a different tunnel system: double track tunnels with service tunnel, two single track tunnels and two single track tunnels with a service tunnel are the existing systems. The decision on the tunnel system of this long tunnels had to be taken at a time when only few information on operation and maintenance costs were available. Today more information on oration a maintenance is available. The paper shows, how the decision-making process should be made today considering the criteria construction, operation and safety with regard to the entire lifecycle. Recommendations on the selection of the tunnel system will be given for different boundary conditions, based on the operation experience of the long tunnel railway tunnels under operation. 1. PROJECT REQUIREMENTS OF LONG RAILWAY TUNNELS Railway tunnel constructions have the purpose of connecting cities, economic regions (Gotthard-Base Tunnel), countries (Eurotunnel, Cross Border Base Tunnel under the Ore Mountains) or even continents (Gibraltar Strait Tunnel) in order to ensure a rapid and environmentally friendly transport of people and goods. Mountains or straits are the typical topographical obstacles that must be overcome with a tunnel. Such tunnels become quickly very long (> 20 km length) due to special topographic boundary conditions for mountain base tunnels and strait tunnels. Figure 1: Longitudinal profile of a subsea tunnel (Eurotunnel) and a mountain base tunnel (Gotthard Base Tunnel) (source Wikipedia and AlpTransit Gotthard) Very long tunnels have to fulfil many project requirements, as each other civil work also.
    [Show full text]