DOCSLIB.ORG

Palynology in Southern North America. I: Archeo- Logical Horizons in the Basins of Mexico

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Palynology in Southern North America. I: Archeo- Logical Horizons in the Basins of Mexico BULLETIN OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA VOL 83, PP. 241-264, 4 FIGS. MARCH 1962 PALYNOLOGY IN SOUTHERN NORTH AMERICA. I: ARCHEO- LOGICAL HORIZONS IN THE BASINS OF MEXICO BY PAUL B. SEARS ABSTRACT Profiles of sediments in the Basin of Mexico show an inverse relation between the percentages of fossil pine and oak pollen. Vegetation studies suggest that any marked increase in oak indicates an increase in available moisture, while consistently low percentages of oak indicate moisture deficiency. On this basis prolonged moist and dry periods have alternated. The more recent of these climatic shifts can be correlated stratigraphically with known phases of human occupation (Sears, 1951b). The Archaic Culture, 2000 or 1500 to 500 or 400 B.C., and the Nahua, 800 or 900 to 1521 A.D., both flourished within the Basin during relatively moist conditions. These two humid periods were separated by a prolonged dry interval which overtook the Late Archaic during a time of very low lake level. The Late Archaic level was then covered by a volcanic ash fall, and the culture shifted northward to higher ground. There it became the Teotihuacan which lasted from 500 or 400 B.C. to 800 or 900 A.D. Since this highly developed culture existed during a dry period, it must have made use of ground water. If so, the sources should have been unfavorably affected by heavy soil erosion known to have occurred, and by any deforestation, as Valliant (1941) suggests in explanation of the ultimate Teotihuacan collapse. Conclusions based on pollen analysis are consistent with what is known of soil profiles and former lake levels. CONTENTS TEXT Figure Page Page 3. Improved light-weight extension rods for Introduction .......................................................... 242 Swedish Hiller borer. ...... 249 4. Ten profiles showing relation between Acknowledgments ................................................. 242 Statement of problem .......................................... 242 pollen frequencies of climatic indicators and known archeological levels The environment .................................................. 242 ............................ 253 Archeology and history ........................................ 245 1. Pre-Archaic man .......................................... 245 TABLES 2. Archaic or Middle Culture ........................ 245 3. Teotihuacan Culture ................................... 245 Table Page 4. Nahua Culture ............................................ 246 5. European Occupation ................................. 246 1. Pollen profile, Lake Chalco, about 200 Résumé ............................................................... 247 yards west of school at Xico ........................ 250 Field work ............................................................. 247 2. Pollen profile, Lake Chalco, about 5 meters 1948 .................................................................... 247 north of profile in Table 1 ............................ 250 1949 .................................................................... 248 3. Pollen profile, Culhuacan, beginning just 1950 .................................................................... 249 below zone of Nahua artifacts ...................... 250 Procedure ............................................................... 250 4. Pollen profile, Santiago Tlatelolco, begin- Results ................................................................... 250 ning just above base of oldest pyramid ........ 251 Discussion .............................................................. 253 5. Pollen profile, El Tepalcate, rush turf near References cited .................................................... 254 edge of water .................................................. 251 6. Pollen profile, Chimalhuacan, 1 kilometer south of El Tepalcate ................................... 251 ILLUSTRATIONS 7. Pollen profile, about 90 meters northeast of profile in Table 6 ........................................... 251 Figure Page 8. Pollen profile, near site in Table 6 but con- 1. Sketch guide to the lacustrine history of the siderably deeper 252 Basin of Mexico ............................................. 243 9. Pollen profile, Lake Texcoco, dry bed 3.75 2. Indicator significance of the four principal kilometers southwest of Chapingo. ............. 252 upland forest genera of the Mexico City 10. Pollen profile, Chapingo, peaty cultivated area. 244 field 3.75 kilometers west. ............................ 252 241 242 P. B. SEARS—PALYNOLOGY IN SOUTHERN NORTH AMERICA INTRODUCTION agave pollen. A dry period within recent, but probably pre-historic, times was postulated. Pollen analysis or palynology has been chiefly used in tracing climatic change, although its ACKNOWLEDGMENTS value in stratigraphic correlation is increasingly recognized. Most of the sediments employed In 1948 Dr. Pablo Martinez del Rio invited for climatic studies have been within glaciated my attention to the problem of past climates areas, hence their record applies only to times in relation to human activity within the Basin when the basins containing them have been of Mexico and has most generously assisted ice-free. me throughout. The basins considered in the present series For invaluable guidance in the field, I am of studies lie 1500-3000 international air km indebted to Ing. A. R. V. Arellano; Drs. beyond the border of continental Pleistocene Faustino Miranda, Manuel Maldonado-Koer- glaciation. Fossil pollen has already been re- dell, and Helmut de Terra; Senores Arturo covered from them at depths of more than 60 Romano and Luis Aveleyra Arroya de Anda; meters, giving a continuous record extending Senora Antonieta Espejo, and Senor Pina-Chan. back into the Pleistocene. Such a record has the For generous provision of facilities, acknowledg- added value of showing the degree to which ments are due to Dr. Rubin de Borbolla, climatic changes associated with known ad- Director of the Museo Nacional, to the Escuela vances and retreats of the ice were effective de Agricultura at Chapingo, and to Dr. Sanchez at these distances beyond the glacial limits Marroquen of the Instituto Politecnico. (Sears, 1951a). Many other individuals have, in one way or This initial paper, however, deals only with another, given help and encouragement. Aside the analysis of relatively shallow sediments from those named in table captions, I must which, in the Basin of Mexico, can be cor- mention Mr. Philip Clisby, Professor Victor related with certain known phases of human Lytle, Mrs. Jean Galloway McNab, and the culture in that area. late Mr. Ralph Smith, a North American long The principle involved is presented in Dee- resident in Mexico City who first informed me vey's (1944) pioneer paper on pollen analysis of the late Archaic site, El Tepalcate, which has in Mexico. Samples taken at suitable intervals provided invaluable stratigraphic evidence. in the sedimentary column are treated so as Acknowledgments are also due The Geological to free and concentrate pollen and other spores Society of America, The Viking (Wenner-Gren) and prepare them for microscopic examination. Foundation, and the United Fruit Company for Counts are then made, and percentages cal- generous aid, and to Oberlin College for a leave culated for forest-tree pollen; all other forms of absence in 1948 as well as for laboratory are reckoned as so many per hundred of forest- space. tree pollen. By this method major changes in forest STATEMENT Or PROBLEM composition are revealed, and with them sig- nificant changes in climate. The non-forest Two questions are involved in the present pollen in turn is useful not only for confirma- paper. Is there evidence of climatic change within the Basin of Mexico during the time of tion as to climate, but as an index to local known human occupancy? If so, can such changes, such as vulcanism, cultivation, or shift- change be correlated with known cultural hori- ing water levels. zons? Both questions seem answerable in the While Deevey's (1944) study was frankly affirmative. exploratory, it revealed certain essential facts, here amply confirmed. Upland forest pollen was THE ENVIRONMENT represented by fir, pine, alder, and oak, her- baceous flora by grasses, chenopods, and com- The general setting is given by the map posites. Evidence of agriculture was afforded (Fig. 1), kindly furnished, along with the by the finding of a few grains of maize and levels here used, by Ing. Arenano. Essentially THE ENVIRONMENT 243 INSTITUTO GEOLOGIC° OE MFXICO SKETCH — GUIDE to the LACUSTRINE HISTORY of the BASIN of MEXICO AAKA lkòdt.VSF, .9iik* PL I FIGURE 1.—SKETCH GUIDE TO THE LACUSTRINE HISTORY OF THE BASIN OF MEXICO the map shows a large basin—not a valley— From the remnant of Lake Texcoco on the enclosed by mountains and displaying the evi- present basin floor at 2235-2236 meters, traces dence of a long volcanic and lacustrine history. of ancient beaches occur up to an elevation of 244 P. B. SEARS—PALYNOLOGY IN SOUTHERN NORTH AMERICA 2263 meters, while sediments occur under the Since this is true, and there is a striking in- present City of Mexico to a depth of several verse relation between oak and pine in our hundred meters. data, we have assumed that oak indicates POPOCATEPETL 5448 METERS ELEVATION IN METERS 4000 PINE 3500 (P. Hartwegii) DECREASING-•••• FIR-PINE PINE (Abies religiose (P. Montezuma.) P. petula) TEMPERATURE ca 2800 PINE cr OAK-ALDER ( P. Isiophyllo ) (Osercus spp. Minas spp.) 2500 2300 -.a—it/CREASING DECREASING— MOISTURE MEXICO CITY 2236
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Axolotl (Ambystoma Mexicanum)
    The Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) The axolotl in the wild is limited to two lakes, Lake Xochimilco and Lake Chalco in central Mexico. Not much of either exists any more. There are other similar species such as Ambystoma andersoni in other lakes in central Mexico. The axolotl has a special feature in that it remains in its larval stage for its whole life, which can be up to 15 years in captivity, and even breeds, in this larval stage. The male axolotl will “dance” with the female and leave spermatophores lying around and lead the female over to them to pick them up, and in a couple of days she lays hundreds of eggs, which are quite large and often used for research. Sex cannot be determined until they get to full size (around a year), then the males develop a rather large cloaca (swelling behind their back legs). And research is why we see axolotls today in the pet trade. Axolotls have another amazing feature - they can grow back or regenerate damaged or missing arms, legs, tail, and even parts of organs. There are large colonies kept at various universities all over the world and they are used extensively for regeneration research, and most recently in cancer research. There appears to be a possible chemical in axolotl eggs that can shut off tumour cells. So although the population in the wild is declining, there are hundreds of thousands of axolotls in fish tanks around the world. As a pet they are pretty easy to keep. They don’t need any heat, preferring colder water, as the lake in Mexico where they come from rarely reaches above 20 degrees Celsius.
    [Show full text]
  • WHAT IS the STATUS of the MEXICAN AXOLOTL? H.I. GRIFFITHS and D.H
    British Herpetological Society Bulletin, No. 26, 1988. WHAT IS THE STATUS OF THE MEXICAN AXOLOTL? H.I. GRIFFITHS and D.H. THOMAS School of Pure and Applied Biology, University of Wales College of Cardiff, P 0 Box 915, Cardiff CF1 3TL The Mexican Axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum Shaw 1789, is most certainly the most widely used research species of the urodela, having generated in excess of 3300 publications by 1971 alone (Smith and Smith, 1971). Despite this the natural history of the Axolotl and of the other Mexican members of the Ambystomatidae is almost totally unknown. Brandon (1970) undertook a short field study of A. dumerilli at Lake Patzcuaro in the mountains of Michoacan, but other than this field data for most species appears to consist of little more than records of captures made by Feder, Lynch, Shaffer and Wake (1982). The situation for A. mexicanum is surprisingly little better. The species has been recorded from only two localities (Lake Xochimilco and Lake Chalco in the Valley of Mexico) though it may also have been previously present in the channels joining Lake Zumpango and Lake Texcoco (Frost, 1985; Fig. 1). First hand accounts of the species habitat are few and far between. Velasco made a series of observations at the site in October 1879 (Kranz, Smith and Smith, 1971) and interestingly recorded that the species did metamorphose at Lake Xochimilco in late October/early November. Hans Gadow also visited the site (Gadow, 1903) but his account, though giving a little information about Lake Xochimilco, falls short of real field observation. Feder et al.
    [Show full text]
  • CARBON and NITROGEN STABLE ISOTOPES in ORGANIC MATTER from LAKE CHALCO, MEXICO: a RECORD of QUATERNARY HYDROLOGY and CLIMATE CHANGE Kristin Slezak Pearthree
    University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations Summer 7-15-2019 CARBON AND NITROGEN STABLE ISOTOPES IN ORGANIC MATTER FROM LAKE CHALCO, MEXICO: A RECORD OF QUATERNARY HYDROLOGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE Kristin Slezak Pearthree Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/eps_etds Part of the Biogeochemistry Commons Recommended Citation Pearthree, Kristin Slezak. "CARBON AND NITROGEN STABLE ISOTOPES IN ORGANIC MATTER FROM LAKE CHALCO, MEXICO: A RECORD OF QUATERNARY HYDROLOGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE." (2019). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/eps_etds/256 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. i Kristin S. Pearthree Candidate Earth and Planetary Sciences Department This thesis is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Thesis Committee: Peter Fawcett, Chairperson Maya Elrick Zachary Sharp ii CARBON AND NITROGEN STABLE ISOTOPES IN ORGANIC MATTER FROM LAKE CHALCO, MEXICO: A RECORD OF QUATERNARY HYDROLOGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE by KRISTIN S. PEARTHREE B.A., Geology, Oberlin College, 2015 THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Earth and Planetary Sciences The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico July, 2019 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank many people who helped me power through this project. I would like to thank my friends and, especially, my family who listened to me talk endlessly about my research with great patience.
    [Show full text]
  • Floating Gardens in Aztec Mexico
    111 Just Beyond the Eye: Floating Gardens in Aztec Mexico Philip L. Crossley he chinampas of the Basin of Mexico have long intrigued travelers, scholars, and casual readers alike. Since the arrival of conquista- Tdors to the region, reports of this remarkable form of island agri- culture have circulated widely, and to this day chinampas continue to be highlighted in virtually every geography, anthropology, and history sur- vey course on Mesoamerica. Following a well-established tradition, these wetland fields are often described as “floating gardens,” although it is usu- ally quickly noted that the modern form are no longer buoyant. Alexander von Humboldt’s brief discussion of the nature and prob- able antecedents of these fields appeared to confirm that chinampas origi- nated as floating gardens, a concept already widely accepted after its ini- tial promulgation by both Jose de Acosta and Francisco Javier Clavijero.1 Centuries of repetition of, and elaboration on, these earliest descriptions have led to a remarkable persistence of belief in floating gardens in spite of scant documentary evidence of their past existence, many observers’ acknowledgement of failure to see these gardens, and numerous attempts to refute the concept entirely. While the prevalence of this belief may seem merely quaint, I argue here that it is the result of a complex conjuncture of Romantic perspec- tives on the non-modern world, specific characteristics of travel literature, the prevalence of a “textual attitude” in the study of Mexico, and of spe- cific ways that Mexico and the Aztec have been equated and appropriated as examples in scholarly debate.
    [Show full text]
  • Selected Works Selected Works Works Selected
    Celebrating Twenty-five Years in the Snite Museum of Art: 1980–2005 SELECTED WORKS SELECTED WORKS S Snite Museum of Art nite University of Notre Dame M useum of Art SELECTED WORKS SELECTED WORKS Celebrating Twenty-five Years in the Snite Museum of Art: 1980–2005 S nite M useum of Art Snite Museum of Art University of Notre Dame SELECTED WORKS Snite Museum of Art University of Notre Dame Published in commemoration of the 25th anniversary of the opening of the Snite Museum of Art building. Dedicated to Rev. Anthony J. Lauck, C.S.C., and Dean A. Porter Second Edition Copyright © 2005 University of Notre Dame ISBN 978-0-9753984-1-8 CONTENTS 5 Foreword 8 Benefactors 11 Authors 12 Pre-Columbian and Spanish Colonial Art 68 Native North American Art 86 African Art 100 Western Arts 264 Photography FOREWORD From its earliest years, the University of Notre Dame has understood the importance of the visual arts to the academy. In 1874 Notre Dame’s founder, Rev. Edward Sorin, C.S.C., brought Vatican artist Luigi Gregori to campus. For the next seventeen years, Gregori beautified the school’s interiors––painting scenes on the interior of the Golden Dome and the Columbus murals within the Main Building, as well as creating murals and the Stations of the Cross for the Basilica of the Sacred Heart. In 1875 the Bishops Gallery and the Museum of Indian Antiquities opened in the Main Building. The Bishops Gallery featured sixty portraits of bishops painted by Gregori. In 1899 Rev. Edward W. J.
    [Show full text]
  • UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Domestic Ritual and Identity in the Teotihuacan State: Exploring Regional Processes of Social Integration Through Ceramic Figurines Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8wc9w29z Author Hagerman, Kiri Louise Publication Date 2018 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Domestic Ritual and Identity in the Teotihuacan State: Exploring Regional Processes of Social Integration Through Ceramic Figurines A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology with a specialization in Anthropogeny by Kiri L. Hagerman Committee in charge: Professor Guillermo Algaze, Chair Professor Sarah C. Clayton Professor Jonathan Friedman Professor Thomas W. Gallant Professor Paul S. Goldstein Professor Richard G. Lesure 2018 Copyright Kiri L. Hagerman, 2018 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Kiri L. Hagerman is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Chair University
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient West Mexico in the Mesoamerican Ecumene
    Ancient West Mexico in the Mesoamerican Ecumene Eduardo Williams Archaeopress Pre-Columbian Archaeology 12 Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978-1-78969-353-9 ISBN 978-1-78969-354-6 (e-Pdf) © Eduardo Williams and Archaeopress 2020 Cover: the Petámuti (high priest) addressing the nobles at Tzintzuntzan, the Tarascan capital (after Relación de Michoacán, ca. 1540; Alcalá 2008). All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by Oxuniprint, Oxford This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com This book may look like a story about ruins and pyramids; about palaces, monuments, stelae, and sculpture… It isn’t. It is about ordinary people like you or me, and what they did, what they achieved, and what they believed… Jaime Litvak King Ancient Mexico: An Overview The past is a foreign country; they do things differently there... L. P. Hartley The Go-Between Contents Contents �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������i List of Figures ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������iii List of Tables ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xvi
    [Show full text]
  • Prehistoric Culture Diffusion in the Gran Chichimeca
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Eugene C. Lee for the degree of Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies in the co-departments of Anthropology/Anthropology/History presented on May 23, 1985: Title: Prehistoric Cultu DiffWon in the Gran ichimeca Abstract approved: Redacted for Privacy Richard E. Ro' The Gran Chichimeca is a North American area extending from the Tropic of Cancer to the south to the thirty-eighth parallel in the north, thus embracing northern Mexico and the American Southwest. The rise of the great mesoamerican civilizations to the south of the Gran Chichimeca and the consequent pressure of trade resulted in a northward diffusion of cultural traits, many of which reached the American Southwest. The advantages of various possible routes over which meso- american cultural traits might have been passed are discussed and five specific traits are examined. In the American Southwest, espec- ially, these traits are but dimly perceived and are not accorded the recognition which they merit. These traits have been selected for their unique character and their patent visibility. The character of these five traits and their significance is demonstrated. Prehistoric Culture Diffusion in the Gran Chichimeca by Eugene C. Lee A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University impartial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary studies Completion Date May 23, 1985 Commencement June 1986 _ APPROVED: Redacted for Privacy Associate Professor of Anthropology incharge of major Redacted for Privacy Assistant Professor of Anthropologyin charge of co-field Redacted for Privacy Profess$ of History in charge co-field Redacted for Privacy Chairman of Department of Anthropology Redacted for Privacy Dean of Gra -ie School d 0 Date Thesis is presented May 23, 1985 Typed by Sue Ferdig for Eugene C.
    [Show full text]
  • P-058-F MUAC-019-ALVES-INT-100Dpi
    Return of a Lake: Contemporary Art and Political Ecology in Mexico — T.J. DEMOS Maria Thereza Alves, El retorno de un lago—The Return of a Lake, 2012. Detalle—Detail [Cat. 1] For Return of a Lake, Maria Thereza Alves’ photographic and sculptural installation, first presented at dOCUMENTA (13), 2012, the Brazilian artist (long based in Europe) investigates the region of Chalco, just east of Mexico City. There, water, as if possessing a will of its own, has rebelled against human environmental degradation, colonial domi- nation, and exploitative economic interests, and unexpect- edly reappeared in recent decades. More than a century after its drainage to make way for farmland, the lake’s return has helped inspire the imagination of a different world, one that is politically just, equitably resourced, and ecologically sustainable. In 1985, water began emerging from the ground in Chalco, just after several wells were built to tap the aquifer and deliver water to the capital, which, expanding exponen- tially in recent years, has grown a voracious appetite for natural resources. As the liquid was withdrawn from subter- ranean cavities, the ground began descending, and by 2013 it had sunk some twelve meters from its level twenty years ago (descending approximately forty centimeters per year). Filling an area previously dedicated to agriculture, the emer- gent Tláhuac-Xico Lake has now become a substantial body of water—and a new source of conflict for regional disputes, real estate interests, land use policy, and competing water management systems.1 It is this conflict that is mapped in Alves’ installation, comprising three dioramas that represent the Chalco area, among its diverse elements.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction •Graphs / Facts •Solution •Conclusion •Causes •Photos •Acknowledgements •About This Amazing Creatu
    •Axolotls and the Environment •by Sharel Gaskey •Introduction •Problem •Graphs / Facts •Solution •Every one organism affects our future and our environment’s •Many salamander species in Mexico and Guatemala •Make a sanctuary and maybe a man made lake in a future! When one group of organisms die off another group have suffered dramatic population declines since the better spot. Reintroduction of lab bred axolotls might also might die unless they can rely on one another for food. 1970s, driven to the brink probably by a warming not be a good idea. A pilot sanctuary is planned to When an animal becomes extinct our whole world’s future climate and other factors. Two of the most common open in Mexico City in 2009. changes because it has to adapt to the loss. There are many species of salamanders in the areas 40 years ago are types of animals that need our help to survive. They are in extinct, and several others have experienced large •The federal Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA) this situation because sometimes we as humans are causing drops in number. All around the world human (16 U.S.C.A. §§ 1531 et seq.) was enacted to protect the problem. There are many extinct and endangered animals influences have changed the environment. animal and plant species from extinction by preserving at the moment, but right now one specific animal is going to •In Ten Years the Amount Per Square foot went the ecosystems in which they survive and by providing be the focus, The Axolotl. The Axolotl is related to the Tiger from about 1000 to 25.
    [Show full text]
  • Liquid Liberalism: Environment, the State, and Society in Porfirian Mexico
    Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University History Theses Department of History Summer 8-5-2013 Liquid Liberalism: Environment, the State, and Society in Porfirian Mexico Kate Stogsdill Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses Recommended Citation Stogsdill, Kate, "Liquid Liberalism: Environment, the State, and Society in Porfirian Mexico." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2013. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses/75 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LIQUID LIBERALISM: ENVIRONMENT, THE STATE, AND SOCIETY IN PORFIRIAN MEXICO by KATE STOGSDILL Under the Direction of J.T. Way ABSTRACT In this thesis, I propose that Mexican water works during the Porfiriato influenced the development of modernity because of hydrology’s link between society and environment. These two canals in particular provide a window on the relationship between the state and environment that connects the two in the efforts of state formation. The Gran Canal and the Canal de la Viga both worked as tools for social and political construction for Mexicans to imagine modernity for themselves and for their country. INDEX WORDS: Mexico, Mexico City, Hydrology, Gran Canal, Canal de la Viga, Porfiriato, Modernity LIQUID LIBERALISM: ENVIRONMENT, THE STATE, AND SOCIETY IN PORFIRIAN MEXICO by KATE STOGSDILL A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University 2013 Copyright by Kate Stogsdill 2013 LIQUID LIBERALISM: ENVIRONMENT, THE STATE, AND SOCIETY IN PORFIRIAN MEXICO by KATE STOGSDILL Committee Chair: J.T.
    [Show full text]
  • Christine Niederberger Betton. Paleopaysages Et Archéologie Pré-Urbaine Du Bassin De Mexico
    Comparative Civilizations Review Volume 19 Number 19 Fall 1988 Article 7 10-1-1988 Christine Niederberger Betton. Paleopaysages et Archéologie Pré- Urbaine du Bassin de Mexico Imogen Segen Coulborn Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr Recommended Citation Coulborn, Imogen Segen (1988) "Christine Niederberger Betton. Paleopaysages et Archéologie Pré- Urbaine du Bassin de Mexico," Comparative Civilizations Review: Vol. 19 : No. 19 , Article 7. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr/vol19/iss19/7 This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Comparative Civilizations Review by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Coulborn: Christine Niederberger Betton. <em>Paleopaysages et Archéologie P 98 MESOAMERICAN CIVILIZATION Christine Niederberger Betlon, Paleopaysages et Archeologie Pre-Urbaine du Bassin de Mexico Collection. Etudes Mesoamericaines. 2 Volumes (856 pp.) illustrated. CEMCA (Centre d'Etudes Mexicales et Centramericaines), Sierra Leona 330, Mexico D.F. 11000, 1987. I first heard about Christine Niederberger Betton a little over a year ago when I went around Mexico City asking: "Who knows the latest about the Olmecs?" Then I met Niederberger at the International Con- gress of Archaeologists in Mainz last August, where she read her paper on "Middle America: From the Beginning of a Sedentary Life to the Rise of the first Regional Centers" at a plenary session. Thus I heard that the latest about the Olmecs was that they did not exist—at least not as the inventors and bearers of what we know as the "Olmec" civilization.
    [Show full text]