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Fundamental Studies of Capillary Electroosmosis and Electrokinetic Removal of Phenol from Kaolinite

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Fundamental Studies of Capillary Electroosmosis and Electrokinetic Removal of Phenol from Kaolinite Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1994 Fundamental Studies of Capillary Electroosmosis and Electrokinetic Removal of Phenol From Kaolinite. Heyi Li Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Li, Heyi, "Fundamental Studies of Capillary Electroosmosis and Electrokinetic Removal of Phenol From Kaolinite." (1994). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 5815. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/5815 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9508588 Fundamental studies of capillary electroosmosis and electrokinetic removal of phenol from kaolinite Li, Heyi, Ph.D. The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col., 1994 UMI 300 N. ZeebRd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES OF CAPILLARY ELECTROOSMOSIS AND ELECTROKINETIC REMOVAL OF PHENOL FROM KAOLINITE A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Chemistry by Heyi Li B.S., University of Science and Technology of China, 1986 August 1994 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Firstly, I wish to thank my wife, Xiaobing Xu, for her constant love, support, and understanding. I also would like to acknowledge my family in China for their encouragement and patience. I would like to express my deep appreciation to my major advisor, Dr. Robert J. Gale, for his supervision during my studies at Louisiana State University and for his time, advice, suggestions, and discussions during these years. Also, I wish to thank Drs. Randall W.- Hall, George G. Stanley, Steven A. Soper, Robin L. McCarley, and John W. Lynn for serving on my committee, reading my thesis, and their guidance and suggestions. Many thanks are extended to Dr. Yalcin B. Acar for his advice and partial guidance of the phenol electrokinetics research. Appreciation also goes to Dr. John B. Hopkins for his friendship during my stay in Baton Rouge. Dr. James W. Robinson also should be mentioned, with whom I enjoyed teaching an analytical chemistry laboratory course at LSU. My special appreciation goes to many friends here, especially to the graduate students in Dr. Gale’s group, Mr. D. Alberto Ugaz, Ms. Tran, Mr. Jianzhong Liu, and Mr. Yide Chang, particularly their friendship, help, and day-to-day discussions. Finally, I acknowledge the Department of Chemistry, LSU, for providing me with the financial support of a graduate assistantship. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................ ii LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................... vi LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS................................................... ix ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ xiv CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND .............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Electroosmosis and Electrokinetic Soil Processing ............................. 2 1.2.1 Helmholtz-Smoluchowski T h e o ry ........................................... 5 1.2.2 Velocity Profile in Capillary Electroosmosis ....................... 7 1.2.3 Dependence of f on the Electrolyte Concentration 11 1.3 Capillary Zone Electrophoresis ............................................................ 13 1.4 Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography .......................... 15 1.5 Thesis O verview ....................: .............................................................. 20 1.6 References ............................................................................ 21 CHAPTER 2. CAPILLARY SURFACE CONDUCTANCE AND STUDIES OF CAPILLARY ELECTROOSMOSIS................................................... 23 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 23 2.2 Experimental ........................................................................................... 24 2.3 Results and D iscussion .......................................................................... 28 2.3.1 Surface Conductance Measurement using an Impedance B ridge...................................................................................... 28 2.3.2 Surface Conductance Measurement using a Lock-In A m plifier................................................................................ 30 2.3.3 Capillary Electroosmosis of KC1 using Phenol as an Indicator ................................................................................ 34 2.4 Conclusions .............................................................................................. 40 2.5 References .............................................................................................. 41 CHAPTER 3. FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES OF HYDRAULIC AND ELECTROOSMOTIC FLOW THROUGH SILICA CAPILLARIES . 42 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 42 3.2 Theoretical Background ....................................................................... 43 3.3 Experimental Section ............................................................................. 47 3.4 Results and D iscussion .......................................................................... 50 iii 3.4.1 Hydraulic Flow Analysis ...................................................... 50 3.4.2 Energy Analysis of Hydraulic Flow .................................... 55 3.4.3 Electroosmotic Flow Analysis .............................................. 56 3.4.4 Energy Analysis of Electroosmotic Flow ........................... 61 3.4.5 Comparison of kh and ke ...................................................... 63 3.5 Conclusions .............................................................................................. 63 3.6 References .............................................................................................. 6 6 CHAPTER 4. CAPILLARY ELECTROOSMOSIS AND ELECTROPHORESIS STUDIES WITH DIFFERENT CATIONS AND SURFACTANTS ................................................................................ 6 8 4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 6 8 4.2 Experimental S e c tio n ............................................................................. 70 4.3 Results and D iscussion .......................................................................... 71 4.3.1 Electroosmosis Velocity vs. Applied Electric Voltage . 71 4.3.2 Electroosmosis in Different Size Capillaries .................... 77 4.3.3 Energy Analysis of Electroosmosis in Different Size Capillaries ............................................................................. 79 4.3.4 Electroosmosis as a Function of Cation T y p e .................... 80 4.3.5 Electroosmosis of SDS at Different Concentrations .... 83 4.3.6 Electroosmosis of CTAC at Different Concentrations . 90 4.4 Conclusions .............................................................................................. 94 4.5 References .............................................................................................. 97 CHAPTER 5. PHENOL REMOVAL FROM KAOLINITE CLAY BY
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