Mapping of Agricultural Residues Potential: Example of Konya Province in Turkey
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IAR Journal of Agriculture Research and Life Sciences ISSN Print : 2708-5090 | ISSN Online : 2708-5104 Frequency : Monthly Language : English Origin : Kenya Website : https://www.iarconsortium.org/journal-info/iarjals Research Article Mapping of Agricultural Residues Potential: Example of Konya Province in Turkey Article History Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the biomass potential and the energy value, being produced from agricultural residues in Konya province. Received: 14.11. 2020 Konya is a province of Turkey on the Central Anatolian region. Konya province is Revision: 22. 11. 2020 divided into 31 districts. Konya is the province with the largest agricultural land Accepted: 24. 12 .2020 in Turkey with 1,886,795 hectares. The amounts of residues from the agricultural Published: 29. 12. 2020 crops cultivated in Konya province were calculated using production data of crops Author Details with Turkish Statistical Institute for the 2018 seasonal years. The annual gross Cengiz Karaca potential of agricultural residues was determined by using residue to product ratio. Authors Affiliations The energy potential of residues for each districts was calculated by multiplication of the calorific values of agricultural residues with the available residue amount. Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Department -1 of Biosystems Engineering, Hatay, Turkey The total amount of agricultural residues was approximately 2228 kt.year . It was Corresponding Author* found that the total calorific value of the agricultural residues was around 38.40 PJ.year-1 for the production period of 2018 in the province. When districts put in Cengiz Karaca order according to the amount of agricultural residues, the top five districts of How to Cite the Article: Konya are Karapınar (343.34 kt), Karatay (329.48 kt), Çumra (325.88 kt), Cengiz Karaca (2020); Mapping of Altınekin (213.52 kt) and Cihanbeyli (189.96 kt). The major crops included in the Agricultural Residues Potential: Example of ratio of the total calorific value were maize (51.0%), grains straw (26.0%) and Konya Province in Turkey . IAR J Agri Res sunflower (20.3%). Life Sci, 1(7) 205-211 Copyright @ 2020: This is an open-access article Keywords: Biomass Energy, Agricultural Residues, Konya, Turkey distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction INTRODUCTION in any medium for non commercial use (NonCommercial, or CC-BY-NC) provided the Energy is central to economic development, and there is a clear original author and source are credited. correlation between energy consumption and living standards. Energy sources are split into three categories: fossil fuels, renewable sources and nuclear sources (Karaca, 2015). Fossil fuels are limited resources, collected in few regional areas of the world. Turkey is an agricultural country; moreover, it has significant forestry potential, especially in the Central Anatolia, Çukurova, and Southern Anatolia regions. Agricultural waste is a major source of biomass due to its high potential (Karaca and Başçetinçelik, 2014). Biomass energy includes agricultural residues, domestic waste, fuelwood, animal waste and other fuel derived from biological sources (Başçetinçelik et. al. 2006). Agricultural residues are defined as a biomass by- product from the agricultural system and include straws, husks, shells, and stalks. These residues can be divided into two groups: crop residues, which remain in the field after harvest including cotton stalk, and agricultural residues, which are the by-products of the industrial processing of crops such as rice husk (Karaca, 2015). This study aimed to determine the biomass potential and the energy value, being produced from agricultural residues in Konya province. The major benefits are environmental and relate to the reduction of GHG emissions, conservation of natural resources, and avoidance of fossil fuel consumption. They are complemented by economic benefits (reduction of imported fuel consumption), regional development and investment increase. MATERIALS AND METHODS Konya is a province of Turkey on the Central Anatolia Region. Konya province is divided into 31 districts, three of which (Karatay, Meram and Selçuklu) are included in the municipality of Center district. Other districts include Ahırlı, Akören, Akşehir, Altınekin, Beyşehir, Bozkır, Çeltik, Cihanbeyli, Çumra, Derbent, Derebucak, Doğanhisar, Emirgazi, Ereğli, Güneysınır, Hadim, Halkapınar, Hüyük, Ilgın, Kadınhanı, Karapınar, Kulu, Sarayönü, Seydişehir, Taşkent, Tuzlukçu, Yalıhüyük, Yunak. 205 Cengiz Karaca; IAR J Agri Res Life Sci; Vol-1, Iss-7 (Dec -2020): 205-211 Konya is the province with the largest agricultural where (AAR)i is the available amount of agricultural th land in Turkey with 1,886,795 hectares. Field crops residues of i crop in ton, (AAP)i the amount of constitute 75% of the agricultural land and fruit, agricultural product in tons or number of tree for th vegetable and fallow lands constitute the rest. Grains pruning wastes, (RPR)i residue-to product ratio of the i crops have the most important place regarding crop and (A)i the availability of residues. production area and amount of product in the production of agricultural products of Konya. Wheat, The residues are material left over the field after barley, maize, sunflower, chickpea, apple and sour agricultural production. Some agricultural residues have cherry are the prominent products in the province. already been used for domestic purposes, heating, (TUIK, 2018a) animal fodder, bedding. Mainly residues from the production of industrial, agricultural products are left The amounts of residues from the crops cultivated in over the field. The species are maize stalk, sunflower Konya province were calculated using production data stalk, cereal straw, pruning, etc. of crops with Turkish Statistical Institute for the 2018 seasonal years (TUIK, 2018b). The annual gross The energy potential of residues for each district potential of agricultural residues was determined by was calculated by multiplication of the heating values using residue to product ratio (RPR) (Table1). of a selection of agricultural residues which was taken heating value per each residue (Table 1) with the The net potential of residues was determined by available residue amount (Eq. 2). using the availability of residues. The availability of residues is unused and completely wastes part of (THV)i = (AAR)i x (LHV)i residues (Table1). The available potential of the (2) agricultural residues in each district of Konya was calculated based on the Eq.1. where (THV)i the total heating value of agricultural th residues of i crop in GJ, (AAR)i is the available amount th (AAR)i = (AAP)i x (RPR)i x (A)i of agricultural residues of i crop in tons and (LHV)i (1) lower heating value of air-dry residues of ith crop in MJ kg-1. Table 1. The ratio of product to residue, availability and heating values of a selection of agricultural crop residues (Başçetinçelik et. al., 2006; Bilandzija et. al., 2012; Karaca, 2015) Ratio of Product to Availability Heating Value Residue (LHV) (MJ kg- Field Crops Residues (RPR) (A) (%) 1) Wheat Straw 1.24 15 17.9 Barley Straw 1.21 15 17.5 Rye Straw 1.43 15 17.5 Oats Straw 1.24 15 17.4 Chickpea Straw 1.10 60 18.1 Stalk 1.30 60 18.5 Maize Cob 0.30 60 18.4 Sunflower Stalk 3.00 60 14.2 206 Cengiz Karaca; IAR J Agri Res Life Sci; Vol-1, Iss-7 (Dec -2020): 205-211 Fruits Crops Apple Pruning 2.5* 80 17.0 Apricot Pruning 6.0* 80 19.3 Cherries Pruning 5.0* 80 19.0 Walnut Pruning 10.0* 50 19.0 Almond Pruning 7.0* 80 18.4 Peach Pruning 8.0* 80 19.4 * RPR kg/tree RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The energy content of the selected products for each The total amount of agricultural residues, including district was calculated using the above equations. For annual crop residues (grains, chickpea, maize, each district, the calculated values that the total amount sunflower) and perennial residues (tree pruning) were and the total energy potential of agricultural crop calculated to be about 2,227.85 thousand tons in Konya residues were mapped using the GIS software. The (Table 2). Its distribution by the source is field crops produced maps were provided to see more clearly in the (98.8%) and fruit crops (1.2%). Major crops that differences of data among the districts. The mapping included in the ratio of the total residue amount are can provide the rise of public awareness and policy- maize (47.6%), sunflower (24.6%), wheat (17.0%), makers’ reference about these subjects. barley (7.7%), and chickpea (1.4%). Table2. The amount of agricultural product and available residues of Konya Field Crops Amount of Agricultural Residues Available Residues Product (AAP) (tons) (AAR) (tons) Wheat 2,037,939 Straw 379,057 Barley 949,857 Straw 172,399 Rye 32,267 Straw 6,897 Oats 13,556 Straw 2,511 Chickpea 48,827 Straw 32,226 Maize 1,104,253 Stalk 861,317 Cob 198,766 Sunflower 304,737 Stalk 548,527 Fruits Crops Number of trees Residues Available Residues (AAR) (tons) Apple 6,082,819 Pruning 12,166 Apricot 158,220 Pruning 759 Cherries 2,699,353 Pruning 10,797 Walnut 169,970 Pruning 850 Almond 146,667 Pruning 821 Peach 118,176 Pruning 756 TOTAL 2,227,849 When all districts of Konya are aligned according to the amounts of residue, an alignment is as in Table 3. Also, the distribution map of agricultural residues which mapped using a GIS Software for each district was given Figure1. 207 Cengiz Karaca; IAR J Agri Res Life Sci; Vol-1, Iss-7 (Dec -2020): 205-211 Table 3. The