Index

ablation zone of a glacier 112, 130 agriculture 453–4 Antarctica 21, 273–4 accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) Airy ellipsoid 240 antediluvian man 14 363 26Al/10Be exposure ages 118 Anthropocene 465–7 accumulation zone of a glacier 112 albedo 19, 130 anthropogenic effects 466 active layer 278 Albers cone projection 240 anti-syngenetic ice wedges 299 Adige River 116 Allerød Interstadial 360 aquifers 130 Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Alpine glaciations 35, 47 ArcInfo 230 Emission and Reflection (ASTER) ice-stream networks 116–18 Arctic exploration by airship 243–4 maps 233, 234 meltwater 129–30 Arctic glacial extent 255 aeolian processes 356 Würmian Glaciation maximum Arduino, Giovanni 30 dunes 369–78 55 Argentina 269 loess 378–81 Alpine Ice Sheet 269–70 Asia sands 378 Alpine Quaternary stratigraphy High 20–1 Afghanistan 260 COPYRIGHTED46–9 MATERIALice age glaciations 46 Africa 272 Altai Flood 218 asthenosphere 251 ice-age glaciations 46 Ancylus Lake 416, 421 atomic mass spectrometry (AMS) 75 Agassiz, Louis 3, 4, 5–6, 172, 265–7 Angamma Delta 338–9 Australia 21, 272 age determination using crystal lattice Anglian Stage 78–81 ice-age glaciations 46 defects 73–4 Antarctic Ice Sheet 274 axis of rotation tilt 19, 20

The Ice Age, First Edition. Jürgen Ehlers, Philip D. Hughes and Philip L. Gibbard. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Companion website: www.wiley.com/go/ehlers/iceage

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bindex 541 24 September 2015 9:20 AM 542 The Ice Age

Baden–Württemberg 52 Brückner, Eduard 46 climatic fluctuations 18–24 Baffin Island 202, 203 Brunhes Chron 34, 393 ice ages 43 Baginton-Lillington Gravel 82 Buch, Leopold von 4 coastal erosion 413 Baikal Lake 263, 264 Buckland, Reverend William 4, 7 Columbia Basin 217 Baltic River system 58–-9 compaction 38 Baltic Sea 414–22 Caithness 410 compressive flow 113 barchans 372 Calabrian Stage 28 coral reefs 248–9 Barents Sea glaciers 244–6 calcite shells 38 Barbados 250 basal meltout till 140, 141 Caldenius, Carl 267–8 Cordilleran Ice Sheet 98, 217 basal sliding glacial flow 120 Cambisol 326 cosmic ray dating 74–5 Bavelian Stage Complex 50 carbon dioxide (CO2) cosmogenic isotopes 49 Belchen plateau 50 Holocene increase 363 Cossonay 55 benthic foraminifera 38 recent increase 464–5 Cotswold Hills 82 Bergamo 49 variation in atmosphere 19, 21 Cotta, Bernhard 7 Berwyn Mountains 76 Carboniferous glaciations 21 Courbassière, Glacier de 9 Bessel ellipsoid 240 causes of ice ages 18–24 course of the Ice Age 27 Biber glacial period 50 Chad Basin 343 British Pleistocene succession 76–86 Biblical Flood 4 Chad Lake 338–43 deep-sea traces 35–42 Biharian superzone 314 channels 193–200 global view 100–4 bioturbation 34 Channelled Scablands 218 morphostratigraphy 46–9 Blanc, Mont 258 Charcot Seamount 63 North America 86–100 bleached loam 334–6 Chari-Palaeodelta 340, 342 Northern Germany and adjacent B-maximum orientation 156 Chernozem 327 areas 58–74 bog eyes 327 Cheshire Plain 85, 86 Quaternary Period beginning 27–8 bogs 327 Chihuahua Desert 336 stratigraphic record 33–5 Bølling Interstadial 360 Chile 269 systematics 43–6 Bolders Bank Formation 410 China 102 traces of older glaciations 49–58 boulder clay 145 chronostratigraphic charts of crag-and-tail features 127 Bouvet Island 275 Quaternary Period 31–2 crevasses 130 Braderup section 60 clasts Cromer Ridge 408 Brazil 345–6 erratics 148–9, 159, 160, 219 crust of the Earth 251 Bretz, J. Harland 217–18 indicator clasts 159–63 cryopediments 288 British Isles 76–8 orientation 155–8 cryoplanation 286–8 Anglian Stage 78–81 transport 147–55 cryoturbation 278, 291–2 Devensian Ice Sheet 84–6 clays 35 crystal lattice defect age determination East Anglia 198 varved 207 73–4 glaciation limits 79 cliff erosion 413 Cultural Landmark point features Hoxnian Interglacial Stage 81 climate models and reconstructions (CLPOINT) 230 Ipswichian Stage 84 degree-day modelling 444–5 Cuvier, Georges 4 location map 77 empirical, curved or linear Cvijić, Jovan 271 retreat timing 82 relationships 443–4 tills 145 energy-balance modelling 445 Dansgaard–Oeschger events 43 Wolstonian Stage Glaciations glacier modelling and climate 442–5 Danube Glaciation 50 81–4 ice cores 427–9 Danube River 48 Bronze Age 454–5 ice-sheet modelling 431–42 Darcy’s law 130 brown coal diapirs 293 marine circulation 429–31 Darwin, Charles 4, 12–13, 265 Brúarjökull 114 climate zone shifts 336–45 Debeli namet glacier 110

bindex 542 24 September 2015 9:20 AM Index 543

declination 33 dunes 369–78 Eridanos System 58–-9 deep-sea evidence 35–42 generations 374 erosion at sea margins 413 deformable bed glacial movement 120 Durmitor massif 111, 174 erosion from glacial flow 115 deformation till 139 erratics 148–9, 159, 160, 219 deformed subglacial sediments 142 Earth eskers 127, 200–2 deglaciation area and extent of snow and ice 108 European glaciations 44, 101–2 ice decay 350–4 dating the surface 74–5 European river systems kettle holes 354–7 forebulge 251 Elsterian Glaciation 63 landforms, contributions to 349 geoid shape 226, 240 Reuverian 59 Little Ice Age (LIA) 363–7 ice ages 14–16 European Terrestrial Reference System pressure release 357–8 magnetic field changes 33 (ETRS89) 233 sudden transition 359–63 orbit 19, 20 Euseigne 142 degree-day modelling 444–5 sea-level rise from glacial melting 107 eustasy 246–52 deltas 207 structure 251 eustatic fluctuations 249 Deluge I 255 earth pillars 142 Eutric Regosol 324 Deluge II 255 Earth Resources Technology Satellite Evenlode river 400 dendrochronology 364–6 (LandSat) 237 extending flow 113 Denmark microfossils 171–2 Earth Topographic map (ETOPO) 233 Eyjafjallajökull volcano 91, 133 Denton, George 245 East Anglia 198 Eyre Lake 344–5 deserts, current global location 337 East-Greenland-type pingos 302, 303 Devensian Ice Sheet 84–6 eccentricity of Earth’s orbit 19, 20 fatigue 283 Devil’s Hole 408 Eem River 69 firn 112 diamictons 137 Eemian interglacial 27, 54, 69 fjords 191–3 diapirs 293 diatomite sedimentation rate 322 flow till 139, 140, 143 Digital Chart of the World (DCW) temperatures 325 flow velocity of glaciers 113, 114 229–30, 231 vegetational succession 320–1 flow zones of glaciers 113–14 digital maps 229–35 Elbe River 396–400 flutes 125 Digital Terrain Elevation Data (DTED) particle-size distribution 399 Folldal 201, 212 230 electron spin resonance (ESR) 74 foraminifera 172, 315–16 Dimlington 86 ellipsoids for mapping 240 forebulge 251 Dionne, Jean-Claude 5 Elsterian Glaciation 60, 62–6 fossil soils 329–31 Dömnitz Interglacial 67 European river system 63 Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) 237 Doha 345 extent in Germany 65 freeze–thaw cycles 278, 286, 291 Don Formation 94 Elsterian till 164 frost cracks 297–301 Donau glacial period 50 end moraines 172–3, 174 frost fracturing 284–5 Donau gravel 50 search for 176–7 frost shattering 284–5, 287 Donegal Bay drumlins 126 energy-balance modelling 445 frost weathering 283–6 Dowdeswell, Julian 274 English Channel 62–3 draas 371 engorged eskers 201 Geer, Gerard de 209 Drava River 116 Enhanced Thermic Mapper (ETM) Geikie, James 12, 13 drift-ice transport 4–5 images 237–9 geoid shape 226, 240 Drift Theory 10 Enns River 53 geological timescale 15 dropstones 156 Enns valley 56 Germany 58–52 drumlins 125–6 epigenetic ice wedges 299 Eemian Interglacial 69 dry valleys 386 equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) 104, Elsterian Glaciation 62–6 drying lakes 459–65 112, 443, 444 Holsteinian Interglacial 66 Djurdjura Mountains 272 Erd, Klaus 66 QEMSCAN till analysis 166–71

bindex 543 24 September 2015 9:20 AM 544 The Ice Age

Germany (continued) Global Topographic map (GTOPO) Hirnantian 14 Rhine area 28 230, 231 historical background to the Ice Age Saalian Complex Stage 66–9 errors 232 Theory 3 till types 145, 146 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 5 causes of ice ages 18–24 Weichselian Glaciation 70–4 gold deposits 154–5 difficulties with religious scripture youngest volcanoes 393–4 Gondwana 21 4–13 Girard, Heinrich 220 Google Earth 239 ice ages of the Earth 14–16 glacial polish 118 Google Maps 235 Histosols 327 glacial series 46–8 Gorleben 61, 62 Holocene series 18 glacial valleys 220 Gorner glacier 9 Holocene 362–3 glacial–interglacial cycles 19 Gottsche, Christian Carl 176–7, 193 geobotanical subdivision 362 glaciation Götzinger, Gustav 22 North America 99–100 extensive 21 Gower Pensinsula 81 Holsteinian Interglacial 66 Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) Goz–Kerki spit system 339 temperatures 325 39–42, 104, 262, 336 Grahmann, Rudolf 22 homo sapiens 452 glaciers grain size 35, 36 Hoxnian Interglacial Stage 81 ablation zone 112, 130 phi scale 148 Hudson Bay 99-100, 119 accumulation zone 112 Wentworth classification 148 Hughes, Terence J. 245, 254–7 dynamics 182–8 gravel 35 human interference 447–8 equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) 112, fine 164–6 agriculture 453–4 443, 444 gravel terraces 202–7 Anthropocene 465–7 erosion, characteristic 115 Great Patagonian Glaciation (GPG) 268 Bronze Age 454–5 flow surges 114 green Sahara 337 drying lakes, melting glaciers and flow velocity 113, 114 Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) 428 other problems 459–65 flow zones 113–14 Greenland Ice Sheet 108, 109 Iron Age 454–5 global area 107 Grimes Graves 297 land grab, recent 457–9 ice-sheet development 118–19, 121 Gripp, Karl 295–6, 351 Middle Ages 457 ice-sheet dynamics 121–9 Grosswald, Mikhail 245–6, 252, 257 Middle Stone Age 452 ice-stream networks 116–18 Gulf Stream 279–80 Neanderthals and homo sapiens 452 ice streams 114 Günz Glaciation 47, 50, 51 Neolithic period 453–4 melting 459–65 Gürich, Georg 22 Roman civilisation 455–6 meltwater 129–34 spreading out from Africa 448–51 modelling 442–5 Haplic Luvisol 326 Humboldt, Alexander von 4, 6 movement 113–14, 120 Harden Profile Development Index 328 hummocky moraines 181–2 origin 107–12 Haslach Glaciation 51–2 Hüyyenberg Tephra 394 sea-level rise 107 Haslach Gravel 52 striae 127–8 hatbakker 213–16 ice-age glaciations volcanic eruptions 133–4 Heinrich Events 43 Europe 44 water-filled cavities 113 helicopter electronic measurements North America 45 glaciofluvial deposits 127, 205 (HEM) 197 South America, Africa, Asia and glaciomarine sediments 36–7 Helmholtz, Hermann von 4 Australia 46 Glazialtheorie 7, 10 Hermans, Willem Frederik 356 ice ages global perspective in ice ages 100 High Asia 20–1 definition 43 Early and Middle Pleistocene hill–hole pairs 177 duration 43 Glaciations 101–3 Hillington 199 timing 21 Late Pleistocene Glaciations 103–4 Himalayas 258 ice cores 427–9 Plio-Pleistocene Glaciations 100–1 Hindu Kush 258 ice decay 349, 350–4

bindex 544 24 September 2015 9:20 AM Index 545

ice-sheet modelling 431–3 International Union for Quaternary landmass location 21 Early–Middle Weichselian 435–42 Science (INQUA) 21, 22–3, 28, LandSat 237 Saalian Glaciation–Early Weichselian 30 Lang, Heinrich Otto 10 433–5 International Union of Geological Langeland Island 213–16 ice sheets Science (IUGS) 28, 30 Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) 39–42, development 118–19, 121 involutions 291–4 104, 262, 336 dynamics 121–9 Ipswichian Stage 84 Lauenburg Clay 65–6, 143, 144 ice streams 114 Irish Sea Glaciation 81 Laurentide Ice Sheet 95, 96, 99–100, networks 116–18 Iron Age 454–5 119, 121 ice wedges 297–301 isostasy 246–52 Lech River 48, 52 ice-contact deltas 37 isostatic adjustments 251 Leffe basin 49 ice-dammed lakes 207–13 isostatic depression 252 lichenometry 366–7 ice-rafted debris (IRD) 36–7, 84 Lieth 61 icebergs 43 Jaberg 55 Linnaeus 405 Ichthyosaurus 29 Jäkel, Dieter 263 lithosphere 251 Iller-Lech region 50 Jaramillo Subchron 34 lithostratigraphy 34 Illinoian Glaciation 93 Jerusalem, Johann Friedrich Wilhelm 4 Litorina Sea 416, 422 Pre-Illinoian Glacial Stages 92 jökulhlaup 132-3 Little Ice Age (LIA) 271, 363–7, 457 Pre-Illinoian Warm Stages 92 Jura Mountains 48 Llanddewi Formation 81 Pre-Illinoian–Illinoian Interglacial Loch Etive 216-7 92–3 kame-and-kettle topography 350–1 lodgement till 139, 140, 141, 156 inclination 33 kames 213–20 loess 378–81 Independence Formation 92 Kaolin Sands 60 loess–loam-rich solifuction sheet 331 indicator clasts 159–63 K–Ar dating 34 Loess Plateau 380 infrared radiofluorescence (IR RF) 384 Kara Ice Sheet 434 Lomonosov Ridge 252 infrared radioluminescence (IR RL) 384 Kara Sea 437 Loosen Gravels 58 infrared-stimulated luminescence Karakoram 258 Luvisol 326, 334 (IRSL) 73 Kenya Mount 272 Lyell, Charles 4, 7, 246–7 Inn valley 48, 56 Kesgrave Formation 76, 400 Innsbruck 48 Keskadale 174, 175 Mackenzie Delta 301, 304, 305 insolation 18 kettle-and-kame topography 350 Mackenzie-type pingos 301–2 instantaneous glacierization 121 kettle holes 354–7 macrofabric of tills 157 intensity of magnetic fields 33 Kieselooliths 387 Madsen, Victor 22 interglacials Kilimanjaro Mount 272 magnetic field changes 33 beetles, snails and foraminifera Kinne Diabase 162, 163 magnetic pole reversals 33 314–16 Krems valley 53 Maidenhead Formation 402 climate zone shifts 336–45 Kryižu kalnas 216-7 Malvern Hills 81 fauna 312–14 Kuhle, Matthias 20–1, 258–63 Mangerud, Jan 27, 245 rainforests 345–7 Kun Lun Shan 108, 258 mantle of the Earth 251 soil formation 324–36 Kurzeme 424 Manych Depresssion 435 soils and palaeosols 328–36 Kverkjökull 131 mappability of deposits 34 tar pits 311–12 maps 227–9 vegetation 316–24 Laacher See system 394 digital maps 229–35 weathering and soil formation 324–7 Lake Agassiz 208 ellipsoids 240 internal deformation glacial flow 120 lake drying 459–65 projections 240 International Committee on land grab, recent 457–9 marine circulation 429–31 Stratigraphy (ICS) 30 landforms resulting from deglaciation 349 marine isotope stages (MIS) 18

bindex 545 24 September 2015 9:20 AM 546 The Ice Age

Marks Tey 324 Neogene–Quaternary boundary 28 Oligocene 21 Martonne, Emmanuel de 271 Neolithic period 453–4 Open Street Map 235 Matuyama Chron 34, 52 Netherlands 60, 408 Operational Navigation Charts (ONC) Medieval Warm Period 457 Nigardsbreen glacier 131, 132 229–30 Mediterranean glaciations 269–71 North America 86–7 optically stimulated luminescence Meiendorf Interstadial 360 glaciation extent 88 (OSL) 49, 73, 374, 384 Meikirch 53-55 Holocene 99–100 Ordnance Survey maps 237, 240 meltwater from glaciers 129–34, 191 ice-age glaciations 45 Ordovician glaciation 21 channels 193–200 Illinoian Glaciation 93 oscillations in climate 18–24 eskers 200–2 older glaciations 87–9 outwash plains 202–7 fjords 191–3 Pleistocene, Early 92 oxygen isotope curves 428 gravel terraces 202–7 Pre-Illinoian Glacial Stages 92 oxygen isotope-ratio 38–9 ice-dammed lakes 207–13 Pre-Illinoian Warm Stages 92 calculation of 38 kames 213–20 Pre-Illinoian–Illinoian Interglacial oxygen-isotope stratigraphy 38–9 outwash plains 202–7 92–3 ozone hole 461 Memmingen 48, 52, 57 Sangamonian Interglacial 93–4 Menapian Cold Stage 60 Wisconsinan Glaciation 94–9 Palaeogene–Neogene boundary 27–8 Menke, Burkhard 66 North Sea 62–3, 406–14 Palaeolithic era 450–1 Mercator projections 240 tsunami 411 palaeomagnetism 33–4 Mercer, John Hainsworth 268 North Sea Drift Formation 78–9 palaeosols 328–36, 381 Mesolithic era 452 Northern Sea Route (Northeast Passage) palsas 304–7 microfabric of tills 157 252 Pamir 258 microfossils 171–2 NorthGRIP (NGRIP) core 18 Panama Straits 21 Middle Ages 457 Norway 15 Paris Basin 30 Middle Stone Age 452 Mjøsa, Lake 16 particle-size distribution 145 Milankovitch, Milutin 19 Varanger Peninsula 17 phi scale 148 Mindel Glaciation 47, 52 Novaya Zemlya 244, 246 Wentworth classification 148 Mindel–Riss Interglacial 52–3 nunataks 140, 283 Pebble Gravel Formation 400 Mindel valley 52 Peoria Loess 96 minerals, magnetic 34 Ob River 279 Penck, Albrecht 35, 46, 47, 271 Missoula Flood 217-8 Obergünzburg 52 periglacial areas Mondsee 54, 55 ocean circulation 429–31 definition and distributions 277–80 moraines 115 ocean deposits 35–42 periglacial soil stripes 296–7, 298 end moraines 172–3, 174, 176–7 Oceania 272 periglacial solifluction 294–6, 410 glacier dynamics 182–8 ‘Old Swede’ erratic, origin of 148–9, 151 permafrost 277 hummocky moraines 181–2 Oldenswort borehole 61 global distribution 278 push moraines 173–81 Older Dryas 360 temperature changes, recent 464 Moravian Gate 64 older glaciations 49–58 Petermann, August 274 morphological reversal 50 Günz Glaciation 51 petridelaunic flood 4 morphostratigraphy 46–8 Haslach Glaciation 51–2 phi scale for grain size 148 soils 328 Mindel Glaciation 52 pillars of earth 142 moulins 130 Mindel–Riss Interglacial 52–3 pingos 301–4, 356 Münsterländer Bucht 64 Riss Glaciation 53–4 pipkrake 291 Murzuk Basin 371 Riss–Würm Interglacial (Eemian) 54 pitted outwash 350 Würm Glacial 55–8 plate tectonics 21 Nagelfluh 207 Older Saalian Drenthe Till 334 Pleistocene extent of frozen ground Neanderthals 451, 452 Olduvai Subchron 34 281–2

bindex 546 24 September 2015 9:20 AM Index 547

Pleistocene ice age 23, 24 Rhine River 48, 52-3, 56-7, 387–96 Schmalsee Lake 194 Pleistocene series 18 Rhinog mountains 124 Schwansen peninsula 351 Pleniglacial 360 rhythmites 212–13 Scotland tillite series 15, 17 Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary 28 ripples on dunes 370–1 sea ice in Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) Podzol 326 Risbury Formation 81 42 Polar Ural-type glaciers 109 Riss Glaciation 47, 53–4 sea-level rise 459, 462 pollen analysis 316–24 Riss River 48 from glacial melting 107 porphyry 161–3 Riss–Würm Interglacial (Eemian) 54 Sefström, Nils Gabriel 4, 11 postglacial uplift 252 Ristinge Klint 178–80, 183 segregation ice 278 potassium–argon (K–Ar) dating 34 rivers Severnaya Zemlya 242-4 Precambrian glaciations 21 dry valleys 386 Shuttle Radar Topography Mission precession of Earth’s axis 19 processes and landforms 383–5 (SRTM) 233, 234 precipitation and ice sheet formation rock glaciers 288–91 Siberia 252–8 109 Roman civilisation 455–6 Sicily Terrace 247 pressure release 357–8 Rosa, Monte 8 Siegsdorf 313 projections for mapping 240 Rubified Valley Farm Palaeosol 332, 333 Snowball Earth 15 Ptolomy Lake 337–8 Sognefjord 191–3 push moraines 173–81 Saalian Complex Stage 66 sohlmoräne 120, 142 cross-section 178–80 early Saalian 66–7 soil formation 324–7 Pyrenees Weichselian Glaciation extent 68 palaeosols 328–36 maximum 56 Saalian Glaciations 67–9 soil stripes 296–7, 298 Saalian Glaciation 27 solifluction 294–6 QEMSCAN analysis 166–71 Palaeogeographical reconstruction South America 21, 103 Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau 261–2 432, 433, 438, 440 glaciers 265–9 Quaternary Environment of the to Early Weichselian 433–5 ice-age glaciations 46 Eurasian North (QUEEN) 245 Sahara Desert 272, 336–8 volcanoes 265–9 Quaternary Period 18 dunes 376 spy satellite images 236–7 beginning 27–8 Sahara glaciation 14, 15 Stagnosol 326, 334 chronostratigraphic charts 31–2 Sahel Desert 376 Steyr River 53 stratigraphy 29–30 Salvigsen, Otto 245 Storegga Slide 411 quicksand 373 salt domes 195 stratigraphy 29–30 Salzach glacier 56 Alpine Quaternary 46–9 radiocarbon dating 209, 380 Salzach River 54 chronostratigraphic charts of rainforests 345–7 Samerberg 52, 54, 55 Quaternary Period 31–2 current global location 347 sand 35 components 33–5 decreasing area 460 sander 202 oxygen isotopes 38–9 Rancho La Brea 310-2 sands, aeolian 378 striae, glacial 127–8 Rapakivi granite 159–61, 162 sandur 127, 202 string mires 307–8 Raukar 405–6 Sangamon Soil 92-4, 336 subaquatic outwash fans 37 Rauno Formation 396 Sangamonian Interglacial 93–4 subaquatic till 143 Red Baltic Porphyry 161–3 Sannox, Glen 175 Subcommission on Quaternary red till 152–3 satellite images 236–9 Stratigraphy (SQS) 466 Regosol 324, 327 Scandinavian Ice Sheet 56, 185–8, subglacial deformation 120 relict soils 329 221–2, 392 subglacial meltout till 139, 140, 141 resistance measurements 197 Scarborough Bluffs 143, 144 subglacial transport 152 Rhät sandstone 11 Scheffel, Joseph Victor von 29 sublimation till 139 Rhine glacier 53, 56 Schieferkohle 49, 54 supraglacial meltout till 139, 140, 143

bindex 547 24 September 2015 9:20 AM 548 The Ice Age

supraglacial transport 152 timing of ice ages 21 Waardenburg 62 surges in glacial flow 114 tongue basin 115, 177 Wahnschaffe, Felix 11 Sweden till clast composition 150 Torrell, Otto 11 wanderblöcke 49 Swiss Plateau 48 Tottenhill 83 Warthe Till 334 Switzerland older glaciations 49–50, 55 Trans-Himalayas 258 water-filled cavities in a glacier 113 Sylt Island 60 transient-electromagnetic system Wehr Tephra 394 syngenetic ice wedges 299 (SkyTEM) 197 Weichelian glacial maximum 24 Traun valley 56 Weichselian Glaciation 70–4 Taylor Glacier 152 Travemünde 144 extent 71 tephra 36, 87 tree rings 364–6 glacier dynamics 182–8 dating 90–1 Treene Interglacial 336 original limit 70 terraces 202–7, 383–5 tsunami in the North Sea 411 stratigraphy 360 Tertiary boundary 27–8 tunnel valleys 193 Wentworth classification for grain size Thalgut exposure 50, 51, 53-5 Turgay Depression 433, 436, 437 148 Thames River 400–3 West Eifel volcanic field 393–4 Quaternary geology 403 Uhlenberg interglacial deposits 50 Westerhoven 62 thermokarst processes 356 Ulm 51 White Sands 376, 377 thermoluminescence (TL) 73, 380 Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Wildhaus 54 Thoringian superzone 314 system 230 Wind River Mountains 114-5 thufurs 308–9 Unterpfauzenwald 52 Wisconsinan Glaciation 94–9 Thungschneit 54, 55 uranium–thorium (U–Th) dating Woldstedt, Paul 22, 196 Thursaston 149 249 Wolstonian Stage Glaciations 81–4 Tibet 258–63 urstromtäler 205, 220–4 Woodward, Jamie 13 ice distribution 259 World Geodesic Systems (WGS84) Tibetan Plateau 20–1 Vallendar layers 387 233 Tiglian Stage 59-61 Valley Farm Palaeosol 332, 333 Wrangel Island 253–4, 257 tills Varanger ice age 15 Würm Glaciation 47, 55–8 clast orientation 155–8 varves 207, 209–11 Württemberg Rottal 51 clast transport 147–55 thickness measurements 211 clasts, indicator 159–63 Vatnajökull 132 yardangs 372 definition 137–43 Vector Maps (VMAP1 & VMAP2) 230, Yarmouth Soil 87, 92-3 gravel 164–6 231, 232 yedoma 297 macrofabric 157 Vector Product Format (VPF) Yellow River 379 microfabric 157 230 Yellowstone 89 microfossils 171–2 Vendian 14 Yoldia Sea 416, 420 QEMSCAN analysis 166–71 ventifacts 372 Younger Cover Gravels 52 red till 152–3 Villafranchian superzone 314 Younger Dryas 360–1 types 139 volcanic eruption under ice 133–4 variability 145 von Hoff, Karl, Ernst Adolf 4 Zermatt glacier 9 tilt of Earth’s axis of rotation 19, 20 V-shaped valleys 115 Zimmermann, W.E.A. 13

bindex 548 24 September 2015 9:20 AM