LEBANON 1960–January 1963
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Funseth, Robert L
The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project ROBERT L. FUNSETH Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy Initial interview date: June 13, 1994 Copyright 2002 ADST TABLE OF CONTENTS Background Born in Minnesota, raised in New York Hobart College; School of International Studies (SAIS), Cornell U. US Navy Newspaper editor and correspondent Mutual Security Agency 1952-1953 Teheran/Tabriz, Iran: USIA; Information & Cultural Officer 1954-1956 Ambassador Loy Henderson Embassy Personnel The Shah Azerbaijan Point Four Programs Environment Ethnic groups Russian troops Teaching American Studies The Mullahs Shiite customs Public views of Soviets Status of women US support of Shah’s policies Entered the State Department Foreign Service 1956 Beirut, Lebanon; Political Officer 1957-1959 Eisenhower Doctrine Foreign Minister Charles Malik Egypt’s President Nasser Reporting General Chehab Religious groups 1 Universities President Chamoun seeks reelection Soviet Union Election controversy King of Iraq assassination Chamoun invokes Eisenhower Doctrine Sixth Fleet landing Partial evacuation of dependents Person activity during landing General Wade Political maneuvering Colonel and Mary William Eddy Political and religious conflict Robert Murphy visit Arranging Murphy meeting with the opposition US policy Ambassador Robert McClintock Karami’s Washington visit Award General Paul Adams United Nation Nations Observers Comments on the Landing Operation Israel Composition of Landing Force Lebanese political leaders State Department; United Nations Affairs 1959-1961 Henry Cabot Lodge Hammarskjöld Laos Congo Adlai Stevenson UN operations Soviets in Africa Bordeaux, France: Consular Officer 1961-1964 Environment President Kennedy popularity Underground in WWII Collaborators in WWII Charles de Gaulle Adenauer visit Relations Communist Party Ambassadors’ Wine Tasting University of Bordeaux 2 Politics State Department; Portugal Desk Office 1964- INTERVIEW [Note: This interview was not edited by Mr. -
Political Leadership in Lebanon and the Jumblatt Phenomenon: Tipping the Scales of Lebanese Politics Sebastian Gerlach
SAIS EUROPE JOURNAL OF GLOBAL AFFAIRS Political Leadership in Lebanon and the Jumblatt Phenomenon: Tipping the Scales of Lebanese Politics Sebastian Gerlach For observers and scholars of contemporary Lebanese politics, an understanding of Lebanon’s complex political dynamics is hardly possible without a thorough analysis of the role of Walid Jumblatt, the leader of the country’s Druze community. Notwithstanding his sect’s marginal size, Jumblatt has for almost four decades greatly determined the course of domestic developments. Particularly between 2000 and 2013, the Druze leader developed into a local kingmaker through his repeated switch in affiliations between Lebanon’s pro- and anti-Syrian coalitions. This study argues that Jumblatt’s political behavior during this important period in recent Lebanese history was driven by his determination to ensure the political survival of his Druze minority community. Moreover, it highlights that Jumblatt’s ongoing command over the community, which appears to be impressive given his frequent political realignments, stems from his position as the dominating, traditional Druze za’im and because the minority community recognized his political maneuvering as the best mean to provide the Druze with relevance in Lebanon’s political arena. 84 VOLUME 20 INTRODUCTION who failed to preserve their follower- ship after altering their political ori- For observers and scholars of con- 2 temporary Lebanese politics, a thor- entation. In this respect, it is even ough understanding of the country’s more puzzling that Jumblatt was able complex political dynamics is hardly to maintain the support of his Druze possible without analyzing the role of community, known for its nega- Walid Jumblatt, the leader of Leba- tive attitudes towards the prominent non’s Druze community. -
Emirado Do Monte Líbano, Passando Pelo Mandato Francês, Até a Criação Do «Grande Líbano», Bem Como Uma Reflexão Sobre Seus Dilemas Contemporâneos
29 • Conjuntura Internacional • Belo Horizonte, ISSN 1809-6182, v.17 n.2, p.29 - 47, ago. 2020 29 • Conjuntura Internacional • Belo Horizonte, ISSN 1809-6182, v.17 n.2, p.29 - 47, ago. 2020 Artigo Do Pequeno ao Grande Líbano: os desafios contemporâneos da República Libanesa From Small to Greater Lebanon: the contemporary challenges of the Lebanese Republic Del Pequeño al Gran Líbano: los desafios contemporáneos de la República Libanesa Danny Zahreddine1 DOI: 10.5752/P.1809-6182.2020v17n2p29 Recebido em: 15 de julho de 2020 Aceito em: 27 de agosto de 2020 Resumo Marcado por uma história de múltiplos conflitos internos, e de intervenções externas, a República Libanesa é o resultado de decisões pretéritas que foram fundamentais na deter- minação dos seus dilemas atuais. Este artigo apresenta uma análise histórica da criação do Líbano, desde a formação do Emirado do Monte Líbano, passando pelo mandato francês, até a criação do «Grande Líbano», bem como uma reflexão sobre seus dilemas contemporâneos. Palavras-chave: Líbano. Minorias Religiosas. Guerra Civil. Abstract Marked by a history of multiple internal conflicts and external interventions, the Lebanese Republic is the result of past decisions that were fundamental in determining its current dilemmas. This article presents a historical analysis of the creation of Lebanon, from the formation of the Emirate of Mount Lebanon, through the French mandate, until the crea- tion of “Greater Lebanon”, as well as a reflection on its contemporary dilemmas. Keywords: Lebanon. Religious Minorities. Civil war. Resumen Marcada por una historia de múltiples conflictos internos e intervenciones externas, la República Libanesa es el resultado de decisiones pasadas que fueron fundamentales para determinar sus dilemas actuales. -
Directory of Development Organizations
EDITION 2010 VOLUME II.A / ASIA AND THE MIDDLE EAST DIRECTORY OF DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS GUIDE TO INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, GOVERNMENTS, PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES, CIVIL SOCIETY, UNIVERSITIES, GRANTMAKERS, BANKS, MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS AND DEVELOPMENT CONSULTING FIRMS Resource Guide to Development Organizations and the Internet Introduction Welcome to the directory of development organizations 2010, Volume II: Asia and the Middle East The directory of development organizations, listing 63.350 development organizations, has been prepared to facilitate international cooperation and knowledge sharing in development work, both among civil society organizations, research institutions, governments and the private sector. The directory aims to promote interaction and active partnerships among key development organisations in civil society, including NGOs, trade unions, faith-based organizations, indigenous peoples movements, foundations and research centres. In creating opportunities for dialogue with governments and private sector, civil society organizations are helping to amplify the voices of the poorest people in the decisions that affect their lives, improve development effectiveness and sustainability and hold governments and policymakers publicly accountable. In particular, the directory is intended to provide a comprehensive source of reference for development practitioners, researchers, donor employees, and policymakers who are committed to good governance, sustainable development and poverty reduction, through: the -
WARS and WOES a Chronicle of Lebanese Violence1
The Levantine Review Volume 1 Number 1 (Spring 2012) OF WARS AND WOES A Chronicle of Lebanese Violence1 Mordechai Nisan* In the subconscious of most Lebanese is the prevalent notion—and the common acceptance of it—that the Maronites are the “head” of the country. ‘Head’ carries here a double meaning: the conscious thinking faculty to animate and guide affairs, and the locus of power at the summit of political office. While this statement might seem outrageous to those unversed in the intricacies of Lebanese history and its recent political transformations, its veracity is confirmed by Lebanon’s spiritual mysteries, the political snarls and brinkmanship that have defined its modern existence, and the pluralistic ethno-religious tapestry that still dominates its demographic makeup. Lebanon’s politics are a clear representation of, and a response to, this seminal truth. The establishment of modern Lebanon in 1920 was the political handiwork of Maronites—perhaps most notable among them the community’s Patriarch, Elias Peter Hoyek (1843-1931), and public intellectual and founder of the Alliance Libanaise, Daoud Amoun (1867-1922).2 In recognition of this debt, the President of the Lebanese Republic has by tradition been always a Maronite; the country’s intellectual, cultural, and political elites have hailed largely from the ranks of the Maronite community; and the Patriarch of the Maronite Church in Bkirke has traditionally held sway as chief spiritual and moral figure in the ceremonial and public conduct of state affairs. In the unicameral Lebanese legislature, the population decline of the Christians as a whole— Maronites, Greek Orthodox, Catholics, and Armenians alike—has not altered the reality of the Maronites’ pre-eminence; equal confessional parliamentary representation, granting Lebanon’s Christians numerical parity with Muslims, still defines the country’s political conventions. -
November 04, 1957 Mounting a Coup D'état in Lebanon
Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified November 04, 1957 Mounting a Coup d’État in Lebanon Citation: “Mounting a Coup d’État in Lebanon,” November 04, 1957, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, Emir Farid Chehab Collection, GB165-0384, Box 13, File 160/13, Middle East Centre Archive, St Antony’s College, Oxford. https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/176106 Summary: Account of plans and objectives for a coup in Lebanon. Credits: This document was made possible with support from Youmna and Tony Asseily. Original Language: Arabic Contents: English Translation Scan of Original Document 160/13 4/11/1957 Mounting a coup d’état in Lebanon The first phase: Organising a popular festival in the suburbs of Beirut. The location has not been decided upon yet, but they are thinking of Ghadir (which belongs to the Salam family). Clashing with the security forces. Leaders seeking refuge in al-Mukhtara, Baalbeik, or Hermel. Declaring a rebellion against the Government. Announcing the formation of the Government of Free Lebanon and informing the Army Command, security forces, government departments, and all employees about the new government's policies which can be summarised as follows: Dissolution of the National Assembly. Dismissing the President of the Republic and putting him on trial. Dismissing the Government and putting its members on trial. Establishing revolutionary courts in the areas under their control. Communists and opposition supporters will launch mass demonstrations in support of the Revolutionary Government in the Lebanese capital and towns. Egypt, Syria, and communist supporters are behind this move, which counts on the assistance of: Ahmad al-As'ad - Sabri Hamadeh - Kamal Jumblatt - Hamid Franjieh's group - Hachem al-Husseini - Rachid Karami - Maarouf Saad - Sa'eb Salam – and Abdullah al-Yafi. -
Political Party Mapping in Lebanon Ahead of the 2018 Elections
Political Party Mapping in Lebanon Ahead of the 2018 Elections Foreword This study on the political party mapping in Lebanon ahead of the 2018 elections includes a survey of most Lebanese political parties; especially those that currently have or previously had parliamentary or government representation, with the exception of Lebanese Communist Party, Islamic Unification Movement, Union of Working People’s Forces, since they either have candidates for elections or had previously had candidates for elections before the final list was out from the Ministry of Interior and Municipalities. The first part includes a systematic presentation of 27 political parties, organizations or movements, showing their official name, logo, establishment, leader, leading committee, regional and local alliances and relations, their stance on the electoral law and their most prominent candidates for the upcoming parliamentary elections. The second part provides the distribution of partisan and political powers over the 15 electoral districts set in the law governing the elections of May 6, 2018. It also offers basic information related to each district: the number of voters, the expected participation rate, the electoral quotient, the candidate’s ceiling on election expenditure, in addition to an analytical overview of the 2005 and 2009 elections, their results and alliances. The distribution of parties for 2018 is based on the research team’s analysis and estimates from different sources. 2 Table of Contents Page Introduction ....................................................................................................... -
Migration and Political Elite Formation: the Case of Lebanon
LEBANESE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY Migration and political elite formation: The case of Lebanon By Wahib Maalouf A thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Migration Studies School of Arts and Sciences November 2018 Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my parents and sister I am grateful for their endless love and support throughout my life v ACKNOWLEDGMENT I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Dr. Paul Tabar, for giving me the opportunity to work on this interesting and challenging project. Dr. Tabar read several drafts and offered incisive comments that helped refine various sections of this thesis. I thank him for his generosity and for the numerous discussions that contributed to fostering my intellectual development throughout this journey. I also wish to extend my thanks to committee member Dr. Connie Christiansen, for her valuable remarks on parts of this thesis. My deep thanks also go to Sally Yousef for her assistance in transcribing most of the interviews conducted for this study, and to Wassim Abou Lteif and Makram Rabah, for facilitating the route to conducting some of the interviews used in this study. vi Migration and political elite formation: The case of Lebanon Wahib Maalouf ABSTRACT Migration has been impacting political elite formation in Lebanon since the 1930s, yet its role in that matter remained understudied. The main reason behind this is the relative prevalence in elite studies of “methodological nationalism”, which, in one of its variants, “confines the study of social processes to the political and geographic boundaries of a particular nation-state”. -
The Hariri Assassination and the Making of a Usable Past for Lebanon
LOCKED IN TIME ?: THE HARIRI ASSASSINATION AND THE MAKING OF A USABLE PAST FOR LEBANON Jonathan Herny van Melle A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS May 2009 Committee: Dr. Sridevi Menon, Advisor Dr. Neil A. Englehart ii ABSTRACT Dr. Sridevi Menon, Advisor Why is it that on one hand Lebanon is represented as the “Switzerland of the Middle East,” a progressive and prosperous country, and its capital Beirut as the “Paris of the Middle East,” while on the other hand, Lebanon and Beirut are represented as sites of violence, danger, and state failure? Furthermore, why is it that the latter representation is currently the pervasive image of Lebanon? This thesis examines these competing images of Lebanon by focusing on Lebanon’s past and the ways in which various “pasts” have been used to explain the realities confronting Lebanon. To understand the contexts that frame the two different representations of Lebanon I analyze several key periods and events in Lebanon’s history that have contributed to these representations. I examine the ways in which the representation of Lebanon and Beirut as sites of violence have been shaped by the long period of civil war (1975-1990) whereas an alternate image of a cosmopolitan Lebanon emerges during the period of reconstruction and economic revival as well as relative peace between 1990 and 2005. In juxtaposing the civil war and the assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafic Hariri in Beirut on February 14, 2005, I point to the resilience of Lebanon’s civil war past in shaping both Lebanese and Western memories and understandings of the Lebanese state. -
Cover Small Size
COMO EXPORTAR LÍBANO um guia para o exportador brasileiro EMBAIXADA DO BRASIL BEIRUTE COMO EXPORTAR LÍBANO MINISTÉRIO DAS RELAÇÕES EXTERIORES Embaixado Brasil em Beirute Setor de Promoção Comercial e Investimentos - SECOM Beirute, 2019 1 Elaboração: Ministério das Relações Exteriores – MRE Embaixada do Brasil em Beirute Setor de Promoção Comercial e Investimentos– SECOM Consultoria: “Masri Studies & Valuation Sarl” Coordenação: Embaixada do Brasil em Beirute Setor de Promoção Comercial e Investimentos– SECOM Distribuição: Embaixada do Brasil em Beirute Setor de Promoção Comercial e Investimentos– SECOM 2 Os termos e apresentação de matérias contidas na presente publicação não traduzem expressão de opinião por parte do MRE sobre o "status" jurídico de quaisquer países, territórios, cidades ou áreas geográficas e de suas fronteiras ou limites. Os termos "desenvolvidos" e "em desenvolvimento", empregados em relação a países ou áreas geográficas, não implicam tomada de posição oficial por parte do MRE. Direitos reservados. A Embaixada do Brasil em Beirute, que é titular exclusiva dos direitos de autor, permite sua reprodução parcial, desde que a fonte seja devidamente citada. 3 MASRI is a private independent Lebanese Group, founded in 1950 and leading provider of credit, business, commercial and legal information in Lebanon, the Middle East and Africa. MASRI has acquired, throughout decades of hard work, commitment and dedication, a widely acknowledged Global Expertise for Risk Management and Business Development, reflected by a unique and -
The Municipal Elections
Speaker Hussein al-Husseini Cost of renting airplanes for the presidency July 2010 | 96 The Monthly interviews Ambassador Tomasz Niegodzisz issue number www.iimonthly.com • Published by Information International sal Ministry of Interior: $554 M and 40,000 employees A search for the missing $11 billion MUNICIPALITIES OF FIVE REPUBLICS Lebanon 5,000LL | Saudi Arabia 15SR | UAE 15DHR | Jordan 2JD| Syria 75SYP | Iraq 3,500IQD | Kuwait 1.5KD | Qatar 15QR | Bahrain 2BD | Oman 2OR | Yemen 15YRI | Egypt 10EP | Europe 5Euros INDEX 4 Interview: Speaker Hussein Al-Husseini 5 LEADER: Municipal and Ikhtiariah Elections 2010 14 A search for the missing $11 billion 18 Ministry of Interior and Municipalities 24 Cost of renting airplanes for the presidency 26 Divorce 28 Blasphemy, apostasy and disdain of religions 29 Lycée des Arts 31 The innate human resistance to evidence by Dr. Hanna Saadah Page 18 32 Is intelligence a single entity independent from the brain? by Antoine Boutros 33 Your facial muscles, your emotions by Dr. Samar Zebian 34 The Monthly interviews Ambassador Tomasz Niegodzisz Page 24 Page 4 36 Popular culture 47 Real estate index in Lebanon- 37 Myth #35: Argileh: ‘Safer’ than Cigarettes? May 2010 38 Must-read books: Orientalism 48 Food Price Index - May 2010 39 Must-read children’s book: “Caterpillars can’t fly” 50 Highest Taxes in the World 40 Lebanon Families: Saba Families 50 Beirut Rafic Hariri International Airport - 41 Discover Lebanon: Zan May 2010 42 Aoun-Geagea (2/2) 51 Lebanon stats 43 May 2010 Timeline in Lebanon 45 New York’s Failed Bomb Plot 46 Women in Arab governments Editorialﹺ | 3 WHEN THE “SUNNI” COUNT THEIR DEAD In memory of the victims of the army and refugees of Nahr Al-Bared we re-publish this article which was published in The Monthly issue number 63 of October 2007. -
Lebanon's Legacy of Political Violence
LEBANON Lebanon’s Legacy of Political Violence A Mapping of Serious Violations of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law in Lebanon, 1975–2008 September 2013 International Center Lebanon’s Legacy of Political Violence for Transitional Justice Acknowledgments The Lebanon Mapping Team comprised Lynn Maalouf, senior researcher at the Memory Interdisciplinary Research Unit of the Center for the Study of the Modern Arab World (CEMAM); Luc Coté, expert on mapping projects and fact-finding commissions; Théo Boudruche, international human rights and humanitarian law consultant; and researchers Wajih Abi Azar, Hassan Abbas, Samar Abou Zeid, Nassib Khoury, Romy Nasr, and Tarek Zeineddine. The team would like to thank the committee members who reviewed the report on behalf of the university: Christophe Varin, CEMAM director, who led the process of setting up and coordinating the committee’s work; Annie Tabet, professor of sociology; Carla Eddé, head of the history and international relations department; Liliane Kfoury, head of UIR; and Marie-Claude Najm, professor of law and political science. The team extends its special thanks to Dima de Clerck, who generously shared the results of her fieldwork from her PhD thesis, “Mémoires en conflit dans le Liban d’après-guerre: le cas des druzes et des chrétiens du Sud du Mont-Liban.” The team further owes its warm gratitude to the ICTJ Beirut office team, particularly Carmen Abou Hassoun Jaoudé, Head of the Lebanon Program. ICTJ thanks the European Union for their support which made this project possible. International Center for Transitional Justice The International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ) works to redress and prevent the most severe violations of human rights by confronting legacies of mass abuse.