P.B.B. ÖSTERREICHISCHE POST AG PZ 08Z037896 P AUSGABE 2 | 2018 ILLUSTRIERTE NEUE WELT JUDENGASSE 1A/25, 1010 WIEN EINZELPREIS € 4,50

Das Titelbild stammt von Shalom Neumann, einem multinationalen und multimedalen Künstler, der zwischen Amerika, Israel und Tsche- chien aktiv ist. Die Assemblage besteht aus Öl, Acryl, Holz und gefun- denen Objekten (22“ x 17“ x 4“).

AUS DEM INHALT

NAHOST Versäumte Gelegenheiten SEITE 2 NAHOST Feuern und Feiern SEITE 3 POLITIK Iranisches Abkommen SEITE 5 POLEN Antisemitismus – ein Machtinstrument? SEITE 6 UNGARN George Soros im Visier SEITE9 FOTOGRAFIE Die Macht der Bilder SEITE10 FILM Milos Forman SEITE13 LITERATUR Meister der Sprache: Philip Roth SEITE 16 RELIGION „Koschere” Wikipedia SEITE 20

FLIGHT IS NOT FLIGHT, ­ EXPULSION IS NOT EXPULSION ANTON PELINKA

t is difficult to conceive of the State of Israel’s existence Every discourse on Israel‘s history is also - at least indirectly and the war of 1948 exemplifies this. Notwithstanding Nak- without the Holocaust, without the murder of six mil- - a discourse on National Socialism. Every trivialization of ba’s tragedy: the traumatic experience of the Arab-Palesti- lion Jews in Europe. On its own, the Balfour Declaration National Socialism always also involves the trivialization of nian flight is an example for an ethnic „cleansing“ endorsed Iof 1917 would hardly have been able to afford Zionism with the Holocaust. While this does not in every instance lead to by various actors - by Israel as well as the Arab states which the political traction that led to an almost universal accep- the denial of the Holocaust, relativizing the Shoah is almost (in their misjudgment of the geopolitical situation) commu- tance of a Jewish state at the end of the British mandate always linked to a rejection of Israel. Yehuda Bauer‘s qualifi- nicated to the refugees (and are still doing so today), that they over Palestine. Without the survivors of the Holocaust, and cation of the Holocaust as a first (and so far, unique) crime could soon return to their towns and villages, to their homes certainly without the horror of the crimes unprecedented against humanity is being ignored by the trivializers. The and apartments. in Europe until 1945, the State of Israel would scarcely have murder of the six million is relativized, quasi tallied against It is comprehensible that the descendants of the 1948 had the legitimacy that, 70 years later, allows a proud retros- other victims. refugees and displaced persons perceive the anniversary of pective of what has been achieved. The political instrumentalization of the Nakba - the flight Israel’s founding primarily from the point of view of their Israel’s opponents are aware of this connection. They and expulsion of hundreds of thousands of people from Is- own role as victims. This understanding howe- A Seite 2 challenge such a connection between Israel and the Shoah. rael’s territory, in connection with the founding of the state 2 AUSGABE 2 | 2018 MIDDLE EAST

F Seite 1 ver should not lead us to overlook Hebron as well as other re- flight and expulsion - in one plication in the Saudi-Iranian conflict (in Sy- the context that is all too easily forgotten with gions of Palestine annexed The victims’ direction and the other - is ria and elsewhere), the stabilizing of the status respect to the assault of Israel’s borders: by Jordan in 1948 were instrumentalization a tragedy that should be re- quo is currently the best option, also and espe- 1. The hopes for a „return“, spectacularly completely “freed of Jews”. membered. Mutual respect cially for Israel. The framework conditions of displayed during the demonstrations, are a re- One expulsion cannot is the prerequisite for any Israel‘s existence - defined by the outcomes of jection of any peaceful solution. The refugees’ be set off against another. The Holocaust, the lasting peaceful solution. Although such solu- the wars in 1948, 1967 and 1973, as well as by and displaced persons’ grandchildren cannot Shoah, was unique and occurred for the first tion is in the far future, its parameters are well treaties with Egypt, Jordan and the PLO - have return to Israel. The grandparents’ houses no time in history. Neither one of the two expul- known: Israel‘s Jewish character must be preser- contributed to the country’s ascension and re- longer exist, in most cases. No Israeli govern- sions, neither the flight and expulsion from Is- ved - and Israel must find a modus vivendi, a lative stability. The „non-violent“ protestors in ment can accept that the millions of the third rael, nor the flight and expulsion of Jews from settlement with the people of Arab identity in Gaza invading Israeli borders are calling this generation, who, as Nakba victims, are held Arab countries were first-time occurrences. Israel and in the West Bank. into question – as do those who, through an al- hostage by Arab politics, permanently “return” These expulsions in the wake of 1948 are of Anything that is aimed against these foun- liance with a US President with an expiration to the country. Those who sustain the illusion a similar (tragic) quality as other ethnic “cle- dations for peace is dangerous: the instrumen- date, an unstable Egypt and an equally unstable of return want to destroy Israel. ansings” - such as the expulsions of „ethnic talization of the illusion of a „return“ of the Pa- Saudi-Arabia are trying to ignore the Palesti- 2. The flight and expulsion of a part of Pa- Germans“ from Central and Eastern Europe lestinians living in refugee camps; but also, the nian reality. lestine’s Arab population have to be seen in in 1945, or the catastrophic corollaries of Bri- illusion of Israeli politics, which hopes to escape A glimpse at history may help: The Nakba the context of another story of flight and ex- tish India’s partition in 1947. a compromise with the Palestinians by joining cannot be compared with the Shoah; and the pulsion: the Jewish population of Arab states It is however possible to pay respect to all an anti-Iranian alliance. flight of the Palestinians is not unique. And: The was also driven out in 1948 and immediately victims’ narratives. That the founding of the In light of the recent escalation at the Gaza area where Israel was created as a Jewish state in thereafter. And the Old City of Jerusalem and State of Israel was accompanied by a wave of border, as well as the possibility of Israel’s im- 1948 was and is also Jewish - but not only. n

he 70th anniversary of the State of 1948. It also provided that Israel would return breakthrough for a definitive peace agreement peaceful, could cross the Israeli border? Why Israel gives rise to joy, but also raises the Sinai Peninsula, along with its oil wells and had been achieved, Arafat dropped the negoti- were children and young people deliberately questions about its future. In Israel, a strategic positions, to dismantle Israeli settle- ations, alleging „If I sign this, I‘m a dead man“. instigated to participate? The Palestinians Tlarge majority today believes that only a two- ments and transfer the Jewish population in Shortly thereafter started the second Intifada, also know that a return to the territories is state solution could bring a détente. It is inte- those areas, even by force, such as in Jamit. In which ended only with the withdrawal of Is- not possible. Instead of developing the land resting that, in the past, Israelis strongly rejec- addition, the free passage of Israeli ships th- raeli settlers from Gaza in 2005. that is available and to provide opportunities ted the creation of a Palestinian state. Today, rough the Suez Canal would be granted, and In 2007, the terrorist movement Hamas for the people living there, Hamas betrays its despite the failing of the Oslo Accords, a two- the Straits of Tiran and the Gulf of Aqaba re- took over the Gaza Strip and expelled the constituents. state solution seems now a viable option. cognized as international waterways. moderate representatives of the PLO. It is an Besides, there remains one unanswered The Palestinians have not missed an op- In 1993, in the presence of Yitzhak Ra- undeniable fact that since then, thousands of question: Reportedly, there are five million portunity to realize their dream of a separate bin, Yasser Arafat and Bill Clinton, Foreign rockets have been launched from Gaza into Palestinian refugees. How did some 700,000 state – already in1948 they were convinced Ministers Mahmoud Abbas and Shimon Pe- Israeli territory. Instead of the tens of billions refugees, who left the country in 1948, grew that they could ignore the UN de- to today‘s alleged figure ? cision and expel the Jews. Surpri- The UNWRA, which disposes singly, the sparsely equipped Jewish of more money than the refugee army succeeded, under great sacri- organization UNHCR distribu- fices, to fend off the attack on the tes to all other countries, should newly formed state. MISSED OPPORTUNITIES finally cease to support the re- Also in 1967, when the UN wi- fugees’ grandchildren, who, over thdrew its peacekeeping mission JOANNA NITTENBERG two generations, have in many from Sinai, Israel was able to thwart cases created a new existence for the Arab plan with a preventive themselves somewhere else. They surprise attack and gain control over additio- res signed the „Declaration of Principles on of dollars that Europe, the United States, and still enjoy refugee status. Do Israeli Jews ever nal territories. Immediately after the conquest Temporary Self-Government“ (also known as the Arab states invested in the Gaza Strip to demand a „return“ to the millions of homes of parts of the West Bank, the Israelis were Oslo Accords) in Washington. This declaration build an infrastructure and improve the qua- from which their ancestors were expelled prepared to exchange land for peace - but the of principles marked a milestone in the peace lity of life for the people living there, all these during the Holocaust in Europe? Or to re- Palestinians refused to engage in talks because, process. For the first time both sides officially sums were used to buy weapons or dig tun- turn to their houses in the Arab and Muslim according to their charter, Israel was not a le- recognized each other. The Israelis accepted nels. The recent clashes and provocations at countries, from which ca. one million per- gitimate state to be recognized. All other Arab the PLO as the official representative of the the border with Israel prove once again that secuted Jews were exiled between the 1940s states followed this decision. After the Yom Palestinians, and the PLO pledged to delete Hamas’ primary concern is Israel’s internati- and 1970s ? Kippur War in 1973, it was possible to con- all passages that aimed at Israel’s destruction onal condemnation. Or, in the context of its Unfortunately, until now, Palestinians clude a peace agreement with Egypt in1979. In from its charter. 70th anniversary celebrations in Israel, did Ha- have not been able to make the best of the addition to mutual recognition, the treaty fo- In July 2000, Camp David II took place mas really assume that the supposedly peace- opportunities offered to them to create their resaw the end of the state of war in force since and when all those involved believed that the ful demonstrators, who were actually not that own peaceful and well-functioning state. n

Erinnerung

Gemessen an den Ereignissen der Geschichte ist die aktuelle Wirtschaftskrise nur eine Impressum Die INW geht mit der Zeit mäßig bedeutende­ Episode mit Gegenwind. Doch für eine – im Vergleich mit den großen Eigentümer, Herausgeber und Verleger: Medienkonzernen des Landes – verhältnismäßig kleine Zeitung kann sich daraus eine Illustrierte Neue Welt, Seit Februar gibt es auch eine ­englische bedrohliche Situation ­ergeben. Bitte leisten Sie jetzt Ihren Beitrag, um den Dr. Joanna Nittenberg, Mag. F. C. Bauer Onlineausgabe mit ausgewählten­ von ­Fortbestand der Illustrierten Neuen Welt zu sichern. Wir benötigen keine Millio- Chefredakteurin: Dr. Joanna Nittenberg Daniela Nittenberg nen- und Milliardenbeträge. Sie können wertvolle Hilfe leisten, indem Sie nur den Abopreis alle 1010 Wien, Judengasse 1A, übersetzten Artikeln aus der Tel. ++43 1 5356301 überweisen. Bitte nutzen Sie den beigelegten Erlagschein! Illustrierten Neuen Welt unter Mit bestem Dank die Redaktion Konto Bank Austria: BIC BKAUATWW www.neuewelt.at. IBAN AT18 1200 0109 1007 3200 Abonnementpreis: Inland: € 32,– / Ausland: € 44,– / Übersee: € 56,– Druck: W & H Media Druck + Verlag GmbH MIDDLE EAST AUSGABE 2 | 2018 3

FIRES AND CELEBRATIONS

While an Israeli dream came true with the inauguration of the American embassy in Jerusalem, the nightmare scenarios in and around the Gaza Strip did not occur to the full extent expected. The radical Islamic Hamas wants to continue its bloody protests.

GIL YARON

ocal news channels split their screens such numbers, Hamas cannot overwhelm Is- that the opening of the US Embassy in Jeru- cesses. The US annulled, as requested by him, in order to reflect the extreme reality rael‘s army. The high numbers of victims on salem would motivate Palestinians to protest. the nuclear deal with Iran; The inauguration of Israeli everyday life. One half sho- the fence are likely to make international head- Intelligence agencies expected hundreds of de- of the US Embassy in Jerusalem is a historic Lwed the inauguration festivities of the new lines, but only for a short time. That will not aths in the clashes in Gaza. Secretary of Educa- achievement for him; He also managed to slow American embassy in change Hamas’ strate- tion Naftali Bennett, member of the Security down Iranian expansion in Syria without hur- Jerusalem. Elegantly The Islamists see the best way gic emergency, prima- Cabinet, commented dryly: „Ruling Jerusalem ting relations with Russia; Hamas‘s attempts to dressed, smiling VIPs rily because the most had always had a price, but we are ready to pay escalate the situation failed. walked into the em- out of their political misery in important develop- it.“ And then Netta Barsilai also won the Eu- bassy building in the a confrontation with Israel. ments that the Isla- After months which seemed to foreshadow rovision Song Contest. Subsequently, not even south of the city to mists anticipated did Netanyahu’s term of office coming to an end, the riots in Gaza could affect the euphoric attend the ceremony. not realize. No Pales- he now can show for many foreign policy suc- mood in Israel. n While there were cele- tinian refugee from brations in Jerusalem, there was firing around neighboring countries such as Jordan, Syria the Gaza Strip. The other half of Israeli tele- or Lebanon marched towards Israel’s border to vision screens showed smoke billowing over break through it, for high media-effect. Israel‘s Gaza‘s blue sky. There, Hamas had organized northern and eastern borders remained calm. the largest protests ever in the region. More The same was true in the West Bank. In Bethle- than 50,000 Palestinians participated in vio- hem, Ramallah, Hebron, Nablus and elsewhere, lent protests at 12 locations along the border demonstrations were held in the morning with fence. Israel‘s army reported about at least thousands of participants. They were followed three terrorist commandos of radical Islamic by clashes between soldiers and demonstrators Hamas attempting to carry out attacks at the between Jerusalem and Ramallah at the Ka- border. In response, air force and tanks shelled landia checkpoint. Shortly thereafter however, targets in the Gaza Strip. honking trucks loaded with cold drinks slowly According to Hamas, the bloody events advanced through the crowd of journalists on Sie haben Fragen … were just the prelude. the ground who had The movement had gathered in anticipa- made every effort It believes that high numbers tion of major collisi- • an den Bundeskanzler, to start the protests. of Palestinian civilian casual- ons. It seemed like nor- an den Bundesminister für EU, Kunst, Kultur und Medien They called for a ge- malcy was returning. ties on the border with Israel • zu aktuellen Themen der Regierungspolitik neral strike. Universi- The feared fi- ties, schools and many will draw the international restorm did not break • zur Europäischen Union businesses remained community’s attention to the out for the time being. • zur öffentlichen Verwaltung in Österreich closed to allow peo- An all-clear signal can • zum politischen System in Österreich ple to participate in situation in Gaza. however not be given the demonstrations. yet. Disapproving the • zu persönlichen Anliegen At the same time, Ha- US recognition of Je- mas organized buses and trucks to transport rusalem as the capital of Israel, the Palestinian participants close to the border. The Islamists Authority (PA) continues to refuse coopera- see the best way out of their political misery ting with the US on a peace plan. Thus, there Bürgerinnen- und Bürgerservice in a confrontation with Israel: the movement will be no political horizon for the Palestinians is almost bankrupt, diplomatically isolated, in the near future. Over the weekend, the TV domestically outmaneuvered and militarily stations and radio stations of the PA, actually 0800 222 666 [email protected] inferior to Israel. It believes that high num- Hamas’ bitter rival, seemed to be completely 8 bis 16 Uhr (werktags) bers of Palestinian civilian casualties on the aligned with the Islamists. They also called for (gebührenfrei aus ganz Österreich) border with Israel will draw the international mass protests. „Those who count on PA secu- community’s attention to the situation in Gaza. rity services’ continued cooperation with Israel Bürgerinnen- und +43 1 531 15-204274 Monday afternoon, speakers of the organiza- in the West Bank to ensure peace and order Bürgerservice tion were pleased with the course of events. should keep in mind that their officials hear Postanschrift: Bundeskanzleramt The Islamists should be disappointed, this propaganda daily“, warns Israeli political Ballhausplatz 1, 1010 Wien though. Their attempts to break the fence to scientist Ehud Yaari. The ongoing bloodshed carry out attacks on the other side of the bor- in Gaza, the political hopelessness and the der failed. And they underestimated the com- leadership vacuum in the PA could ultimately bat fatigue of their own people. More than lead to violence in the West Bank as well. Wir freuen uns auf Ihre Fragen und Anliegen! EINSCHALTUNG ENTGELTLICHE 100,000 protesters should have come; instead, Israel‘s government did not worry much only 50,000 Palestinians showed up. With about that. The Security Cabinet was warned 4 AUSGABE 2 | 2018 MIDDLE EAST Foto: Petra Paul Petra Foto: PALESTINE‘S NEW WONDER WEAPON

What started as a breeze has become a full-fledged threat. Palestinians attack Israelis around Gaza using a new method. Israel‘s high-tech army is still looking for an answer to the highly effective low-tech weapon.

GIL YARON

ani Rachamim is devastated: „Anyone who The missile building program proved to be ano- tinker as well: They now add sugar to the incen- is not a farmer himself can hardly under- ther strategic mistake. diary material, so that it burns longer, or they at- stand this feeling: I am frustrated, helpless, The mass-demonstrations supported by Ha- tach booby traps to the kite and balloons. The army Dmy heart is bleeding when I watch my wheat field mas, which took place at the border fence on Fri- warned citizens, especially children, not to appro- Thousands of hectares being flared off within a few minutes. For a whole days on a weekly basis, have so far at least not had ach crashed kites. of arable land and year, I tilled and cared for it, and now that !“, Racha- the intended effect: gaining media attention by The farmers around Gaza complain of enor- woodland around Gaza mim told Israeli news site Ynet this week. The far- breaking the barrier or isolating Israel internatio- mous losses, and have even started the harvest were in flames in recent mer from the Israeli Kibbutz Nahal Oz at Gaza’s nally because of its harsh dealings with protesters weeks too early out of fear of further attacks: „Bet- border is not an isolated case: thousands of hecta- and forcing it to make diplomatic concessions. ter a small loss now than losing everything tomor- weeks. res of arable land and woodland around Gaza were Then, a few youths from Gaza rose kites with glo- row within minutes“, commented farmer Racha- in flames in recent weeks. The fires are part of a new wing coals which fell beyond the border and star- mim. Israeli Finance Minister Moshe Kachlon has Palestinian tactic, consisting of attaching incendi- ted large fires. The upheaval in Israel encouraged promised compensation. At the same time, he cal- ary material or glowing coals to helium balloons the Palestinians to further develop this method of led on the Israeli army to counter this phenomenon or kites built from wooden sticks and plastic bags. attack. Since then, many attack kites and helium with extreme severity: „Anyone who lets a kite fly They rise in Gaza and are carried by the west wind balloons sailed across the border fence, causing in Gaza should be treated in the same way as so- to Israel. The improvised firebombs cause devasta- millions of Dollars’ worth of property damage. meone preparing to launch a rocket“, Kachlon said. ting fires. Authorities, so far, are at a loss. Fortunately, no person was harmed until now. On Friday, for the first time, a Palestinian who let a It is a surprising turn in the ongoing arms Israel‘s army is trying by various means to kite rise in Gaza was shot at and seriously injured race between the radical Islamic Hamas in the bring down the kites made of transparent plastic by the army. Gaza Strip and the most powerful military in the bags and small sticks. Drones and remote-cont- Some are now taking the law into their own Middle East. Time and again, the Islamists are rolled model airplanes were supposed to ram the hands. Three Israeli extremists also had a flaming trying new ways to create a balance of deterrence improvised airships - but so far this did not work kite rise on the border with Gaza on Friday to cause against Israel. And time and again Israel succeeds well. Last month, two of the expensive drones fires on the Palestinian side. The kite crashed on - thanks to its high-tech industry - and with great crashed over Gaza. Now other defense methods the Israeli side and started a fire there. On social financial effort, to neutralize the terrorists’ relati- are reportedly being developed. Meanwhile, the networks, the men were sharply criticized: „There vely simple methods of aggression. farmers have organized a guard ready to rush with is extremism, and there is idiocy. The worst thing is Israel‘s army is spending tens of billions of Eu- tractors to every fire and curb it by rolling down when these two things come together“, said former ros these days on a new bulwark around Gaza. It the fields around it, thus eliminating anything Defense Minister Amir Peretz. Meanwhile, the po- The government in is a high-tech, underground wall designed to des- feeding the flames. The Palestinians continue to lice has taken the three into custody. n Jerusalem spent billions troy one of Hamas‘s largest arms projects: infiltra- on shelters, while tion tunnels that are routed from Gaza to Israel, often dug by children. They should allow terrorist investing similar sums commandos to emerge behind the border fence Heinestraße 6 1020 Wien to engage in surprise attacks or to kidnap civilians in the development of a Tel: 01 / 2125460 E-Mail: [email protected] Internet: www.itc-reisen.at and soldiers. Israeli fighter jets managed to dest- missile defense system. roy the ninth such infiltration tunnel which was LASSEN SIE SICH VERZAUBERN 10 Nächte Kreuzfahrt Panamakanal detected with the help of new technologies. The von der Musical Welt in Hamburg 11.Oktober 2018 mit Island Princess millions that Hamas invested in this project thus Innenkabine bereits ab 985€ prove to be a bad investment for the Islamists. Disney Aladdin Das magische Musical aus 1001 Nacht Preis pro Person in der Doppelkabine inkl. Hafengebühren und Steuern vorbehaltlich With similar effort Israel countered another Verfügbarkeit zzgl. obligatorische Trinkgelder an Bord. „strategic weapon“ of Hamas: self-built rockets, Disney Marry Poppins Das Broadway Musical which the Islamists shot by thousands at towns around Gaza. The government in Jerusalem spent billions on shelters, while investing similar sums in the development of a missile defense system. Today, Israel‘s missile defense is considered the weitere Informationen erhalten Sie bei uns im Büro most modern in the world. In the last war in 2014, Hamas failed to inflict damage on Israel‘s civilian Israel mit inkl. 2 Gepäckstücke ab 220€ population despite massive use of these missiles. nur mit Handgepäck ab 190€

Stand 06.06.2018 MIDDLE EAST AUSGABE 2 | 2018 5

„THE AGREEMENT HAS VIRTUALLY ­LEGALIZED THE IRANIAN NUCLEAR PROGRAM“

ran is attempting to impose conditions on the The EU should appro- European Union, granting it a delay of 60 days ach the forces in Iran as to guarantee the continuation of the nuclear Iagreement, even after US withdrawal. well as the opposition in Europe should not yield to conditions dictated exile, instead of repea- by Tehran, said the political scientist Stephan Gri- gat in an interview with Liane von Billerbeck for tedly courting represen- the German radio station Deutschlandfunk Kultur, tatives of the Iranian on May 15, 2018. The political scientist has very critical views on the subject. He argues that the EU regime. should not allow an authoritarian regime to dictate its terms, but rather set its own conditions and sup- port the opposition forces in Iran. Now would be a good moment for it, since the population’s frustra- tion and discontent are directed against their own government. Grigat had already criticized the nuc- lear agreement during its negotiation phase. Below are excerpts from his slightly edited interview with Liane von Billerbeck: „One could get the impression that Germany Stephan Grigat and the entire European Union are now taking si- des with Iran against the US. This is of course an absurd situation. We have to keep in mind what kind of Iran we‘re talking about here. We are tal- king about the Iranian regime - a regime that still This deal has allowed the regime to pursue a These billions will not the Iranian people or on infrastructure upgra- openly calls for the destruction of Israel, even un- much more aggressive foreign policy than ever be- des. These billions will not be used to reorganize der current President Hassan Rohani; a regime that fore. It is also important to point out that large sec- be used to reorganize garbage collection in Teheran or for comparable is pursuing a decidedly aggressive expansionist po- tions of the Iranian population don’t support the garbage collection in projects, but will finance the missile program and licy in the Middle East, especially after closing the Iranian regime. This should be one of the points other nuclear weapons research as well as an ex- Teheran or for compara- nuclear deal; a regime that not only harassed its Europe should base its action on. A fundamental pansive, aggressive foreign policy. And that‘s why own population, but murdered them by the thous- change in the European and above all the German ble projects, but will further harsh sanctions would be appropriate and ands. It‘s a regime you would not want to engage and Austrian Iran policy is needed: precisely those finance the missile important. Other alternatives for canceling this with. At the moment, however, the leading Euro- forces in Iran which oppose the regime should be deal would also have an option: We could have pean countries have sided with this very regime, supported. program and other tried to say, “okay, that‘s the nuclear program and and that is a fundamental mistake. Now is the time to initiate a fundamental re- nuclear weapons rese- this is the agreement, but, in addition, we have This nuclear deal was extremely problematic, orientation and to support the Iranian opposition. other problems with the regime, and that‘s why if not downright dangerous from the outset, in In the long term, the dangers posed by the Iranian arch as well as an we‘re promoting tough sanctions: because of the my opinion, because it involves massive problems regime and its nuclear weapons program can only expansive, aggressive missile program, because of human rights vio- which risk to be drowned in the current discus- be eliminated if this regime is overthrown. That lations, because of Holocaust denial, because of foreign policy. sion. The claim made by many of its proponents, should really be the goal of the European Union. threats of annihilation against Israel”. that this agreement removes the threat posed by There are mass protests - at the beginning of The European Union however did not take this the Iranian nuclear weapons program is false. On this year, mass demonstrations took place in many path, and that is why we have the current situation. the contrary: this nuclear agreement has virtually Iranian cities, not just in the big ones; These pro- It is not a good one, because of course the US admi- legalized the Iranian nuclear program. tests occur regularly in Iran. Although there is nistration‘s unilateral cancelation of this deal does On the one hand, the entire infrastructure of massive repression, and despite the regime‘s brutal not solve the problem we are facing. The problem this nuclear program remains in place because violence against such oppositional groups, this op- persists. We have an extremely aggressive regime there are restrictions for the facilities - but the fa- position is reorganizing itself time and again. that strives to develop a technology for mass des- cilities themselves will remain. Not even one of the The EU should approach the forces in Iran as truction. And that calls for a serious debate about uranium centrifuges was scrapped, they were only well as the opposition in exile, instead of repeatedly counter-measures. decommissioned. And that means that, at a time of courting representatives of the Iranian regime. In I keep pointing out that in the end, the prob- its regime’s own decision, Iran can resume its nuc- any case, that would be an alternative to existing lems and dangers of this regime will only disappear lear program. policies in the EU, which ultimately help to main- if this regime disappears“. n Additionally, the entire missile program, which tain this regime in place, in the long term. For it is is an integral part of the nuclear weapons program, obvious that engaging in economical transactions (Stephan Grigat in an interview about the US ter- is not part of this agreement. There are, however, a with Iran equals financing its regime. And the po- minating the nuclear deal with Iran) number of other issues, most notably the phasing licy of this regime consists of threatening Israel out of this deal: at the end of various deadlines, Iran with annihilation, an aggressive foreign policy in Stephan Grigat is Scientific Director of Stop the will definitely be able to produce nuclear weapons. the Middle East, and the oppression of the Iranian Bomb, Permanent Fellow at the Moses Mendels- The agreement ultimately is based on a false as- people. sohn Center, University of Potsdam, Research Fel- sumption: Proponents were convinced that at the There were also great hopes that the billions low at the Herzl Institute for the Study of Zionism end of this deal, the regime would turn into a mo- that the regime has already collected and is likely and History at the University of Haifa and Editor derate one, eventually renounce nuclear weapons to collect in the future would lead to significant of Iran-Israel-Germany: Anti-Semitism, Foreign and return to the ‚international community‘. The improvements in Iran. This too was an illusion Trade & Nuclear Program (Hentrich & Hentrich opposite is the case: because this regime is not spending the funds on 2017). 6 AUSGABE 2 | 2018 POLAND

ANTI-SEMITISM - INSTRUMENT OF POWER?

HEIKE

here are countless declarations, resolutions The delayed interven- the next world - but otherwise they had been allo- even hints at Poland‘s complicity in the Nazi per- and even laws that strongly condemn an- wed to lead an ordinary life. secution of the Jews could face a penalty. ti-Semitism. And yet it seems ineradicable. tion of the authorities in „Solidarity of the working masses“ aside - for There were however tens of thousands of Polish TOne slowly realizes that it was not a phenomenon Poland, it was difficult to tolerate the Russian whip Nazi collaborators involved in the „Jewish hunt“ of Kielce, the participation rooted in Nazism alone, but also in Catholicism once again, swung, at that, by Communist Jews. the German occupiers in the Second World War. of many policemen and and Communism, even outliving the turnaround The notion that communist parties formed They made a business out of the Jews’ misfortune, in 1989. Not later than after Lenin, highly dubious members of the army in a monolithic block was one of the great fallacies extorted protection money or bribes from them attitudes prevailed in the communist world mo- the pogrom support the propagated by Communists themselves, willingly (Polish: lard, which is why they are called „Sch- vement, the „heroic vanguard of the working class“. believed by the West. As a result, there were vi- malzowniks“), and then often betrayed them to the As Wolfgang Leonhard wrote in his book His- suspicion that official olent clashes between the two Jewish groups at Gestapo or the SS. tory of the GDR: authorities have not that time, resulting in the Jews living in Poland Two out of three Jews who escaped from the „The crimes of the Nazis in the concentration being summoned by President Gomulka to leave ghettos or the death trains were killed after having camps were described quite in detail to us. Even only tolerated the the country. been informed on. This was already asserted in during the war, we had already heard of Ausch- murder, but even insti- This was not a friendly gesture, but a threat 2011 by the Holocaust researcher Jan Grabowski. witz in Moscow. In the communications of the So- gated it. orchestrated in totalitarian fashion. Protest rallies All in all, according to Grabowski, nearly 250,000 viet leadership, however, there was a strange and ensued aiming at educating the „patriotic working Jews lost their lives because of the „Schmalzow- flagrant suspension: the murder of the Jews was masses“. The army alone organized 42,000 mee- niks“. He also refers to the research of other histo- almost completely blocked out, it was not menti- tings, which were often just a ritual, lacking any rians. Without local collaboration, there would not oned. It was always reported that the Nazis hated real allegiance. There were however also strong have been enough Nazi personnel to exterminate the Slavs and therefore wanted to destroy them. independent initiatives and even a lot of popular Poland’s Jews. In the context of concentration camps, only the enthusiasm for the campaign instigated by Presi- On Polish territory, only 40,000 Jews survived Nazis’ fight against the Slavic peoples and the par- dent Gomulka. Thus, in 1968, there was a verita- the Shoah - just under 10 percent of its 3.5 million tisans from other European countries was relayed. ble exodus of more than 13,000 Jews from Poland, Polish Jews. No word about the Jews. This did not change later most of them highly qualified. Due to Poland’s desire to stylize itself as the either. Both in the Soviet Union and at first in the The US State Depart- The idea that everything had changed after the greatest victim of the Nazi regime, the Jewish GDR, the murder of six million Jews was almost turnaround is erroneous. The Catholic radio sta- victims are pushed into the background, if not ig- completely suppressed and concealed.“ ment issued that „Radio tion Radio Maryja - named after the Virgin Mary nored. Thus, in the recent commemoration of the Anti-Semitism still crept on quiet paws. In Maryja was one of the - enjoys great popularity among Polish intellec- Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943, the Jewish upri- some countries however, such as in Poland, the tuals and (more liberal) priests, as well as in the sing was transformed into the heroic struggle of marching step of the „organized vanguard of the most blatant anti-Semi- working class because of its flagrant anti-Semi- Polish patriots against the Nazi occupiers. While working class“ was less quiet. There, anti-Semitism tic media sites in tism. The US State Department issued that „Radio it was alleged that the Polish government in exile was deeply rooted in broad circles of the political Maryja was one of the most blatant anti-Semitic in London had wanted to support the uprising, Europe.“ elites, but not only there. media sites in Europe.“ A report from the Council it was concealed that there had never been any On July 4, 1946, almost 14 months after the of Europe states that Radio Maryja „openly incites support at all. It is worth noting that the so-cal- Nazi regime’s capitulation, at least 42 Jews were anti-Semitism“. led Stroop report on the liquidation of the ghetto killed in the city of Kielce. The mob - several The radio station belongs to the Redemptorist expressly praised the efforts of local helpers. The hundred workers and housewives, employees, vil- Order in Warsaw and is a steady supporter of the Polish poet Ceslaw Milosz, who received the No- lagers, policemen and soldiers = raged from ten ruling Law and Justice Party (PIS). Depending on bel Prize for Literature in 1980 and who died in o‘clock in the morning until four o‘clock in the af- interpretation of the latest Polish laws, which have 2011, also knew of a Polish amusement park on ternoon. The delayed intervention of the authori- been strongly criticized by the EU, everyone who the non-Jewish side, directly adjacent to the ghetto ties in Kielce, the participation of many policemen walls, which offered a good view of the burning and members of the army in the pogrom support ghetto. While anti-Semitism was widespread in the suspicion that official authorities have not only Poland, it intentionally targeted medial exponents tolerated the murder, but even instigated it. in the other Eastern Bloc countries. The founding In the cities of Krakow, Czestochowa, Radom of Israel in 1948 was a turning point regarding and Ostrowiec similar excesses occurred in the communist positions. Previously, there had been years 1945 and 1946. 1500 to 2000 Jews - most of training camps for the paramilitary Hagana in whom had survived German extermination camps the CSSR (the former Czechoslovakia), in Hun- - were slain, stabbed or stoned by Poles in these gary and in Poland, weapons had been smuggled first two post-war years. out of Czechoslovakia. The Soviet Union also sup- In January of 1968, as in many other coun- ported the security resolution in favor of Israel’s tries, there were also student unrests in Poland, creation. However, when, contrary to Russian ex- supported by dissatisfied workers who joined in. pectations, Israel did not turn into a satellite of the In the ruling Communist Party, a conflict that had Soviet Union, the Communist bloc sided with the been smoldering for a long time thus erupted in Arabs. In several show trials, prominent politici- the open. A group of Jews who had remained in ans were defamed as „cosmopolitans“ or „agents the country during the German occupation and of Zionism“ and, if convenient, condemned to de- had resisted, at the risk of their own lives, oppo- ath. In Stalinist Hungary, many politicians were sed those Jews who had kowtowed to Moscow. Of affected because they were Jews. One of them was course, under Stalin, they too had repeatedly been falsely accused of having a Jewish grandfather - threatened to be sent to a gulag or immediately to probably to prove his guilt. POLAND AUSGABE 2 | 2018 7

In the Prague Slansky trial (24 death sen- der not to have to take responsibility for the bes- Yad Vashem commemorates the nearly nationalism and the tailwind of the Catho- tences), 11 out of 14 of the defendants were tialities during Soviet Communism, a few Jews 7,000 Poles who rescued Jews at the risk of lic Church, especially in Poland, but also in primarily prosecuted for their Jewish origins hurriedly were sought out for finger pointing. their own and their families’ lives. It is the other Eastern Bloc countries, which contribu- and international Zionism. Today, there are also, occasionally, other largest number of righteous individuals of ted significantly to the erosion of communist In Romania, Foreign Minister Ana Pauker, accents. In Hungary, the leader of the Jobbik a single country. Many among them were dictatorships. daughter of an orthodox rabbi, was thrown to party, long the worst proponent of anti-Se- members of religious orders, nuns and priests, Can we rule out that in these countries - the wolves. mitism, fired its most extreme agitators from while the official church, which had to strug- perhaps throughout Europe - this supposed The communist regimes completely re- the party. In 2017, according to the NZZ, he gle for survival, was less engaged. It is though antibiotic „nationalism“ will be used again pressed the question regarding their popula- even expressed Hanukkah wishes to the Jewish still a reality that the Poles themselves were in the defense against Islam or, in a distant tions’ collaboration with the Nazis: the mons- community. victims of ruthless persecution. It is true that future, against Chinese expansionist aspira- trosities that had happened were exclusively Polish President Andrzeij Duda recently three million non-Jewish Poles were murde- tions? Maybe, that time, without the poison imputed to the fascists, the occupiers. recalled the exodus of the 13,000 Jews in 1968: red by the Nazis as well. of anti-Semitism? After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the „We bow to those who were expelled at that One fact has to be acknowledged, no- Who could gauge the sinister contradic- Communists became the culprits. And in or- time. Please forgive the Poles.” netheless: that it was precisely this resistant tions of this Janus-faced world? n

Bezahlte Anzeige

CANONIZATION OF CARDINAL AUGUST HLOND EINE STADT. n a letter addressed to high-ranking Vati- can officials, the American Jewish Com- mittee (AJC) stated that it was „deeply Iconcerned“ about the decree issued by Pope 240 KM WANDERWEGE. Francis recognizing the „heroic virtues“ of Au- gust Hlond. The Primate of Poland had been „extremely“ hostile to the Jews and had not WIEN KANN. condemned the pogrom in 1946. The Vatican‘s decision to pave the way for a possible canoni- zation of August Hlond, Cardinal during the Second World War, was therefore criticized by a leading Jewish organization. The AJC Interfaith Director, Rabbi David Rosen, cited Hlond’s pastoral letter of 1936 in which he called the Poles to stay away from the „harmful moral influence of the Jews“ and to boycott Jewish media. „It is a fact that the Jews fight the Catholic Church, insist on free thinking and are the vanguard of impiety, Bolshevism and subversion,“ wrote Hlond in the letter, which is often quoted as evidence for the Catholic Church’s institutional antisemi- tism before the reforms of the Second Vatican Council in the 1960s. Hlond, who counted among the hig- hest-ranking church officials in Poland from 1926 to 1948, is still highly respected in the predominantly Catholic country because he bolstered the faith and strengthened the church’s independence during the German Nazi occupation and in the early years of post- war communism. Thanks to his initiatives, the Polish Church was spared the persecution and subjugation that took place in nearby countries. During his exile in World War II, Hlond used his influence and personal contacts to inform the world about Poland’s plight under Nazi occupation. When the Germans arrested him, he refused Rund 240 Kilometer Wanderwege im Wienerwald warten auf ihre Erkundung. an offer to form a collaborative government. Egal ob innerhalb der Stadt oder auf dem rundumadum-Wanderweg – Wandern hat in His devotion to the Catholic faith laid the Wien immer Saison. Die Wiener Stadtwanderwege sind gut beschildert, werden regel- foundations for the emergence of key figures mäßig gepflegt und gesichert und sind leicht mit den Öffis erreichbar. Für Familien in the Polish Church such as Cardinal Stefan gibt es entlang der Wanderwege viele Waldspielplätze, damit auch die Kleinsten in der Natur voll auf ihre Kosten kommen. Übrigens: Die Stadtwanderwege sind auch im Wyszyński and Cardinal Karol Wojtyła, later mobilen Stadtplan eingezeichnet. Pope John Paul II, who was canonized. The Vatican has yet to confirm a miracle attribu- Alle Infos www.wandern.wien.at sowie www.wien.at/stadtplan ted to one of its intercessions to beatify Hlond, and another miracle through intercession for his canonization. n

INS_20_ES_Wanderwege_200x280.indd 1 11.06.18 11:05 8 AUSGABE 2 | 2018 SOUTH TYROL

FAMILY STORIES

The German scholar Sabine Mayr from South Tyrol is co-author of the book „Murderous country. Repressed life stories of Jewish families in Bolzano and Merano”. The book examines the Holocaust in South Tyrol. Karl Pfeifer interviewed the author.

Currently, it contains ties of Merano’s very active and committed Jewish however the first South Tyrolean governor to an- community members, for instance, was missing. nounce that South Tyroleans had not only been over 5,000 entries That‘s why, in 2011, my co-author Joachim Inner- victims, but also perpetrators. Several months ear- about Jews who lived in hofer and I started combing through many archi- lier, the Mayor of Merano, Paul Rösch of the Green South Tyrol for about ves. After gathering, in a short time, a lot of critical party, had already found the right words. I think I information, we started to create a database for the can say that our commemorative volume on the 150 years for a variety Merano Jewish Museum. Last year, the German Fe- extinguished Jewish community in Merano and of reasons. deral Foreign Office joined in the funding of this the newly established contacts to the descendants database. It can be accessed at database.merano- of former Merano Jews has something to do with ebraica.it. Currently, it contains over 5,000 entries this, albeit late, official admission. With their help, about Jews who lived in South Tyrol for about 150 until then completely unknown facets of the Jewish years for a variety of reasons. One attraction for history of Merano could be reconstructed. Jewish immigrants in Merano was for example INW:The book was only recently published in Ita- the Jewish sanatorium, founded in 1893, in which lian, which reactions did it bring about? Jewish patients from all over Europe were trea- S. M.: The writer Isabella Bossi-Fedrigotti publis- ted. The writer David Vogel, the publisher Ludwig hed a very good review in the Corriere della Sera. Goldscheider, or the social worker Gertrude Wel- We have presented our book in several cities and kanoz from Berlin, whom Franz Kafka mentioned soon there will be a presentation in Rome. Our later in his letters with admiration, were among its book was discussed in the state television RAI, du- patients. Around the same time, however, when the ring a debate between extreme right wing South spa physician Raphael Hausmann and the banker Tyrolean opposition parties: On the one hand Friedrich Stransky strived to establish a Jewish sa- Christian Kollmann of the South Tyrolean Free- natorium where patients without means could be dom party, which attempts to prevent “the German treated free of charge, Christian-social politicians ethnic group’s assimilation process” through its re- reactivated the ritual murder libel. These calum- visionist position and the relativization of South INW: In 2005 you published The Sternfelds, a book nies were tolerated and legitimated by the church Tyrol’s National-socialist past, and, on the other about a Viennese Jewish family. How did you meet and promoted through the existence of four „child hand, Allessandro Urzì of the national conserva- the insurance specialist Albert Sternfeld? martyr“ places of worship in Tyrol. Votes could be tive, Italian opposition party Alto Adige nel cu- SABINE MAYR: Political scientist Karin Lieb- won by attacking the Jews – a strategy apprecia- ore. This party believes that it must strengthen the hart, a friend of mine, inquired about a student who ted also by the Viennese mayor Karl Lueger. The self-confidence of South Tyrol’s Italian population could help Albert Sternfeld in his private archive. phenomenon of Tyrolean anti-Semitism has been through the adherence to fascist vestiges and the I was immediately interested. Albert Sternfeld had bothering me for a long time. preservation of fascist local and street names. Both become known after the Waldheim scandal for his INW: How did the official South Tyrol react to nationalist sides feel that they are victims. It was critical and pointedly formulated publications on One attraction for your book? thus all the more important to point out how much Austria‘s confronting its past. He invented for in- S. M.: After threats of legal action, which could the Jewish community in Merano suffered from the stance the expression „ex-38“, thus rendering the Jewish immigrants in be considered as a last offshoot of the South Ty- ethnic conflicts as well. Jews had repeatedly been group of Jews who had been expelled from Aus- Merano was for ex- rolean victim myth circulated after 1945, positive the target of South Tyrol‘s discontent over the out- tria and subsequently ignored by the Republic of reactions followed. At an event in Bolzano a year come of the First World War and the annexation by Austria socially visible. His stubborn criticism fi- ample the Jewish sana- ago, Doron Rabinovici aptly conveyed before po- Italy, and a short while later Jews became the vulne- nally led to the foundation of the „Austrian Natio- torium, founded in liticians, the president of the Jewish community in rable prey of fascist opportunists. As in Germany nal Fund for Victims of National Socialism“. In our Merano, Elisabetta Rossi, former president of the and Austria, Italian and German „Aryans“ in South many conversations he imparted valuable insights 1893, in which Jewish Jewish community Federico Steinhaus, descen- Tyrol showed no scruples to profit from the distress into Judaism to me. patients from all over dants of displaced and murdered Jews in Merano of those persecuted after 1938. German-speaking INW: What prompted you to write the history of Europe were treated. South Tyrol’s extraordinary act of repression [of its residents of South Tyrol demonstrably excluded Je- the South Tyrolean Jews in the time of the Italian past] when he said: „After 1945 Fascist perpetrators wish merchants from companies, publicly exposed racial laws and then the German occupation? claimed to have been persecuted anti-Nazi victims them, defamed and harassed Jewish lawyers. S. M.: The existing gaps in the historical represen- and Nazis to have been nothing but anti-fascist Unfortunately, there are still Italian-speaking and tation of Merano with respect to Jewish life were an victims.“ And while the involvement of South Ty- German-speaking politicians far to the right to- important motivation. Despite the work of engaged roleans in Nazi crimes was taboo, anti-Semitism day, who do not acknowledge the well-functio- historians since the 1990s, the full scope of Jewish persisted unbridled. At an event on May 15, 2017, ning, peaceful daily coexistence of the three lan- endeavors in the spa town of Merano remained in after the publication of the Italian version of our guage groups in South Tyrol, and prefer to hold on the dark. A detailed, biographical documentation book (Quando la patria uccide, 2016), the current to their contrived, nationalist slogans. This damages of the geographical origins or professional activi- South Tyrolean governor Arno Kompatscher was South Tyrol’s reputation at home and abroad. n HUNGARY AUSGABE 2 | 2018 9

GEORGE SOROS IN THE SIGHTS

KARL PFEIFER

ven after the elections on April 8, 2018, plain himself, Lauder explained, „why Viktor scholarship, which enabled him to study at the ment-critical NGOs from government circles, Viktor Orbán continues his campaign Orbán could not react more calmly after his University of Oxford. drive them out of Hungary. against US billionaire George Soros clear election victory a few weeks ago.“ One It was not long before Orbán published Orbán is not afraid to teach Lauder „re- Ewith undiminished vehemence. The Russo- must „not agree with everything the Open his response to the WJC president and ac- spectfully“: „The Foundation and the Foun- phile FPÖ politician in Austria, Johann Gude- Society Institute and its founder George So- cused him of publicly insulting „Hungary der (Soros) have personal responsibility for nus, was enthusiastic about Orbán‘s campaign, ros say or do“ „But one and the Hungarian the growth of anti-Semitism in Europe. They which led to the first quarrel in the coalition. who has done so much Die Stiftung fördert people with his public have brought people to Europe - among the For Chancellor Sebastian Kurz did not share to promote democracy statement“. migrants - whose political and religious beliefs the view of FPÖ club chairman Gudenus (and in Central and Eastern Initiativen und Organisati- The Hungarian increase the vulnerability of our Jewish com- von Orbán), according to which George Soros Europe after the fall of onen, die sich für Demo- Prime Minister also munities. „ supports „migrant flows to Europe“. He rejects communism (...) is to claims: „It is well known The lies that Soros is responsible for more kratie und Menschen- such statements „clear,“ said Kurz at a press treat his homeland and and obvious in Buda- anti-Semitism and that he is bringing millions conference on April 24, 2018. hunt his foundation off rechte einsetzen, sowie pest“ that the reason for of people to Europe were helpful in winning In mid-May, the Open Society Foundation the farm in such a way an für wissenschaftliche the move, which are cer- the elections in Hungary, perhaps because the in New York announced that it would relocate unworthy process. „ tain provisions of Hun- majority of Hungarians can only consume the its office in Budapest to Berlin, employing The Open Society In- Forschung. gary, requires transpa- government media. Right-wing extremists and about 100 people, due to an increasingly „re- stitute has been active in rency for organizations ethnic politicians, like the Hungarians, propa- pressive political and legal environment“. It is Hungary since 1984. The financed from abroad. gate this theory of the Jewish world conspiracy. the first time that a NGO leaves an EU country Foundation supports initiatives and organiz- Already so far, the activities of this NGO Soros has not brought millions of refugees because the basic conditions of a democracy ations committed to democracy and human have been transparent and relocation has to Europe, nor is he responsible for growing no longer exist there. rights as well as scientific research. In Hun- more to do with the fact that the Hunga- anti-Semitism. In an interview with the Bild newspa- gary, she spent so far for 400 million US dol- rian government spent millions of euros on European People‘s Parties should consi- per, World Jewish Congress (WJC) President lars (324.8 million euros). Orbán‘s Fidesz party a campaign against anti-Semitic underto- der whether the continued support and ac- Ronald S. Lauder said: „I am worried about received significant support from the Founda- nes directed against civil society and perso- quiescence of Victor Orbán and his party will developments in Hungary.“ He could not ex- tion in its early years. Orbán also received a nally against Soros and threatened govern- not damage their reputation. n

ACQUITTAL

n May 24, 2018 the Paris Court of Appeals acquitted historian Geor- ges Bensoussan, thus confirming a Overdict rendered by the Criminal Court in March 2017. The Islamist Association against „Islamophobia“ (CCIF), a left-wing extremist association (MRAP) and others had, already in 2015, accused Bensoussan of racism and hatred against Muslims. The well-known author of important books on the Shoah, the history of Zionism and the living conditions of Jews in the Arab world has been dragged through the courts for two and a half years, for citing sociologist Smain Laacher on anti-Semitism in Arab cul- ture during a radio broadcast. judges have determined that the allegations CCIF leads a Jihad against intellectuals and have no basis. journalists. The former Minister and Judge of Bensoussan’s defense lawyer Michel Laval the Constitutional Assembly, Noëlle Lenoir, recalled: „When the affair started, the context a supporter of Bensoussan, is surprised that was not the same. Today anti-Semitism in the there are attempts to prevent an intellectual suburbs is publicly acknowledged, and that‘s SEIT 1824 NEHMEN WIR SORGEN AB. from making sociological comments. Ben- why it was important to win this process“. /wienerstaedtische soussan has become the target of Islamists The CCIF will request the annulment of IHRE SORGEN MÖCHTEN WIR HABEN and those in their orbit because of his research this judgment. n topics. They once again suffered a defeat. The KP 10 AUSGABE 2 | 2018 PHOTOGRAPHY

THE POWER OF IMAGES – EVEN IF THEY ARE LYING

Both text and image convey information. While more time is required, for instance, to read newspaper articles, information from photos will be grasped instantly. Often, an added sentence can suggest the image’s or location’s apparent context.

PETRA M. SPRINGER

mages used as illustration should also ren- with the old Burgtheater. Photographs were – a bad touch up. On an original image, Ge- der a described situation more plausible. taken from an apartment opposite the buil- neral Franco is seen with closed his eyes next And there is some truth to the assertion ding, due to the then still necessary extended to Hitler, but the forgery shows him with open Ithat a picture is worth a thousand words. exposure time. eyes. Hitler rhetorically lied in pictures as soon Thanks to social media, images and videos are The so-called documentary image ma- as 1924. He is shown at his release from prison also very quickly reproduced and dissemina- nipulations proliferated as well: in his series at the prison gate next to a car; on the original ted. Fake images, supposedly showing a cur- Crimes of the Commune Eugène Appert had photo he is standing in front of the Landsber- rent situation but created at another moment actors reenact murder and manslaughter in ger city gate. There is also some doubt as to the in time also creep in. They might show situa- Paris. A scene on which General Ulysses S. authenticity of one of the most famous images tions that have taken place somewhere else or Grant on horseback looks out of the picture from the Spanish Civil War by Robert Capa. have not happened at all. was mounted from three photos. In a photo- The scene of the staggering soldier, struck by a Fake photographs, or photographs used graph showing President Abraham Lincoln, bullet in 1936, his gun slipping from his hand, as objects of manipulation already appeared only the head is from an original photograph was allegedly mounted and does not show shortly after the invention - the remainder is from of a the battlefield in Cerro Muriano, where the of photography in the 19th picture of politician John C. landscape looks different, but Llano de Banda. Hippolyte Bayard: Self-portrait as a century. Drawing with light A picture is Calhoun. The photo only pre- Nowadays we have to be more cautious drowning, Paris 1840, salt print Société was invented almost simulta- tends to record a situation ob- than ever regarding images and photogra- Française de la Photographie, Paris neously in England and France. worth a thousand jectively. For viewers, it is often phs of war zones. A heartbreaking photo, of- In 1839 two men wanted to pa- words. difficult to recognize manipu- ten shared on Twitter, Facebook & Co, shows tent the photography process lated images. a child lying between the graves of his pa- in France: Louis Daguerre and Photos were edited in a rents. The term „Syria“ underneath conveys Hippolyte Bayard. Daguerre prevailed with particularly radical manner under Josef Stalin at a glance the atrocities of the Assad regime. is used as footage, which naturally distorts the his Daguerreotype. Bayard, in reaction to his in the Soviet Union, or under Walter Ulbricht People are shocked and outraged. The picture picture once again. This photograph is used as patent application’s failure, produced the first in the GDR. If someone from the Stalin picture has however absolutely nothing to do with the evidence for the massacre of Arabs committed fake photo of himself: in his self-portrait he circle fell out of favor, he was radically deleted Syrian civil war because photographer Abdel by Jews in Deir Yassin. Anyone challenging the staged himself as drowned corpse. on any relevant photos – Leon Trotsky, e.g., Aziz Al-Atibi portrayed his nephew, his inten- image’s rhetoric will look at the architecture, The invention of photography caused con- was replaced by a wooden staircase. All those tion being to address domestic violence. The the people and their clothes, even at the dead. siderable sensation across the French border, who did not correspond to the party’s ideal picture was not taken in Syria, but in Saudi The viewer quickly concludes: something is as seen in the public’s reactions. The Austrian were removed; staging was everything. Arabia. The emotions evoked by this picture wrong with this picture. The photograph was ambassador, for instance, immediately repor- Counterfeits were also manufactured du- keenly illustrate the power of images. actually taken for documentary purposes by ted to Chancellor Prince Clemens von Metter- ring National Socialism. People appear or di- One of the most offensive image mani- James E. Myers, a member of the US Army. The nich about this technical achievement. He then sappear in photos. A picture was taken in a pulations was conceived by Palestinians on location shown is not Deir Yassin, but Nord- sent the mathematician and physicist Andreas garden: a man, two women, Adolf Hitler, Jo- April 9. On display are corpses lying on the hausen, also known as concentration camp von Ettinghausen to Paris to acquire the neces- seph Goebbels and Leni Riefenstahl, or later: floor for many years, bombed architecture to Mittelbau-Dora – a satellite site of the Buchen- sary skills. The first photograph, made in -Vi a man, two women, Adolf Hitler, remnants of the right and left. People carry and align the wald concentration camp. The picture was not enna in 1840, shows a view of the Stallburg Goebbels’ left shoulder and Leni Riefenstahl dead. Often, only the detail with the corpses taken on April 9, 1948, but on April 12, 1945.n

Residents of Nordhausen carry dead inmates from the Boelcke barracks on April 12, 1945, under the supervision of US Army soldiers, and align them in front of it, Photo: Palestinian Onlinemedia, 2016 and 2018 James E. Myers – U.S. Army Signal Corps HISTORY AUSGABE 2 | 2018 11

very year in May, thousands (15,000 in surrender was however not accepted, they The function and role of the celebration ger Procession“ is an association registered in 2017, 30,000 in 2015) meet in Bleiburg were disarmed at the Loibacher field and ext- in Bleiburg have undergone major changes Austria, founded by exiled Croat emigrants. to commemorate the purported victims radited to the partisans. The prisoners were ta- (at least since 2000). This applies in particular Its main activity is the organization of the Eof the „Bleiburg massacre“. These are former ken to Yugoslavia, tens of thousands were kil- to the annual celebration’s magnitude. Prior commemoration and the dissemination of members of the Ustaša, their descendants led on the way or on Yugoslav territory, others to Yugoslavia’s collapse, the celebration was historical revisionism and NDH glorifica- and sympathizers, Wehrmacht and SS mem- were brought to justice. mainly attended by exiled Croatians from Eu- tion. The „Bleiburg Honor Procession“ uses bers, Domobranen, Četniks, etc. They were, According to the myth, there was a mas- rope and North America. in its emblem not the checkerboard pattern according to a myth, massacred on this field. sacre at the Loibacher field, committed by Since then, Bleiburg / Pliberk is considered of the Republic of Croatia, but the checker- The people gathering there now are a mix of partisans. It is also alleged that the British as the site of the „greatest Croatian tragedy“. board pattern of the NDH state. This emblem neo-Nazis, fascists, Croatian politicians, con- army, by refusing their capitulation, shares While the meeting, with its several hundred was used as a sleeve insignia by the Croatian servatives, church representatives, etc. Histo- responsibility for this massacre. There was, participants, remained quantifiable until the Waffen SS unit and can also be found on the rical revisionism is their principal consensus. however, never such a massacre in Bleiburg. 1990s, it has since grown to tens of thousands memorial stone on the Loibacher field. Under the Austrian authorities’ passive if Despite extensive searches, the alleged mass of participants. The Bleiburg celebration also In 1976, the first memorial stone was erec- not benevolent observation and support, the graves in the vicinity of Bleiburg / Pliberk plays a major role in Croatian domestic poli- ted in Bleiburg. Altered in 1985, it stands in the COMMEMORATION IN BLEIBURG

fascist „Independent State of Croatia“ - „Neza- were never found - most likely because they tics, has been broadcast on television for ye- middle of the Loibacher field. The property be- visna Država Hrvatska“ (NDH), a Nazi vassal do not exist. ars and dominates news coverage for weeks longs to the chairman of the „Bleiburg Honor state existing from 1941-45 - and the Ustaša With the remembrance of and the open in May. It became a central reference point for Procession“, Ilija Abramovič. The association or are being commemorated. At the same time, tribute to the „Independent State of Croatia“ Croatian nation building. its officials, over time, bought more property. A Croatian veterans of the Yugoslav wars are and the Ustaša, a fascist movement is comme- The meeting has taken place, until today, covered stage was built several years ago. being celebrated as well. morated, whose ideology was strongly influ- under the patronage of the Croatian Parlia- A few trees stand at the center of the In May 1945, shortly before the uncondi- enced by national socialism. ment, depending on the government’s com- ever-growing memorial. They were planted tional capitulation of the Third Reich, Ustaša A special feature of the NDH was its con- position. Since the Yugoslav wars, in addition long after 1945 to create an identifiable space and sympathizers, Wehrmacht and SS mem- centration camp system, operated without to the display of Ustaša / NDH symbols, glo- for the memorial. It follows the motif of a pain- bers, Domobranen, Četniks, etc. - fully aware German support, with the largest death camp rification of individual war criminals or mili- ted picture, which stylizes the „myth Bleiburg“ of their crimes and in fear of revenge reactions Jasenovac. This phenomenon of a completely tary units from the war in Yugoslavia and the and is well known among exiled Croatians. – took flight from the advancing Yugoslav Li- independently controlled concentration camp parade of their symbols and flags have been This picture in no way represents the events of beration Army, to avoid ending up as war pri- system is unique. Anyone who celebrates the part of the celebrations as well. that time – it only reflects the historical revisi- soners. Their plan was to enter British-libe- NDH celebrates its fundamental anti-Semi- The organizer of the annual celebration is onist remembrance of the massacre that never rated territory and to surrender there. Their tism and anti-Serb racism. the „Bleiburg Honor Procession“. The „Bleibur- took place at this site. n

Theater Oper Operette Musical Sichern Sie sich JETZT die BESTEN Plätze! www.theaterfest-noe.at Eine Information des Landes Niederösterreich 12 AUSGABE 2 | 2018 RUBRIK © David Lee / Focus Features © David Lee / Focus

JURY AWARDS SPIKE LEE

Adam Driver and John David Washington

GABRIELE FLOSSMANN

he movie is a wake-up call, it shows that his- cop and the clan guru David Duke, who assures ject only reserved to blacks. In the meantime, ho- tory just repeats itself !“ said the American that he can already hear over the phone whether wever, Spike Lee has turned milder, more mature, film director Spike Lee, presenting his latest his interlocutor is a “nigger” or a white man. Or and apparently also more fair-minded. And as if Tfilm BlacKKKlansman at the Cannes Film Festi- when a suspicious KKK hardliner tries to get at the to prove that he is serious, he wrote the script for val. He was honored with a standing ovation by the new clan member to check that he is not circumci- BlacKKKlansman with the Jewish producer David festival audience at the gala show and finally with sed like a Jew. For the secular, religiously ignorant Rabinowitz and cast John David Washington, son the jury‘s Grand Prix at the Palm Award ceremony. Jewish undercover agent, this experience is t h e of the former Malcolm X star Denzel Washington, This wake-up call is not only aimed at the US, Lee moment for exploring his own roots. Spike Lee is in the role of the Jewish policeman’s black friend. clarified, because „right-wing bullshit“ threatens never interested in cheap jokes - at the bitter end, Originally, BlacKKKlansman should have en- the entire world. the laughter would get stuck in one‘s throat anyway. ded with an alarm and the black policeman and In his fight against the „radical right-wing bulls- His film also contains a reflection on how movies his girlfriend Patrice seeing a burning cross from hit“, the militant filmmaker draws on the same we- create stereotypes, when he shows how the silent their home - „as a reminder that hate continues“, apons already used by one of the legendary mas- The film tells the sheer movie classic The Birth of a Nation (1915) by D.W. said Spike Lee in an interview with the Illustrierte ters of the cinematic profession against Hitlerian Griffith and Gone with the Wind (1939) by Victor Neue Welt. fascism: irony and satire. As in To Be or Not to Be unbelievable, true story Fleming are worshiped by Ku Klux Klan members One month after end of shooting however, by Ernst Lubitsch, the protagonists of Spike Lee‘s of a Jewish cop who due to their nationalist and racist orientations. In there was an escalation of violence in Charlottes- BlacKKKlansman step right into the lion‘s den. a sense, Spike Lee‘s own work can be analyzed cri- ville, where a neo-Nazi killed a counter-demonst- infiltrated the Ku Klux The film tells the sheer unbelievable, true story tically in this respect. rator with his vehicle. „When I saw the report on of a Jewish cop who infiltrated the Ku Klux Klan as Klan as an undercover He did not always believe – as in BlacKKKlans- TV, I immediately knew: this is the new end of my an undercover agent in the 1970s to prevent racist agent in the 1970s to man – that, in terms of racism, Jews and African film“. Donald Trump had had the opportunity to attacks. The idea came from an African-American Americans were sitting in the same boat. denounce the Ku Klux Klan and right-wing ext- colleague, who had responded to a Ku Klux Klan prevent racist attacks. In his film Malcolm X (1992), Spike Lee ap- remists, but the president said that „both sides“ newspaper advertisement by calling the organiz- peared rather uncritical of the leader of the Black were „to blame“ for the clashes between neo-Nazi ation, pretending to be a white nationalist. When Panther movement regarding various demagogic groups and counter-demonstrators. Donald Trump the clan leader wanted to meet him, the black cop issues addressed in fiery speeches: anti-Semitism, even went so far as to publicly state that there had – in order not to blow his cover already at the first misogyny and racism against whites. In order to also been some „very fine people“ among the ul- meeting – had to find a white substitute. That this secure the movie rights for Malcolm‘s biography, tra-right demonstrators. Spike Lee‘s movie ends substitute was a Jew led to further, racist-based Spike Lee had also pushed aside Anatevka director with TV scenes from Charlottesville and Trump‘s complications. The movie reaches Lubitsch-like Norman Jewison, arguing that, as a white man, he reaction. It is scheduled to open in US theaters in highlights in the phone scenes between the black had no right to a movie on Malcolm X – a sub- August, to mark the riots’ anniversary.

Interview Spike Lee INW: The movie seems very contemporary, al- S. L.: The movie targets not only the Ku Klux Klan, the fight against all forms of discrimination and though it is set in the 1970s. Have you deliberately but also neo-Nazis and all those who persecute injustice.

included allusions to the present day in the script? their fellow human beings, just because they have © Jason Bell INW: In your latest movie you use the weapons of SPIKE LEE: The references to current events hap- a different skin color, a different culture or religion, humor more than ever before. Who or what ins- pened naturally. Just think about the slogan „Ame- a different gender or another sexual orientation. pired you? rica first !“ Who says that today at every oppor- INW: And what about the #metoo debate? S. L.: Others have used the weapons of hu- tunity? Right: Donald Trump! But do you know S. L.: I have always rejected any form of verbal or mor much better before me. I‘m just thinking where this expression originally came from? It was brute force against women – and of course also of some of my big role models like Billy Wil- the battle cry of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s. against men! der, Sidney Lumet, Ernst Lubitsch or Stanley It was used right from the start when persecuting INW: Do you want to address these topics in your Kubrick. They all were and are great teachers Jews and blacks to defend what they call „white su- future films as well ? when it comes to making serious topics even premacy“. When we hear „America first“ today, all S. L.: I know that many people think that, so far, I more compelling through humor. It is import- our alarm bells should immediately start ringing. have fought mainly for blacks and against whites. ant that you keep the right balance between se- INW: How important was it for you to decry not This may be true for Do the Right Thing and Mal- riousness and humor. I‘m not a physicist, but only the Ku Klux Klan’s racism against blacks colm X. But I‘m not an unconditional supporter there was one who knew very well that balance in this movie, but its anti-Semitic attitude as of the Black Panther movement, which only makes was part of an upright posture - and that was well? angry movies on the topic. I want to be engaged in Albert Einstein (laughs). n FILM AUSGABE 2 | 2018 13

MILOS FORMAN (1932-2018)

„No more movies, I‘m on holidays“, Milos Forman proclaimed on his 80th birthday. The holiday he certainly deserved after a highly successful creative career would not last more than six years. In April, the legendary Czech director died after a short illness in the US, his country of adoption. Wikipedia Petr Novák, Foto:

GABRIELE FLOSSMANN

orman, twice father of twin sons, recently med musical Hair, whose stage adaptation had so Incidentally, the Oscar for nematic biography of a great artist in Goya‘s lived with his third wife and his younger impressed him on Broadway, to the screen. Ghosts. Javier Bardem played the inspired sons, born in 1998, in Connecticut in the Hair had been created in 1968 in the wake of “Best Film” can still be Spanish painter and the Israeli-American ac- FUS. He always remembered his difficulties, as an the Vietnam War – expressing, in songs and dan- tress Natalie Portman his muse. It did not re- found in the apartment of immigrant, to gain a foothold in the US. Honored cing, the hope for peace. Just the right first impres- ach Amadeus’ popularity or success. The plan Viennale President Eric for his life‘s work in February 2013 by the pres- sion of American culture for Milos Forman after he of a “follow-up” to this success prevailed until tigious Director‘s Guild of Los Angeles, Forman had emigrated from the former Czechoslovakia to Pleskow, in Stamford, the end, or more precisely, until Forman’s “ho- expressed in a letter his thanks to his colleagues the US after Soviet tanks had squashed the Prague Connecticut. At the time lidays” after his 80th birthday. With Eric Ples- Sidney Lumet and Mike Nichols, who supported Spring in 1968. The students’ street rallies in 1968 kow – with whom, after One Flew Over the him in the 1970s when he was threatened with de- were a visible expression of societal change. In For- Pleskow, head of United Cuckoo’s Nest and Amadeus he had also reali- portation from the US. At the time of the award, man‘s films, this change had already taken place. Artists, had been instru- zed Valmont, after Choderlos de Laclos’ epis- health problems prevented him from traveling to Forman’s biography explains, in part, his predi- tolary novel Liasons Dangereuses – he wanted Los Angeles. In the preceding year, Forman had re- lection for outsiders and rebels: Born in 1932 as the mental in Milos Formans’ to come up with a grand finale at the end of his turned to filming once again – this time in front of youngest son of a Jewish teacher, he witnessed, as success in Hollywood. career. A conclusion which should re-connect the camera. Alongside Catherine Deneuve and her an eight-year-old, his parents’ arrest by the Gestapo. with the beginnings of his US career: In 1972 daughter Chiara Mastroianni, he played an actor in Both were killed in Auschwitz. At the orphanage, Forman had staged the play The Little Black the French musical romance Les Bien-Aimés (The Milos discovered his love for movies with Buster Book by Jean-Claude Carrière for the Helen Lovers - the Burden of Happiness). The film takes Keaton and Charlie Chaplin. Forman found the Hayes Theater on Broadway. With Richard place in Paris, Prague, London and the US. In the job of his dreams early. His older brother wor- Benjamin and Delphine Seyrig in leading ro- role of an aged Czech lover, Forman once again ked as a set designer for a touring company, and les, the comedy became an immense success. acknowledged his origins. the 10-year-old Milos enjoyed spending the night Carrière, who had written screenplays for di- When Forman, his award in hand, thanked for in dressing rooms, watching the actresses change rector-giants such as Luis Buñuel, Peter Brook, his first Oscar for One Flew Over the Cuckoo‘s Nest their clothes. He noticed that there seemed to be Pierre Etaix and Jacques Tati did however not in1976, his Czech accent was still clearly discer- one man to whom the actresses all looked up as if want to adapt his play for the screen himself. nible. „America is a wonderful, hospitable and open he were a god. He asked his brother who this man Eric Pleskow and Milos Forman searched for country,“ he rhapsodized to assembled Hollywood was and learned that he was the director. With film He was able to bring the and found an author for this project – Leon celebrities. His psychodrama won altogether five satires such as The Loves of a Blonde (1965) and highly acclaimed musical de Winter. Unfortunately, they were no longer Oscars, among others for directing and for the The Firemen’s Ball (1967) Forman – at that time able to realize this joint project. Eric Pleskow lead actor Jack Nicholson. Incidentally, the Oscar already a graduate of the Prague Film School – Hair––, whose stage ad- has since become president of the Vienna Film for “Best Film” can still be found in the apartment was a pioneer of the experimental New Wave of aptation had so impressed Festival Viennale – and still is. And Milos For- of Viennale President Eric Pleskow, in Stamford, Czechoslovak film. His satirical and sometimes man is no longer with us. As a human being Connecticut. At the time Pleskow, head of United quite biting observations of daily life where a thorn him on Broadway, to the and as a filmmaker, he will remain irreplace- Artists, had been instrumental in Milos Formans’ in the side of the Communist rulers in his home screen. able to us. n success in Hollywood. Michael Douglas had pre- country. The international attention he gathered sented the script to Pleskow for funding. Milos shielded him however for a while from censorship. Forman’s first Hollywood project, the generational After the crushing of the Prague Spring in 1968 his satire Taking Off (1971), won a jury prize at the works were banned, and he emigrated to the Uni- Cannes Festival, but flopped at the American box ted States. office. Regarding his crazy hippie epic, the director After One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, For- observed, that, at first, he had not been so interested man collaborated on another movie with Eric in dramaturgy. Pleskow, who, at that time, had already founded his The consistent denial of any form of happy own company, Orion Pictures. In the joint project ending was too „European“ – meaning too avant- Amadeus (1984), Forman pulled a pink wig on Mo- garde – for American viewers. This led to a dry spell zart’s head and created a congenial cinematic tri- for the director, who lost his work contract and had bute to the young music genius and his antagonist to worry about his residence permit. „I was waiting Antonio, demonstrating that a film about baroque for the offer that would change my life, and in the composers in historical garb must not be dusty and meantime, I accepted everything I could get, inclu- boring. Amadeus won eight Oscars, among others, ding free lunch“, he wrote, looking back, in his bio- for “Best Director” and “Best Picture”. graphy. When he made long-haired hippies dance After this resounding success, Forman devo- on tables, eight years after this flop and three years ted himself to unconventional and socially cont- after his first Oscar, the world was more than just roversial, marginalized figures: Hustler publisher right for him: he was able to bring the highly acclai- and billionaire Larry Flynt and comedian Andy Kaufman. In 2006, he attempted once again the ci- 14 AUSGABE 2 | 2018 ISRAEL 7 DAYS IN ENTEBBE

NEW MOVIE ABOUT ONE OF ISRAEL‘S MOST SPECTACULAR MILITARY ACTIONS

ELLEN PRESSER

ollowing its premiere at the Berlinale in Netanyahu has been Israeli Prime from 1996 to February 2018, the feature film 7 Days in 1999 and again since 2009. Entebbe was released at the beginning of As the film press release reveals, it was import- FMay in theaters in Germany and Austria. ant for the Brazilian director José Padilha (Narcos, After several other films - fiction and docu- Tropa de Elite and Robocop) to „just get as many mentary – the Brazilian director José Padilha details right as possible“. His team spoke with peo- explored a historical subject rich in story-lines: ple who „were involved at that time“ - with soldiers, forward-looking political thriller, daring mili- technical and military advisers, some of whom had tary action, history of an Israeli leader’s personal been in Entebbe. Padilha says: „Our objective was trauma. to go straight to the sources ... so I think we came The question as to whether a South American very close to the truth.“ filmmaker – without any biographical ties to the The supporting roles of the two German terro- The death of 30-ye- topic – can add a new facet to it is interesting. Gre- rists are played by Golden Globe nominated actors ar-old Yonatan, „Yoni“ gory Burke, a thriller specialist, based his script on Daniel Bruehl (Rush) and Rosamund Pike (Gone a book by historian Saul David. Director Padilha Girl). On board is also the great Israeli actor Lior Netanyahu, Lieutenant was less interested „in the military action, but pri- Ashkenazi (Footnote, Norman, Foxtrot) as Yitzhak Colonel of the Israeli marily in the relationship between the Israeli po- Rabin; Eddie Marsan (Jonathan Strange & Mr Nor- liticians Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres, as well rell) as Shimon Peres and Omar Berdouni (Flight Forces’ special unit as in the dynamics between the terrorists and their 93). How close this new movie comes to the full Sajeret Matkal, who hostages“. truth remains open. After all, it‘s not just about fac- Padilha tells the plot like an omniscient author tual events, but also about the protagonists’ mental died in the rescue for an audience who knows the outcome of the in- states, which can only be conjectured, simulated or operation at Entebbe credible events. He allows the viewer to follow the The chronology of the events is reconstructed even fabricated. Fascinating examples in this res- airport, became a development of the two narrative strands for seven and explores the strained efforts of the Israeli Ca- pect are the private conversations between Rabin days, once within the Palestinian and German ter- binet (led by Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and and Peres and their differing visions for pacifica- formative trauma for rorists’ environment, once within the political and Defense Minister Shimon Peres), the kidnappers‘ tion of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Or one last his younger brother military strategist camps in Israel. coarse justifications, the French aircraft crew’s be- phone call from the German terrorist to her lover The facts are quickly summarized: On June 27, havior and the hostages’ distress. Idi Amin is shown - on a nonfunctional phone in the Entebbe airport Benjamin. 1976, a group of Palestinian and German terrorists in his absurd role, seeing himself as a contender for hall, which only reaches the viewer. boards the Air France machine 139 in Athens on the Nobel Peace Prize for the release of non-Jewish In any case, this film is disturbing. Because it its flight from Tel Aviv to Paris, hijacks it and, af- passengers. confronts the viewer, on the one hand, with the ter a stopover in Libya, finally lands in Entebbe, This drama in seven acts that ends, for the Je- terrorists’ revolutionary slogans and justification Uganda. The Israeli hostages on board should be wish hostages, with their physical liberation, thanks discourses, their relentlessness and their contra- exchanged for Palestinian prisoners. Within a to a daredevil action by Israeli elite soldiers, is thril- dictions. As well as the doubts on which direction nerve-wracking seven-day ultimatum, the gover- ling. The psychological repercussions for those who to follow, on the Israeli side. On the other hand, it nment in Israel must take a serious decision. Does were liberated can only fathomed. How the Israeli contrasts - an artistically original exercise by the di- it hold on to its previous maxim never to negoti- nation perceived the drama’s unfolding is shown rector - the nocturnal rescue operation in Entebbe ate with terrorists? Or must everything possible be through documentary footage. with the legendary, powerful dance performance done to save the passengers’ lives ? Because never The death of 30-year-old Yonatan, „Yoni“ Ne- Echad Mi Yodea by Mr. Gaga, the world-renowned again should Jews be subjected to a selection – tanyahu, Lieutenant Colonel of the Israeli Forces’ choreographer Ohad Naharin. precisely one that the Palestinian terrorists special unit Sajeret Matkal, who died in the rescue Incidentally, the first film adaptation of and their German accomplices are organizing at operation at Entebbe airport, became a formative Entebbe, created in 1977, was Operation Thunder- the Entebbe airport. trauma for his younger brother Benjamin. „Bibi“ bolt. Its director was the Israeli Menahem Golan.n

ISRAELI-AUSTRIAN LIFE STORIES: ANNA TICHO

The artist Anna Ticho was born in 1894 and spent last work I and I in the garden of the Ticho-House, her youth in Vienna. She studied painting there and which also provided the play’s setting“, says Timna her husband Albert medicine. In 1912, both moved Seligman, the curator of the Ticho-House. Anna to Israel, where they established an eye clinic. Ticho‘s works show mainly the beautiful landsca- From 1924 on Anna and Albert Ticho managed pes of Jerusalem, its hills and valleys and the people. the eye clinic together. The clinic was housed in a Today, the artist‘s works also hang in the Alber- building of massive white stone blocks and situated tina in Vienna, the Museum of Modern Art in New in the center of Jerusalem. Today the Ticho-House York, the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam, the Bri- is a museum and restaurant, as well as an insider tip tish Museum in London - and, of course, in Israel. for visitors. “Intellectuals, physicians and travelers Anna Ticho died in 1980. She bequeathed the house met in the Tichos‘ salon to discuss, listen to music and her collection of pictures and books to Jerusa- and eat apple strudel. Else Lasker-Schüler wrote her lem’s residents. n © Ticho © Ticho House AUSGABE 2 | 2018 15 SCHOTTENRING 35 – A „JEWISH CASTLE“…?

WOLFGANG GEORG FISCHER

n May 3, 2018, we inaugurated five four older women aged 71, 62, and 58 were, ve- band especially the love of literature, particu- Dr. jur. Günther Fischer, my uncle, was memorial stones in the sidewalk in rifiably, deported From Vienna, the Gau capital larly the German and English classics, Goethe able to enter his parental office at the age front of my birthplace, Schotten- of the Ostmark. and Schiller, but also Shakespeare, Swift, and of 30 just after his legal clerkship year, be- Oring 35, in remembrance of Dr. Ing. jur. Gün- The names of these additional victims – Kipling. fore emigrating to Zagreb, the capital of ther Fischer, lawyer (1907-1943, murdered in apart from Günther Fischer – were only dis- Ignaz Hofmann died already in 1919. Croatia in the former Kingdom of Yugos- Auschwitz) and brother of my father Hein- covered during their research on this typical, Bertha Hofmann raised and married her lavia, after the Anschluss. After the inva- rich, Josefine Drach (1874-1942, murdered in historic Ringstrasse building by Hans Makart four daughters on her own. Her grandchil- sion of the German Wehrmacht in Croa- Treblinka), Bertha Hofmann (1871-1942, mur- in the Gründerzeit style by the meritorious dren had their own puppet theater built in tia in 1941, he was deported to Berlin and dered in Riga), Paula Kassowitz (1884-1942, and very engaged association Stones of Re- grandmother‘s garden. She was also a great then to Auschwitz. There he was murdered murdered in Izbica near Lublin) and Josefine membrance (Daliah Hindler and her volun- lover of nature and her grandchildren re- in 1943. (We hope that perhaps he died in Nelken (1880 -1942, also murdered in Izbica teer team). member long walks through the Helenental. the camp’s prison hospital because his date near Lublin, Poland). Biographical material could however only After the „Anschluss“ Bertha Hofmann of death - 9.2.1943 - appears in the death Of these five Nazi victims, only my uncle be found on the oldest of the Jewish women, was expropriated by the Nazis (I consci- lists of Auschwitz.). Günther had resided at this address throug- Bertha Hofmann (1871-1942). ously avoid the euphemistic word „aryani- After writing this text, which exhausted hout his life. The aforementioned Jewish wo- Bertha Hofmann, née Steinhaus, was born zed“!) and assigned to the apartment Schot- and moved me very much, I withdrew and, men were apparently only housed there by the in Tumatschau in Moravia in 1871, married tenring 35/6. From there she was deported as in a dream, reached for the volume of fa- Nazi authorities after the „Anschluss“ (March the textile merchant Ignaz Hofmann in the to Riga in the transport # 15, where, mur- rewell letters by German resistance fighters 12, 1938) and after the loss or robbery and community temple in Leopoldstadt and gave dered at age 71, she became a victim of the sentenced to death by the Nazis: from Hel- „Aryanization“ of their own houses and apart- birth to four girls. Holocaust. muth James Moltke to the Protestant theo- ments in order to „gather“ them before their Shortly before the birth of her youngest Nothing is known about the other three logian Dietrich Bonhoeffer. transport to the extermination and concent- daughter Leopoldine (1902), the couple mo- Jewish women, Josefine Drach, Paula Kasso- From this poignant reading, I drew con- ration camps Treblinka and Riga and to Izbica, ved into a villa in Baden near Vienna, where witz and Josefine Nelken, except their year solation as I did from reading the Bible in a small town in the Polish district of Lublin they could enjoy the life of a cultured Jewish of birth, deportation or murder (1942). I my youth, when I was still pious, but I could in 1942. That year 4,000 Jews, including these upper-class family. Bertha shared with her hus- will though pursue my research on them. not sleep for long after that ...! n

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Find out more at rhimagnesita.com A MASTER OF LANGUAGE AN OBITUARY FOR PHILIP ROTH

ELLEN PRESSER

he Nobel Prize-winning Literature honor and lifted, once again, his self-imposed Authenticity, credibility, the recognition Roth. He established the necessary distance Committee has recently suspended writing proscription in the fall! There was no of inadequacies in oneself, not only in others, in the context of a trilogy (1979/1981/1983) itself. In addition to the financial irre- shortage of awards in Roth‘s long life. In 2011, and the characters the writer brought to life, with the creation of an alter ego named Nat- Tgularities that were discovered in November he received the Man Booker International became the key to his success. Roth knew han Zuckerman, resurrected for the last time 2017, another scandal struck the venerable Prize for his entire literary oeuvre in English. every milieu he described, from Newark’s in Exit Ghosts in 2007. Swedish Academy in the context of the #Me- In the beginning, though, the word that he la- bedroom suburb to the dynamics between Philip Roth‘s mother died in 1981, his Too debate, calling into question its propriety. ter mastered so well was not immediately at lecturers and students, especially female stu- father in 1989. Patrimony: A True Story is his According to the weekly magazine Der Spie- the fore. Philip Milton Roth was born on 19 dents, on campus, to the writer‘s solitude in literary tribute to his father and among the gel of April 14, 2018, a local publisher, Svante March 1933 in Newark, New Jersey as the se- front of the blank page. The short novel Goo- most moving, serene, intelligent and saddest Weyler, has pointed the way out of the crisis: cond son of Hermann Roth and his wife Bess. dbye, Columbus, title story of Roth‘s first book, books I have ever read. „He wasn’t just any If the remaining committee members „award Her parents had originally immigrated from was awarded with the National Book Award father, he was the father, with everything there the prize to Philip Roth, then all of this will near Kiev or from Galicia into the promised in 1960. He laid the foundation for his wor- is to hate in a father, and everything there is to soon be forgotten“. land – America. Philip ldwide fame in 1969 love“, Philip Roth writes of his father Herman, It is now known that the Nobel Prize for Roth’s father managed with Portnoy‘s Com- whom he apparently resembled in stubborn- Literature will not be awarded in 2018 (and to advance from agent „I am an American writer plaint. While some ness and temper. His depressive relapses, the perhaps never again in its previous form). to district director of who accidentally writes understood the mo- return to New York, the failure of his second And Philip Roth, who has been passed over an insurance com- nologue of a self-con- marriage, nothing could stop his literary suc- year after year, is now one of the illustrious, pany. The sheltered about Jews.“ fessing masturbating cess. Any experience, however traumatic, led to uncrowned heads who have been denied this childhood in an assi- young Jewish man as another work capturing snapshots of American distinction – along with Franz Kafka and Mar- milated-Jewish milieu a discerning analysis or American Jewish history: Operation Shylock cel Proust. Because he closed his eyes forever as well as his experiences at the Weequahic of the relationship between sexuality and the (1993), Sabbath‘s Theater (awarded the Natio- on May 22 in New York, at the age of 85 years. High School (1946-1950), at Rutgers Univer- guilt complex, others criticized the author for nal Book Award in 1995), American Pastoral Yet the American would have been a deser- sity (1951) and from 1952 onwards at Bucknell encouraging anti-Semitism. Later, Roth was (1998, honored with the Pulitzer Prize), The ving laureate on all accounts. For Philip Roth University in Lewisburg informed Roth‘s wri- accused of all sorts of other „isms“ like an- Human Stain (2000) and The Plot against Ame- has described Jewish sensibilities, American ting in one way or the other. ti-Americanism and misogyny. rica (2004), to name just a few of his over thirty state of affairs and his personal crises not only Philip Roth did not study law, as planned, Travel, political developments and encoun- works. in a way that made them universally appre- but philosophy and English literature and ters - not surprisingly - continuously inspired Published in 2010, a year after the death hensible to a worldwide readership, but also founded the literary magazine Et cetera, in his work. In1963 Philip Roth visited Israel for of his older brother, the novel Nemesis explo- in a most entertaining way. He wrote about which he published his own works. In 1955 the first time, followed the footsteps of Franz res subjects of his recent experience, such as human sexuality, especially male sexuality, he graduated from the University of Chicago Kafka in Prague in 1972, and from1975 on- age and mortality. Two years later, Philip Roth with an openness, even boldness, that the pu- with a Master of Arts. In those years of trave- wards even spent the winter in London, to publicly announced that he would not speak ritanical United States – before and after the ling and studying, reading Saul Bellow‘s work please his partner, the actress Claire Bloom. or write again. The author, whom Marcel sexual revolution of the late 1960s – was not must have been something of a revelation. The McCarthy era on the one hand and Reich-Ranicki described as „one of the grea- prepared to embrace. What a Nobel Prize spe- Roth gave writing classes and published short later America under Richard Nixon on the test writers of his time“, found his final resting ech he could have delivered to the supposedly stories in such renowned literary magazines as other, but also the fate of Czech writers like place at the cemetery of Bard College in New free-spirited Swedes, if he had received the Commentary and The New Yorker. Ivan Klima and Milan Kundera impressed York, where Hannah Arendt is buried as well.n

NADELSTICHE GEDANKEN ZU DEN GEDICHTEN TAMAR RADZYNERS

HANNAH MENNE

„Fragen dürfen nur Kinder wusst erlebt zu haben, sagt sie. Und danach zu sich selbst oder andere zu schonen. Nur der zens“ am eigenen Tisch eine ironische Selbst- Nur sie dürfen glauben alt, um es nicht mit erwachsenem und wachem vermeintliche Nebel der Lyrik an sich kann es distanz. Ja sie traut sich, auch eine Waffe ein- daß irgendwo Auge gesehen zu haben, was sich in den Kon- bisweilen ermöglichen sich selbst zu überlis- zusetzen: Sie bemächtigt sich der Sprache der Antwortbaum blüht“ zentrationslagern zugetragen hat. ten: „Das könnte man auch anders lesen.“ derer, die sie im Ghetto in Lodz, in Stutthof Sie war also dazwischen: Zeiten, Sprachen Tamar Radzyner hat lange auf Polnisch und in Auschwitz gefangen hielten. Sie will amar Radzyner sitzt an dem Tisch, an und Identitäten spiegeln wider, dass sich das geschrieben und viele ihrer Gedichte selbst verstanden werden, sie räumt die Hürde und dem sie schreibt und kratzt den Dreck Dichten als nötiges und brauchbares Binde- ins Deutsche übersetzt. Hat sie dadurch eine Ausrede des „Nicht-kundig-Seins“ einfach von der Oberfläche, zuerst verwundert, glied für Tamar Radzyner erwiesen hat. Es erneute Verdichtung ihrer eigenen Worte weg. Tdann interessiert und zuletzt erschüttert und ist kaum poetisch im lieblichen Sinn, was sie herbeigeführt? Und: Was passiert da, wenn Dass ihre Lyrik dem Eigentlich-Lyrischen, erbost. Die Dreifaltigkeit dieser Leseart ist sehr schreibt; immer ist da nur der erste Schein, eine des jiddisch und polnisch Kundige sich dem Gesang, in weiterer Folge zugeführt vielen ihrer Gedichte inne – es ist immer eine das Keimblatt, das einen hoffen lässt. Dieses entschließt, fortan auf Deutsch zu schreiben wurde, kann als erneutes Grenzüberschreiten Verwandlung und eine Dialektik, hin zum Ab- kleine Hoffen erfasst uns in der ersten Zeile, – zwanzig Jahre nach Kriegsende, als gerade gesehen werden: Ist es möglich, den Schre- grund und zur Erkenntnis. wenn vom Stern oder den Kindern die Rede nach Wien Gekommene? cken der Worte zu mindern, indem man ihn Sie sei zu jung gewesen, um die „Goldene ist – aber es ist immer rasch erkennbar, worauf Tamar Radzyner gelingt durch diesen auf einem fein angerichteten Silbertablett ge- Zeit“ vor dem Krieg noch unbehelligt und be- sie hinaus will. Sie erinnert sich, und das, ohne Kunstgriff des unermüdlich „Dreckwegkrat- sungen serviert? Georg Kreisler trägt also in LITERATURE AUSGABE 2 | 2018 17

vertrauter Wiener Manier die Worte Tamar Man muss ihr widersprechen: Ihr Schrei- startete. Die Reihe Nadelstiche will die Margi- auch welche von Ilse Aichinger, Alfredo Bauer, Radzyners vor: ben ist nicht das einer Gescheiterten, es ist ein nalisierung der Poesie im Literaturbetrieb auf- Frederick Brainin, Mimi Grossberg, Elfriede Aufruf zum Nicht-Aufhören, eine Ode an die heben, gerade auch, indem Bände erscheinen Jelinek, Gertrude Krakauer, Theodor Kramer, AN OBITUARY FOR PHILIP ROTH „Heut werd ich einen heben Selbst-Beobachtung: Hör und sieh genau hin, sollen, die Poesie und Widerstand verbinden. Anna Krommer, Selma ­Meerbaum-Eisinger, wie nie in meinen Leben. schreib auf und lies es laut vor! Die Bände sollen das lyrische Œuvre der Robert Schindel, Ilana Shmueli, Willy Und morgen werd ich kotzen AutorInnen nicht nur einem breiteren Publi- ­Verkauf-Verlon und des 2018 verstorbenen in Dreck, in Schutz, in Mist. Short Story kum bekannt machen, sondern auch mit dem- Heinz R. Unger. Heut sauf ich wie besessen, Erst kommt die Gier: entsprechenden biografischen Informationen Nahid Bagheri-Goldschmied, ebenfalls um einmal zu vergessen, Neugier, Greifgier, Fressgier, Seinsgier ausgestattet sein. Neben einer sorgfältigen Ge- Theodor-Kramer-Preisträgerin, hat in ihrer für eine Nacht vergessen, das Greifen, Beißen, Schmecken, Schlucken staltung der Bände bemühen sich die Heraus- zweisprachig persisch-deutschen Antholo- wie mir zum Kotzen ist!” der Wunsch, aus jedem Topf zu kosten geberInnen auch, dass es österreichweit und gie Die Liebe kennt alle Sprachen der Welt. (gekürzt) unter jedem Himmel darüber hinaus zu regelmäßigen Lesungen der Persische Lyrik der Gegenwart, Gedichte von (gekürzt) Gedichte kommt. Seit 2015 gibt es eine Koope- 18 widerständigen LyrikerInnen aus ihrem Tamar Radzyners Schreiben, das beinahe ration mit dem Verlag PROverbis. Fluchtland, darunter so namhafte wie Foro- gänzlich ohne Interpunktion auskommt, ist Zwei Stimmen sprechen aus Tamar Radzyners Weitere LyrikerInnen der Reihe, in der ugh Farrokhzad oder, deren im Exil ermorde- Automedikation und auch Substitution, für Versen und Chansons: die selbst als Inhaftierte Exilierte, Widerständige, Verfolgte und Zeit- ter Bruder, Fereydoun Farrokhzad, übersetzt das, was sie hätte sein können, nachdem et- bewahrte Hoffnung auf eine gerechtere Welt, genossInnen publiziert werden, sind Stephan und zusammengestellt. n was aus ihr gemacht wurde. Zuerst als Shoah- und die Verzweiflung der Shoah-Überleben- Eibel Erzberg, Grete Elbogen, Herbert ­Kuhner Überlebende, dann als politisch Aktive und den über Stalinismus und Antisemitismus in und Willy Verkauf-Verlon. Auch wurden schließlich als Mutter – dem politischsten al- ihrer polnischen Heimat. drei Lyrik-Anthologien veröffentlicht, de- ler Berufe. Geboren 1927, flüchtet sie 1959 mit ihrem ren Herausgeber Herbert Kuhner, Nahid „Nachdem ich mein größtes Erfolgserleb- Mann und den Kindern Joanna und Olga nach ­Bagheri-Goldschmied, Alfons Petzold und nis – das Überleben – erreicht hatte, versuchte Wien, eignet sich die deutsche Sprache an, Marek Scherlag sind. Die vom Theodor-Kra- ich, meinen überschüssigen Idealismus mit wird von Georg Kreisler als Chanson-Schrei- mer-Preisträger Herbert Kuhner zusammen- Tamar Radzyner: der politischen Arbeit zu verbinden. Wie die berin entdeckt, von ihm und Topsy Küppers gestellte Anthologie Wände .../ Walls ... Ös- Nichts will ich dir sagen. Gedichte und meisten Versuche dieser Art schlug auch dieser gesungen. terreichische jüdische Lyrik/Austrian Jewish Chansons, Verlag fehl. Jetzt lebe ich in Wien als Hausfrau und Der Gedichtband Nichts will ich dir sa- Poetry – schon einmal in sehr kleiner Auflage der Theodor Kramer Mutter und versuche mir den Psychiater zu er- gen von Tamar Radzyner erschien 2017 in in den 1990er Jahren erschienen – ist zwei- Gesellschaft, Wien 2017, 182 Seiten, 21 sparen, indem ich meine Ängste in Gedichten der Reihe Nadelstiche, im Verlag der Theodor sprachig auf Englisch und Deutsch und bein- Euro (16,80 Euro für niederschreibe.” Kramer Gesellschaft, welche im Frühjahr 2013 haltet neben Gedichten von Tamar Radzyner Mitglieder).

AMOS OZ IN MUNICH

hree years ago, the Department of Je- as do watching people, listening, or catching In an interview with literary scholar Ra- wish History and Culture at the Lud- scraps of conversations. chel Salamander, Amos Oz confesses not to wig Maximilian University in Munich Amos Oz believes that this gift originated read his earlier works again. It‘s a frustrating Tadded a center for Israel studies. The historian in his childhood, when adults often met in the enterprise. Either he would find something Michael Brenner, highly successful networker small apartment full of books, to discuss sig- bad or fear he would never be able to produce and its initiator, who years ago had already in- nificant, overwhelming questions. Not to dis- something as good in the future. The arch ex- stigated the installation of a chair for medie- turb and to keep quiet was often rewarded tends from the book Where the Jackals Howl val Jewish history, had voiced his idea about a with the luxury of ice cream when the debate (1965), which goes back to the beginnings of visiting professorship for Jewish literature. No continued in a café. According to Oz, the dri- his thirty years in the kibbutz, to his last novel sooner said than done. End of May 2018 he ving force for a writer is curiosity, the „cruel Judas. was the first guest professor to welcome Isra- precondition for any intellectual work“. From Amos Oz admits that he has an erotic re- eli writer Amos Oz. Oz shaped contemporary this point of view, he is probably slightly bet- lationship with language. In the novel, there Israeli literature, received nearly all prestigi- ter suited as a partner, as a neighbor, even as a are different people with different life experi- ous literary awards, and motorist, because a curi- ences and expectations. Over the course of a taught at Ben Gurion His stories and novels ous person can easily em- story, things and relationships change. For his University: „Those who pathize with his fellow political essays Oz uses, as he says, „another not only want to learn contain all facets of Israel’ and anticipate his pen“. It‘s all about clear, strong positions. He about but also under- history. behavior. knows exactly what he wants to say. Most stand Israel‘s history For Oz, his job is that recently, Oz did not only examine Judas, but must read the work of of a „storyteller“, which is the relationship between „Jesus and Judas,“ as Amos Oz“. It is not enough to find him in the why he also titled his autobiography „A Story he called his interjection, published at the Pat- footnotes of the works of historians who hea- of Love and Darkness“. People always told mos Verlag in 2018. Oz considers the story of vily rely on him. His stories and novels contain each other stories, full of wisdom, feelings, Judas‘s betrayal as „a poisoned history that has all facets of Israel’ history. nightmares. And this long before writing exis- given birth to anti-Semitism“ and that does Amos Oz, unpretentious and humorous ted. Storytelling is part of every generation, not make any sense. For Judas came from a and in flawless English, started right away by right from the beginning, when parents tell wealthy background and did no need to be- telling stories, with his entertaining monolo- bedtime stories to their children. the environment. The romantic ideas that tray his companion for the sake of money. For gue „Where My Stories Are Coming From“. Narration also includes gossip, its cousin. most people sustain cannot be satisfied by fa- Amos Oz, Judas is rather a fanatic who belie- Every day, summer and winter, he gets up Because the unknown behind the facade mily. Oz quotes Tolstoy‘s first line in „Anna ved in Jesus‘ message - at any cost, while Jesus at four o‘clock in the morning and goes for a arouses the imagination. Literature allows us Karenina“: “All happy families are alike, each was doubting. walk. While still living in the kibbutz, years to see the world from the perspective of our unhappy family is unhappy in its own“. In the manner in which Amos Oz imparts ago, he went out into the darkness; Today in neighbor. Oz thinks of the title of a text he Oz, who knows the world literature from knowledge of his country and literature, he has Tel Aviv, he only ventures into the park. At read ages ago: „All our secrets are the same“. Faulkner to Chekhov and Marques, associates not only set a brilliant prelude as a visiting pro- night, things would look different. He saw the And sexuality plays a big role, every sexual Hebrew with English at the times of Shake- fessor of Hebrew literature but has also shown newspaper delivery man or a young man encounter of a couple is a story. Oz sees hu- speare. Hebrew is very old and simultaneously that even in times of upheaval, one can point whose dog laid his head on his leg. Oz percei- man relationships less like John Donne („No very modern. An „erupting volcano, fueled by the way towards mutual understanding, and ves this moment as the „embryo of a story“. one is an island”), but rather as a peninsula. the languages and cultural contributions by against antisemitism and anti-Zionism. n Every motive or noise stimulates his thoughts, We are tied and at the same time exposed to Jews from all over the world”. Ellen Presser 18 AUSGABE 2 | 2018 BÜCHER

Er wurde am 26.Juni 1950 in Wien gebo- leicht verständlich schildert. zu begegnen, denn wir ren, absolvierte sein Rabbinatstudium in Je- In diesem Buch, das auf den selbst müssen – nach rusalem und war von 1983 bis 2016 als Ober- ersten Blick den jüdischen ­Eisenberg – für ausglei- rabbiner der Israelitischen Kultusgemeinde Humor thematisiert, geht es chende Gerechtigkeit in die- Wien tätig. Seit 1988 ist er Oberrabbiner des letztlich um eine viel tiefer- ser Welt sorgen. Anderen Bundesverbandes der Israelitischen Kultusge- gehende Erkenntnis und den Menschen Liebe zu geben, meinden in Österreich. Ansehen und Respekt Umgang mit der Religion. die keine Gegenleistung er- genießt er nicht zuletzt durch seinen regen Sowohl für Juden als auch wartet, dies sei die wahre Geist, ausgiebige Kenntnisse des Talmuds und Nicht-Juden erweist sich die Kunst der Vergangenheit die Fähigkeit, mit Begeisterung zu predigen, Lektüre als erfrischend un- und Gegenwart. Menschen, sowie religiöse Angelegenheiten gerecht und beschwerte Kost, selbst bei die in Not geraten sind, weise beurteilen zu können. dem Streifen ernster müssen wir auf Augenhöhe In seinem Buch Auf das Leben! vereint Themen. begegnen. ­Eisenberg rabbinische Lehre mit Humor. Er In jedem Witz steckt be- Paul Chaim Eisenberg legt sein Augenmerk auf jene Witze, die eine kanntlich ein Funken Wahr- schafft es kunstvoll, ein gan- sinnreiche Botschaft in sich tragen. Ein guter heit: Auf das Leben! ist eine zes Buch über Religion zu Rabbiner sollte menschlich und nahbar sein bunte Mischung, die mit Vorurteilen und Kli- schreiben und dabei weder belehrende noch und darüber hinaus ein Gefühl für die zeitge- schees aufräumt und dem Leser häppchen- bevormundende Töne anzuschlagen. Keine Von einem, der auszog, mäßen Probleme haben. Eisenberg gelingt es weise die jüdische Religion näher bringt. Bio- Spur von Doktrin oder Strenge, hingegen ein das Leben zu lernen bemerkenswert elegant, das Judentum so dar- graphische Komponenten und exakt platzierte adäquat dosiertes Maß an Abstraktion und Di- zustellen, dass es in seinem neuen, histori- Weisheiten bereichern den Leser. Eisenberg stanz. Die reinste Form des Lernens sieht Rabbiner sind Gelehrte der Schrift. Sie wirken schen Kontext ansprechend wirkt. Er bringt wählt kluge und humorvolle Geschichten, ­Eisenberg nicht in dem alleinigen Studium von als Ansprechpartner für den konkreten Pra- insbesondere auf den letzten Seiten die Rück- welchen er eine weitere Spanne der Wirksam- Bücher, sondern in der Lehrer-Schüler-Interak- xisbezug jüdischer Lehre im Alltag. Als Tal- sichtnahme in persönlichen Beziehungen keit einräumt. So wie der jüdische Witz sein tion, bei der beide Seiten sich geistig bereichern mudkenner entscheiden sie in religiösen Fra- nahe, weckt die Liebe zum Vaterland und der Wesen entfaltet, fächern sich auch Eisenbergs und vorantreiben. Den Wissenstand des Lesers gen und haben eine Vorbildfunktion inne, Menschheit insgesamt. Sein humorvoller und Ausführungen selbstironisch und liebevoll unterschwellig aufzustocken und ihm gleicher- indem sie fromme Lebensweise und morali- unaufdringlicher Schreibstil zeigt die Mög- auf. Er erklärt die Feiertage wie Rosh Has- maßen kostbare Lebensklugheit mit auf den sche Autorität repräsentieren. Sie betreuen lichkeit einer Harmonie zwischen der jüdi- hana, Jom Kippur und Sukkot, die Bräuche Weg zu geben – das ist Paul Chaim Eisenberg und sorgen für die Gemeindemitglieder, er- schen Religion und der modernen Kultur auf. des Shabbat und erzählt dazu Geschichten, wahrlich gelungen! n läutern die Gesetze und Traditionen, zeigen Rabbinische Weisheit und talmudische teilt seine persönliche Anschauung zu dem Viola Koriat auf, wie die Gebote angewendet und geachtet Logik sieht Eisenberg in unzähligen Erzäh- messianischen Gedanken und erörtert seine Paul Chaim Eisenberg: Auf das Leben! Witz und werden sollen. Paul Chaim Eisenberg ist einer lungen, Anekdoten und Mythen dokumen- Theorie zu der Entstehung von Fundamenta- Weisheit eines Oberrabbiners, Brandstätter Verlag, von ihnen. tiert, die er mit viel Einfühlungsvermögen lismus. Er plädiert dafür, anderen mit Liebe Wien 2017, 144 Seiten, 19,90 Euro, e-Book 16,99 Euro.

Von phantasmagorischen Bleistiftzeichnungen und alttestamentarischer Wortgewalt

In der Begegnung mit Kindern werden wir bewusst aufgezeigt werden, setzt die Religion könnten. Die Texte der Bibel galten jahrhun- möchte sich bewusst von einer religiösen Mo- uns des einstigen naturgemäßen Wechselspiels an. dertelang als wesentliche Inspirationsquelle tivation abgrenzen, bemängelt die Naivität der zwischen Kreativität und Inspiration gewahr: Wissenschaft vermag es genauso wenig wie für Kunst, Literatur und Musik. Bibel, hält sie für absurd und widersprüchlich, Sie erinnern uns an das unbefangene Wahr- Religion apodiktische Wahrheiten zu dekla- In diese Tradition reiht sich auch der 1929 sieht die Essenz der Bibel in der Vermittlung nehmen und den begeisterten Wissensdrang, rieren. Unser Glaube lehrt eben das, was man in Wien geborene renommierte Maler, Grafi- des Bildes. Er beschwört in seinen eindrucks- an den arglosen Blick, welchen wir mit dem nicht wissen kann! Eine These ist immer nur ker, Musiker und Dichter, Arik Brauer, ein mit vollen und geisterhaften Illustrationen die Erwachsenwerden nachdrücklich abzustrei- so lange wahr, bis sie falsifiziert wird. Wie der seiner, von schwarzem, jüdischem Humor undurchschaubare Welt und Natur des Alten fen wünschten und nun unwiederbringlich Philosoph Arthur Schopenhauer bereits tref- sprühenden Nacherzählung der Bibel. Testaments herauf. zurücksehnen. Die in einer jüdisch- orthodo- fend feststellte: „Glauben Gottesfürchtigen und In der Bibel wird vergewaltigt, gemordet, xen Familie aufgewachsene Psychologin Alice und Wissen verhalten sich leicht zu provozierenden Le- gerettet, wahrhaftig geliebt und sich verkauft. Miller proklamierte: „Die Fragen eines Kindes wie die zwei Schalen einer sern sei von einem Blick in Sie zeugt von absoluter Menschlichkeit. Wis- sind schwerer zu beantworten als die Fragen Waage: in dem Maße, als die diese satirische Darstellung senschaft und Religion schließen sich nicht eines Wissenschaftlers“. eine steigt, sinkt die andere.“ der Bibel abgeraten! Brauer aus, sondern zeigen lediglich verschiedene Per- Und tatsächlich: Jene von Kindern aufge- Die Stärke unserer Überzeu- hadert mit der Vorstellung spektiven einer Wirklichkeit auf. Selbst Albert worfenen Fragen bringen uns aufgrund ihr gung ist folglich noch kein eines als Krone der Schöp- Einstein gab sich hinsichtlich der entgegenge- Einfachheit häufig in Bedrängnis. Die 10-jäh- Beweis für ihre Richtigkeit fung kreierten Menschen. setzten Anschauungen und Unauflösbarkeit rige Enkelin Arik Brauers brachte diesen mit – doch spielt dies eine Rolle? Die einander widerspre- der Problematik geschlagen: „Wie dem auch der Erkundigung: „Was war eigentlich vor dem Das jüdische Volk gilt als chenden Positionen von Re- sei, bleibt uns Lessings tröstendes Wort, das Urknall?“ aus dem Konzept und gleichzeitig Volk des Buches, ein Volk, ligion und Wissenschaft be- Streben nach der Wahrheit sei köstlicher als auf die Idee, sich künstlerisch mit dem Alten welches sich stets wissbe- schäftigen ihn, er wählt die deren gesicherter Besitz.“ Testament auseinanderzusetzen. gierig und lernbereit zeigt. Schöpfungsgeschichte und Fest steht: Im Glauben geben wir uns der Mit dem Erwachsensein kam auch die Er- Das ihm als Fundament weitere biblische Erzählun- Vorstellung einer Wahrheit hin. Und was soll kenntnis, dass es keine unumstößlichen und dienende Alte Testament gen, wie den Turmbau zu daran verkehrt sein? n beständigen Antworten auf unsere grundsätz- besitzt eine Eindrücklichkeit, der sich selbst Babel oder Josef in Ägypten, bewusst als Ziel- Viola Koriat lichen Sinnesfragen des Lebens geben kann. Es Arik Brauer als bekennender Agnostiker nicht scheibe für Witz und Spott. Brauer verfährt besteht lediglich ein Wissen über die Begrenzt- entziehen kann. Die biblischen Erzählungen hier ganz im Sinne Friedrich Nietzsches, der Brauer, Arik: Das Alte Testament, heit unseres Wissens. Dort, wo uns die Gren- besitzen für ihn eine immense Aussagekraft, den Glauben als die Angewöhnung geistiger Amalthea Signum Verlag, Wien 2018, 184 Seiten, zen unserer menschlichen Erfahrungsfähigkeit ohne dass sie jedoch final gedeutet werden Grundsätze ohne Gründe sah. Arik Brauer 25 Euro, e-Book 17,99 Euro.

Israel, das bunte Land der Ambivalenzen

Das aus Österreich stammende Ehepaar leben – eine multikulturelle Gesellschaft gezeigt. Ein arabischer Physiotherapeut ant- Die Welt, und den Zionistenkongressen, lange ­Daniela und Ben Segenreich haben mit Fast eben. worte auf Daniela Segenreichs Frage, wie er vor der Gründung des Staates Israel, bis hin zu ganz normal ein sehr beeindruckendes und In Fast ganz normal wird der Holocaust die Lösung des Israel-Palästina-Konflikts Bruno Kreisky, dem Eingeständnis einer Mit- informatives Buch über Israel verfasst. Auch ebenso thematisiert, wie der Weg zur Start- sieht: „Es gibt keine Lösung.“ Arabische und schuld Österreichs an den Gräueltaten im Na- Tochter Timna Segenreich hat bei diesem Up-Nation, genauso wie das israelische Mi- jüdische Ärzt_innen arbeiten problemlos in tionalsozialismus durch Bundeskanzler Franz Buch mitgewirkt – sie gestaltete das Cover. litär und die Kriege, Intifadas und Terroran- israelischen Spitälern zusammen, da der Fo- Vranitzky 1993 an der Hebräischen Universität Wer wissen will, wie in diesem, vor 70 schläge, denen dieses Land immer wieder kus auf den Patient_innen und nicht auf dem Jerusalem bis hin zur FPÖ. Jahren gegründeten, Staat gelebt wird, sei ausgesetzt ist. Es wird ein Gaza beschrieben, Konflikt liegt. So kann es passieren, dass ein Selbst die Kulinarik kommt nicht zu dieses Buch sehr ans Herz gelegt. Die Publi- das Anfang der 1990er Jahre auf dem Weg Terrorist im selben Krankenhaus liegt, wie kurz: vor allem die Wiener Küche, die man kation zeigt – auch Daniela Segenreichs zu- war, ein blühender Tourismusort mit neu ge- das Opfer. auch in Israel genießen kann – vom Apfel- vor erschienenes Buch Zwischen Kamelwolle bautem Flughafen zu werden. Dass der Traum Auch die politisch brisanten und wech- strudel bis zum Schnitzel – werden beschrie- und Hightech. Starke Frauen in Israel – wie vom Frieden bald vorbei war und es anders selvollen Beziehungen zu Österreich sind ben. Auch haben sich sehr viele deutschstäm- vielschichtig dieses Land ist, in dem verschie- kam, weil die Friedensverhandlungen geschei- sehr fundiert dargelegt: von Theodor Herzl, mige Ausdrücke ins Hebräische gemischt, wie denste Kulturen und Religionen zusammen tert waren – das hat uns leider die Geschichte dem Gründer der Vorgängerzeitung der INW, „Schluck“, „Biss“ oder die „eisen doda“, die BÜCHER AUSGABE 2 | 2018 19 eine kumpelhafte, verlässliche und zugleich funktionierendes Rechtssys- die UNHCR für alle anderen Auch auf dieses falsche Bild von Israel wird energische Tante versinnbildlicht. Es wird tem, kritische Medien und Flüchtlinge auf der Welt. Es in dem Buch von Daniela und Ben Segenreich auch der Frage nachgegangen, ob aus Öster- westlich-humanitäre Werte. wird suggeriert, dass gerade eingegangen. reich eingewanderte Jüd_innen auch Jeckes, Trotzdem wird dieses Land Israel Frauen am schlimmsten Nichtsdestotrotz zeigt Fast ganz normal Donau Jeckes, seien. von allen Seiten aufs Hef- unterdrückt. Gegenüber Staa- auch auf, wie viel Lebensfreude, Lebenslust, Israelis sind verrückt nach Kommunika- tigstes kritisiert. Die EU-Par- ten, wie Libanon, Syrien, Iran, Kreativität, Energie und Wärme in den Isra- tion und süchtig nach Nachrichten. Ben Se- lamentarier applaudierten Gaza... wo es tatsächlich keine elis steckt. Die Wirtschaft boomt und Israel ist genreich geht davon aus, dass das allgemein in Mahmud Abbas 2016, der von Frauenrechte gibt, scheint ein Start-Up-Wunder, den USB-Stick und den den Jüd_innen steckt: „Nachrichtensucht als Brunnen vergiftenden Rabbi- man blind zu sein. Der Nah- Flash-Speicher verdankt die Welt der Firma erworbener Schutzinstinkt. Wenn man Po- nern sprach, ein Stereotyp aus ostkonflikt wird auf Israel-Pa- M-Systems, Mirabilis hat mit ICQ den Inter- grome und Verfolgungen erlitten hat, wenn dem Mittelalter. Nicht nur un- lästina reduziert und das lenkt net-Chat eingeführt, die Firewall stammt vom man für irgendwelche Krisen immer als Erster informierte Menschen, auch davon ab, dass es auch Kon- Tel Aviver Unternehmen Check Point. büßt, dann ist es eine Überlebensnotwendig- Intellektuelle sprechen sich flikte in anderen Ländern im Israel ist ein ganz normales Land... fast.n keit, über die Entwicklungen im Nachbardorf gegen Israel aus. Der UN-Menschenrechts- Nahen Osten, bzw. dass es auch andere Län- Petra M. Springer oder in der Hauptstadt auf dem Laufenden zu rat sprach gegen Israel mehr Verurteilungen der im Nahen Osten gibt. Deutschsprachige sein.“ aus, als gegen alle anderen Staaten der Welt. Medien greifen Themen erst auf, wenn Israel Ben & Daniela Segenreich: Fast ganz normal. Unser Israel ist eine Demokratie, in der ver- Die UNO hat zwei Flüchtlingshilfswerke, die zurückfeuert und nicht schon, wenn Israel Leben in Israel, Amalthea Signum Verlag, Wien 2018, schiedene Kulturen zusammenleben, hat ein UNWRA nur für Palästinenser_innen und angegriffen wird und sich somit verteidigt. 224 Seiten, 25 Euro, e-Book 17,99 Euro.

Ort der Intrigen

Ein Gegenwartsroman, dessen Leitmotiv in ein Event ad majoram dei oder commissionem erkennung und vielleicht Beförderung kas- Verlauf des Buches viel Lokalkolorit in plas- etwa lautet: Nationalismus = Nationalsozia- gloriam, das heißt: Es geht natürlich im Klar- sieren? Solange, bis alles sanft versandet in tischer Form verleihen. Dadurch erzielen die lismus = Auschwitz; eine These, die zweifel- text nicht um eine „heile Welt nach Ausch- leise, unergründliche Wege. geschilderten Bistros mit ihrem eigentümli- los diskutabel ist. Für den Verfasser gilt als witz“, auch nicht um die Präsentation der EU, Man merkt, dass sich Robert Menasse chen Flair sehr viel Unmittelbarkeit. Antithese: Überwindung des Nationalismus, es geht banal um die eigene Karriere. intensiv mit den EU-Instituti- Wie es sich für die zeit- Überwindung der Grenzen. „Das Narrativ Es gibt immerhin 33 Generaldirektoren onen in Brüssel auseinanderge- genössische Belletristik der ge- der EU-Kommission ist die Antwort auf den in der EU. Denn jedes EU-Mitglied muss für setzt hat. In die Drehungen des hobenen Sphäre gehört, endet Holocaust: Das soll sich nie mehr wieder- seine abgehalfterten Politiker, die irgendwo- Europakarussells eingebettet der Roman ohne markanten holen können, wir garantieren Frieden und hin ins Ausgedinge geschickt werden, deren sind verschlungene, teilweise Schlussakkord im herkömm- Rechtszustand.“ Pfründe und rundherum – weil sie selbstver- sich berührende, teilweise von lichen Sinn: Zwei Protagonis- Nun leben wir wohl in einer Zeit nach ständlich einen Hofstaat brauchen – üppig einander unabhängig verlau- ten könnten entweder durch Auschwitz, aber nicht in einer Welt, die be- ausgestattete Generaldirektionen garantie- fende Handlungsstränge um Bomben oder einen Unfall, wusst „nach Auschwitz“ nicht als Zeitbestim- ren. Und wie in jeder Organisation gibt es einen irrtümlich begangenen also durch Zufall ums Leben mung, sondern als moralischen Imperativ Ressorts, die begehrter und prestigeträchti- Mord, der nicht aufgeklärt wer- gekommen sein und das große versteht. Dieses Ziel zu verwirklichen, obläge ger sind, als andere. Und so beginnt das Int- den darf. Ein Agentennetz, das Projekt lässt nichts mehr von der Europäischen Kommission. rigenspiel und der bürokratische Leerlauf auf vom Vatikan und der NATO sich hören. Die Farce hört ein- Robert Menasse suggeriert den Protago- Hochtouren zu rotieren. gesteuert wird wird sichtbar fach auf und das übrige Leben nisten seines Romans Die Hauptstadt eine In eifersüchtigem Kompetenzgerangel wa- – auch ein Schwein taucht nimmt, wie gewohnt, so sei- große PR-Veranstaltung in Auschwitz, die chen die Ressorts über ihre Zuständigkeiten, sporadisch auf, das angeblich nen Lauf. dieser „nach Auschwitz“-Welt einen mächtigen vor allem über ihre Budgets, man zerfranst durch die Brüsseler Straßen läuft und in den Allerdings beendet der Verfasser seinen Impuls verleihen, gleichzeitig aber die Bedeu- sich mit Statistiken, mit Tests und Evaluierun- Medien gebührende Aufmerksamkeit erregt. Roman mit den Worten „À suivre“, was so- tung der Brüsseler Institutionen als Gralshüter gen, man sucht – vergeblich aber intensiv – Sogar eine Liebesgeschichte, in der die Kar- viel bedeutet wie „Fortsetzung folgt“. Sollte es aller Werte im ehrfürchtig aufblickenden Volk nach Listen der Überlebenden von Auschwitz, riereerwartungen nicht ganz irrelevant sind, dazu kommen, darf man gespannt sein. n von Europa nachhaltig verfestigen sollte. Sug- aber die gibt es nicht oder jedenfalls wird ge- wird angedeutet. Heimo Kellner geriert wird somit ein hehres Vorhaben, dessen fragt: Wo ist sie, die Liste, hilft etwa Eurostat? Viel Aufmerksamkeit schenkt der Ro- sich die Brüsseler Funktionäre mit Hingabe Wer hat das Copyright auf die Idee, wer mancier Menasse den kleinen Details des Robert Menasse: Die Hauptstadt, Suhrkamp Verlag, annehmen sollten. Ein Jahrhundertprojekt, darf gestalten und mitgestalten und dafür An- Alltags, quasi in Großaufnahmen, die dem Berlin 2017, 459 Seiten, 24,70 Euro.

Vertriebene Vernunft

Man weiß, dass viele Kulturschaffende dem Baum, Friedrich Adler, Sailer, Golo Mann, ben. In den ersten beiden Monaten des Krie- verzweifelten daran die Strapazen einer wei- Naziterror entfliehen konnten und diese Zeit Hannah Arendt, Roda Roda, Stefan Zweig, ges wurden zehntausende Flüchtlinge in eines teren Flucht auf sich zu nehmen. Hasenclever in der Emigration verbrachten, ohne dass Erwin Piscator oder der Nobelpreisträger der 21 Internierungslager gesteckt. „Auf dem nahm sich mit einer Überdosis Schlafmittel man genau realisiert, um wen es sich dabei Pauli. Eine Enzyklopädie des Geisteslebens. Gelände einer aufgelassenen Ziegelfabrik wer- das Leben. Obwohl sich der faschistische Ge- im Einzelnen handelte. Von der Mehrzahl ist Dass die Auswanderung den 2.000 Flüchtlinge, unter neral Franco Hitler-Deutschland nicht unter- man sich heute gar nicht mehr bewusst, dass eine Wanderung im wahrsten ihnen Feuchtwanger, zusam- warf, konnte man sich seines Lebens auch in sie zur Auswanderung gezwungen waren oder Sinne des Wortes zu enormen mengepfercht. Die Bedingun- Spanien nicht sicher sein. Ziel war dann Lis- sich aus moralischen, politischen, oder famili- Irrefahrten wurde, wird nun gen waren unter jeder Kritik. sabon, in der Hoffnung, per Schiff in die USA ären Gründen – weil etwa den jüdischen Ehe- in Einzelschilderungen über- Es gab keine Waschräume und zu gelangen. Mithilfe eines portugiesischen partner Verfolgung oder Verfemung erwarten liefert. Die Emigranten kamen nur eine Latrine“. Konsuls, der großzügig notwendige Papiere musste – dazu veranlasst sahen. aus Österreich, Deutschland, Mit Fortschreiten des ausstellte, konnten so Otto Habsburg, Fried- Der Journalist und Autor Herbert ­Lackner aus der Tschechoslowakei. Zu- Krieges galt es dann wenigs- rich Torberg und Salvador Dali in die USA hat nun ein diesbezügliches Buch vorgelegt: erst flohen sie nach Frankreich. tens in die unbesetzten Teile entkommen. In Flucht der Dichter und Denker, das im Ab 1933 versammelte sich Frankreichs, des Vichy-Re- Nur wenige kamen nach Österreich zu- Überreuter Verlag vor einiger Zeit erschienen dort, vor allem in Paris, die gimes, zu entkommen. Aber rück, um eine neue Karriere aufzubauen, wie ist, wird das Ausmaß der erzwungenen Flucht Créme de la créme, die zwar auch dort erhöhte sich das Karl Farkas, Friedrich Torberg oder Robert geistiger und kunstschaffender Eliten durch nicht gerade auf eine Will- Risiko, von den deutschen Stolz. Für die meisten wurde eine Rückkehr den NS besonders deutlich. kommenskultur stieß, aber Häschern eingeholt zu wer- nicht gerade erleichtert. Geradezu endlos ist die Liste der Geis- doch, als Gegner des Naziregi- den. Denn das Vichy-Regime Aus den Erlebnissen dieser Menschen tesschaffenden, keineswegs nur Juden, die mes anerkannt, geduldet war. In der Nähe von arbeitete mit der Gestapo freundschaftlich kann man noch getrost für Jahrzehnte den zu entfliehen trachteten. Unabsehbar war Nizza konnten Joseph Roth, Herman ­Kesten zusammen. So hieß es denn auf mühevollen Stoff für Thriller beziehen. Lesenswert am der geistige Aderlass, den Deutschland und und Heinrich Mann eine Villa mieten, die und abenteuerlichen Wegen zu Fuß über Ende des Buches sind Interviews mit dem Österreich dadurch erlitt: die Verödung des Feuchtwangers führten einen Salon. die Pyrenäen nach Spanien zu entkommen. Wiener Galeriebesitzer John Sailer und der geistigen Lebens, die zum Teil noch bis heute Damals lebten rund 60.000 jüdische Schmuggler mussten bestochen, Pässe ge- Pädagogin Minna Lachs. n nachwirkt. Flüchtlinge in Westeuropa. Mit Kriegs- fälscht, Bekannte und Verwandte in den USA Heimo Kellner Da tauchen Namen auf wie z.B. ausbruch änderte sich die Szenerie auch in mobilisiert werden, um ein Visum zu erhalten. Franz ­Werfel, Karl Farkas, Carl Karlweis, Frankreich. Plötzlich galten sie als feindliche Manche glaubten, den Weg mit 12 Kof- Herbert Lackner: Die Flucht der Dichter und Denker. ­Friedrich Torberg, die Brüder Mann, Lion Ausländer und der bisher verborgene, aber fern antreten zu können, andere hatten gerade Wie Europas Künstler und Wissenschaftler den ­Feuchtwanger, Robert Stolz, Alfred Polgar, subkutan virulent gewesene französische eine Aktentasche bei sich. Manche Flüchtlinge Nazis entkamen, Berlin 2017, Ueberreuter Verlag, Walter Hasenclever, Alfred Döblin, Vicki Antisemitismus konnte sich endlich ausle- waren den Anstrengungen kaum gewachsen, 220 Seiten, 22,95 Euro. 20 AUSGABE 2 | 2018 RELIGION

“KOSHER“ WIKIPEDIA

The wealth of information on the Internet threatens the values of Israel‘s ultra-Orthodox. That‘s why they are creating a kosher Wikipedia, which presents them with censored knowledge that does not challenge their beliefs.

BEN DANIEL

n the walls in Jacob‘s apartment, in jections, Haredim will constitute a third of that according to the Bible, the world was cre- to catalog it with us“, Kaminer explains. „To a city west of Jerusalem, you can see the population in 2065. ated 5778 years ago. Quantum theory is kosher, help our users understand the kosher nature nothing but books. Numerous volu- This development presents Israel with a but the Big Bang is not. of our website, we initially focused on sacred Omes of the Talmud, the oral interpretation of huge economic challenge: half of the ultra-Or- This tunnel vision has devastating conse- concepts“. the Bible, bound in imitation leather and deco- thodox men do not work. They live on social quences: „Haredim cannot cope with every- Around 70 percent of the articles are just rated with golden letters, stand on the shelves welfare because they want to devote themsel- day life because they have no access to infor- copied. An entry that violates one of the nu- that cover all the walls from floor to ceiling. ves exclusively to the study of the sacred texts. mation“, says Jakob. Unlike girls, of whom 50 merous exclusion criteria however will be Next to them, and Meanwhile, over a percent complete high school, only 13 percent „quarantined“ by the editor, who can click stacked on all tab- million Haredim of men graduate. on one of the several boxes describing pos- les, chairs or boxes, With a birth rate of 6.9 children live in the coun- „Until sixth grade, I learned a little bit of sible issues. There are boxes for „predates cre- even more treatises try. Israel, howe- English, just the letters“, says Jakob. In mathe- ation“, „violence“, „non-Jewish formulation“ on Jewish customs. per family, the number of ult- ver, can no longer matics, the teacher stopped after fractions and or „philosophical debate“, and of course for And yet: The ra-Orthodox in Israel is growing afford their way the rule of three. „I have no idea about squares. „unchaste“. Then the entry becomes invisible barely 30-year-old of life. Benefits We learned some geography, so that we know to others. In the long term, pledges Kaminer, faster than any other population ultra-Orthodox have been cut, for- about Israel. he does not want to censor information, but family man never segment. cing many to leave After the age of 13, I learned only the scrip- „adapt“ it. He dreams of the day when there is puts his entire li- their isolated pa- tures. „Biology, physics, chemistry, history? a kosher counterpart to every entry in Wikipe- brary on display. rallel world to go „Never studied any of these subjects“. Hare- dia, but only „after we agree with the rabbis on Jakob conspirato- to work. Haredim dim are living „only how to properly adjust rially bends forward in his chair until his like Jakob thus come into contact with ideas physically in 21st cen- difficult entries“. brown sidelocks nearly touch his knees. and facts that question their worldview, espe- tury Israel.“ Mentally, About 15 percent of the Until then, entire Then he whispers meaningfully: „I have a cially via the Internet. Haredim can access it however, this society religious leave their world and topics are erased: bibli- secret cabinet“. In it he keeps his true trea- at their workplace and increasingly also at is „stuck in sixteenth cal criticism, evolution, sures - books that he actually is not allowed home, it exposes them to all its temptations century Eastern Eu- send their children to secular philosophy, the term to own, by writers such as J.W. Goethe, the and information. rope“. The Internet schools for a better future. „secular“ and biogra- Israeli Nobel laureate Shai Agnon, his favo- Hamichlol engages in its fight against too though „pierces the phies of gay celebrities rite authors Haim Brenner and Klaus Mann. much knowledge from an office building, high wall behind cannot be retrieved in These heretical works led to many a crisis right next to Jerusalem‘s central bus station. Its which we hid for so long“. the „kosher“ Wikipedia. with his deeply religious wife. That‘s why headquarters are as small as the organization‘s „When I started to read Wikipedia, I sud- The same applies to pictures of women, even she does not know about his “worst goal to edit the around 225,000 entries from denly understood what an insignificant life we even ministers in Israel‘s cabinet. Nevertheless, secret“: unfiltered access to the Internet - the Hebrew Wiki is big. lead“, says Jacob. The great sacrifices he made one year after its founding, there are already and thus access to information that destro- Josef Kaminer, director of Hamichlol, is a for his faith seemed absurd to him. Pornogra- around 57,000 entries on Hamichlol. „We want yed his belief in the foundations of Jewish slender, 31-year-old family man. The glass ca- phy aroused needs that had been suppressed modern knowledge without jeopardizing our ultra-Orthodoxy. bin he has rented in an ultra-orthodox high- all his life. Only twice a month Jacob is allo- faith“, says Kaminer. He especially wants to ap- From the perspective of the ultra-Ortho- tech hub is so small that he still hardly mana- wed to lie with his wife, and even then, he is pease hardliners in his camp who are afraid dox, Jacob‘s fate is a tragedy, and any similar ges to squeeze behind the desk into his office not supposed to address her by her first name that the acceptance of even the smallest chan- fate of that kind must be prevented. To that chair. Haredim, the poorest fraction of Israeli – tender touch is forbidden. ges will pave the way for assimilation. end, a new initiative was undertaken. The society, are frugal. They do not want to give Driven by lust and frustration, he consi- „After the Holocaust, we are traumatized,“ organization Hamichlol launched a „kos- up on the Internet though - despite its danger. dered removing the black garb, shaving his says Jakob. He now considers adaptation to her“, censored online version of the Hebrew However, according to a 2017 study, 49 beard, and becoming secular. At the age of be good and important: „Our society needs Wikipedia. This should allow the Haredim percent of the Haredim are surfing with filters 23, however, he was already married, father knowledge in order to be successful in mo- to access knowledge and prevent them from blocking most pages: „The rabbis have drafted of children: „I can no longer leave this world“. dern times. A little bit of enlightenment will developing doubts, so that no one, like Jacob, a white list. Websites of banks, health insuran- An ultra-Orthodox psychiatrist prescribed an- not hurt us“. renounces his faith. ces, government agencies are freely accessible“, ti-depressants to him, a secular psychologist A new Israeli study proves that apparently With a birth rate of 6.9 children per fa- explains Kaminer. Everything else is taboo, helped him to overcome his crisis. more and more Haredim share this view. About mily, the number of ultra-Orthodox in Israel also Wikipedia, because of the „many entries Josef Kaminer‘s initiative is a ray of hope 15 percent of the religious leave their world is growing faster than any other population that contradict our fundamental principles“, for him. A few months ago, he joined the many and send their children to secular schools for segment. Every eighth Israeli today is a Ha- says Kaminer. As is biblical criticism: „This is volunteers who diligently rewrite the secu- a better future. Above all, Jakob is worried for redi (a God-fearing one), as the ultra-Or- heresy, God has written the Bible“. Or paleon- lar Wikipedia for other Haredim. „The edi- his family: „I am rewriting Wikipedia to spare thodox call themselves. According to pro- tology and cosmology, which deny the view tors themselves select an entry in Wikipedia, my children the crisis I had to go through“. n I N NOVATION AUSGABE 2 | 2018 21 IS THE CAR OF THE FUTURE COMING FROM ISRAEL?

Lighter, more efficient and easier to maintain: This is the vision for a future generation of new engines invented in Israel, which could soon revolutionize the car world.

GIL YARON

al Fridman still remembers the day he though: it is inefficient, heavy, complex and Its basic idea is simple: „An engine is a go to Germany“. At the same time Aquarius met the man who completely changed requires extensive maintenance. All of this, device that transforms one form of energy wants to focus on another market: facilities his life: „He came into the room and says Fridman, would now improve: „Our en- into another“, explains Jaakobi. The chemi- that need their own power supply such as mo- Gsaid things I did not understand. I was bored“, gine weighs only about one-third of a compa- cal energy of the gasoline becomes the tor- bile phone antennas for the new 5G network reveals the Israeli investor with a self-depreca- rable, conventional engine, at the same power. que. „But there were so many parts that had in remote areas. „Around a third of the cost of ting smile. It is cheaper, more efficient, and since it con- to move. That means a lot of friction, where power generation for such antennas originates The former fashion photographer could sists of only twelve parts, of which only one energy is lost“. In addition, there is always only from the generators’ high maintenance costs. not get excited when the stranger presented is moving, it is also almost completely main- one active cylinder, the process of ignition is They are no longer necessary, because our en- drawings of engines. What should be special tenance-free“. That sounds almost too good complex, and susceptible to interference. „The gine simply cannot break”, claims Fridman. about pistons moving back and forth instead to be true. Particularly considering that Shaul most efficient engine known had an efficiency He also wants to supply electricity to micro- of turning a crankshaft? „So what? I wondered Jaakobi invented this new combustion engine. of about 50 percent“, says Berlin engineer Baar. grids: military installations, hospitals that and could not wait for the talk to finish“. Frid- Jaakobi is not an engineer, has not studied This optimum is however only achieved un- need emergency generators. Professor Baar man’s co-investor who met with inventors near mechanics or mechanical engineering. He has der laboratory conditions at the so-called „best is skeptical: „At first, maintenance will still be Tel Aviv in late 2014 to come up with ideas for however, „from childhood on, explored engi- point“. „If one deviates from this best point, necessary. Which hospital will run the risk of new start-ups was nonetheless convinced. „He nes“, says the now 52-year-old family man. He one registers definitely worse efficiencies“, so servicing its emergency generators only every told me: if that really works, it‘s going to revo- grew up on a farm Baar. In a normal few years?“ lutionize the world,“ says Fridman. So they in- in Nahalat Jehuda car ride, this best According to the professor, things will get vested their money. Today Fridman is a fan of not far from Tel After all, hardly anything has point is almost ne- interesting once the engines are installed in engines. Instead of retiring, as the 58-year-old Aviv: „When I was changed in the combustion engine ver reached. Thus, ships and cars: „The idea that we could all soon had promised to his wife three years ago, Frid- 12 years old, I re- the actual effi- be driving electric cars is rather unlikely“ he for over 100 years. man now works as a sales manager around the paired a tractor ciency of a car en- says. There would be no capacity to produce clock at the startup Aquarius. From 2020 on- on my own for the gine according to the necessary amount of electricity in an en- wards, it wants to conquer the world with a first time. It was a Fridman is more vironmentally friendly way, nor could the po- completely new kind of internal combustion Fergusson“, remembers Jaakobi. In the army likely between 15-35 percent. wer grid simultaneously charge hundreds of engine. he also repaired engines. Later he founded a The prototypes of Aquarius allegedly al- thousands of vehicles. A lightweight, compact „You often hear of people who claim they repair shop for engines, which became one of ready achieve an efficiency of 40 percent - and engine, however, could revolutionize the car have reinvented the engine,“ says Prof. Dr.- the largest in Israel. He sold it when he was that all the time. This is due to the fact that market. Fridman estimates, „An Aquarius en- Ing. Roland Baar, Head of the Department 27 and became an appraiser for engines. Un- only one piston is moving - the only moving gine for a hybrid car should be about as big of Powertrains at the Technical University til he realized a fundamental problem four part - from right to left, and always in the same, as a carry-on bag and weigh no more than 20 of Berlin. The pressure to innovate is enor- years ago during a visit to the US: „We were optimal frequency. „There are no valves, no lu- kilograms.“ With such an engine, hybrid cars mous; After all, hardly anything has changed introduced to electric cars. But it soon became bricants, only 12 components“, says Fridman. could become far cheaper than today‘s models, in the combustion engine for over 100 years. clear to me that batteries will not be able to In fact, the engine does not generate any tor- with a range of up to 1.000 kilometers per tank Whether a Ford Model T from the 1920s, or store enough energy in the foreseeable future que, but electricity. It is a generator. To get the filling. „They would be a mass product,“ says the latest Ferrari: in principle, the drive works to offer an alternative to the internal com- product ready for series production, the Israeli Fridman. Even the skeptic Baar finds this idea the same way. Pistons move up and down in bustion engine. And the generators used in company has now opened a research labora- „clever, the approach exciting“. The mass pro- cylinders driven by a fuel mixture that is ig- hybrid cars are not good enough yet“. So he tory in Aachen: „This is the Hollywood of the duction of a car engine is, according to Frid- nited and burned in a controlled way every attempted to solve this problem. He tinkered motor industry“, says Fridman“. Finding en- man, still years away. „Many technical hurdles other cycle. The pistons thus turn a cranks- for two months: „That was no flash of genius. gineers for aircraft or rocket engines in Israel will have to be overcome for that“ estimates haft, which transfers the resulting force to an I tried many things. Until I found the obvious would not have been difficult. Who wants to Baar. That would be difficult, but certainly not axle. This classic engine has many problems solution: a linear motor.“ build a good car engine for cars however, must impossible“. n

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musste viele Turbulenzen bewältigen. Trotz zahlreicher Kriege und ständiger Be- drohungen gelang es Israel, Millionen von Flüchtlingen aufzunehmen und sie trotz unterschiedlicher Herkunft zu integrieren. Darüber hinaus konnte sich dieses Land in relativ kurzer Zeit von einem Agrarstaat zu einer weltweit renommierten Startup-Na- tion entwickeln. Heute ist Israel auch ein sehr beliebtes Tourismuszentrum mit her- Sehr viele Menschen sind der Einla- Gräueltaten trägt auch Österreich Mitverant- vorragender internationaler Küche. N dung der israelischen Botschaft in Wien wortung.“ Für die musikalische Untermalung der gefolgt, um im punkvollen Rahmen des Palais Auch Nationalratspräsident Wolfgang besonderen Feier sorgte die hervorragende Liechtensteins den 70. Geburtstag des Staates Sobotka bekannte sich zu dieser Verantwor- israelische Opernsängerin Hila Fahima, Israel zu begehen. Unter den Gästen gab es tung und versicherte, jeglicher Art von Anti- die von Eloise Kohn auf dem Klavier be- zahlreiche Vertreter und Vertreterinnen aus semitismus vehement entgegen zu treten. Joanna Nittenberg Foto: gleitet wurde. Politik, Wirtschaft und Kultur. Bundespräsi- Botschafterin Talya Lador-Fresher wies auf Bei herrlichem Wetter konnte man dent Van der Bellen sprach von der beson- die enormen Errungenschaften, die Israel in noch im Garten das wunderbare und viel- deren Beziehung, die Österreich zu Israel hat den 70 Jahren seit seiner Gründung geleistet seitige Buffet genießen und mit vielen und immer hatte und wies auf die Tatsache hat. 70 Jahre sind für die Entwicklung eines Freunden und Bekannten Neuigkeiten aus- hin, dass Hitler Österreicher war. „Für die Staates nicht so viel, aber dieser kleine Staat tauschen. n

Im Rahmen des Festivals der Jüdischen Israelflaggen schmückten das Wiener N Kultur und passend zum Jubiläum N Rathaus, denn am 13. Mai wurde auf wurde die Ausstellung 70 Jahre Israel – Von Einladung der Österreichisch-Israelischen Foto: Petra Paul Petra Foto: der Pioniergesellschaft zur Startup-Nation Gesellschaft im Festsaal 70 Jahre Israel ge- Paul Petra Foto: eröffnet. Diese eindrucksvolle Schau wurde feiert. Die Begrüßung fand durch LAbg. vom Beit Hatfutsot (The Museum for Jewish Peter­ Florianschütz statt, auch IKG-Präsi- People in Tel Aviv) aus der Sammlung des dent Oskar Deutsch, der Gesandte Hadas Bernhard H. und Miriam Oster, Visual Do- ­Wittenberg Silverstein und BV Martin Figl cumentation Center, zusammengestellt. Auf sprachen Worte zum Geburtstag des Staates reich bebilderten Tafeln mit erläuternden Tex- Israel. Durch einen sehr eindrucksvollen Do- ten kommt auch immer eine Person zu Wort kumentarfilm wurden Eindrücke aus Israel – es wird eine individuelle Geschichte erzählt. nach Wien gebracht. Hagit Yaso, deren El- Die Erfahrungen von jüdischen Menschen aus tern von Äthiopien nach Israel flohen, beein- aller Welt stehen im Mittelpunkt der Schau. druckte das Publikum mit ihrer einmaligen Die Ausstellungsräume am Rabensteig 3 Stimme. Auch über die Sängerin aus Sderot waren bei der Eröffnung zum Bersten voll, wurde ein kurzer Film gezeigt. Yaso hat auch als Eva Haller von der Europäischen Janusz bei der Eröffnung der Amerikanischen Bot- Korczak Akademie zur Ausstellung sprach. Als schaft in Jerusalem gesungen. Nach einem Vorsitzende der Österreichischen Freunde des Konzept von Susanne Höhne lasen Tania Beit Hatfutsot sprach die Chefredakteurin der Golden, Dagmar Schwarz und Tamara INW, Joanna Nittenberg, sowohl über den Stern Texte bekannter jüdischer Autor_in- Status von Jerusalem, als auch über das Dias- nen. Der Festakt endete mit der Österreichi- poramuseum Beit Hatfutsot. Die Ausstellung schen Bundeshymne und der israelischen ist noch bis 18. Juni 2018 zu sehen. n Hymne Hatikvah. n Hagit Yaso im Rathaus

Uli Jürgens steht als Wissenschaftsjour- Anlässlich des 70jährigen Bestehens vom deutschen Burschenschafter – die Wie- nalistin für diese Haltung. In ihren Beiträgen N des Staates Israel lasen im ­Nestroyhof ner Studentenverbindung Albia schloss Herzl und Dokumentationen auf Ö1 und ORF III namhafte Schauspieler wie Katharina letztlich wegen seines Judentums aus – zum beschäftigt sie sich ausführlich mit der Thema- ­Stemberger, Erwin Steinhauer, Andreas überzeugten Zionisten.

Foto: Gerhard Gottlieb Gerhard Foto: tik des Erinnerns und setzt sich umfassend mit Fellerer und der aus Israel stammende junge Niemand hätte es für möglich gehalten, den Folgen von Flucht und Vertreibung öster- Iliya Roitmann Texte von Liora Eger- dass Theodor Herzl, ein Mann der Gesell- reichischer Jüdinnen und Juden auseinander. Glück, die auch selbst mitspielte. Ihre Essays schaft, als Gründer des Zionismus weltweit in Sie berichtet aber auch über die mögliche Zi- setzen sich mit Theodor Herzl und seiner die Geschichte eingehen würde. Die Palette vilcourage von Menschen während der NS- Idee des Judenstaates und deren Auswir- der Themen im Nestroyhof reichte von der Zeit. Gerade in Zeiten des steigenden Anti- kungen bis in die Gegenwart auseinander. Dreyfus-Affäre, den Antisemitismus der ös- semitismus und der Fremdenfeindlichkeit, in Markus Kupferblum führte Regie. Bemer- terreichischen Monarchie, über die Shoah bis Zeiten in denen die Gefahr der Aushöhlung kenswert und eindrucksvoll war auch die mu- zu den Auseinandersetzungen mit den israeli- der Demokratie besteht, bedarf es Journalis- sikalische Präsentation von Renald Deppe. schen Nachbarn. Ein interessantes Potpourri, tInnen wie Uli Jürgens. Die Jury würdigt die Die Diskussionen finden in einem Alters- das geeignet ist, sich mit der Thematik näher Uli Jürgens Verbindung von Journalismus mit gesell- heim statt und es werden verschiedene The- auseinander zu setzen. schaftspolitischem Engagement und betont men angeschnitten – gewürzt mit jüdischen Denn anlässlich des 70jährigen Bestehens Leon Zelman Preis 2018 für Dialog damit auch die Wichtigkeit des bildungspoli- Witzen. Herzl und seine Idee stehen im Mit- des Staates Israel wird die Komplexität der zi- N und Verständigung geht an die Wissen- tischen Auftrags eines starken öffentlichen und telpunkt. Seine Herkunft und Entwicklung onistischen Idee und seines Begründers in den schaftsjournalistin Uli Jürgens. unabhängigen Österreichischen Rundfunks. werden thematisiert und auch die Wandlung Medien eher einseitig präsentiert. n Der Leon Zelman Preis wird heuer zum 1980 wurde der Jewish Welcome Service sechsten Mal vergeben. Ziel des Preises ist, die auf Initiative des damaligen Bürgermeisters Personen zu würdigen, die sich im Sinne Leon Leopold Gratz und des Stadtrates Heinz Nittel­ Zelmans aktiv für die Erinnerung an die Shoah gemeinsam mit dem 2007 verstorbenen Leon und den Dialog zwischen dem heutigen Öster- Zelman gegründet. Präsident ist der jeweilige reich und den Opfern der NS-Verfolgung und Bürgermeister der Stadt Wien. Weitere Aufga- Joanna Nittenberg Foto: ihren Nachkommen einsetzen. Er richtet sich ben neben dem Besuchsprogramm sind die an Bildungs- und Jugendarbeit sowie Projekte, Unterstützung von Gedenk -und Erinnerungs- die den interkulturellen Dialog fördern. Leon initiativen sowie Information und Service für Zelman appellierte stets an eine verantwor- jüdische Wien-BesucherInnen. Darüber hi- tungsbewusste Gesellschaft, die sich für eine naus organisiert der Jewish Welcome Service Welt engagiert, in der Antisemitismus und auch Einladungen für die jüngere Genera- Rassismus keinen Platz mehr haben. tion. n Liora Eger-Glück, Iliya Roitmann, Renald Deppe und Katharina Stemberger AUSGABE 2 | 2018 23

Im März wurde die Wanderausstellung lebendig machen. Die Staatssekretärin, die im Ausstellung vor. An- N Die Gerechten – Courage ist eine Innenministerium für Gedenkstätten zustän- schließend wurden die Frage der Entscheidung im Volkskundemu- dig ist, zeigte sich bei der Führung durch die zahlreichen Gäste in seum in Wien eröffnet. Sie wurde von denÖs - Ausstellung auch tief berührt von den Lebens- Kleingruppen durch terreichischen Freunden von Yad Vashem wegen und Rettungstaten der österreichischen die Räumlichkeiten ge- über österreichische Lebensretter während des „Gerechten“. führt, in denen eingangs Holocaust organisiert. Nach einführenden Worten von Kura- die österreichischen An der Eröffnung im Volkskundemuseum tor Univ.Prof. Dr. Michael John bat der Co- Naziverbrecher und nahmen ca. 150 Gäste teil, unter ihnen die Kurator und Historikerkollege, Univ.Prof. Dr. das dahinterstehende Staatssekretärin für Inneres, Mag.a Karoline Albert Lichtblau, die Geretteten Dr. Lucia System gezeigt werden. Edtstadler und det Kuratoriumsvorsitzende Heilmann und Prof. Angelica Bäumer auf Im zweiten Abschnitt des Zukunftsfonds, Dr. Kurt Scholz sowie die Bühne. Die beiden waren im Kindes- und geht es um die Lebens- Gerettete und Nachkommen von österreichi- Jugendalter von beherzten Österreichern ver- geschichten österrei- schen „Gerechten“. Nach der Begrüßung durch steckt und durch die Kriegsjahre hindurch vor chischer Retterinnen den Direktor des Volkskundemuseums, Dr. Verfolgung beschützt worden. In den Schilde- und Retter. Viele dieser Lucia Heilmann, Albert Lichtblau und Angelica Bäumer Matthias Beitl, hielt Staatssekretärin Mag.a rungen ihrer dramatischen Rettungsgeschich- mutigen Menschen wa- Karoline Edtstadler die Eröffnungsrede, in der ten wurde sowohl der Dank an die mutigen ren der Öffentlichkeit bisher kaum bekannt. Juden während des Holocaust gerettet haben. sie es als wichtig bezeichnete, die Rettungsta- Lebensretter deutlich, als auch die Angst, von Derzeit gelten 112 Österreicherinnen und Der letzte Teil greift das Thema Zivilcourage ten sichtbar zu machen. Ausstellungen wie der sie zeitlebens verfolgt wurden. Österreicher als „Gerechte unter den Völkern“. auf und stellt Personen vor, die sich auch in diese, die Menschen und ihre Schicksale in den Generalsekretärin Ulrike Schuster stellte Diesen Ehrentitel verleiht der Staat Israel sol- der Gegenwart mutig gegen Unrecht stellten Mittelpunkt stellen, würden die Erinnerung die Schwerpunkte und „Highlights“ der chen Menschen, die unter Einsatz ihres Lebens und dagegen aktiv wurden. n

Am 3. Mai 2018, dem Tag der Pres- in Die letzten Zeugen von Doron Rabinovici N sefreiheit, fand im großen Sendesaal und Matthias Hartmann. des ORF-Radio Kulturhauses die erste Ver- Alexandra Föderl-Schmid berichtet heute leihung des Ari-Rath-Preises für kriti- über Israel und die palästinensischen Gebiete. schen Journalismus statt. Preisträgerin ist Eine Jury von Experten, unter dem Vorsitz Foto: Joanna Nittenberg Foto: Dr.in Alexandra Föderl-Schmid, ehemalige von Gertraud Auer Borea d„Olmo, hat die ge- Chefredakteurin und Co-Herausgeberin der bürtige Mühlviertlerin einstimmig zur ersten Tageszeitung Der Standard und heute Israel- Preisträgerin gewählt. Korrespondentin der Süddeutschen Zeitung. Die Laudatio auf die Preisträgerin hielt Der Ari-Rath-Preis, der auf Initiative von Altbundeskanzler Franz Vranitzky. Er un- Gertaud Auer Borea d‘Olmo, der Gene- terstrich die Bedeutung des freien, unab- ralsekretärin des Bruno Kreisky-Forums für hängigen Journalismus, der heute in Frage internationalen Dialog und mit Hilfe priva- gestellt, wenn nicht sogar bekämpft werde, ten Sponsoren entstand, soll Journalistinnen angesichts der Gefahr, dass Boulevardnach- und Journalisten ehren, die sich für die freie richten, die sich oft als falsch erwiesen immer Meinungsäußerung und kritische Bericht- mehr an Einfluss gewinnen würden. erstattung einsetzen. Der engagierte und Vranitzky würdigte den Einsatz der Preis- erfolgreiche Publizist Ari Rath (1925-2017) trägerin, die nun seit Oktober 2017 Auslands- wurde 1938 als Kind nach der nationalsozia- korrespondentin der Süddeutschen Zeitung listischen Machtübernahme vertrieben und in Israel ist. In den letzten Jahren verband hat in Palästina und später im Staat Israel Alexandra Föderl-Schmid auch eine enge eine neue Heimat gefunden. Er gehörte zur Freundschaft mit Ari Rath. Sie stiftet das Generation der bekannten Politiker Jizchak Daniel Löcker, Peter Pelinka, Gertraud Auer Borea d‘Olmo, Alexandra Föderl-Schmidt, Preisgeld für Schulen und Flüchtlingsorgani- Rabin, Teddy Kollek und Schimon Peres und Franz Vranitzky und Anna Thalhammer sationen in Israel. war Berater von Ben Gurion, Israels erstem Nach der Preisverleihung fand noch eine Premierminister ab 1948. Über 30 Jahre war ner für eine demokratische und friedliche solute Ablehnung von Rassismus und Frem- interessante Diskussion mit Preisträgerin er für die Jerusalem Post tätig, 14 Jahre davon Zusammenarbeit der Menschen in Israel und denfeindlichkeit, die er in vielen Vorträgen Föderl-Schmid, Franz Vranitzky, Gertraud als Chefredakteur und Herausgeber. in Österreich. und Gesprächen mit Schülern über den An- Auer Borea d‘Olmo und Anna Thalhammer In den letzten Jahren lebte Ari Rath groß- Als Zeitzeuge des nationalsozialistischen tisemitismus hinaus als Botschaft vermittelt (Die Presse) unter der Moderation von Peter teils in Wien und wirkte als kritischer Mah- Terrors plädierte er immer wieder für die ab- hat. Unvergessen sein Auftritt am Burgtheater Pelinka, statt. n

Von Wien nach Jerusalem ist der Ti- rael und war 28 Jahre Bürgermeis- Die Hand-in-Hand-Schule ist weltweit N tel einer kleinen aber bemerkenswer- ter der Stadt Jerusalem. In dieser die einzige, die zweisprachig in Hebräisch ten Ausstellung, die im Jüdischen Museum Zeit hat er sich vor allem für ein und Arabisch – vom Kindergarten bis zur Wien in Zusammenarbeit mit der Moses friedliches Nebeneinander der Be- Matura – geführt wird. Die Schule bekämpft ­Mendelssohn Stiftung Berlin und in An- völkerung eingesetzt, Juden, Mus- durch ihre spezifischen pädagogischen und wesenheit des noch amtierenden Wiener Bür- lime und Christen. Seine Pläne didaktischen Konzepte die Vorurteilsbildung, germeister Michael Häupl eröffnet wurde. für die Stadt waren kosteninten- Ängste und Missverständnisse auf eine Weise, Sie zeigt Stationen der Lebensgeschichte von siv und die Ressourcen der Stadt die sowohl die Empathie für Andere als auch Teddy Kollek. sehr begrenzt, so gründete er 1966 den Dialog stärken. Während des Zweiten Weltkriegs war Kol- die bereits erwähnte Jerusalem Diese einmalige Einrichtung ist ein Mo- lek in geheimer Mission in Europa, um Juden Foundation. Mit Hilfe von deren dell und positives Beispiel für alle Bewohner vor der Vernichtung durch Nazi-Deutschland Freunden wurden das Museum Jerusalems. Die Jerusalemer Bildungsbehörde zu retten. Er war ein Unterstützer des ersten beim David Turm, das Jerusalem zeichnete die Schule 2017 mit einem Preis aus. Ministerpräsidenten David Ben-Gurions und Theater, die Jerusalem Cinemathe- Das Schulgelände wurde ursprünglich für 300 arbeitete von 1952 bis 1965 in dessen Regie- Jerusalem Foundation: Bundeskanzler Sebastian que, das Mishkenot Sha‘nanim, das Schüler und Schülerinnen der Grund- und rungen. 1965 wurde er Bürgermeister Jeru- Kurz, Irene Pollak-Rein und Minister Heinz Faßmann Wissenschaftsmuseum und der Mittelschule gebaut. Heute lernen dort 684 salems und stand fast drei Jahrzehnte an der Biblische Zoo gebaut – heute alles Schüler und es besteht eine lange Warteliste. Spitze der Stadt, bevor er 1993 im Alter von Wahrzeichen von Jerusalem. Sie sind der Beweis dafür, dass der Wunsch 82 Jahren abgewählt wurde. die Jerusalem Foundation, um das friedliche Auch der erste Friedenskindergarten im Teddy Kolleks eines friedlichen Miteinanders Ausserdem gab es noch ein Symposium, Leben aller Bevölkerungsteile in Jerusalem zu YMCA wurde von Teddy Kollek bereits in den weiter lebt. wo in verschiedenen Referaten der Persönlich- fördern. Diesen Wunsch führt die Jerusalem 1980er Jahren eingeweiht. Er war ein großer Daher ist ein zusätzliches Gebäude für den keit Teddy Kolleks Rechnung getragen wurde. Foundation bis zum heutigen Tag weiter. Befürworter der zweisprachigen Hand-in- gymnasialen Zweig dringend nötig, das auf Im diesem Rahmen hielt Irene Pollak-Rein­ Teddy Kollek verbrachte seine Kinder- Hand-Schule. Der bestehende Campus wurde dem Campus geplant ist. Die Bauerlaubnis liegt im Namen der Jerusalem Foundation einen und Jugendzeit zwischen 1918 und 1934 in 2007, im Sterbejahr von Teddy Kollek, einge- vor – die Sammlung für Spenden geht weiter. Vortrag mit dem Thema Teddy Kollek. Grün- Wien und wanderte 1935 nach Palästina aus. weiht. Hier lernen jüdische und arabische Kin- Die Jerusalem Foundation plant eine offizielle der der Jerusalem Foundation. Er gründete Er beteiligte sich beim Aufbau des Staates Is- der vom Kindergarten bis zur 12. Klasse. Grundsteinlegung am 16. Oktober 2018. n Entgeltliche Einschaltung Zoll:Gut den informiertin Sommer Unwissenheit schützt leider nicht vor nicht Strafen. leider schützt Unwissenheit Zollbestimmungen zugegen vermeiden. Denn um und -verbote, Verstöße fuhrbeschränkungen Ein über Urlaubsbeginn vor sich Sie Informieren dürfen. werden eingeführt Österreich die nach Waren, der Wert und den Menge die zulässige über Unsicherheit oft herrscht Reisenden Bei Shopping Sicheres wichtig. hin weiter von Arbeitsplätzen zursowie Sicherung von Umwelt Gesundheit und zum Schutz terie, Produktpira und von Schmuggel Bekämpfung Daher sind Zollkontrollen im Reiseverkehr zur wichtig. besonders Finanzverwaltung der sind Wirtschaft die heimische für auch aber ger Bür und die Bürgerinnen für wie Sicherheit so- Transparenz, Rahmenbedingungen faire Warum? – Zollkontrollen dürfen. werden in die mitgenommen Heimat einfach so Waren nicht erworbenen der viele dass bedacht, nicht wird oft inEinkaufen Urlaubsdestinationen Beim zu müssen. erleben Überraschungen men keine Rückkehr unangeneh der bei ist, wichtiger Umso Jahres. des Zeit die schönste Österreicher und Österreicherinnen die für meisten Urlaub ist Informieren Sie sich pünktlich zur Sommerzeit über geltende Bestimmungen. 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Abgaben Zoll sonstige und in ohne Österreich werden, eingeführt dürfen Verbrauch oder Ge- persönlichen Waren den für EU-Staaten: aus Einreise ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ E-Mail: [email protected], Telefon: +43 (0) 50 233 740 19, Ackerweg Villach Villach, 9500 Klagenfurt Zollamt auf auf Zollämtern, und Finanzämtern,Flughäfen in in auf den sind den den BMF des Folder Die Österreich nach Einreise die für –Tipps Info Zoll Zoll Auskunftsstelle Zentrale Verfügung. zur Download als gratis Smartphone-Store im jeweiligen verwendbar. steht BMF-App Die im Ausland problemlos daher ist und im Offline-Modus auch sind. funktioniert Das beachten zu Österreich nach Einreise der die bei Zollbestimmungen, über informiert BMF-App Die BMF-App bmf.gv.at Publikationen >

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