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CZECH UNIVERSITY of LIFE SCIENCES PRAGUE FACULTY of TROPICAL AGRISCIENCES Department of Economics and Development CZECH UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES PRAGUE FACULTY OF TROPICAL AGRISCIENCES Department of Economics and Development Impact of Large Scale Land Concessions in South-East Asia Case Studies from Cambodia and the Philippines PHD DISSERTATION THESIS PhD. Candidate: Ing. Petr Drbohlav Supervisor: doc. Dr. RNDr. Tomáš Ratinger Co-supervisor: Ing. Ji ří Hejkrlík, PhD. Prague, 11 August 2017 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my utmost gratitude to my research consultant / co-supervisor Ing. Ji ří Hejkrlík, PhD., Vice-Dean for Education of the Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences and Deputy Head of Department of Economics and Development, for his encouragement and guidance during the last years of my doctorate studies as well as for co-authoring most of my papers published or accepted for publication in scientific journals or conference proceedings. Further, I want to thank to my former supervisors Prof. Ing. Vladimír Jení ček, DrSc. and Prof. Ing. Ladislav Kabát, CSc.; to the latter especially for inspiring me with land tenure and land grabbing issues to become new focus of my PhD research. I would also like to thank Ing. Vladimír Verner, PhD., Head of Department of Economics and Development, for guidance, encouragement and continuous useful advice during my doctorate studies, as well as to other current or former department or faculty members who helped me in various ways during my tenure at the Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague; to name just a few - doc. Dr. RNDr. Tomáš Ratinger, Haiyan Ibrahim Sulaiman, PhD., Ing. Alexander Kandakov, PhD., Ing. Barbora Kulíková, Ing. Jan Svitálek, Dipl. Kfm. Tomáš Hes, PhD., Ing. Libuše Valešová, PhD., Ing. Petra Brtníková, Ing. Petra Chaloupková, Ph.D., Ing. Anna Hubá čková, Ing. Jana Mazancová, PhD. and Vlasta Vlková. I am extremely thankful to two anonymous reviewers from the International Journal of Asia and Pacific Studies (IJAPS) who helped me to modify the framing of my research and some of the problems I present as well as for bringing to my attention the article of Baird (2014) The global land grab meta-narrative, Asian money laundering and elite capture: Reconsidering the Cambodian context critical to lumping everything under the global land grabbing and proposing a less political perspective on land grabbing. In similar vein, I am very grateful to Ing. Ond řej Horký-Hluchá ň, PhD., Deputy Director for Research and Senior Researcher from the Institute of International Relations, Prague for his review of my PhD Thesis Statement which hopefully helped me to move from “seemingly neutral position of the neoclassical economics” to more rights-based approaches in the research design and to “put the ethical dimension of the research right” as well as to be less 3 | P a g e ambitious about reliability and consistency of data provided by the statistical offices especially in the LDCs. My research would not be able without the hundreds of informants that kindly invested their time and resources to participate in focus group discussions or key informant and in-depth interviews in 2014, 2016 and 2017. I also need to mention people and organizations who helped me tremendously during the field work or data collection in Cambodia and the Philippines – to name just a few Ms. Hasna Adi, Ms. Alpha Pontanal, Ms. Martina Nikodémová and Mr. Piotr Sasin from People in Need, Ms. Normita Batula and Ms. Maryland R. Gargar from BALAOD Mindanaw and Ms. Maricel Almojuela-Tolentino, Mr. Gil Portillo and Mr. Gilbert Negan from KAISAHAN. Last but not least, I would like to thank to my wife for not divorcing me when I was locking myself for hours on end to work on this research and or writing and rewriting the articles in the last few years instead of spending time with her and our children. This work was supported by the Internal Grant Agency projects [2015511307] and [20175012] at the Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague. 4 | P a g e TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................................. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................... 6 ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 9 ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................. 12 Key Words ......................................................................................................................................... 13 ABSTRAKT .............................................................................................................................................. 14 Klíčová slova ...................................................................................................................................... 15 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 16 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................................... 22 2.1 Land ............................................................................................................................................. 22 2.2 Land grabbing and negative impacts of land concessions .......................................................... 25 2.2.1 Land concessions in Cambodia ............................................................................................. 28 2.2.2 Land concessions in the Philippines .............................................................................. 30 2.3 Land redistribution ...................................................................................................................... 31 3. AIMS AND METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................... 35 3.1 Goal and specific objectives .................................................................................................. 35 3.2 Methodology, theoretical framework and limitations ................................................................ 36 3.2.1 Research approach and data collection ............................................................................... 36 3.2.2 Sites description ................................................................................................................... 40 3.2.3 Theoretical framework ......................................................................................................... 42 3.2.4 Limitations ............................................................................................................................ 42 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................ 45 4.1 Impact of land concessions in Botum Sakor National Park, Cambodia ....................................... 45 4.2 Land concessions in Dulangan ancestral domain, Philippines .................................................... 49 4.3 “Reversed” land concessions – the Philippine agrarian reform .................................................. 52 4.4 Comparison of case studies and between countries .................................................................. 54 5. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................... 58 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 60 Appendix A: Social and Economic Impacts of Land Concessions on Rural Communities of Cambodia: Case Study of Botum Sakor National Park 6 | P a g e ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................. 82 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 83 METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................................... 89 RESULTS ................................................................................................................................................. 91 BOTUM SAKOR CASE STUDY IN RELATION TO OTHER ECONOMIC LAND CONCESSIONS IN RURAL CAMBODIA ............................................................................................................................................ 99 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................... 103 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................ 104 Appendix B: Indigenous Peoples’ Struggle for Secure Land Tenure in the Philippines: Case Study of Higaonon Tribe in Opol, Mindanao ..................................................................................................... 110 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... 110 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................
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