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CF Item = Barcode Top - Note at Bottom = Page 1 CF_ltem_One_BC5-Top-Sign Date 15-Nov-2002 Time 7:18:40 PM Login ask CF/RAI/USAA/DB01/HS/2002-00070 Full Item Register Number [auto] CF/RAI/USAA/DB01/HS/2002-00070 ExRef: Document Series/Year/Number Record Item Title The WET History: [Part 1 PDF version to 94] Water and Sanitation in UNICEF 1946-1986 - 01 Dec 1986. This was early version which eventually became the Water and Sanitation Monograph. Date Created / on Item Date Registered Date Closed/Superceeded 15-Nov-2002 15-Nov-2002 Primary Contact Martin Beyer Owner Location Records & Archive Management Unit =80669443 Home Location History Related Records =60909132 Current Location Records & Archive Management Unit =80669443 Fd1: Type: IN, OUT, INTERNAL? Fd2: Lang ?Sender Refor Cross Rel F3: Format Container Record Container Record (Title) N1: Numb of pages A/2: Doc Year N3: Doc Number 0 0 0 Full GCG Code Plan Number Record GCG File Plan Da 1:Date Published Da2:Date Received Date3 Priority Record Type A02a Item Hist Corr - CF/RAI/USAA/DB01/HS DOS File Name Electronic Details No Document Alt Bar code = RAMP-TRIM Record Number CF/RAI/USAA/DB01/HS/2002-00070 Notes Print Name of Person Submit Images Signature Of Person Submit Number of images without cover A yCoTrt*^ | ic^jt^. /a>| UNICEF DB Name cframpOl o^T-ift.*.* <ft6l-9\6\ m-;jw •*&«g AUOXSIH &• ia/n ift; -M 0 r* ^ : 9H«L i «H >v^'>-) w • i>**va j-»v-w^ ^ * I C ^ THE WET HISTORY WATER SUPPLY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION IN UNICEF 1946 - 1986 by Martin G.'Beyer UNICEF WET Monographs No. 2 UNICEF, New York Second Revision, 1st December 1986 The contents of this monograph reflect the views of the author, and not necessarily those of United Nations Children1 Fund (UNICEF) or any other United Nations organization - i - LIST OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ii Page INTRODUCTION - THE PRESENT SITUATION AND BASIC FACTS 1 The Crystal Drop Award 1 United Nations and UNICEF objectives and goals for 2 water and sanitation Scope of UNICEF co-operation in water and sanitation 6 UNICEF'S ROLE AND WORK RESULTS FOR WATER AND SANITATION 7 The results of the work - are they sustained? 7 UNICEF's role 8 UNICEF policies 10 The strategies I: The technological background 12 The strategies II: The social approaches 16 Management and support 23 Information, documentation and other external relations 32 THE INTERNATIONAL ACTION 35 DEVELOPMENT THROUGH THE DECADES - LEARNING FROM THE EXPERIENCES 49 Introduction: 1946 through 1986 - the three main phases: 49 1946 - 1967: The demonstration projects 50 1968 - 1980: Going to scale - the new technologies and setting the targets 55 1980 through 1986: Clarifying the objectives and establishing the links with CSDR and PHC 112 5 SUMMING UP AND OUTLOOK TO THE FUTURE: THE ENVIRONMENT, WATER 146 AND SANITATION IN THE CHILD'S LIFE 6 THE WET STATISTICS 154 7 ABBREVIATIONS 159 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY 162 9 INDEX 163 The illustrations are gratefully acknowledged from: Master Vicary Gibbs (Pakistan), p. 4; Kjell Aukrust (Norway), p. 11, 145, 153; Nepali artist (UNICEF, Kathmandu), p. 20; Martin Beyer (WET/UNICEF, New York), p. 34; E. G., Ny Teknik (Sweden), p. 37; Lazarel Ion (Rumania), p. 47.; Indian Express, p. 68; Plantin, Le Monde (Paris, France), p. 91; Willy Vandersteen, "Suskde en Wiske" (The Netherlands), p. Ill; Herb, Norwegian Consumers Association (Norway), p. 113; Chinese artist (IDRC, Canada), p. 136. For all abbreviations and acronyms see Part 7 - 11 - FOREWORD The UNICEF WET History was written as part of the "UNICEF History Project", which serves to record how UNICEF, the United Nations Children' Fund, arrived at its present-day policies and their implementation for helping to improve the health and well-being of children and mothers around the world. The task to write very recent history is like being in front of a smorgasbord and not knowing which end to begin with. Secondly, to deal with a subject, with which the writer has been closely and actively connected and continues to do so while writing, does not necessarily promote great objectivity. The reader Jtherefore is recommended to take everything stated, analysed and opined on in the following with the appropriate grain of salt, a substance of which there should not be too much in drinking water. It must be remembered that whatever development in the field of water and sanitation has taken place in the world, it is the compounded result of a giant teamwork with thousands of professionals and millions of people in the communities involved. On UNICEF's side, and with UNICEF a number of sister and brother agencies, there are many colleagues who have helped and continue to help bring the work forward day by day. Jointly with the planners and specialists from the country governments we work with, they help develop policies, strategies, technologies, social and technical approaches. A summing up of the present state of UNICEF policies and current approaches and methods to help spread the benefits of low-cost water supply and sanitation, can be found in the UNICEF Programme Manual on Water and Sanitation. At the end of 1986 this was in draft form, subject to revision and comments for its finalising. Special mention should be made of the work of Ms. Maggie Black, whose able and vivid pen has drafted a chapter, entitled "The Handpump Cometh", for the book version of UNICEF's history, "The Children and the Nations". This is a most adequate and informative account of the principal developments of UNICEF's involvement so far produced anywhere. For the period up to 1969, there is no other account available, save going into further in-depth research, which at the time of the present writing is not feasible. For this reason I have elected to use Maggie Black's account almost untouched for the section on the first main chronological phase, 1949-1967 ("The demonstration projects"). As to the rest, this WET History was written in bits and pieces whenever a spare moment was available. Leaking, dripping and sloshing all over the place, I hope that the benevolent reader would forebear with my direct and subjective rendering of this account. May he or she feel that the historian's efforts are worthwhile to understand the present on the basis of a checkered but never dull past. To your health in sparkling fresh water! Martin G. Beyer Senior Policy Specialist (Drinking Water and Sanitation) UNICEF New York rl N 1 INTRODUCTION - THE PRESENT SITUATION AND BASIC FACTS The Crystal Drop Award At the closing ceremony of the Vth International Water Resources Congress in Brussels on 15 June 1985, Dr. Alexander King, the President of the Club of Rome, was introduced to the participants as the Chairman of a jury for selecting the first recipient ever of the Crystal Drop Award for action in the international field of water resources and their use. This had been instituted during a previous Congress in Buenos Aires in 1982 by the arranging International Water Resources Association. To the audience of water scientists and engineers, planners, geographers, government officials and other persons concerned with water resources, their management and use, from all over the world, Dr. King proceeded to first describe the award and the opinions of the jury consisting of scientists and government personalities from different parts of the world. He included the views of the Club of Rome, the famous association of scientists from 45 countries, concerned with the future of humanity, acting as an advisory body to the United Nations and governments alike on global issues of development. At the very end of his speech, Dr. King as an effective surprise stated: "I now come to the pleasant task of announcing the award of the Crystal Drop to UNICEF. The jury members were impressed by the success of the sustained efforts of this organisation in persuading children and, through them, their parents of the vital importance of water in the process of development and improvement of the quality of life and, in this way have contributed significantly to the success of the sanitation and drinking water decade. UNICEF stands out, amongst the Agencies of the United Nations for its efficiency and practical action and we feel that this reward will be a stimulus for the continuation and still greater effectiveness of UNICEF in this field." With these words, a beautiful clear drop of Belgian Val St. Lambert crystal glass was dedicated to UNICEF for its decade-long efforts to help put water resources to good use by the communities in the poorest areas of about one hundred developing countries in the Americas, Africa, Asia and the Pacific. This award, which came as a surprise not only to the audience at the Water Congress in Brussels but to the colleagues of UNICEF as well, signified a great recognition on the part of the international community, involved in science, technology and their application to development. The work behind these UNICEF efforts is described in the present part of UNICEF history, the whys, hows, whens, whereabouts and, not the least, the whos, who made and continue to make it possible. It must be realised at once that UNICEF's involvement in the matter of community water supply and sanitation is just one part of a major complex concerned with the survival, health and well-being of children in the whole world and - by implication - their mothers and the rest of their communities. Also whatever UNICEF may be achieving in its assistance through government programmes, would not have been possible without the purposeful interaction and linking between the different child-related sectors, including health, education, food and nutrition, social welfare and others.

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