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Unit 1 Introducing Scientific Apparatus

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Unit 1 Introducing Scientific Apparatus UNIT 1 INTRODUCING SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS Structure Introduction Objectives Identification of Apparatus Apparatus for Heating Bunsen Burner Air Bath Water Bath Oil Bath Sand Bath Hot Plate Heating Mantle Heating Block Immersion Heater Laboratory Glassware Jointed Glassware Setting up Demonstrations Selecting the Apparatus Setting up the Apparatus Laboratory Centrifuge Use and Description Rotor Heads Advantages and Disadvantages Summary Tenninal Questions Answers 1.1 INTRODUCTION This unit has been designed to introduce you to scientific apparatus with which you will be involved in laboratory work. This unit can be divided into two parts: The first part deals with identification, use and basic maintenance of common pieces of laboratory apparatus and equipments. The second part helps you to apply this knowledge by dealing with selection and setting up of apparatus for common kinds of experiments. Since cleaning and maintenance are dealt with at some length in Unit 3, this unit simply outlines the basic maintenance techniques required for you to use the apparatus straight away, in a professional manner and without causing any damage. Objectives After studying this unit, you should be able to: identify and name common pieces of apparatus, select the most appropriate apparatus for a given experiment and give reasons for the choice, state why glass is such a useful material in the laboratory and how to clean and care for specific items, Laboratory Apparatus and Equipments state and demonstrate how to use common pieces of apparatus safely and correctly, explain how to support apparatus correctly, select the apparatus needed for a simple distillation and state how it should be assembled, describe the working of centrifuge, 1.2 IDENTIFICATION OF APPARATUS The first stage in identification of apparatus is to make sure that you call pieces of apparatus by the same (correct) name as everyone else involved in scientific work. Given below is a list of common laboratory apparatus. We strongly advise you to read through this list as there will be all kinds of tit-bits of information provided that you'll need to know. Diagrams of the apparatus are given in Appendix I. Absorption tower - This is used to dry gases when a solid drying agent is being used. Aspirator - Plastic ones are probably more useful than glass, but the plastic taps can leak. Beware of this if you are keeping corrosive substances in them. When draining a liquid from an aspirator, through the tap, you will need to loosen the caplstopper. Beaker - What would laboratory life be like without beakers? Of course, beakers that you provide for use should be sound. Discard any that are chipped (unless you can flame-polish the chip) and, most certainly, any that are cracked. Beehive shelf - This is used to support a gas jar when a gas is being collected over water. Bell jars - The open type needs a ground - glass stopper which should be lightly greased. Boiling tube Bosshead - This diagram is actually the wrong way round, for correct use. It is mechanically more stable if the bosshead is screwed to the retort rod with the gap away from you so that the clamp rests on top of the other jaw. Buchner funnel - This is used, mainly in organic chemistry, for collecting precipitates and filtering under reduced pressure. It is used with a small filter paper. Sintered glass Buchner funnels of different porosities are also available. Bunsen burner - Bunsen burner is the most common means of heating in the lab Bunsen burners should be checked for serviceability at least once a year. The following is a recommended maintenance checklist. (a) Unscrew the chimney and ensyre that the hole is clear. (b) A smudge of petroleum jelly' aroufid the thread will ensure that the chimney can be refitted easily. (c) Make sure that the collar Wseasily. To overcome some peoples' tendency to remove the rubber tubing to use for other purposes, you might like to wire the tubing onto the burner's gas inlet tube. (d) Check the rubber tubing for splits, etc. frequently and replace it if it is showing signs of wear. Plastic tubing should not be used as it can easily be melted or softened and distorted when the Introducing Scientific Bunsen burners are put away. Apparatus Bunsen burners are available both for use with natural (mains) gas and with bottled gases. Do not mix up the different types of burners, as they are not interchangeable. (Bunsen burners for use with bottled gases, have larger holes at the base of the chimney for tile gas to pass through.) Bunsen screw or Hofmann clip - This is called to adjust the flow rate of a liquid, usually water, through a piece of flexible tubing. Burette - A burette is a glass tube fitted to a tap. This is discussed in more detail in Unit 2. Burette stands - This can also be used as a funnel stand. Ceramic gauze - These used to contain asbestos, in place of the ceramic, but any asbestos gauze should have been discarded long ago. The gauze's purpose is to diffuse the heat provided by a Bunsen burner so that the vessel being heated does not suffer from thermal shock. If the ceramic is missing from parts of the mesh in the center of the gauze, the gauze should be discarded. Stainless steel gauze without the ceramic center can also be used. Combustion boat - This is used to hold a powder, which is then heated, in a stream of gas in a combustion tube. Combustion boats are made of silica or porcelain. Conical beakers - These are often used in gravimetric analysis or in the preparation of compounds in chemistry. Conical flask - This belongs alongside the beaker and the test-tube as a comer stone of practical science. Cork borers - It is used to bore a smooth hole of desired size in a cork. Cork borer sharpener Crucible and lid - Crucibles are used for heating a dry substance strongly and they are usually made of porcelain. As a result of the high temperatures at which they are used, crucibles are liable to break and may be difficult to clean. You should always check for hairline cracks before use. The easiest way to do this is to turn the crucible upside down on a wooden bench; lift one side about 5 mrn above the bench and let it drop back. A "flat" sound indicates a crack - which may be too fine to see but which would cause the crucible to shatter when heated. Crucibles and lids can also be made of silica, nickel and platinum. Crucible tongs Deflagrating spoon -This is used to support substances that are to react with gases contained in gas jars. Desiccators - Desiccators are used to remove the last traces of moisture from apparatus or substances and to keep them dry. Placing them on the wire rack over a desiccant -a substance that readily absorbs water, dries objects. The most common desiccant is ankjdrous calcium chloride but others are also used. The ground-glass rims of the lid and the base should be lightly greased and the lid slide about to spread the grease to give an airtight seal. When placing something hot in a desiccator, beware of pressure building up inside because it can'blow the lid off (and onto the floor)! Either leave the lid ajar or open the tap Laboratory Apparatus and Equipment. until the object has cooled. When removing the lid, SLIDE it across the base. Do not try to lift it off - many back injuries have been caused in this way. Distillation flask -Its name tells its use. It is often used with condenser (item 36). Drechsel bottle - Note the spelling. This is used to wash or dry gases and as a device to prevent suck back. Dropping funnel - This is used for adding a liquid to a reaction mixture. Evaporating basin - These are available in glass or porcelain. Porcelain basins are liable to crack when heated strongly, like crucibles, and they should be checked for integrity before use, in the same way as crucibles. Filter flask -The side arm is connected to a vacuum pump or a filter pump. It is often used in conjunction with Buchner funnel (item 8). If it has a ground glass neck, it is known as a Buchner flask (but its purpose is the same). Filter pumps - This type of pump is attached to a cold water tap, which when turned on, creates a partial vacuum. Always ensure that the broader end of the pump is connected to the water supply. Flat-bottomed flask - This type of flask should not be heated or subjected to pressure changes as the glass is under stress around the flat bottom. Funnel - This is used for ordinary filtration by gravity, in conjunction with a filter paper. Gas jar. Gooch crucible -These are used in gravimetric chemical analysis for the collection and drying of inorganic products. The sintered glass discs are available in a range of porosities - the higher the number, the smaller the pore size, the finer the particle that can be retained and the slower the filtration. Hand lens - This is best used by holding it close to the eye. The object being examined is then brought up to the lens and hence into focus. Hydrometer - This is used to measure the relative density of a liquid. Lab jack - This is much better than a pile of books, or even a brick or two, to support apparatus. It has a hole drilled in one comer so that a retort rod can be fitted. Liebig condenser - Note the spelling. When using this condenser, water is fed into the outer jacket via the connection near the condenser's outlet.
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