DOCSLIB.ORG

Extinct Giants, a New Wolf and the Key to Understanding Climate Change

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Extinct Giants, a New Wolf and the Key to Understanding Climate Change Earth and Environment Dr Julie Meachen ︱ efore the withdrawal of the last Dr Julie Meachen rappels into Natural Trap Cave ice age in the late Pleistocene © Justin Sipla Bsome 10,000 years ago, species diversity was much richer than it is today. Many Pleistocene species were bigger, more varied in appearance and Extinct giants, a new roamed in greater numbers than those we see now. Megafauna – large animals typically weighing more than 44kg and iconic to this time – such as mastodons, dire wolves and sabre-toothed cats, wolf and the key roamed the Earth. Now, these species are extinct, with climate change being one of the contributing factors in a complex extinction event that saw a dramatic loss to understanding of diversity. In an attempt to better understand the factors that inluenced this mass extinction and how climate change affects animal populations, Dr Meachen climate change along with co-investigator Dr Alan Cooper and her collaborative team have been studying the remains of After its last excavation in the 1970s, a group of palaeontologists, genetics experts and cavers led by vertebrate megafauna excavated from Natural to an abundance of well-preserved Dr Meachen and her collaborative team palaeontologist and mammalian carnivore specialist Dr Julie Meachen of Des Moines University, have re-opened Trap Cave in Wyoming, North America. Pleistocene fossils. have been able to assess the anatomy excavations at Natural Trap Cave (NTC) in North America. During this project, Dr Meachen hopes to uncover the Today, we are experiencing a sixth and appearance of species, their diet secrets of the mass extinction of the last ice age and give high school students the opportunity to get involved mass extinction, with climate change NTC has protected the wealth of and the environmental conditions in Palaeontology. and human inluence believed to be at skeletons that litter its loor for during a time of rapid climate change. its heart. The research at Natural Trap thousands of years by keeping This information has helped to broaden Cave (NTC) could not only uncover temperatures below 10°C and understanding of how animals may have information about the events leading preventing weathering from wind and responded to environmental changes to the loss of the ice age’s megafauna, rain. As a result, the fossils recovered brought about by a warming climate, but may also help us to understand how from the site are often of unusually by revealing immigration patterns and climate change has played a role in the high quality and many are almost fully changes in anatomy. http://creativecommons. current extinction crisis. intact, allowing for a unique look at the past ecosystems of America. Some of A DIFFICULT WOLF TO CLASSIFY A GLIMPSE INTO THE PAST the most complete American Cheetah One of the key indings by the team at Natural Trap Cave is a pit cave in North (Mirancinonyx trumani) specimens have NTC has been that of Beringian wolf America. During the Pleistocene, this been recovered from this site, as well specimens. The recently classiied )], via Wikimedia Commons via )], natural deadfall trap would have been as an extinct species of Musk-oxen Alaskan Beringian wolf had not located south of the Cordilleran and (Bootherium bombifrons) and several previously been identiied as far south Laurentide ice sheets– glaciers that were specimens of unclassiied wolves. as Wyoming. Researchers who studied separated by a channel leading from NTC wolves in the past had trouble Alaska into North categorising the org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 By William Harris (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0 ( America. NTC lies skeletons they just south of where The research at Natural Trap Cave (NTC) uncovered because this corridor between Beringian wolves the ice sheets could help us to understand how climate are very similar would have ended. to both extinct Previous research change has played a role in the current Dire wolves (Canis has revealed that extinction crisis dirus) and today’s prey and predator Grey wolves (Canis species would lupus). However, have used this channel as a migration NTC was irst revisited in 2014, with by analysing DNA recovered from route into new territories. During this another two ield sessions in 2015 and specimens at NTC, and measurements migration, some animals would fall into 2016 providing excellent data. Using taken from jaw bones and teeth, Dr Holocene bison skull from 2016 the cave due to the sheer 85-foot drop. DNA found in the bones and teeth of Meachen’s collaborative team could Natural Trap Cave excavations. © Julie Meachen Any animals that managed to survive the long extinct animals, pollen samples and establish that the wolves of NTC are fall would be unable to escape, leading records from the site’s last excavation, distinct from Dire wolves. www.researchoutreach.org www.researchoutreach.org Behind the Bench Dr Julie Meachen E: [email protected] T: +1 515 271 1568 W: www.dmu.edu/ Dr Julie Meachen Research Objectives Collaborators Assistant Professor Dr Meachen and her team are currently • Dr Alan Cooper – Australian Centre for Left: A view of Natural Trap Cave. © Justin Sipla Des Moines University working at Natural Trap Cave, where Ancient DNA (ancient DNA analysis) Right: An Ice Age coyote jaw from 2016 Natural 3200 Grand Avenue, they are excavating Ice Age mammals • Dr Pennilyn Higgins – U Rochester Trap Cave excavations. © Julie Meachen Des Moines, IA 50312 to determine how climate change (stable isotope analysis) USA and the extinction events at the end • Dr Jenny McGuire – Georgia Tech prey specialists and would have arrived of the Pleistocene (10,000 years ago) (microfaunal analysis) Bio A little smaller than a Dire wolf and with at NTC by following the migration of have affected the morphology and • Dr Cory Redman – Drake University Dr Julie Meachen completed her PhD ecology of living and Pleistocene (mammal ecology) – former postdoc a higher bite force and longer snout to different conditions, such as prey musk-oxen and bison. Dr Meachen in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at species. Additionally, they are using • Dr Susumu Tomiya – DMU (mammal than Grey wolves, Beringian wolves lie availability, differences in temperature believes the migration of Beringian the University of California in 2008 and a microfaunal and pollen record to morphology & ecology) – current somewhere between the two species and precipitation rates, they developed wolves into mid-continental America is now a vertebrate palaeontologist and recreate Pleistocene climate in mid- postdoc in appearance and are believed to be separate, distinct characteristics. may offer insights into the dispersion functional morphologist that specialises latitude North America. • Dr Tom Minckley – U Wyoming (pollen an ecomorph of Canis lupus. In other of the Grey wolf – a species which in mammalian carnivores at Des Moines analysis) words, Beringian and Grey wolves were Further study revealed that these once covered the entire Northern University. Funding the same species, but due to exposure animals were likely to be megafaunal Hemisphere. A last ield session in 2017 National Science Foundation (NSF) promises to further explore how climate change in the late Pleistocene affected Dr Meachen believes the migration of these megafaunal populations. Beringian wolves into mid-continental America BRINGING THE ICE AGE TO SCHOOL Barefoot is an educational outreach may offer insights into the dispersion of the team looking to make science relatable Grey wolf – a species which once covered the for children. Founder James MacDiarid able to answer questions about how than ever to pique their curiosity about has dedicated a decade of his career to Q&A climate affects genes, morphology, the natural world and encourage them entire Northern Hemisphere bringing accurate science to students and the likelihood that a species will go to ask questions about how the world through videos and video-telecasting. What irst interested you in Natural extinct. around them works. I would really Barefoot’s goal is to encourage children Trap Cave (NTC)? love to inspire future generations of to ‘Imagine, learn and connect’ with I knew about NTC, but never gave it What can we learn about modern Grey scientists to carry on important work science using stories to explain complex much thought until I met my Co-PI Dr wolf populations from this research? on climate change and animal/habitat content. Alan Cooper at a group meeting at the Hopefully this work will give us insights extinctions. National Evolutionary Synthesis Center into when Grey wolves came into North In 2016, Barefoot were invited to join Dr in Durham, NC. He suggested we go America, and it has opened the door to What do you hope to achieve with Meachen and her collaborative team at back to NTC to get ancient DNA from questions about how widespread the your next excavation in 2017? NTC, where they held skype sessions the source. After that, it took us a few Beringian morph was in North America. We hoped to ill in some gaps in the with students in Australia and England, tries to get funding, but once we did, It makes me wonder if there are any living microfauna fossil record that we had bringing the excitement and wonder of the project was off and running. Grey wolves out there that may carry previously missed – and we collected the ice age directly into the classroom. some hidden Beringian alleles in their about 40 bags of cave dirt to do It is the hope of both Barefoot and How does your work at NTC change DNA. just that. Hopefully we will get the the NTC researchers, that by working our understanding of the current microfauna we need! We also were together to engage with students they extinction crisis and climate change? Why do you think it is important to looking for some good ancient DNA can provide an insight into how an Our work explores the link between engage children in science? specimens of wolves, coyotes, bison, excavation is carried out and what it is genetics, morphology, and the Children are the next generation of and horses – and I think we’ve also got like to uncover the bones of long dead environment.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ursus Americanus) Versus Brown Bears (U. Arctos
    East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 5-2017 Black Bears (Ursus americanus) versus Brown Bears (U. arctos): Combining Morphometrics and Niche Modeling to Differentiate Species and Predict Distributions Through Time Theron Michael Kantelis East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the Other Environmental Sciences Commons, Paleobiology Commons, and the Paleontology Commons Recommended Citation Kantelis, Theron Michael, "Black Bears (Ursus americanus) versus Brown Bears (U. arctos): Combining Morphometrics and Niche Modeling to Differentiate Species and Predict Distributions Through Time" (2017). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 3262. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3262 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Black Bears (Ursus americanus) versus Brown Bears (U. arctos): Combining Morphometrics and Niche Modeling to Differentiate Species and Predict Distributions Through Time A thesis presented to the faculty of the Department of Geosciences East Tennessee State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Geosciences _____________________
    [Show full text]
  • Dire Wolves Were the Last of an Ancient New World Canid Lineage Angela
    Dire wolves were the last of an ancient New World canid lineage Angela R. Perri1,*§, Kieren J. Mitchell2,*§, Alice Mouton3,*, Sandra Álvarez-Carretero4,*, Ardern Hulme-Beaman5,6, James Haile 7, Alexandra Jamieson7, Julie Meachen8, Audrey T. Lin7,9,10, Blaine W. Schubert11, Carly Ameen12, Ekaterina E. Antipina13, Pere Bover14, Selina Brace15, Alberto Carmagnini4, Christian Carøe16, Jose A. Samaniego Castruita16, James C. Chatters17, Keith Dobney5, Mario dos Reis4, Allowen Evin18, Philippe Gaubert19, Shyam Gopalakrishnan16, Graham Gower2, Holly Heiniger2, Kristofer M. Helgen20, Josh Kapp21, Pavel A. Kosintsev22,23, Anna Linderholm7, 24, Andrew T. Ozga25, 26, 27, Samantha Presslee28, Alexander T. Salis2, Nedda F. Saremi21, Colin Shew3, Katherine Skerry26, Dmitry E. Taranenko29, Mary Thompson30, Mikhail V. Sablin31,Yaroslav V. Kuzmin32, 33, Matthew J. Collins34, 35, Mikkel-Holger S. Sinding16, 36, M. Thomas P. Gilbert16, 37, Anne C. Stone25 ,26, Beth Shapiro21, 38, Blaire Van Valkenburgh3, Robert K. Wayne3, Greger Larson7, and Alan Cooper39, Laurent A. F. Frantz4, 40§. 1Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK 2Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Australia 3Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK 5Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK 6School of Natural Sciences and Psychology,
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Wolves Trace Their Origin to a Late Pleistocene Expansion from Beringia
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/370122; this version posted July 18, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Modern wolves trace their origin to a late Pleistocene expansion from Beringia 2 Liisa Loog1,2,3*, Olaf Thalmann4†, Mikkel-Holger S. Sinding5,6,7†, Verena J. Schuenemann8,9†, 3 Angela Perri10, Mietje Germonpré11, Herve Bocherens9,12, Kelsey E. Witt13, Jose A. 4 Samaniego Castruita5, Marcela S. Velasco5, Inge K. C. Lundstrøm5, Nathan Wales5, Gontran 5 Sonet15, Laurent Frantz2, Hannes Schroeder5,15, Jane Budd16, Elodie-Laure Jimenez 11, Sergey 6 Fedorov17, Boris Gasparyan18, Andrew W. Kandel19, Martina Lázničková-Galetová20,21,22, 7 Hannes Napierala23, Hans-Peter Uerpmann8, Pavel A. Nikolskiy24,25, Elena Y. Pavlova26,25, 8 Vladimir V. Pitulko25, Karl-Heinz Herzig4,27, Ripan S. Malhi26, Eske Willerslev2,5,29, Anders J. 9 Hansen5,7, Keith Dobney30,31,32, M. Thomas P. Gilbert5,33, Johannes Krause8,34, Greger 10 Larson1*, Anders Eriksson35,2*, Andrea Manica2* 11 12 *Corresponding Authors: L.L. ([email protected]), G.L. ([email protected]), 13 A.E. ([email protected]), A.M. ([email protected]) 14 15 †These authors contributed equally to this work 16 17 1 Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network Research Laboratory for 18 Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Dyson Perrins Building,
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Wolves Trace Their Origin to a Late Pleistocene Expansion from Beringia
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/370122; this version posted July 18, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Modern wolves trace their origin to a late Pleistocene expansion from Beringia 2 Liisa Loog1,2,3*, Olaf Thalmann4†, Mikkel-Holger S. Sinding5,6,7†, Verena J. Schuenemann8,9†, 3 Angela Perri10, Mietje Germonpré11, Herve Bocherens9,12, Kelsey E. Witt13, Jose A. 4 Samaniego Castruita5, Marcela S. Velasco5, Inge K. C. Lundstrøm5, Nathan Wales5, Gontran 5 Sonet15, Laurent Frantz2, Hannes Schroeder5,15, Jane Budd16, Elodie-Laure Jimenez 11, Sergey 6 Fedorov17, Boris Gasparyan18, Andrew W. Kandel19, Martina Lázničková-Galetová20,21,22, 7 Hannes Napierala23, Hans-Peter Uerpmann8, Pavel A. Nikolskiy24,25, Elena Y. Pavlova26,25, 8 Vladimir V. Pitulko25, Karl-Heinz Herzig4,27, Ripan S. Malhi26, Eske Willerslev2,5,29, Anders J. 9 Hansen5,7, Keith Dobney30,31,32, M. Thomas P. Gilbert5,33, Johannes Krause8,34, Greger 10 Larson1*, Anders Eriksson35,2*, Andrea Manica2* 11 12 *Corresponding Authors: L.L. ([email protected]), G.L. ([email protected]), 13 A.E. ([email protected]), A.M. ([email protected]) 14 15 †These authors contributed equally to this work 16 17 1 Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network Research Laboratory for 18 Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Dyson Perrins Building,
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolutionary Consequence of the Individualistic Response to Climate Change
    doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01859.x REVIEW The evolutionary consequence of the individualistic response to climate change J. R. STEWART Department of Palaeontology, Natural History Museum, London, UK Keywords: Abstract climate change; The Quaternary fossil record has abundant evidence for ecologically non- coevolution; analogue communities made up of combinations of modern taxa not seen in Gleasonian; sympatry today. A brief review of the literature detailing these nonanalogue nonanalogue ecology (no-analogue); communities is given with a discussion of their various proposed causes. The quaternary. individualistic, Gleasonian, response of species to climate and environmental change is favoured by many. The degree to which communities are nonanalogue appears to increase with greater time depth, and this progressive process is a necessary outcome of the individualistic response of species to climate change through time. In addition, it is noted that populations within species, as well as the species as a whole, respond individualistically. This paper proposes that many elements of nonanalogue communities are extinct populations, which may explain their environmentally anomalous combina- tions. These extinct populations are, by definition, lineages without descen- dents. It is further proposed that the differential extinction of populations, as a result of continuous ecological reassembly, could amount to a significant evolutionary phenomenon. greater time depth to the study of the evolution of Introduction organisms in relation to their changing ecologies. The role of ecology in species evolution has been viewed The Quaternary, the last 2.6 millions years, with its as critical since the time of Darwin and Wallace (Lack, regular and extreme climatic oscillations at different 1944; Schluter, 2000, 2001; Day & Young, 2004; amplitudes and the accompanying ecological variation McKinnon et al., 2004).
    [Show full text]
  • Dphil Thesis Geraldine Werhahn
    Phylogeny and Ecology of the Himalayan Wolf Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Zoology Geraldine Werhahn Wildlife Conservation Research Unit Department of Zoology University of Oxford Trinity Term 2019 Lady Margaret Hall Supervised by Professor David W. Macdonald, Professor Claudio Sillero-Zubiri & Doctor Helen Senn Dedicated to my mother Béatrice Werhahn and my father Peter Werhahn. Contents Abstract ..........................................................................................................................................7 Acknowledgements ..............................................................................................................12 List of original publications ...................................................................................................15 Author affiliations ..................................................................................................................19 Chapter 1. General Introduction ...................................................................................................21 Thesis objectives ..................................................................................................................31 Thesis structure ....................................................................................................................32 Study areas ..........................................................................................................................33 References ...........................................................................................................................38
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Dire Wolves Were the Last of an Ancient New World Canid Lineage 1
    1 Dire wolves were the last of an ancient New World canid lineage 2 3 Angela R. Perri1,*§, Kieren J. Mitchell2,*§, Alice Mouton3,*, Sandra Álvarez-Carretero4,*, Ardern 4 Hulme-Beaman5,6, James Haile 7, Alexandra Jamieson7, Julie Meachen8, Audrey T. Lin7,9,10, 5 Blaine W. Schubert11, Carly Ameen12, Ekaterina E. Antipina13, Pere Bover14, Selina Brace15, 6 Alberto Carmagnini4, Christian Carøe16, Jose A. Samaniego Castruita16, James C. Chatters17, 7 Keith Dobney5, Mario dos Reis4, Allowen Evin18, Philippe Gaubert19, Shyam Gopalakrishnan16, 8 Graham Gower2, Holly Heiniger2, Kristofer M. Helgen20, Josh Kapp21, Pavel A. Kosintsev22,23, 9 Anna Linderholm7, 24, Andrew T. Ozga25, 26, 27, Samantha Presslee28, Alexander T. Salis2, Nedda 10 F. Saremi21, Colin Shew3, Katherine Skerry26, Dmitry E. Taranenko29, Mary Thompson30, Mikhail 11 V. Sablin31,Yaroslav V. Kuzmin32, 33, Matthew J. Collins34, 35, Mikkel-Holger S. Sinding16, 36, M. 12 Thomas P. Gilbert16, 37, Anne C. Stone25 ,26, Beth Shapiro21, 38, Blaire Van Valkenburgh3, Robert 13 K. Wayne3, Greger Larson7, and Alan Cooper39, Laurent A. F. Frantz4, 40§. 14 15 1Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK 16 2Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, 17 Australia 18 3Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 19 USA 20 4School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK 21 5Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool,
    [Show full text]
  • Glacial Ice Ages
    JadeWyoming State State Mineral & Gem News Society, Inc. Award-Winning WSMGS Website: wsmgs.org Volume 2021, Issue # 1 Glacial Ice Ages By Emma Groeneveld Ancient History Encyclopedia* An ice age is a period in which the earth's climate is colder than normal, with ice sheets capping the poles and glaciers dominating higher altitudes. Within an ice age, there are varying pulses of colder and warmer climatic conditions, known as “glacials” and “interglacials.” Even within the interglacials, ice continues to cover at least one of the poles. In contrast, outside an ice age, temperatures are higher and more stable, and there is far less ice covering the WSMGS OFFICERS Earth. The Pleistocene Epoch is typically defined as the time period that began President: Jim Gray about 2.6 million years ago and lasted until about 11,700 years ago. The [email protected] Vice President: Linda Richendifer [email protected] Secretary: Leane Gray [email protected] Treasurer: Stan Strike [email protected] Historian: Roger McMannis [email protected] Woolly mammoth is the most recognized of the glacial ice-age animals. Credit: Yukon Beringia, https://beringia.com (Continued on Page 2) Jade State News Editor: Ilene Olson [email protected] Table of Contents Glacial Ice Ages...........................................................................................Page 1 RMFMS WY State Director: Natural Trap Cave........................................................................................Page 5 Jim Gray Wyoming Valley Glaciers............................................................................Page
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Modern Wolves Trace Their Origin to a Late Pleistocene Expansion from Beringia
    1 Modern wolves trace their origin to a late Pleistocene expansion from Beringia 2 Liisa Loog1,2,3*, Olaf Thalmann4†, Mikkel-Holger S. Sinding5,6,7†, Verena J. 3 Schuenemann8,9,10†, Angela Perri11, Mietje Germonpré12, Herve Bocherens9,13, Kelsey E. 4 Witt14, Jose A. Samaniego Castruita5, Marcela S. Velasco5, Inge K. C. Lundstrøm5, Nathan 5 Wales5, Gontran Sonet15, Laurent Frantz2, Hannes Schroeder5,16, Jane Budd17, Elodie-Laure 6 Jimenez 12, Sergey Fedorov18, Boris Gasparyan19, Andrew W. Kandel20, Martina Lázničková- 7 Galetová21,22,23, Hannes Napierala24, Hans-Peter Uerpmann8, Pavel A. Nikolskiy25,26, Elena Y. 8 Pavlova27,26, Vladimir V. Pitulko26, Karl-Heinz Herzig4,28, Ripan S. Malhi29, Eske 9 Willerslev2,5,30, Anders J. Hansen5,7, Keith Dobney31,32,33, M. Thomas P. Gilbert5,34, Johannes 10 Krause8,35, Greger Larson1*, Anders Eriksson36,2*, Andrea Manica2* 11 12 *Corresponding Authors: L.L. ([email protected]), G.L. ([email protected]), 13 A.E. ([email protected]), A.M. ([email protected]) 14 15 †These authors contributed equally to this work 16 17 1 Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network Research Laboratory for 18 Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks 19 Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK 20 2 Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, 21 UK 22 3 Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 23 University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK 24 4 Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of 25 Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland 26 5 Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 27 Øster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark 28 6 Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient DNA Suggests Modern Wolves Trace Their Origin to a Late Pleistocene Expansion from Beringia
    Ancient DNA suggests modern wolves trace their origin to a Late Pleistocene expansion from Beringia Loog, Liisa; Thalmann, Olaf; Sinding, Mikkel Holger S.; Schuenemann, Verena J.; Perri, Angela; Germonpré, Mietje; Bocherens, Hervé; Witt, Kelsey E.; Samaniego Castruita, Jose A.; Velasco, Marcela S.; Lundstrøm, Inge K.C.; Wales, Nathan; Sonet, Gontran; Frantz, Laurent; Schroeder, Hannes; Budd, Jane; Jimenez, Elodie Laure; Fedorov, Sergey; Gasparyan, Boris; Kandel, Andrew W.; Lázniková-Galetová, Martina; Napierala, Hannes; Uerpmann, Hans Peter; Nikolskiy, Pavel A.; Pavlova, Elena Y.; Pitulko, Vladimir V.; Herzig, Karl-Heinz; Malhi, Ripan S.; Willerslev, Eske; Hansen, Anders J.; Dobney, Keith; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Krause, Johannes; Larson, Greger; Eriksson, Anders; Manica, Andrea Published in: Molecular Ecology DOI: 10.1111/mec.15329 Publication date: 2020 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Document license: CC BY Citation for published version (APA): Loog, L., Thalmann, O., Sinding, M. H. S., Schuenemann, V. J., Perri, A., Germonpré, M., Bocherens, H., Witt, K. E., Samaniego Castruita, J. A., Velasco, M. S., Lundstrøm, I. K. C., Wales, N., Sonet, G., Frantz, L., Schroeder, H., Budd, J., Jimenez, E. L., Fedorov, S., Gasparyan, B., ... Manica, A. (2020). Ancient DNA suggests modern wolves trace their origin to a Late Pleistocene expansion from Beringia. Molecular Ecology, 29(9), 1596-1610. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15329 Download date: 23. sep.. 2021 Received: 5 October 2018 | Revised: 16 October 2019 | Accepted: 3 December 2019 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15329 FROM THE COVER Ancient DNA suggests modern wolves trace their origin to a Late Pleistocene expansion from Beringia Liisa Loog1,2,3,4 | Olaf Thalmann5 | Mikkel-Holger S.
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Wolves Trace Their Origin to a Late Pleistocene Expansion from Beringia”
    SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION FOR LOOG ET AL. 2017 “MODERN WOLVES TRACE THEIR ORIGIN TO A LATE PLEISTOCENE EXPANSION FROM BERINGIA” S1 – ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND AND SAMPLE INFORMATION 2 1.1 PALEONTOLOGICAL HISTORY OF GREY WOLVES 2 1.2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE DESCRIPTIONS 7 ARMENIA 7 BELGIUM 7 CZECH REPUBLIC 10 SWITZERLAND 10 RUSSIA 11 S2 – DNA EXTRACTION, SEQUENCING AND BIOINFORMATICS. 23 2.1 DNA EXTRACTIONS 23 2.2 LIBRARY PREPARATION 24 2.3 SEQUENCE GENERATION 27 2.4 RAW SEQUENCE DATA PROCESSING 28 2.5. MOLECULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF NEWLY GENERATED, ANCIENT SEQUENCES 30 Table S2 31 Figure S1 32 Figure S2 33 S3 – DATA ANALYSES & RESULTS 36 3.1 BEAST ANALYSES & RESULTS 36 PARTITION FINDER 36 Table S3 36 MUTATION RATE CALCULATION 37 INPUT FILE SETTINGS 37 PRIORS 38 MCMC CHAIN 38 BEAST RESULTS 38 Table S4 39 Table S5 39 3.2 SPATIAL MODELLING RESULTS 39 Table S6 39 Table S7 40 Table S8 40 3.3 SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURES 42 Figure S3 42 Figure S4 43 Figure S5 44 Figure S6 45 Figure S7 46 Figure S8 47 Figure S9 48 Figure S10 49 Figure S11 50 Figure S12 51 Figure S13 52 Figure S14 53 Figure S15 54 Figure S16 55 1 S1 – Archaeological Background and Sample Information 1.1 Paleontological history of grey wolves Grey wolves (Canis lupus) are a highly adaptable species, able to live in a range of environments and with a wide natural distribution. Studies of modern grey wolves have found distinct subpopulations living in close proximity (Musani et al., 2007; Schweizer et al., 2016). This variation is closely linked to differences in habitat - specifically precipitation, temperature, vegetation, and prey specialization, which particularly affect cranio-dental plasticity (Geffen et al., 2004; Pilot et al., 2006; Flower and Schreve, 2014; Leonard, 2015).
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Wolves Trace Their Origin to a Late Pleistocene Expansion from Beringia
    bioRxiv preprint first posted online Jul. 18, 2018; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/370122. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Modern wolves trace their origin to a late Pleistocene expansion from Beringia 2 Liisa Loog1,2,3*, Olaf Thalmann4†, Mikkel-Holger S. Sinding5,6,7†, Verena J. Schuenemann8,9†, 3 Angela Perri10, Mietje Germonpré11, Herve Bocherens9,12, Kelsey E. Witt13, Jose A. 4 Samaniego Castruita5, Marcela S. Velasco5, Inge K. C. Lundstrøm5, Nathan Wales5, Gontran 5 Sonet15, Laurent Frantz2, Hannes Schroeder5,15, Jane Budd16, Elodie-Laure Jimenez 11, Sergey 6 Fedorov17, Boris Gasparyan18, Andrew W. Kandel19, Martina Lázničková-Galetová20,21,22, 7 Hannes Napierala23, Hans-Peter Uerpmann8, Pavel A. Nikolskiy24,25, Elena Y. Pavlova26,25, 8 Vladimir V. Pitulko25, Karl-Heinz Herzig4,27, Ripan S. Malhi26, Eske Willerslev2,5,29, Anders J. 9 Hansen5,7, Keith Dobney30,31,32, M. Thomas P. Gilbert5,33, Johannes Krause8,34, Greger 10 Larson1*, Anders Eriksson35,2*, Andrea Manica2* 11 12 *Corresponding Authors: L.L. ([email protected]), G.L. ([email protected]), 13 A.E. ([email protected]), A.M. ([email protected]) 14 15 †These authors contributed equally to this work 16 17 1 Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network Research Laboratory for 18 Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks 19 Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK 20 2 Department of Zoology, University
    [Show full text]