A 128-Bit Block Cipher for Fast Encryption on Common Processors
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A Quantitative Study of Advanced Encryption Standard Performance
United States Military Academy USMA Digital Commons West Point ETD 12-2018 A Quantitative Study of Advanced Encryption Standard Performance as it Relates to Cryptographic Attack Feasibility Daniel Hawthorne United States Military Academy, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usmalibrary.org/faculty_etd Part of the Information Security Commons Recommended Citation Hawthorne, Daniel, "A Quantitative Study of Advanced Encryption Standard Performance as it Relates to Cryptographic Attack Feasibility" (2018). West Point ETD. 9. https://digitalcommons.usmalibrary.org/faculty_etd/9 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by USMA Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in West Point ETD by an authorized administrator of USMA Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD PERFORMANCE AS IT RELATES TO CRYPTOGRAPHIC ATTACK FEASIBILITY A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Computer Science By Daniel Stephen Hawthorne Colorado Technical University December, 2018 Committee Dr. Richard Livingood, Ph.D., Chair Dr. Kelly Hughes, DCS, Committee Member Dr. James O. Webb, Ph.D., Committee Member December 17, 2018 © Daniel Stephen Hawthorne, 2018 1 Abstract The advanced encryption standard (AES) is the premier symmetric key cryptosystem in use today. Given its prevalence, the security provided by AES is of utmost importance. Technology is advancing at an incredible rate, in both capability and popularity, much faster than its rate of advancement in the late 1990s when AES was selected as the replacement standard for DES. Although the literature surrounding AES is robust, most studies fall into either theoretical or practical yet infeasible. -
Zero Correlation Linear Cryptanalysis on LEA Family Ciphers
Journal of Communications Vol. 11, No. 7, July 2016 Zero Correlation Linear Cryptanalysis on LEA Family Ciphers Kai Zhang, Jie Guan, and Bin Hu Information Science and Technology Institute, Zhengzhou 450000, China Email: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract—In recent two years, zero correlation linear Zero correlation linear cryptanalysis was firstly cryptanalysis has shown its great potential in cryptanalysis and proposed by Andrey Bogdanov and Vicent Rijmen in it has proven to be effective against massive ciphers. LEA is a 2011 [2], [3]. Generally speaking, this cryptanalytic block cipher proposed by Deukjo Hong, who is the designer of method can be concluded as “use linear approximation of an ISO standard block cipher - HIGHT. This paper evaluates the probability 1/2 to eliminate the wrong key candidates”. security level on LEA family ciphers against zero correlation linear cryptanalysis. Firstly, we identify some 9-round zero However, in this basic model of zero correlation linear correlation linear hulls for LEA. Accordingly, we propose a cryptanalysis, the data complexity is about half of the full distinguishing attack on all variants of 9-round LEA family code book. The high data complexity greatly limits the ciphers. Then we propose the first zero correlation linear application of this new method. In FSE 2012, multiple cryptanalysis on 13-round LEA-192 and 14-round LEA-256. zero correlation linear cryptanalysis [4] was proposed For 13-round LEA-192, we propose a key recovery attack with which use multiple zero correlation linear approximations time complexity of 2131.30 13-round LEA encryptions, data to reduce the data complexity. -
On the NIST Lightweight Cryptography Standardization
On the NIST Lightweight Cryptography Standardization Meltem S¨onmez Turan NIST Lightweight Cryptography Team ECC 2019: 23rd Workshop on Elliptic Curve Cryptography December 2, 2019 Outline • NIST's Cryptography Standards • Overview - Lightweight Cryptography • NIST Lightweight Cryptography Standardization Process • Announcements 1 NIST's Cryptography Standards National Institute of Standards and Technology • Non-regulatory federal agency within U.S. Department of Commerce. • Founded in 1901, known as the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) prior to 1988. • Headquarters in Gaithersburg, Maryland, and laboratories in Boulder, Colorado. • Employs around 6,000 employees and associates. NIST's Mission to promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve our quality of life. 2 NIST Organization Chart Laboratory Programs Computer Security Division • Center for Nanoscale Science and • Cryptographic Technology Technology • Secure Systems and Applications • Communications Technology Lab. • Security Outreach and Integration • Engineering Lab. • Security Components and Mechanisms • Information Technology Lab. • Security Test, Validation and • Material Measurement Lab. Measurements • NIST Center for Neutron Research • Physical Measurement Lab. Information Technology Lab. • Advanced Network Technologies • Applied and Computational Mathematics • Applied Cybersecurity • Computer Security • Information Access • Software and Systems • Statistical -
LEA 192: High Speed Architecture of Lightweight Block Cipher
International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-9 Issue-2S, December 2019 LEA 192: High Speed Architecture of Lightweight Block Cipher Zeesha Mishra, Shubham Mishra, Bibhudendra Acharya The communication among connected things must be secure Abstract: High-throughput lightweight cryptography and fast while processing confidential data. Due to a calculation is the need of the present world to convey between two substantial amount of sensitive and valuable data and low asset obliged devices Pipelining is the technique have been used computational resources in the network, it has become to achieve high throughput. In this paper we have target to cumbersome to provide security in the IoT[2]. lightweight block cipher LEA. Block size of LEA is 128 and key Resource-constrained applications comprising of sensor size 128, 192, and 256 bit. In this paper we have focus on LEA architecture for 192- bit key size and achieve very good nodes in wireless sensor networks, RFID tags require smaller throughput. This method has a higher capability of throughput as footprint with minimum battery consumption. compared to previous LEA ciphers. Proposed work is 56% LEA[3] is a lightweight block cipher. LEA has 128-bit improved version of compared paper for respective Speed and block size with 128, 192, 256-bit key sizes and rounds 24, 28 area also less than previous architecture. Graph representation and 32 respectively. LEA supports simple ARX (addition have been shown of different matrices and comparison. rotation XOR ) operation, LEA is not using complex S-box Keywords : ARX, Block Cipher, Cryptography, LEA, structure like AES [4] hence it will give high-speed Lightweight, Pipeline, Throughput. -
On Security and Privacy for Networked Information Society
Antti Hakkala On Security and Privacy for Networked Information Society Observations and Solutions for Security Engineering and Trust Building in Advanced Societal Processes Turku Centre for Computer Science TUCS Dissertations No 225, November 2017 ON SECURITY AND PRIVACY FOR NETWORKED INFORMATIONSOCIETY Observations and Solutions for Security Engineering and Trust Building in Advanced Societal Processes antti hakkala To be presented, with the permission of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences of the University of Turku, for public criticism in Auditorium XXII on November 18th, 2017, at 12 noon. University of Turku Department of Future Technologies FI-20014 Turun yliopisto 2017 supervisors Adjunct professor Seppo Virtanen, D. Sc. (Tech.) Department of Future Technologies University of Turku Turku, Finland Professor Jouni Isoaho, D. Sc. (Tech.) Department of Future Technologies University of Turku Turku, Finland reviewers Professor Tuomas Aura Department of Computer Science Aalto University Espoo, Finland Professor Olaf Maennel Department of Computer Science Tallinn University of Technology Tallinn, Estonia opponent Professor Jarno Limnéll Department of Communications and Networking Aalto University Espoo, Finland The originality of this thesis has been checked in accordance with the University of Turku quality assurance system using the Turnitin OriginalityCheck service ISBN 978-952-12-3607-5 (Online) ISSN 1239-1883 To my wife Maria, I am forever grateful for everything. Thank you. ABSTRACT Our society has developed into a networked information soci- ety, in which all aspects of human life are interconnected via the Internet — the backbone through which a significant part of communications traffic is routed. This makes the Internet ar- guably the most important piece of critical infrastructure in the world. -
State of the Art in Lightweight Symmetric Cryptography
State of the Art in Lightweight Symmetric Cryptography Alex Biryukov1 and Léo Perrin2 1 SnT, CSC, University of Luxembourg, [email protected] 2 SnT, University of Luxembourg, [email protected] Abstract. Lightweight cryptography has been one of the “hot topics” in symmetric cryptography in the recent years. A huge number of lightweight algorithms have been published, standardized and/or used in commercial products. In this paper, we discuss the different implementation constraints that a “lightweight” algorithm is usually designed to satisfy. We also present an extensive survey of all lightweight symmetric primitives we are aware of. It covers designs from the academic community, from government agencies and proprietary algorithms which were reverse-engineered or leaked. Relevant national (nist...) and international (iso/iec...) standards are listed. We then discuss some trends we identified in the design of lightweight algorithms, namely the designers’ preference for arx-based and bitsliced-S-Box-based designs and simple key schedules. Finally, we argue that lightweight cryptography is too large a field and that it should be split into two related but distinct areas: ultra-lightweight and IoT cryptography. The former deals only with the smallest of devices for which a lower security level may be justified by the very harsh design constraints. The latter corresponds to low-power embedded processors for which the Aes and modern hash function are costly but which have to provide a high level security due to their greater connectivity. Keywords: Lightweight cryptography · Ultra-Lightweight · IoT · Internet of Things · SoK · Survey · Standards · Industry 1 Introduction The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the foremost buzzwords in computer science and information technology at the time of writing. -
Tongan Ways of Talking
TONGAN WAYS OF TALKING MELENAITE TAUMOEFOLAU University of Auckland Some excellent work has been published on Tongan speech levels from a sociolinguistic perspective (e.g., Philips 1991). The purpose of this article is to contribute to the literature by describing some important, not previously well-described features of ways of talking (WOT) in Tongan. I will use as my theoretical framework George Grace’s theory of language; he argued that a language is “a generalized way of talking about things” (Grace 1987: 99), a device for saying things, and it is, in turn, made up of “conventionalized ways of talking about consecrated subject-matters” (p. 103). In this article I will distinguish the following “ways of talking” (WOT):1 WOT 1. lea fakatu‘i—way of talking to or about the monarch/king (tu‘i) WOT 2. lea fakahouhou‘eiki—way of talking to or about chiefly people (hou‘eiki) WOT 3. lea fakamatäpule—polite way of talking that is characteristic of titled orators (matäpule) WOT 4. lea fakatökilalo / faka‘aki‘akimui—self-derogatory way of talking when addressing those of higher rank WOT 5. lea tavale—way of talking to a person with whom one is familiar or with whom one is socially equal, or way of talking to or about commoners (tu‘a) WOT 6. lea ‘ita—abusive way of talking Here I make four main claims about Tongan ways of talking: • The number of registers described for Tongan has been underestimated. I distinguish six (above) instead of the three that are traditionally described: of king—tu‘i, of chiefs—hou‘eiki, of commoners—tu‘a. -
Partly-Pseudo-Linear Cryptanalysis of Reduced-Round SPECK
cryptography Article Partly-Pseudo-Linear Cryptanalysis of Reduced-Round SPECK Sarah A. Alzakari * and Poorvi L. Vora Department of Computer Science, The George Washington University, 800 22nd St. NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: We apply McKay’s pseudo-linear approximation of addition modular 2n to lightweight ARX block ciphers with large words, specifically the SPECK family. We demonstrate that a pseudo- linear approximation can be combined with a linear approximation using the meet-in-the-middle attack technique to recover several key bits. Thus we illustrate improvements to SPECK linear distinguishers based solely on Cho–Pieprzyk approximations by combining them with pseudo-linear approximations, and propose key recovery attacks. Keywords: SPECK; pseudo-linear cryptanalysis; linear cryptanalysis; partly-pseudo-linear attack 1. Introduction ARX block ciphers—which rely on Addition-Rotation-XOR operations performed a number of times—provide a common approach to lightweight cipher design. In June 2013, a group of inventors from the US’s National Security Agency (NSA) proposed two families of lightweight block ciphers, SIMON and SPECK—each of which comes in a variety of widths and key sizes. The SPECK cipher, as an ARX cipher, provides efficient software implementations, while SIMON provides efficient hardware implementations. Moreover, both families perform well in both hardware and software and offer the flexibility across Citation: Alzakari, S.; Vora, P. different platforms that will be required by future applications [1,2]. In this paper, we focus Partly-Pseudo-Linear Cryptanalysis on the SPECK family as an example lightweight ARX block cipher to illustrate our attack. -
Efficient Hashing Using the AES Instruction
Efficient Hashing Using the AES Instruction Set Joppe W. Bos1, Onur Özen1, and Martijn Stam2 1 Laboratory for Cryptologic Algorithms, EPFL, Station 14, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland {joppe.bos,onur.ozen}@epfl.ch 2 Department of Computer Science, University of Bristol, Merchant Venturers Building, Woodland Road, Bristol, BS8 1UB, United Kingdom [email protected] Abstract. In this work, we provide a software benchmark for a large range of 256-bit blockcipher-based hash functions. We instantiate the underlying blockci- pher with AES, which allows us to exploit the recent AES instruction set (AES- NI). Since AES itself only outputs 128 bits, we consider double-block-length constructions, as well as (single-block-length) constructions based on RIJNDAEL- 256. Although we primarily target architectures supporting AES-NI, our frame- work has much broader applications by estimating the performance of these hash functions on any (micro-)architecture given AES-benchmark results. As far as we are aware, this is the first comprehensive performance comparison of multi- block-length hash functions in software. 1 Introduction Historically, the most popular way of constructing a hash function is to iterate a com- pression function that itself is based on a blockcipher (this idea dates back to Ra- bin [49]). This approach has the practical advantage—especially on resource-constrained devices—that only a single primitive is needed to implement two functionalities (namely encrypting and hashing). Moreover, trust in the blockcipher can be conferred to the cor- responding hash function. The wisdom of blockcipher-based hashing is still valid today. Indeed, the current cryptographic hash function standard SHA-2 and some of the SHA- 3 candidates are, or can be regarded as, blockcipher-based designs. -
Triathlon of Lightweight Block Ciphers for the Internet of Things
Triathlon of Lightweight Block Ciphers for the Internet of Things Daniel Dinu, Yann Le Corre, Dmitry Khovratovich, Léo Perrin, Johann Großschädl, and Alex Biryukov SnT and CSC, University of Luxembourg Maison du Nombre, 6, Avenue de la Fonte, L–4364 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg {dumitru-daniel.dinu,yann.lecorre,dmitry.khovratovich,leo.perrin}@uni.lu {johann.groszschaedl,alex.biryukov}@uni.lu Abstract. In this paper we introduce a framework for the benchmarking of lightweight block ciphers on a multitude of embedded platforms. Our framework is able to evaluate the execution time, RAM footprint, as well as binary code size, and allows one to define a custom “figure of merit” according to which all evaluated candidates can be ranked. We used the framework to benchmark implementations of 19 lightweight ciphers, namely AES, Chaskey, Fantomas, HIGHT, LBlock, LEA, LED, Piccolo, PRE- SENT, PRIDE, PRINCE, RC5, RECTANGLE, RoadRunneR, Robin, Simon, SPARX, Speck, and TWINE, on three microcontroller platforms: 8-bit AVR, 16-bit MSP430, and 32-bit ARM. Our results bring some new insights to the question of how well these lightweight ciphers are suited to secure the Internet of Things (IoT). The benchmarking framework provides cipher designers with an easy-to-use tool to compare new algorithms with the state-of-the-art and allows standardization organizations to conduct a fair and consistent evaluation of a large number of candidates. Keywords: IoT, lightweight cryptography, block ciphers, evaluation framework, benchmarking. 1 Introduction The Internet of Things (IoT) is a frequently-used term to describe the currently ongoing evolution of the Internet into a network of smart objects (“things”) with the ability to communicate with each other and to access centralized resources via the IPv6 (resp. -
BRISK: Dynamic Encryption Based Cipher for Long Term Security
sensors Article BRISK: Dynamic Encryption Based Cipher for Long Term Security Ashutosh Dhar Dwivedi Cyber Security Section, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; [email protected] or [email protected] Abstract: Several emerging areas like the Internet of Things, sensor networks, healthcare and dis- tributed networks feature resource-constrained devices that share secure and privacy-preserving data to accomplish some goal. The majority of standard cryptographic algorithms do not fit with these constrained devices due to heavy cryptographic components. In this paper, a new block cipher, BRISK, is proposed with a block size of 32-bit. The cipher design is straightforward due to simple round operations, and these operations can be efficiently run in hardware and suitable for software. Another major concept used with this cipher is dynamism during encryption for each session; that is, instead of using the same encryption algorithm, participants use different ciphers for each session. Professor Lars R. Knudsen initially proposed dynamic encryption in 2015, where the sender picks a cipher from a large pool of ciphers to encrypt the data and send it along with the encrypted message. The receiver does not know about the encryption technique used before receiving the cipher along with the message. However, in the proposed algorithm, instead of choosing a new cipher, the process uses the same cipher for each session, but varies the cipher specifications from a given small pool, e.g., the number of rounds, cipher components, etc. Therefore, the dynamism concept is used here in a different way. -
Ten Strategies of a World-Class Cybersecurity Operations Center Conveys MITRE’S Expertise on Accumulated Expertise on Enterprise-Grade Computer Network Defense
Bleed rule--remove from file Bleed rule--remove from file MITRE’s accumulated Ten Strategies of a World-Class Cybersecurity Operations Center conveys MITRE’s expertise on accumulated expertise on enterprise-grade computer network defense. It covers ten key qualities enterprise- grade of leading Cybersecurity Operations Centers (CSOCs), ranging from their structure and organization, computer MITRE network to processes that best enable effective and efficient operations, to approaches that extract maximum defense Ten Strategies of a World-Class value from CSOC technology investments. This book offers perspective and context for key decision Cybersecurity Operations Center points in structuring a CSOC and shows how to: • Find the right size and structure for the CSOC team Cybersecurity Operations Center a World-Class of Strategies Ten The MITRE Corporation is • Achieve effective placement within a larger organization that a not-for-profit organization enables CSOC operations that operates federally funded • Attract, retain, and grow the right staff and skills research and development • Prepare the CSOC team, technologies, and processes for agile, centers (FFRDCs). FFRDCs threat-based response are unique organizations that • Architect for large-scale data collection and analysis with a assist the U.S. government with limited budget scientific research and analysis, • Prioritize sensor placement and data feed choices across development and acquisition, enteprise systems, enclaves, networks, and perimeters and systems engineering and integration. We’re proud to have If you manage, work in, or are standing up a CSOC, this book is for you. served the public interest for It is also available on MITRE’s website, www.mitre.org. more than 50 years.