Implementation of Lightweight Encryption Algorithm LEA
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Zero Correlation Linear Cryptanalysis on LEA Family Ciphers
Journal of Communications Vol. 11, No. 7, July 2016 Zero Correlation Linear Cryptanalysis on LEA Family Ciphers Kai Zhang, Jie Guan, and Bin Hu Information Science and Technology Institute, Zhengzhou 450000, China Email: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract—In recent two years, zero correlation linear Zero correlation linear cryptanalysis was firstly cryptanalysis has shown its great potential in cryptanalysis and proposed by Andrey Bogdanov and Vicent Rijmen in it has proven to be effective against massive ciphers. LEA is a 2011 [2], [3]. Generally speaking, this cryptanalytic block cipher proposed by Deukjo Hong, who is the designer of method can be concluded as “use linear approximation of an ISO standard block cipher - HIGHT. This paper evaluates the probability 1/2 to eliminate the wrong key candidates”. security level on LEA family ciphers against zero correlation linear cryptanalysis. Firstly, we identify some 9-round zero However, in this basic model of zero correlation linear correlation linear hulls for LEA. Accordingly, we propose a cryptanalysis, the data complexity is about half of the full distinguishing attack on all variants of 9-round LEA family code book. The high data complexity greatly limits the ciphers. Then we propose the first zero correlation linear application of this new method. In FSE 2012, multiple cryptanalysis on 13-round LEA-192 and 14-round LEA-256. zero correlation linear cryptanalysis [4] was proposed For 13-round LEA-192, we propose a key recovery attack with which use multiple zero correlation linear approximations time complexity of 2131.30 13-round LEA encryptions, data to reduce the data complexity. -
On the NIST Lightweight Cryptography Standardization
On the NIST Lightweight Cryptography Standardization Meltem S¨onmez Turan NIST Lightweight Cryptography Team ECC 2019: 23rd Workshop on Elliptic Curve Cryptography December 2, 2019 Outline • NIST's Cryptography Standards • Overview - Lightweight Cryptography • NIST Lightweight Cryptography Standardization Process • Announcements 1 NIST's Cryptography Standards National Institute of Standards and Technology • Non-regulatory federal agency within U.S. Department of Commerce. • Founded in 1901, known as the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) prior to 1988. • Headquarters in Gaithersburg, Maryland, and laboratories in Boulder, Colorado. • Employs around 6,000 employees and associates. NIST's Mission to promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve our quality of life. 2 NIST Organization Chart Laboratory Programs Computer Security Division • Center for Nanoscale Science and • Cryptographic Technology Technology • Secure Systems and Applications • Communications Technology Lab. • Security Outreach and Integration • Engineering Lab. • Security Components and Mechanisms • Information Technology Lab. • Security Test, Validation and • Material Measurement Lab. Measurements • NIST Center for Neutron Research • Physical Measurement Lab. Information Technology Lab. • Advanced Network Technologies • Applied and Computational Mathematics • Applied Cybersecurity • Computer Security • Information Access • Software and Systems • Statistical -
LEA 192: High Speed Architecture of Lightweight Block Cipher
International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-9 Issue-2S, December 2019 LEA 192: High Speed Architecture of Lightweight Block Cipher Zeesha Mishra, Shubham Mishra, Bibhudendra Acharya The communication among connected things must be secure Abstract: High-throughput lightweight cryptography and fast while processing confidential data. Due to a calculation is the need of the present world to convey between two substantial amount of sensitive and valuable data and low asset obliged devices Pipelining is the technique have been used computational resources in the network, it has become to achieve high throughput. In this paper we have target to cumbersome to provide security in the IoT[2]. lightweight block cipher LEA. Block size of LEA is 128 and key Resource-constrained applications comprising of sensor size 128, 192, and 256 bit. In this paper we have focus on LEA architecture for 192- bit key size and achieve very good nodes in wireless sensor networks, RFID tags require smaller throughput. This method has a higher capability of throughput as footprint with minimum battery consumption. compared to previous LEA ciphers. Proposed work is 56% LEA[3] is a lightweight block cipher. LEA has 128-bit improved version of compared paper for respective Speed and block size with 128, 192, 256-bit key sizes and rounds 24, 28 area also less than previous architecture. Graph representation and 32 respectively. LEA supports simple ARX (addition have been shown of different matrices and comparison. rotation XOR ) operation, LEA is not using complex S-box Keywords : ARX, Block Cipher, Cryptography, LEA, structure like AES [4] hence it will give high-speed Lightweight, Pipeline, Throughput. -
State of the Art in Lightweight Symmetric Cryptography
State of the Art in Lightweight Symmetric Cryptography Alex Biryukov1 and Léo Perrin2 1 SnT, CSC, University of Luxembourg, [email protected] 2 SnT, University of Luxembourg, [email protected] Abstract. Lightweight cryptography has been one of the “hot topics” in symmetric cryptography in the recent years. A huge number of lightweight algorithms have been published, standardized and/or used in commercial products. In this paper, we discuss the different implementation constraints that a “lightweight” algorithm is usually designed to satisfy. We also present an extensive survey of all lightweight symmetric primitives we are aware of. It covers designs from the academic community, from government agencies and proprietary algorithms which were reverse-engineered or leaked. Relevant national (nist...) and international (iso/iec...) standards are listed. We then discuss some trends we identified in the design of lightweight algorithms, namely the designers’ preference for arx-based and bitsliced-S-Box-based designs and simple key schedules. Finally, we argue that lightweight cryptography is too large a field and that it should be split into two related but distinct areas: ultra-lightweight and IoT cryptography. The former deals only with the smallest of devices for which a lower security level may be justified by the very harsh design constraints. The latter corresponds to low-power embedded processors for which the Aes and modern hash function are costly but which have to provide a high level security due to their greater connectivity. Keywords: Lightweight cryptography · Ultra-Lightweight · IoT · Internet of Things · SoK · Survey · Standards · Industry 1 Introduction The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the foremost buzzwords in computer science and information technology at the time of writing. -
Tongan Ways of Talking
TONGAN WAYS OF TALKING MELENAITE TAUMOEFOLAU University of Auckland Some excellent work has been published on Tongan speech levels from a sociolinguistic perspective (e.g., Philips 1991). The purpose of this article is to contribute to the literature by describing some important, not previously well-described features of ways of talking (WOT) in Tongan. I will use as my theoretical framework George Grace’s theory of language; he argued that a language is “a generalized way of talking about things” (Grace 1987: 99), a device for saying things, and it is, in turn, made up of “conventionalized ways of talking about consecrated subject-matters” (p. 103). In this article I will distinguish the following “ways of talking” (WOT):1 WOT 1. lea fakatu‘i—way of talking to or about the monarch/king (tu‘i) WOT 2. lea fakahouhou‘eiki—way of talking to or about chiefly people (hou‘eiki) WOT 3. lea fakamatäpule—polite way of talking that is characteristic of titled orators (matäpule) WOT 4. lea fakatökilalo / faka‘aki‘akimui—self-derogatory way of talking when addressing those of higher rank WOT 5. lea tavale—way of talking to a person with whom one is familiar or with whom one is socially equal, or way of talking to or about commoners (tu‘a) WOT 6. lea ‘ita—abusive way of talking Here I make four main claims about Tongan ways of talking: • The number of registers described for Tongan has been underestimated. I distinguish six (above) instead of the three that are traditionally described: of king—tu‘i, of chiefs—hou‘eiki, of commoners—tu‘a. -
Partly-Pseudo-Linear Cryptanalysis of Reduced-Round SPECK
cryptography Article Partly-Pseudo-Linear Cryptanalysis of Reduced-Round SPECK Sarah A. Alzakari * and Poorvi L. Vora Department of Computer Science, The George Washington University, 800 22nd St. NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: We apply McKay’s pseudo-linear approximation of addition modular 2n to lightweight ARX block ciphers with large words, specifically the SPECK family. We demonstrate that a pseudo- linear approximation can be combined with a linear approximation using the meet-in-the-middle attack technique to recover several key bits. Thus we illustrate improvements to SPECK linear distinguishers based solely on Cho–Pieprzyk approximations by combining them with pseudo-linear approximations, and propose key recovery attacks. Keywords: SPECK; pseudo-linear cryptanalysis; linear cryptanalysis; partly-pseudo-linear attack 1. Introduction ARX block ciphers—which rely on Addition-Rotation-XOR operations performed a number of times—provide a common approach to lightweight cipher design. In June 2013, a group of inventors from the US’s National Security Agency (NSA) proposed two families of lightweight block ciphers, SIMON and SPECK—each of which comes in a variety of widths and key sizes. The SPECK cipher, as an ARX cipher, provides efficient software implementations, while SIMON provides efficient hardware implementations. Moreover, both families perform well in both hardware and software and offer the flexibility across Citation: Alzakari, S.; Vora, P. different platforms that will be required by future applications [1,2]. In this paper, we focus Partly-Pseudo-Linear Cryptanalysis on the SPECK family as an example lightweight ARX block cipher to illustrate our attack. -
Triathlon of Lightweight Block Ciphers for the Internet of Things
Triathlon of Lightweight Block Ciphers for the Internet of Things Daniel Dinu, Yann Le Corre, Dmitry Khovratovich, Léo Perrin, Johann Großschädl, and Alex Biryukov SnT and CSC, University of Luxembourg Maison du Nombre, 6, Avenue de la Fonte, L–4364 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg {dumitru-daniel.dinu,yann.lecorre,dmitry.khovratovich,leo.perrin}@uni.lu {johann.groszschaedl,alex.biryukov}@uni.lu Abstract. In this paper we introduce a framework for the benchmarking of lightweight block ciphers on a multitude of embedded platforms. Our framework is able to evaluate the execution time, RAM footprint, as well as binary code size, and allows one to define a custom “figure of merit” according to which all evaluated candidates can be ranked. We used the framework to benchmark implementations of 19 lightweight ciphers, namely AES, Chaskey, Fantomas, HIGHT, LBlock, LEA, LED, Piccolo, PRE- SENT, PRIDE, PRINCE, RC5, RECTANGLE, RoadRunneR, Robin, Simon, SPARX, Speck, and TWINE, on three microcontroller platforms: 8-bit AVR, 16-bit MSP430, and 32-bit ARM. Our results bring some new insights to the question of how well these lightweight ciphers are suited to secure the Internet of Things (IoT). The benchmarking framework provides cipher designers with an easy-to-use tool to compare new algorithms with the state-of-the-art and allows standardization organizations to conduct a fair and consistent evaluation of a large number of candidates. Keywords: IoT, lightweight cryptography, block ciphers, evaluation framework, benchmarking. 1 Introduction The Internet of Things (IoT) is a frequently-used term to describe the currently ongoing evolution of the Internet into a network of smart objects (“things”) with the ability to communicate with each other and to access centralized resources via the IPv6 (resp. -
BRISK: Dynamic Encryption Based Cipher for Long Term Security
sensors Article BRISK: Dynamic Encryption Based Cipher for Long Term Security Ashutosh Dhar Dwivedi Cyber Security Section, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; [email protected] or [email protected] Abstract: Several emerging areas like the Internet of Things, sensor networks, healthcare and dis- tributed networks feature resource-constrained devices that share secure and privacy-preserving data to accomplish some goal. The majority of standard cryptographic algorithms do not fit with these constrained devices due to heavy cryptographic components. In this paper, a new block cipher, BRISK, is proposed with a block size of 32-bit. The cipher design is straightforward due to simple round operations, and these operations can be efficiently run in hardware and suitable for software. Another major concept used with this cipher is dynamism during encryption for each session; that is, instead of using the same encryption algorithm, participants use different ciphers for each session. Professor Lars R. Knudsen initially proposed dynamic encryption in 2015, where the sender picks a cipher from a large pool of ciphers to encrypt the data and send it along with the encrypted message. The receiver does not know about the encryption technique used before receiving the cipher along with the message. However, in the proposed algorithm, instead of choosing a new cipher, the process uses the same cipher for each session, but varies the cipher specifications from a given small pool, e.g., the number of rounds, cipher components, etc. Therefore, the dynamism concept is used here in a different way. -
Ten Strategies of a World-Class Cybersecurity Operations Center Conveys MITRE’S Expertise on Accumulated Expertise on Enterprise-Grade Computer Network Defense
Bleed rule--remove from file Bleed rule--remove from file MITRE’s accumulated Ten Strategies of a World-Class Cybersecurity Operations Center conveys MITRE’s expertise on accumulated expertise on enterprise-grade computer network defense. It covers ten key qualities enterprise- grade of leading Cybersecurity Operations Centers (CSOCs), ranging from their structure and organization, computer MITRE network to processes that best enable effective and efficient operations, to approaches that extract maximum defense Ten Strategies of a World-Class value from CSOC technology investments. This book offers perspective and context for key decision Cybersecurity Operations Center points in structuring a CSOC and shows how to: • Find the right size and structure for the CSOC team Cybersecurity Operations Center a World-Class of Strategies Ten The MITRE Corporation is • Achieve effective placement within a larger organization that a not-for-profit organization enables CSOC operations that operates federally funded • Attract, retain, and grow the right staff and skills research and development • Prepare the CSOC team, technologies, and processes for agile, centers (FFRDCs). FFRDCs threat-based response are unique organizations that • Architect for large-scale data collection and analysis with a assist the U.S. government with limited budget scientific research and analysis, • Prioritize sensor placement and data feed choices across development and acquisition, enteprise systems, enclaves, networks, and perimeters and systems engineering and integration. We’re proud to have If you manage, work in, or are standing up a CSOC, this book is for you. served the public interest for It is also available on MITRE’s website, www.mitre.org. more than 50 years. -
Differential Fault Attack On
Differential Fault Attack on LEA Dirmanto Jap1 and Jakub Breier2 1School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University, Singapore [email protected] 2Physical Analysis and Cryptographic Engineering Temasek Laboratories at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore [email protected] Abstract. LEA is a symmetric block cipher proposed in 2014. It uses ARX design and its main advantage is the possibility of a fast software implementation on common computing platforms. In this paper we propose a Differential Fault Analysis attack on LEA. By injecting random bit faults in the last round and in the penultimate round, we were able to recover the secret key by using 258 faulty encryp- tions in average. If the position of faults is known, then only 62 faulty encryptions are needed in order to recover the key which surpasses the results achieved so far. Keywords: LEA, Fault Attack, DFA 1 Introduction Today's applications require efficient ciphers that can run on small devices with constrained computing power. Recent trends show an increasing number of ser- vices intended for Internet of Things [8, 5] requiring both high level of security and fast running speed on embedded devices. For such applications, lightweight cryptography is an ideal choice. LEA [6] is a symmetric block cipher, using the ARX design (modular Ad- dition, bitwise Rotation, and bitwise XOR). It offers fast software encryption, comparable to lightweight ciphers, and comes in the same key size variants as AES. There is an exhaustive security analysis report published by Bogdanov et al. [2], stating that the cipher is secure against known cryptanalysis attacks. -
A Survey of ARX-Based Symmetric-Key Primitives
397 International Journal of Communication Networks and Information Security (IJCNIS) Vol. 11, No. 3, December 2019 A Survey of ARX-based Symmetric-key Primitives Nur Fasihah Mohd Esa1, Shekh Faisal Abdul-Latip1 and Mohd Rizuan Baharon1 1INSFORNET Centre for Advanced Computing Technology, Fakulti Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Abstract: Addition Rotation XOR is suitable for fast and fast software-oriented implementation. Nevertheless, the implementation symmetric –key primitives, such as stream and security properties are still not well studied in literature as block ciphers. This paper presents a review of several block and compared to SPN and Feistel ciphers. stream ciphers based on ARX construction followed by the Observation of addition from [4]: First, addition modulo discussion on the security analysis of symmetric key primitives n where the best attack for every cipher was carried out. We 2 on the window can be approximated by addition modulo benchmark the implementation on software and hardware platforms according to the evaluation metrics. Therefore, this paper aims at . Second, this addition gives a perfect approximation if providing a reference for a better selection of ARX design strategy. the carry into the window is estimated correctly. The probability distribution of the carry is generated, depending Keywords: ARX, cryptography, cryptanalysis, design, stream on the probability of approximation correctness. The ciphers, block ciphers. probability of the carry is independent of w; in fact, for 1. Introduction uniformly distributed addends it is , where The rapid development of today’s computing technology has is the position of the least significant bit in the window. made computer devices became smaller which in turn poses Thirdly, the probability of correctness for a random guess of a challenge to their security aspects. -
Data Security Collection with LEA Cipher for Iot-Based Monitoring
EasyChair Preprint № 1421 Data Security Collection With LEA Cipher For IoT-Based Monitoring Xuelan Yang and Tao Hai EasyChair preprints are intended for rapid dissemination of research results and are integrated with the rest of EasyChair. August 25, 2019 Data Security Collection With LEA Cipher For IoT- Based Monitoring 1 2 Xuelan Yang , Tao Hai 1 Baoji University of Art and Science, Shaanxi, China 2 Baoji University of Art and Science, Shaanxi, China Abstract. There are tremendous security concerns with patient health monitoring sensors in Internet of Things (IoT). The concerns are also realized by recent sophisticated security and privacy attacks, including data breaching, data integrity, and data collusion. Conventional solutions often offer security to patients health monitoring data during the communication. However, they often fail to deal with complicated attacks at the time of data conversion into cipher and after the cipher transmission. In this paper, we first study privacy and security concerns with health-care data acquisition and then transmission. Then, we propose a secure data collection scheme for IoT-based healthcare system named SecureData with the aim to tackle security concerns similar to the above. SecureData scheme is composed of four layers: 1) IoT network sensors/devices; 2) Fog layers; 3) cloud computing layer; and 4) healthcare provider layer. We mainly contribute to the first three layers. For the first two layers, SecureData includes two techniques: 1) light-weight field programmable gate array (FPGA) hardware-based cipher algorithm and 2) secret cipher share algorithm. We study KATAN algorithm and we implement and optimize it on the FPGA hardware platform, while we use the idea of secret cipher sharing technique to protect patients’ data privacy.