aNNual REPORT 2016

CERES RESEARCH PagE 4 NEW MARS FINDINGS PagE 6 MERCURY MESSENGER PagE 8 COMET OUTBURSTS PagE 10

Planetary Science Institute Dedicated to solar system exploration, PsI scientists are involved in Nasa and international missions, fieldwork around the world, education, and public outreach.

PlaNETaRy sCIENCE INsTITuTE

Th e Planetary Science Institute is a private, nonprofi t 501(c)(3) corporation dedicated to Solar System exploration. It is headquartered in Tucson, Arizona, where it was founded in 1972.

PSI scientists are involved in numerous NASA and international missions, the study of Mars and other planets, the Moon, asteroids, comets, interplanetary dust, impact physics, the origin of the Solar System, extra-solar planet formation, dynamical evolution of planetary systems, the rise of life, and other areas of research.

Th ey conduct fi eldwork on all continents around the world. Th ey also are actively involved in science education and public outreach through school programs, children’s books, popular science books and art.

PSI scientists are based in 25 states and the District of Columbia, and work from various international locations.

PsI bOaRD OF TRusTEEs

Tim Hunter, M.D., Chair Joseph K. Alexander William K. Hartmann, Ph.D. Candace Kohl, Ph.D., Vice Chair Brent Archinal, Ph.D. Kathryn Schmoll Benjamin Smith, J.D., Secretary Michael J.S. Belton, Ph.D. Mark V. Sykes, Ph.D., J.D.

ON THE COVER: “Erupting plume along a ssure in icy plains near the south pole of Saturn’s satellite, Enceladus” Acrylic painting by William K. Hartmann, co-founder and Senior Scientist Emeritus at the Planetary Science Institute. Even before Enceladus was rst seen at close range by Voyager 2 in 1981, its surface was known to be unusual, having the highest re ectivity of any object known in the Solar System. Spectroscopic observations from Earth revealed the surface material is mostly frozen water. The Voyager images revealed a surface heavily cratered in some regions but with smooth, uncratered plains in other regions. Lack of craters in those plains indicated geologically very young ages, with occasional resurfacing by water eruptions. In 1985, the Cassini spacecraft discovered plumes, primarily water vapor, erupting from ssures near Enceladus’s south pole. This painting shows the possible appearance of the plumes as seen from the surface of Enceladus, with Saturn dominating the sky. The rings are seen edge-on (since Enceladus orbits in the equatorial plane of Saturn), and parallel to the horizon (as required by viewing geometry from the either pole). The foreground landscape was painted outdoors on the  oor of Kilauea caldera in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Fractured plates of lava were used as a stand-ins for plates of fractured ice that are likely to exist among the ssures and fractures of Enceladus.

Planetary science Institute | 1700 E. Fort lowell, suite 106 | Tucson, arizona 85719-2395 | Phone 520-622-6300 | Fax 520-622-8060 | www.psi.edu 2 NOTE FROM THE DIRECTOR

We are pleased to announce the opening of a new office on the west side of Denver, Colorado. This office is anchored by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Shallow Radar sounder, SHARAD, led by its U.S. Deputy Team Leader and PSI Senior Scientist Than Putzig, and Postdoctoral Research Scientist Isaac Smith. They are producing spectacular 3-D maps of the interiors of the Martian ice caps in PSI scientists produced a lot of interesting science news as well. addition to providing insights into other Martian terrains. We are open for business and there is much room for growth! Using the Dawn Gamma Ray and Neutron Detector (GRaND), which is led by Senior Scientist Tom Prettyman, evidence was found PSI infrastructure is also expanding with the major donation of a for water ice at high latitudes beneath the surface of the dwarf planet spectroscopy laboratory by the U.S. Geological Survey. This was built Ceres. Research Scientist Maria Banks and others found Mercury over decades by Roger Clark, who recently joined PSI as a Senior to be tectonically active as a consequence of the continuing cooling Scientist, and has been the source of a large number of research of the planet’s interior, evidenced by cliff-like landforms called papers ranging from the study of planetary materials at cryogenic fault scarps. Associate Research Scientist Jordan Steckloff was able temperatures (simulating the surfaces on outer solar system to reproduce dramatic jets observed outbursting from the comet satellites), Martian, lunar, and asteroid analogs, to terrestrial Churyumov-Gerasimenko by the Rosetta spacecraft with surface imaging spectroscopy including ecosystems research, mineral avalanches sliding into active areas. These jetting events had been a mapping and rapid response to disasters. The facility is now riddle since there is no internal heat source to explain a geyser-like being reestablished in Tucson under Clark’s direction. We will eruption. Senior Scientist Alexis Rodriguez discovered evidence seek commercial opportunities for supporting the facility and its for mega-tsunamis in the ancient ocean of Mars that left large and maintenance. Otherwise, there are a vast number of planetary characteristic sedimentary deposits. materials whose properties need to be measured to compare with detailed observations of planetary surfaces. Finally, Senior Scientist Darby Dyar received the Geological Society of America’s G.K. Gilbert Award for her outstanding In mission news this year, PSI is involved with NASA’s OSIRIS- contributions to the solution of fundamental problems in planetary REx mission, which was successfully launched in September to geology, and I was honored by the Division for Planetary Sciences return a sample from the primitive asteroid Bennu. Research of the American Astronomical Society with the Harold Masursky Scientist Eric Palmer leads the effort to provide detailed models Award for Meritorious Service to Planetary Science. of the asteroid’s shape and topography to guide near-surface operations of the spacecraft. Other PSI scientists will be determining As an institute, we are always looking forward to improving the photometric properties and composition of its surface. opportunities for our scientists and educators, and we celebrate

Senior Scientist Candy Hansen leads the JunoCam imager on the their wide ranging accomplishments. NASA Juno mission to Jupiter, allowing the public to participate in — Mark V. Sykes the planning and selection of points of interest on Jupiter to image and discuss.

3 Ceres Remains Focus of PSI Research

Our scientists continued to play an important role in NASA’s being made by instruments on the Dawn spacecraft in orbit at Ceres, Dawn mission as the spacecraft continued to investigate the dwarf covering additional wavelengths. planet Ceres. The presence of graphitized carbon is consistent with weathering of Ceres’ surface globally contains materials that were altered by the carbonaceous material on the asteroid’s surface, caused by processes action of liquid water within the interior of the dwarf planet, nuclear such as charged particle bombardment. spectroscopy data from the Dawn spacecraft shows. “For the first time, a carbon-rich asteroid has been observed Dawn’s Gamma Ray and Neutron Detector (GRaND) instrument in the spectral region where graphitized carbons show unique measured the concentrations of iron, hydrogen and potassium on spectral features,” said Hendrix. “Other dark asteroids probably the surface of Ceres. The elemental data show that materials were have graphitized carbon on their surfaces as well.” processed by liquid water within the interior, said Senior Scientist “This is a window to evidence of the effects caused by direct Thomas H. Prettyman. exposure to space for a primitive asteroid surface,” said Vilas. Prettyman, Dawn mission Co-Investigator and lead for GRaND, “Both sulfur and sulfur dioxide are volatile species at typical is lead author of the Science paper “Extensive water ice within Ceres’ Ceres temperatures – they aren’t likely to stick around for long aqueously altered regolith: Evidence from nuclear spectroscopy” before they sublimate and are lost to space. These species could also that was the topic of a press conference at the American Geophysical migrate to cold regions on Ceres, such as some shadowed craters, Union Fall Meeting in San Francisco. where they are stable,” said Hendrix. “The presence of these volatile Ceres’ uppermost surface is rich in hydrogen, with higher species on the surface suggests that they have recently been emplaced, concentrations at mid-to-high latitudes, which is consistent with perhaps by some sort of geothermal activity. Both Dawn observations the presence of vast expanses of near-surface water ice. The ice and Herschel Space Telescope observations have suggested recent table is closest to the surface at high latitudes. activity at Ceres, so it may be that sulfurous materials are involved “On Ceres, ice is not just localized to a few craters. It’s everywhere, in the activity.” and nearer to the surface with higher latitudes,” said Prettyman. “It is remarkable that Ceres has this graphitized carbon covering “These results confirm predictions made nearly three decades ago much of its surface – which tells us that it has been exposed to that ice can survive for billions of years within a meter of the surface weathering processes for eons – and yet Ceres also shows evidence of Ceres. The evidence strengthens the case for the presence of of relatively young, fresh materials as well,” said Hendrix. near-surface water ice on other main belt asteroids.” “With two space probes planning to rendezvous with dark, Paper co-authors include PSI scientists Naoyuki Yamashita, carbon-rich asteroids in the next few years, these Ceres observations William C. Feldman and Hanna G. Sizemore. are helping us to build a good foundation for our understanding of Hubble Space Telescope observations of Ceres have discovered these type of bodies,” Vilas said. the first evidence of sulfur, sulfur dioxide and graphitized carbon A Dawn Science Team meeting in Tucson attracted about 100 found on an asteroid. The sulfur species are likely associated with researchers from around the world. The event was locally arranged regions of recent activity, reports Senior Scientist Amanda Hendrix. by PSI. The discoveries were made by comparing Ceres’ ultraviolet- Participants shared information that focused on data from the visible spectra to laboratory measurements and are presented in the dwarf planet Ceres, where NASA’s Dawn spacecraft is currently paper “Ceres: Sulfur Deposits and Graphitized Carbon” that appears investigating. in the journal Geophysical Research Letters. Three days of the gathering were spent at the Hilton El Senior Scientists Faith Vilas and Jian-Yang Li are co-authors. Conquistador Resort, and the final day was a mapping meeting The new HST observations are complementary to observations held at PSI’s Conference Center.

4 Nuclear spectroscopy data from the Dawn spacecraft shows that Ceres’ surface globally contains materials that were altered by the action of liquid water within the interior of the dwarf planet.

DawN IMagEs REvEal CEREs’ MysTERIOus MOuNTaIN aHuNa MONs

Senior Scientist David O’Brien worked on new Dawn images showing Ceres’ mysterious Ahuna Mons. O’Brien has worked on a number of images taken by the Dawn spacecraft since it arrived at Ceres a year ago. Th ese are taken by Dawn during its low-altitude mapping orbit 240 miles, or 385 kilometers, above the surface.

CERES’ AHUNA MONS left above, Ceres’ mysterious mountain Ahuna Mons is seen in this mosaic of images from Dawn in December 2015. The resolution of the component images is 120 feet (35 meters) per pixel. On its steepest side, this mountain is about 3 miles (5 kilometers) high. Its average overall height is 2.5 miles (4 kilometers). These fi gures are slightly lower than what scientists estimated from Dawn’s higher orbits because researchers now have a better sense of Ceres’ topography. The diameter of the mountain is about 12 miles (20 kilometers). Researchers are exploring the processes that could have led to this feature’s formation.

left below, a side-perspective view of Ceres’ mysterious mountain Ahuna Mons taken by Dawn in low-altitude mapping orbit. Credits: NASA/Jpl-Caltech/UClA/MpS/DlR/IDA/pSI

5 “In this research we propose a Tibetan region where high mountain NEw MaRs FINDINgs lakes show unique sets of landforms that might explain some basin interior features in the studied region of Mars.” Our scientists were involved in some exciting research on Mars in Senior Scientist Cathy Weitz and Senior Research Associate 2016, off ered the public the opportunity to help point NASA to new Th omas Platz are co-authors on the paper. Mars fi ndings, and studied ways rovers can more effi ciently explore Rodriguez also found evidence of possible mega-tsunami deposits the planet. on Mars that revives the hypothesis that ancient oceans existed on Th e search for life, or evidence that Mars is or was potentially the planet. habitable, have been the focus of research for many years. New geologic mapping in the Martian northern plains reveals Work by Senior Scientist J. Alexis Palmero Rodriguez has found vast sedimentary deposits that were likely emplaced by two mega- an area on Mars that could possibly have harbored life. tsunamis, Rodriguez wrote in a paper in Scientifi c Reports. Th e Groundwater circulation beneath a massive tectonic rift zone proposed tsunami events had onshore wave heights that likely located along the fl anks of some the Solar System’s largest volcanic reached 120 meters and moved several hundred kilometers inland. plateaus resulted in the formation more than 3 billion years ago of “For more than a quarter century, failure to identify shoreline some the deepest basins on Mars, Rodriguez found. features consistently distributed along a constant elevation has Th ese basins could have been episodically covered, perhaps been regarded as inconsistent with the hypothesis that a vast ocean during hundreds of millions of years, by water lakes that were existed on Mars approximately 3.4 billion years ago. Our discovery discharged from subsurface pressurized sources, Rodriguez writes off ers a simple solution to this problem: widespread tsunami deposits in “Groundwater fl ow-induced collapse and fl ooding in Noctis distributed within a wide range of elevations likely characterize the Labyrinthus, Mars” that appears in Planetary and Space Science. shorelines of early Martian oceans,” Rodriguez said. Th is shows an area on Mars that could possibly have harbored life. “Th e tsunamis could have been triggered by bolide impacts, “Th e temperature ranges, presence of liquid water, and nutrient which about every 3 million years, generated marine impact craters availability, which characterize known habitable environments on approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. Th us, the proposed tsunami Earth, have higher chances of forming on Mars in areas of long-lived events likely took place a few millions years apart,” said Platz. water and volcanic processes,” Rodriguez said. “Existing salt deposits Mega-tsunamis also form on Earth, and their deposits, too, and sedimentary structures of possible emplacement within show tremendous variability in their topographic distribution Martian paleo-lakes are of particular astrobiological importance and inundation distances. However, these are extremely rare and when looking for past habitable areas on Mars. Th is is particularly catastrophic events, and consequentially their deposits are mostly true if the discharge of early Mars groundwater, perhaps likened obscured – or removed – by younger resurfacing processes. to hydrothermal systems that were active for billions of years, “During the time period that separated the two tsunami events contributed to the formation of the paleo-lakes, as it is proposed the ocean level receded to form a lower shoreline and the climate in this investigation.” became signifi cantly colder. Evidence for climate change is refl ected Th e detection of paleo-lake sites on Mars is particularly challenging in the morphology of the tsunami deposits. Th e older tsunami because under the planet’s frigidly cold and thin atmosphere, their ponded water would have behaved diff erently than on Earth, he said.

6 emplaced enormous boulder-rich deposits and as the wave retreated pictures of features of Mars with HiRISE of places we would not have back into the ocean it formed widespread backwash channels,” imaged without this assistance.” Rodriguez said. “In the spring the dry ice turns to gas and carves unusual features In contrast, the younger tsunami emplaced lobes that froze in the Mars surface, resulting in exotic terrains described informally in place, he said. Sampling of these materials by future landers as ‘spiders,’ ‘Swiss cheese’ and ‘channel networks,’ – this is what we is of particular scientifi c importance because they likely consist asked our citizen scientists to fi nd in the CTX images,” said Hansen. of frozen ancient ocean water brines. Furthermore, these Th e terrain type called spiders or araneiform (from the Latin materials are in relatively close proximity to the Mars Pathfi nder word for spiders) is characterized by multiple channels converging landing site, demonstrating possible accessibility with current at a point, resembling long legs of a spider. Previous studies and tested technologies. concluded this ground texture results from thawing of extensive Th e vast areas covered by these ice-rich lobes imply that the sheets of ice bottom-side fi rst as the ice is warmed by the ground frozen remnants of early Mars ocean water might be widespread, not below; thawed carbon dioxide gas builds up pressure underneath. just rare and localized occurrences. Th e fact that many of the lobes Wherever it fi nds a place to escape through the overlying sheet of have well-defi ned boundaries and that their fl ow-related shapes are remaining ice, a rapid fl ow out through that vent pulls dust with it. not signifi cantly modifi ed suggests that they might still retain much Gas fl owing under the ice toward the escape point picks up that of the originally emplaced materials, which could be informative of dust as it carves the channels that resemble spiders’ legs. the ocean’s primary composition. Senior Scientists R. Aileen Yingst, Michelle Minitti and Becky Senior Scientist Candice Hansen asked the public to help NASA Williams were on a team that worked at a site near Green River, fi nd interesting sites to investigate on Mars. Input from about 10,000 Utah, that is the location of an ancient inland sea, designing and volunteers viewing images from Martian south polar regions has testing rover operations to optimize scientifi c returns for missions identifi ed targets for closer inspection, yielding new insights about on distant planets. Th e research was part of NASA’s GeoHeuristic seasonal slabs of frozen carbon dioxide (dry ice) and erosional Operational Strategies Tests (GHOST) program. features called “spiders.” Th e team tested rover science operations protocols to determine Th e volunteers from around the world have been exploring best practices for a future sample cache and return mission to the surface of Mars by examining images from the Context Mars planned for 2020. Th e testing took place in a Mars analog Camera (CTX) on NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) environment – specifi cally an environment that may have once been and identifying certain types of terrain around Mars’ South Pole. habitable. Lessons learned on Earth can improve effi ciency, and Th e collected information is used by scientists planning observations scientifi c results, when rovers are used to explore Mars and other of Mars by the orbiter’s High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment distant worlds. (HiRISE) camera, which photographs much less ground but in much greater detail, compared to CTX. “It’s heartwarming to see so many citizens of Planet Earth jump in to help study Mars,” said HiRISE Deputy Principal Investigator Hansen. “Th anks to the discovery power of people, we’re taking

“It’s heartwarming to see so many MARTIAN CRATERS citizens of Planet Earth jump in to Martian craters as seen by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter help study Mars.” Credit: NASA/Jpl-Caltech/U. of Arizona

—Candice Hansen, senior scientist and HiRIsE Deputy Principal Investigator 7 NEw DIsCOvERIEs FROM MERCuRy MEssENgER

Even though NASA’s MESSENGER spacecraft ended its scientifi c operations by crashing into Mercury April 30, 2015, PSI scientists remained busy analyzing data collected from the planet closest to the Sun. Images acquired by the MESSENGER (MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging) spacecraft show geologic features that indicate Mercury is likely still contracting today, joining Earth as a tectonically active planet in our Solar System. Previously undetected small fault scarps were observed in images collected during the MESSENGER mission’s fi nal 18 months in orbit around Mercury. During these last months of the mission, the spacecraft ’s altitude was lowered, allowing the surface to be imaged at higher resolutions than ever before possible. Research Scientist Maria Banks is a co-author on “Recent tectonic activity on Mercury revealed by small thrust fault scarps” that appeared in Nature Geoscience. “Th ese small-scale thrust fault scarps are orders of magnitude smaller, only a few kilometers in length and tens of meters of relief, than larger scarps previously known to exist on the surface of Mercury,” said Banks, who studied MESSENGER images to fi nd and analyze these small-scale tectonic structures. “Steady meteoroid bombardment quickly degrades and destroys structures this small, indicating that they must have formed relatively recently. Th ey are comparable in size to very young fault scarps identifi ed on the lunar Slip along thrust faults associated with small lunar scarps surface attributed to shrinking of the Moon.” is possibly connected with shallow moonquakes detected by Fault scarps appear as cliff -like landforms. Larger, older scarps seismometers deployed during the Apollo missions. Some of were identifi ed in both MESSENGER and Mariner 10 images and are these moonquakes reached magnitudes of near 5 on the Richter evidence of the global contraction of Mercury as its interior cooled scale. Seismometers deployed on Mercury in future missions would causing the crust to shrink. likely detect Mercury-quakes associated with ongoing slip events Th e young age of the small scarps means that Mercury joins on small faults and reactivated older large faults. Earth as a tectonically active planet in our Solar System, with new Research led by Senior Scientist Deborah Domingue Lorin off ers faults likely forming today as Mercury’s interior continues to cool. new insights on Mercury’s surface materials. She is lead author on Active faulting, paired with evidence for ancient faulting and also an Icarus paper whose results indicate that Mercury’s regolith is the recent discovery by PSI Senior Scientist Catherine Johnson that smoother on micrometer scales and has a narrower particle size Mercury’s global magnetic fi eld was present billions of years ago, distribution with a lower mean particle size than the lunar regolith. off er consistent support for long-lived slow cooling of Mercury’s still Regolith grain structures are diff erent than those of regolith hot outer core. particles on either the Moon or those asteroids observed to date by

8 EVIDENCE OF MERCURy’S TECTONICS Figure A, above: A cluster of small lobate scarp thrust faults on Mercury’s intercrater plains. The longest scarp in the cluster (upper arrows) is ~4.3 km in length. Figure b, above: Close up view of small scarp shown in A. Inset: A small impact crater ~90m in diameter (lower arrow) is potentially disturbed or crosscut (note the lack of a well-defi ned rim on the scarp face) by the scarp segment, and another crater ~135m in diameter (upper arrow) may be horizontally shortened. The box in b shows the location of the inset. Figure modifi ed from Watters et al., 2016.

geologic features indicate Mercury is likely still contracting today, joining Earth as a tectonically active planet in our solar system.

spacecraft , and suggest that Mercury’s regolith contains a Photometric models are used to standardize images obtained compositionally distinct component as compared to the Moon. at a variety of illumination and viewing geometries, thus facilitating When images are acquired by spacecraft of a planetary surface, the construction of image mosaics and maps in addition to the they are not all acquired at the same illumination and viewing comparison with laboratory measurements. Application of these geometries. Nor are they typically acquired under the standard photometric models is also used to infer the physical properties illumination and viewing geometries as laboratory spectral of the upper surface, such as porosity and roughness. measurements of minerals, to which they are oft en compared to derive surface composition.

9 Avalanches Cause of Comet Outbursts

Our scientists continued to focus on comet research during 2016. 600 meters and 1.2 kilometers (0.4 mile and 0.75 mile) in diameter. Outbursts of comet nuclei are likely caused by surface avalanches “It is an extremely rare opportunity to be able to study a pair rather than geyser-like eruptions from within, research by Associate of comets with historically close flybys. Measuring the physical Research Scientist Jordan Steckloff shows. properties of both comets will help us understand the evolution Rapid asymmetric brightening events of comets, observed for of comets in general,” said Senior Scientist Jian-Yang Li. Li was decades, have long been thought to be the result of some sort of observing 252P/LINEAR with the Hubble Space Telescope during eruption of materials from deep within the interior of a comet. its close encounter. High-resolution images from Rosetta observations of 67P/Churyumov- Astronomers using NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope captured Gerasimenko show outbursts that resemble plumes of material from images of Comet 252P/LINEAR just after a close encounter with geysers on Earth. Earth on March 21. The close proximity to the comet offered “However, there is a major problem with this model. There is scientists new insights on the body’s nucleus. no internal heat source on comets to power geyser-like eruptions,” “Because comets are usually only a few kilometers in size, and Steckloff said. “Instead, these outburst plumes are the natural result probably less than 1 kilometer for this comet, reliable measurement of avalanches.” of size is best done when they are close to us. That’s why the close Observations of Comet Pan-STARRS (P/2016 BA14) using approach to Earth of this comet offered us a great opportunity to the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF) on Mauna Kea, study it,” said Li, who led this project to observe 252P with HST Hawaii during a close flyby of the Earth at a distance of 3.6 million during its close approach to Earth. kilometers (2.2 million miles), show that it reflects less than 3 “With the small distance of this comet to us, and the high spatial percent of the sunlight that falls on its surface. For comparison, fresh resolution of HST, we reached 1.6 kilometers per pixel resolution, asphalt reflects about 4 percent of the light that falls on it. which is the highest for HST ever on a comet,” Li said. “For “We measured the spectral and thermal properties of the comet comparison, ground-based observations of this comet have more using the NASA IRTF and found that the comet reflects between 2 than 10 times lower resolution than HST.” to 3 percent of the sunlight that falls on it,” said Research Scientist PSI Senior Scientist Nalin Samarasinha also worked on the project. Vishnu Reddy, who estimates the size of the comet to be between

Scientists, Staffers Honored For Outstanding Contributions PSI scientists and staff continued to garner prestigious awards during 2016. Senior Scientist Darby Dyar received the Geological Society of America’s G.K. Gilbert Award for her outstanding contributions to the solution of fundamental problems in planetary geology. Dyar received the award at the GSA Annual Meeting in Denver. Dyar is a mineralogist and spectroscopist interested in a wide range of problems relating to the evolution of the Solar System. Her research focuses on the signatures of hydrogen and oxygen throughout our Solar System, particularly in terrestrial bodies such as the Earth, the Moon, Mars, and the parent bodies of meteorites. She studies rocks from diverse localities on Earth from the deep oceans to Antarctica, as well as lunar rocks and meteorite samples. Director and CEO Mark Sykes received the 2016 Harold HONORED SCIENTIST Masursky Award for Meritorious Service to Planetary Science. Darby Dyar honored by Geological Society of America 10 The Masursky award was presented by the American Astronomical Alan Fischer were honored for their work in publicizing NASA’s Society Division for Planetary Sciences at the DPS annual meeting in Dawn mission to the dwarf planet Ceres. Pasadena, Calif. Joseph and Fischer are members of the Dawn Communications The award was established by DPS to recognize and honor and Outreach Team that received a 2016 NASA Group Achievement individuals who have rendered outstanding service to planetary Award “for outstanding execution of the Ceres public communica- science and exploration through engineering, managerial, tions campaign, sharing the excitement of the Dawn mission with programmatic or public service activities. the world,” NASA said. Senior Scientist Michelle Thomsen was honored by being asked PSI scientists received a NASA Group Achievement Award for to present the Van Allen Lecture at December’s meeting of the their work on NASA’s Dawn Mission. American Geophysical Union. Thomsen spoke to a crowd of 500 Thomas H. Prettyman, William C. Feldman, Naoyuki Yamashita, scientists and guests about how magnetospheres are influenced by Jeffrey Morgenthaler, Bruce Barraclough and Robert C. Reedy are on the intrinsic properties of the planets they surround. the Dawn Gamma-Ray and Neutron Detector team that was cited by Thomsen was particularly thrilled by her selection as the annual NASA for “exceptional achievement in development, building, and lecture was established in honor of Dr. James Van Allen, her thesis operating the Dawn Gamma Ray and Neutron Detector, contributing advisor. to mission success at Vesta and Ceres.” Research Assistant Emily Joseph and Public Information Officer Spectroscopy Lab Arrives At Tucson PSI Facility

Senior Scientist Roger Clark moved a spectroscopy lab into PSI’s Tucson facility. The lab equipment came from Colorado, where it was donated by the U.S. Geologic Survey office in Lakewood. The equipment, an environment chamber facility, features four different chambers that can study temperatures, pressures and other factors. “This simulates planetary surfaces virtually anywhere in the Solar System, from hot Mercury to almost Pluto,” Clark said. The facility is being set up in Tucson’s West Wing building under Clark’s direction. Plans call for the lab to offer commercial spectroscopy services to support the facility and its maintenance. Spectroscopy lab Roger Clark is shown unpacking an environmental chamber instrument in the new Tucson lab. Interns Make Archived NASA Planetary Science Data More Accessible

An internship program offered by NASA’s Planetary Data System’s Small Bodies Subnode hosted at PSI is making archived scientific information more accessible to researchers and the public. “This is an outstanding opportunity for NASA scientists to connect with the youth of the nation,” said Research Scientist Eric Palmer, who heads the intern program. Two Pima Community College (PCC) students, Nathan Berg and Ki Huang, kicked off the program, working to improve access to the data archive, said Senior Scientist Beatrice Mueller, Co-Investigator on the program. “Berg and Huang gather and analyze information, engage in creative communications, and increase their knowledge of computer web page design while learning about the NASA’s space PSI interns science missions and research.” Interns Nathan Berg and Ki Huang, seated from left, discuss their continued on page 12 work on NASA’s Planetary Data System’s Small Bodies Subnode project with PSI’s Eric Palmer and Beatrice Mueller. 11 PARTNERING WITH CHINA PSI Director Mark Sykes, left, is shown signing an agreement in Beijing between PSI and Chemical Industry Press and Beijing Touch Lab to explore education and public outreach opportunities. Dr. Wenhu Zhang, right, is a Deputy Chief Editor at CIP, and an EPO Scientist at the Touch Lab. CIP is the largest publisher in China.

continued from page 11

“Th is internship will benefi t us by improving our archive web sites, which will help our users,” Mueller said. “It will be benefi cial for the students to provide them with technical skills they might otherwise not be able to acquire, and will prepare them better for the job market.” PSI has provided PDS archiving services for more than 20 years and last year received a $4 million, fi ve-year cooperative agreement from NASA to manage the Planetary Data System’s Asteroid and Dust Subnode. Th e intern program runs fi ve years, and PSI intends to seek an extension for an additional fi ve years, Mueller said. Th e project is funded by a contract to PSI from NASA. butcher and de Kleer Named 2017 Pierazzo award winners

Frances Butcher and Katherine de Kleer were named winners of the 2017 Pierazzo International Student Travel Award. Th e Pierazzo award was established by PSI in memory of Senior Scientist Betty Pierazzo to support and encourage graduate students to build international collaborations and relationships in planetary science. Butcher, of the Open University in the United Kingdom will receive the award for a non-U.S. based graduate student traveling to a planetary meeting in the U.S. Her research title is “Eskers Associated with Extant Glaciers in Mid-Latitude Graben on Mars: Evidence for Geothermal Controls upon Recent Basal Melting of Glaciers on Mars” and she will be attending the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in Th e Woodlands, Texas, March 20-24, 2017. University of California, Berkeley student de Kleer will receive the award for a U.S.-based graduate student traveling to a planetary meeting outside the U.S. Her research title is “Th e Impact of Io’s Volcanism on the Jovian Extended Neutral Environment” and she will be attending the joint Japan Geoscience Union – American Geophysical Union meeting in Chiba, Japan, May 20-25, 2017. A PSI representative will present each awardee with a certifi cate and check for $2,000 at their respective conferences. pIERAZZO AWARD WINNERS Top: Frances butcher Above: Katherine de Kleer 12 PSI Continues To Expand As it has been for more than 40 years, PSI’s strength and advantage continue to be in its people. Our culture of openness and high level of mutual support distinguishes us as an organization. In 2016 PSI continued to grow, adding 20 new research and administrative staff members.

New PSI staff members for 2016:

Oleg Abramov Maya N. Bakerman Gretchen K. Benedix-Bland Christopher Class Kimberly R. Foote Senior Scientist Student Research Assistant Senior Scientist Student Research Assistant Office Manager

Vicki L. Hansen Julianne R. Herrera Conor M. Kingston Catherine D. Neish Dorothy Oehler Senior Scientist Senior Accountant Software Programmer Research Scientist Senior Scientist

D. Alex Patthoff Matthew R. Perry Nathaniel E. Putzig James E. Richardson, Jr. Matthew D. Richardson Associate Research Scientist Research Associate Senior Scientist Senior Scientist Postdoctoral Research Scientist

Ruby Schaufler Norbert Schorghofer Isaac B. Smith Jordan K. Steckloff Peter Tutor Student Research Assistant Senior Scientist Postdoctoral Research Scientist Associate Research Scientist Student Research Assistant

13 PsI Education and Public Outreach

Education and public outreach eff orts continue with new funding and many ongoing events across the country and the world.

It was a busy year for education and public outreach for numerous PSI scientists, education specialists, staff , and docents who hosted or participated in more than 100 education and public outreach events SpACE CAMp across the United States and the world during 2016. Events included Sanlyn buxner shares impact rock and meteorite samples with Space professional development workshops for K-12 teachers, star parties, Camp attendees at Children’s Museum Tucson. youth camps, public science events, public lectures, writing articles for popular magazines, hosting outreach websites, judging science Programs for students fairs, mentoring students, and classroom visits. PSI personnel active During 2016, Associate Research Scientist & Senior Education in education and outreach eff orts included scientists Elisabeth Specialist Mark Bishop mentored four Year 11 students from the Adams, Alice Baldridge, Amy Barr, Mark Bishop, Roger Clark, Australian Science and Mathematics School in Adelaide who worked David Crown, Jules Goldspiel, Jennifer Grier, David Grinspoon, on an analogue study of grain size, shape and mineralogy of terrestrial Candice Hansen, Bill Hartmann, Amanda Hendrix, Liz Jensen, basaltic aeolian sediments and the Bagnold dune fi eld, Mars. Th e Steve Kortenkamp, Scott Mest, Jim McElwaine, Beatrice Mueller, group presented this work as a poster at the Japan International Dave O’Brien, Nathaniel Putzig, Nalin Samarasinha, Vishnu Reddy, Science Fair and received fi rst place for their eff orts. Subsequently, Isaac Smith, Jordan Steckloff , Karen Stockstill-Cahill, Mark Sykes, two students have continued with this research using MAHLI data Cristina Th omas, Henry Th roop, Bryan Travis, Dave Vaniman, from the MSL, alongside technical guidance from Senior Scientist Faith Vilas, Ryan Watkins, Linda Welzenbach, Becky Williams, Aileen Yingst, and have submitted their work as the formal Research Chuck Wood, Shawn Wright, Zou Xiao-Duan and Aileen Yingst. Project requirement of the South Australian Certifi cate of Education. Education specialists include Andrea Jones, Larry Lebofsky, Sanlyn PSI provided summer science camps for Tucson students in fi rst Buxner and Th ea Cañizo, and research assistants Emily Joseph through third grades at the Children’s Museum Tucson. Students and Maya Bakerman. Additionally, staff member Dianne Janis and learned about objects in the Solar System and space exploration. PSI docents Al Anzaldua, Bob Gent, David Acklam, Rob Bovill and also supported an aft er-school science program, “I am a Scientist,” Nancy Lebofk sy also participated. at the museum for third graders from local downtown Tucson Professional Development schools through a collaborative grant by way of the Institute of Workshops were held for teachers in Southern Arizona, California, Museums and Library Services. and Maryland through both grant funded and volunteer eff orts Public Events in Tucson by our education specialists. PSI supported workshops through PSI co-hosted an overnight event for families at the Children’s a collaborative program with Cosmoquest that highlighted lunar Museum Tucson to explore space, look through telescopes, and science and online crater mapping. A workshop series included interact with scientists David Crown, Beatrice Mueller, Nalin activities and support to help teachers engage students in astronomy Samarasinha and Larry Lebofsky. Activities included making comets, related science fair projects. Additional workshops for teachers exploring volcanoes and volcanic rocks, and handling meteorites. and librarians were off ered at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center Lebofsky and other EPO team members staff ed exhibit tables related to lunar and planetary science and exploration, supported by at three major Tucson public events, each drawing hundreds the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) mission and the DREAM2 to thousands of adults and children. Th ey presented hands-on team in NASA’s Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute experiences with PSI’s Meteorite and Impact Rock Kits. Th e events (SSERVI). Instructors in these education programs included Buxner, were the Future Innovators Night held in conjunction with the Cañizo, Jones, and Lebofsky. SARSEF Regional Fair, the two-day SpaceFest VII, and the two-day Additionally, Grier, Lebofsky and Buxner provided professional Tucson Festival of Books (TFoB). TFoB was a collaboration with development workshops and opportunities for scientists at pro- the Vatican Observatory Foundation. fessional science conferences including the American Astronomical In December, PSI partnered with Tucson’s professional hockey Society Meeting, the Division for Planetary Science Meeting, the team, the Roadrunners, to provide thousands of visitors access to American Geophysical Union Meeting, and the 128th Annual meteorites during a regular season game. Lebofsky, Buxner and Janis Meeting of the Astronomical Society of the Pacifi c. provided activities during the game and information about PSI. 14 Other Public Events over 50 countries, attended by an estimated 100,000 visitors. Education Specialist Andrea Jones served as Director of Additionally, Jones helped organize MarsFest, a planetary analog International Observe the Moon Night (InOMN), an annual festival held in Death Valley National Park during the National Park worldwide celebration of lunar and planetary science and Service’s Centennial. Th e goal of the event was to celebrate and raise exploration. Jones organized an LRO/InOMN outreach event at awareness of the rich heritage of planetary science and exploration NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland, attended by several research conducted in Death Valley National Park, as well as the hundred visitors. Almost 600 events were registered worldwide in park’s dark skies.

PsI Fundraising and Development

PSI is a nonprofi t research organization that relies primarily on NASA for its funding. Because the NASA budget is vulnerable to government budget cuts, there is an inherent uncertainty in depending exclusively on NASA funding to support the organization’s growth. Th erefore, it is important for PSI to seek additional funding ANNUAl DINNER SpEAKER support through the private sector. David H. Grinspoon We have several mechanisms in place that we employ to attract comprised of individuals and businesses who further PSI’s global new sources of private sector funding. First and foremost we strive work through an annual (tax deductible) membership donation. to raise the visibility of PSI via traditional media (local, national, “Friends” receive the PSI Quarterly Newsletter, a discount on tickets and international) as well as social media via Facebook, PSI website, to the Annual Dinner, breaking press release announcements, and Twitter. All of these eff orts contribute to keeping the public and invitations to special events throughout the year including and our supporters informed about PSI’s accomplishments. Specifi c the popular monthly social hour. fundraising events and campaigns throughout the year include: social Hours annual Dinner Th e always popular and lively “Friends” social hour is generally Th e 2016 Annual Fundraising Dinner featured PSI’s own David held on the last Friday of the month. Th is informal gathering of H. Grinspoon, a nationally recognized speaker (a.k.a. Dr. FunkySpoon), “Friends of PSI,” scientists and staff is an opportunity to engage in author, and radio host. David is a recipient of the prestigious Carl friendly discussion and networking. In order to make the event Sagan Medal for Excellence in Public Communication and was convenient to our group wherever they might work or live in the named “Alpha Geek” by Wired Magazine. Tucson area, we vary the location around town and therefore support Th e event’s table sponsors included PSI Board members, a variety of local establishments. staff members, and local businesses that support the Institute’s research eff orts. Outreach A highlight of the evening event was the raffl e drawing that PSI scientists represent the organization at numerous events included rare and unique items such as meteorites as well as a throughout the year. Not only do our scientists conduct educational telescope, binoculars, photos and custom-made posters of the workshops for teachers, but they also volunteer as keynote speakers night sky, one-of-a-kind jewelry, books, and much more. at venues such as local astronomy clubs and as judges at science fairs. Challenge Match Campaign grants and business sponsorships For the second year PSI launched a “Challenge Match Campaign” We actively pursue funding through submitting grant applications initiative. A group of generous PSI supporters off ered the Institute and making presentations to Tucson-area businesses that we have a $10,000 pledge that PSI would receive if it could raise funds to identifi ed as possible donors and/or sponsors of our work. match the pledge. Th e 2016 eff ort was highly successful – we not Other only matched the pledge, we exceeded it. We have continued our partnership with Amazon through the “Friends of PsI” Program AmazonSmile program and we maintain a “PSI Gift Shop” on the Th e “Friends of PSI” program is our core group of supporters PSI website. 15 THaNK yOu TO OuR 2016 bENEFaCTORs With deep appreciation the Planetary Science Institute acknowledges the following individual and organizational benefactors who made contributions between Jan. 1, 2016 and Dec. 31, 2016. $25,000 and up $250-$499 $1-$99 Dr. David P. brown Dr. Candace Kohl Mr. gary bingham Mr. and Mrs. Maurizio and Tina balistreri Dr. and Mrs. andrew and anna Nelson $15,000-$24,999 Dr. and Mrs. bevan and Mary-Hill French Mr. and Mrs. william and beth woodin Dr. Mark v. sykes and Ms. Marilyn guengerich Drs. Robert and gloria McMillan Ms. ann Cleaves Dr. and Mrs. brent and joanne archinal Mr. james Cummings $5,000-$14,999 lt. Col. Robert gent and judge Terrie gent Mrs. Pudding lassiter Dr. and Mrs. lee and Donna Rogers Dr. jay Melosh Dr. and Mrs. jonathan and Cynthia lunine Mr. and Mrs. Otto and linda Rueger anonymous Mr. Kurt Marti Mr. and Mrs. alan and gina Fischer Dr. and Mrs. Robert and Carolyn Milkey $2,000-$4,999 $100-$249 Mr. Claud smith Dr. ann l. sprague and Mr. Edward D. Hinson Dr. Michael belton and Ms. anna Don Mr. David Fales and Ms. sara Hammond Mr. and Mrs. David and Teresa acklam Dr. and Mrs. Tim and Carol Hunter Mr. Randy sooter Dr. and Mrs. william and gayle Hartmann Mr. and Mrs. bruce and lynne wood Dusenberry Ms. greer barkley Dr. Thomas H. Prettyman Dr. amanda Hendrix and Mr. David Richardson Dr. Kunegunda belle Drs. Tod lauer and beatrice Mueller Dr. and Mrs. william and barbara bickel $1,000-$1,999 Dr. Ian shivack and Ms. Ina gillers shivack Mr. and Mrs. bill and ann buckmaster Mr. Paul Capp and Ms. Constance whithead Mr. and Mrs. joe and Diana alexander Dr. bryan j. Travis and Mrs. gayle l. Travis Mr. and Mrs. william and janet Cordua Dr. john l. Mason Dr. Tim jull Mr. Ronnie gomez Ms. Kathryn schmoll Mr. alex berman Mr. and Mrs. Donald and Darlene burgess Mr. and Mrs. Robert and susanna Hartmann Mr. bruce barnett and Ms. Tammi Palmer Ms. Dianne janis Mr. stephen D. Hopkins Dr. and Mrs. william and Margrethe Feldman Dr. Nalin samarasinha Mr. william E. Houghton Drs. Donald R. Davis and Diana wheeler Mr. and Mrs. alfred and Maria anzaldua Dr. and Mrs. william and jean Hubbard Mr. and Dr. john and Dorothy Oehler Mr. and Mrs. Robert and judith breault Dr. E. Philip Krider Dr. and Mrs. Robert and Maria Reedy Dr. and Mrs. larry and Nancy lebofsky Dr. Dennis l. Matson Dr. alan stern $500-$999 Mr. and Mrs. jerry and jeannine Neese Mr. Richard N. Pugh Dr. and Mrs. andrew and anna Nelson CODaC behavioral Health services Ms. julie bates Mrs. Marcia Neugebauer National bank of arizona Dr. Rosemary Chang Ms. Elaine Noel Keegan, linscott & Kenon Ms. Mary ann gilman Mr. james Prettyman The Mahoney group Mr. Terrence greenwood Mrs. susanna schippers wolf & sultan, P.C. Dr. David johnson Dr. and Mrs. geert and Renate schmid-schoenbein Dr. C. Darrell lane Echo Construction Ms. jennifer shopland Dr. D. Terence langendoen and Ms. Nancy Kelly vantage west Credit union Mr. Peter H. simpson Ms. Martha leake Mr. anthony villari Dr. Michael snowden Mr. and Mrs. john and Kathleen O’brien Ms. Elaine Owens Dr. andrew wheeler Dr. and Mrs. Daniel and janet Kortenkamp Dr. David O’brien Dr. anna spitz Mr. and Dr. william and Kathleen bethel Dr. Robert M. Nelson and Ms. Marguerite Renner Mr. Pete Kasper and Ms. Chris Holmberg Dr. Faith vilas and Mr. larry smith Mr. Charles steerman Dr. sugata Tan Rosa’s Mexican Food Ms. Marie Turley Dr. David vaniman and Ms. Donna gary

BETTY PIERAZZO MEMORIAL FUND Th e following individuals donated to the Betty Pierazzo Memorial Fund, established by the Planetary Science Institute to honor and celebrate the life and achievements of Senior Scientist Betty Pierazzo and to promote science and education. anonymous Dr. and Mrs. Tim and Carol Hunter Drs. Tod lauer and beatrice Mueller Mr. and Mrs. alan and gina Fischer Dr. jay Melosh Dr. David O’brien Dr. and Mrs. william and gayle Hartmann

16 PSI Financial Report

Bruce Barnett Chief Financial Officer

During 2016, PSI changed its fiscal year end from Jan. 31 to Sept. 30 to correspond with the federal fiscal year. The numbers reported below reflect an eight-month period from Feb. 1, 2016 to Sept. 30, 2016. PSI continues to experience annual revenue growth with revenues totaling approximately $8 million for the eight-month period. Funding from NASA represents approxi- mately 99 percent of billed revenues. During the fiscal year, PSI had 108 active NASA grants with a PSI scientist as principal investigator and 140 active subawards/contracts issued by other institutions with mainly NASA prime awards.

REVENUES Active projects by prime awarding agency Grants and Contracts $ 7,896,155 NASA 243 Contributions 63,577 NSF 1 Other 5,847 Non-Federal 4 Total Revenues $ 7,965,579 Total Projects 248

Salaries and related fringe benefits represent 80 percent of PSI’s total expenses of $8 million. Operating expenses include $318,825 paid on subawards to other institutions whose scientists are included on PSI awards. Program services expenses were 88 percent of total expenses. EXPENSES (eight-month period ending 9/30/2016) EXPENSES by Function

Salaries and Benefits $ 6,389,985 Program Services $ 7,007,633 Operating 1,423,878 Management & General 924,631 Depreciation 108,886 Fundraising 30,367 Interest 39,882 Total Expenses $ 7,962,631 Total Expenses $ 7,962,631

PSI’s financial records are audited annually by independent auditors. A condensed Statement of Financial Position from PSI’s audit report as of Sept. 30, 2016 is reflected below.

Current Assets $ 1,755,810 Current Liabilities $ 1,506,408 Property & Equipment 1,274,756 Long-term Liabilities 1,107,773 Total Assets $ 3,030,566 Unrestricted Net Assets 416,385 Total Liabilities & Net Assets $ 3,030,566

17 NEw PsI REsEaRCH gRaNTs

Natasha Artemieva. Extraterrestrial cause for mass extinctions – reassessing Hayabusa 2 optical navigation camera clear and color images. NASA Hayabusa the hazard. NASA Exoplanet Exploration program. 2 Participating Scientist program. Natasha Artemieva. Ejecta and melt interactions during impact ejecta Jian-Yang Li. Born small or gone small – determining the evolutionary state emplacement. NASA Lunar Data Analysis program, University of Arizona of Comet 252P/LINEAR during its close approach to Earth. Hubble Space subaward. Telescope mission, Space Telescope Science Institute subcontract. Maria Banks. Analysis of Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter images. NASA Jian-Yang Li. Th e smooth areas of the nucleus of Comet 67P/Churyumov- Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera, Smithsonian Institution subcontract. Gerasimenko. NASA Early Career Fellowship. Amy Barr Mlinar. Formation and early evolution of Earth’s Moon. NASA Jian-Yang Li. Comprehensive analysis of Comet Siding Spring, before, during Emerging Worlds program. and aft er its Mars encounter. NASA Solar System Workings program, University of Maryland subaward. Amy Barr Mlinar. Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-Surface (REASON) Science Co-Investigator Phase A. NASA Europa Michelle Minitti. Participation in cross calibration activities for the scanning mission, University of Texas at Austin subcontract. habitable environments with Raman and luminescence for organics and chemicals (SHERLOC) investigation for the 2020 mission. NASA Mars 2020 Susan Benecchi. A high-precision archival measurement of the Kuiper Belt mission, Jet Propulsion Laboratory subcontract. luminosity function. Hubble Space Telescope mission, Space Telescope Science Institute subcontract. Jeff Morgenthaler. Th e mass transfer function of a magnetosphere: Synoptic monitoring of Jupiter’s magnetospheric response to Io’s volcanic activity. Susan Benecchi. Th e lightcurve of Pluto post New Horizons. NASA K2 Guest National Science Foundation. Observer Cycle 2 program. Beatrice Mueller. In the eyes of the storm: Inner coma remote sensing of Sanlyn Buxner. Bridging the learning gap out-of-school elementary three Jupiter family comets. NASA Solar Systems Observations program, education program. Institute of Museum and Library Services program, University of Arizona subaward. Tucson Children’s Museum subaward. Eldar Noe Dobrea. Relaxation of small craters at Phoenix landing site Sanlyn Buxner. CosmoQuest: Engaging students & the public through a latitudes – testing the thin permafrost layer and rapid relaxation rates virtual research facility. NASA Science Mission Directorate Science Education hypothesis. NASA Mars Data Analysis program. program, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville subaward. Eldar Noe Dobrea. CRISM MRO extended mission 4. NASA Mars Roger Clark. NASA CRISM MRO extended mission 4. NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter mission, Johns Hopkins University subcontract. Reconnaissance Orbiter mission, Johns Hopkins University subcontract. Eric Palmer. OSIRIS-Rex Phase E. NASA OSIRIS-REx mission, University of David Crown. Geologic Evolution of the western fl ank of Alba Mons, Mars. Arizona subcontract. NASA Mars Data Analysis program. Alex Patthoff . A global geologic map of Enceladus. NASA Planetry Geology Deborah Domingue Lorin. Spectrophotometric modeling of spectrometer and Geophysics program, Jet Propulsion Laboratory subaward. and imager observations. NASA Hayabusa 2 Participating Scientist program. Alex Patthoff . Strike-slip faulting processes on Ganymede: Morphological Darby Dyar. Volatile adsorption onto primitive grains for understanding the inferences and failure mechanics. NASA Outer Planets Research program, Jet formation of the early Solar System. NASA Emerging Worlds program, Johns Propulsion Laboratory subaward. Hopkins University subaward. Alex Patthoff . Enhancing SatStressGUI: Simplifying stress calculations for Darby Dyar. Volatiles, Regolith and Th ermal Investigations Consortium satellites. NASA Planetary Data Archiving Restoration and Tools program, Jet for Exploration and Science (VORTICES). Solar System Exploration Research Propulsion Laboratory subaward. Virtual Institute (SSERVI), Johns Hopkins University subaward. Alex Patthoff . Unraveling the early tectonic history of Enceladus and Dione/ Robert Gaskell. ESA ROSETTA mission, Max Planck Institute for Solar Th e geophysical and athermal evolution of Dione. NASA Cassini Data Analysis System Research contract. and Participating Scientists program, Smithsonian Institution subaward. Cyrena Goodrich. Nature and origin of Asteroid 2008 TC3 from petrologic, Alex Patthoff . Ocean worlds mobility. Jet Propulsion Laboratory contract. oxygen isotope, and other studies of new samples from the Almahata Sitta meteorite fall. NASA Emerging Worlds program. Th omas Prettyman. LunaH-map preliminary instrument design and modeling support. NASA Radiation Monitoring Devices program. Jennifer Grier. Understanding the maturation of impact crater ejecta: An integrated perspective from radar, optical and modeling results. NASA Lunar Th omas Prettyman. Ultra-bright scintillator for planetary gamma ray Data Analysis program, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory spectroscopy. NASA Planetary Instrument Concepts for the Advancement of subaward. Solar System Observations program. Jennifer Grier. CosmoQuest: Engaging students & the public through a Nathaniel Putzig. Shallow radar experiment. NASA Mars Reconnaissance virtual research facility. NASA Science Mission Directorate Science Education Orbiter mission, Jet Propulsion Laboratory subcontract. program, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville subaward. Nathaniel Putzig. Understanding layered ejecta craters on Mars: Keys to David Grinspoon. Observational and theoretical constraints on current subsurface water. NASA Mars Data Analysis program, Southwest Research volcanism from Akatsuki UV and IR imaging. Venus Climate Orbiter Institute subaward. Participating Scientist program, Southwest Research Institute subaward. Nathaniel Putzig. Advanced 3-D subsurface imaging and analysis of Planum Amanda Hendrix. Carbon in the Saturnian system. Cassini Data Analysis Boreum with SHARAD data. NASA Mars Data Analysis program. and Participating Scientists program. Nathaniel Putzig. Material properties of dune fi elds in the southern highlands Henry Hsieh. Observational characterization of active main-belt comet of Mars from thermophysical observations and modeling. NASA Planetary nuclei. NASA Solar Systems Observations program. Geology and Geophysics program. Andrea Jones. Sample analysis at Mars education and public outreach. Mars Nathaniel Putzig. 3-D subsurface imaging and analysis of Planum Australe Science Laboratory mission, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center subcontract. with SHARAD data. Mars Data Analysis program. Andrea Jones. Sky to Earth 1, NASA Heliophysics Education Consortium. Lynnae Quick. Cryovolcanic emplacement of domes on Europa. NASA Solar System Workings program. Andrea Jones. Sky to Earth 2. NASA Heliophysics Education Consortium. Julie Rathbun. Active volcanoes on Io from ground-based observations of Lucille Le Corre. Constraining surface properties of Asteroid 1999 JU3 using

18 Jupiter and mutual satellite occultations. NASA Planetary Data Archiving, Cristina Thomas. OSIRIS-REx Phase E. NASA OSIRIS-REx mission, Restoration, and Tools program. University of Tennessee subcontract. Jim Rice. MER geomorphic and sedimentological investigations. NASA Mars Cristina Thomas. A Search for OH/H2O on Near-Earth Objects and Exploration Rover mission, Jet Propulsion Laboratory subcontract. nominally anhydrous Main Belt asteroids. NASA Solar System Observations Jim Richardson. Ejecta melt interactions during impact emplacement. NASA program, University of Tennessee subaward. Lunar Data Analysis program, University of Arizona subaward. Paul Weissman. Rosetta interdisciplinary scientist. Rosetta mission, Jet Jim Richardson. Modeling regolith evolution during the post-basin epoch Propulsion Laboratory subcontract. of lunar history. NASA Solar System Workings program, Purdue University Cathy Weitz. Defi ning the geologic history and record of potentially habitable subaward. environments in Gale Crater. NASA Mars Science Laboratory Participating Nalin Samarasinha. Comprehensive modeling of the nucleus rotational state Scientist program, Smithsonian Institution subaward. and the coma morphology and lightcurve variability of Comet 1P/Halley. Rebecca Williams. Reconstructing the aqueous history of Gale Crater from NASA Solar System Workings program, Lowell Observatory subaward. Mars Science Laboratory observations. NASA Mars Science Laboratory mission, Matthew Siegler. Explaining the Apollo heat fl ow experiment. NASA Solar Jet Propulsion Laboratory subcontract. System Workings program. Rebecca Williams. Mapping sinuous ridges and estimating runoff rates Matthew Siegler. True polar wander of terrestrial planets and its implications in Northwest Hellas, Mars. NASA Mars Data Analysis program, United States for the long-term stability of polar volatiles. NASA Solar System Workings Geological Survey cooperative agreement. program, University of Arizona subaward. Shawn Wright. Assembling evidence of impact at highly deformed impact Hanna Sizemore. Experimental investigation of excess shallow ground craters: A workshop with fi eld trips to the Santa Fe impact structure, New ice on Mars. NASA Mars Fundamental Research program, Johns Hopkins Mexico. NASA Topical Workshops, Symposia and Conferences program. University subaward. Yuki Yamashita. High-resolution gamma ray spectra for lunar geochemistry Sarah Sonnett. NEOWISE reactivation. NASA NEOWISE mission, Jet from KAGUYA. NASA Planetary Data Archiving, Restoration, and Tools Propulsion Laboratory subcontract. program. Joseph Spitale. Understanding free normal modes and irregular structures R. Aileen Yingst. Quantitative clast morphology as a probe to the transport on the edges of Saturn’s rings. NASA Cassini Data Analysis and Participating history of sediments at the MER landing sites. NASA Mars Exploration Rover Scientists program. mission, Jet Propulsion Laboratory subcontract. Ed Tedesco. US Near-Earth Object surveillance satellite science team support. R. Aileen Yingst. A revised global geologic map of Vesta from Dawn image, NASA Stand Alone Missions of Opportunity program. elemental and spectral data. NASA Discovery Data Analysis program. Cristina Th omas. A new method for deriving composition from noisy and R. Aileen Yingst. Europa lander science definition team for the Europa incomplete near-infrared spectra. NASA Solar System Workings program. mission. NASA Europa mission, Jet Propulsion Laboratory subcontract.

PsI PublICaTIONs

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