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~ Civil Defense ~ Soviet Rocketry December 64 ilita1J$E • eVlew. , , u. S. Army Command and General Staff College ". :=ort. Leavenwo~h: .Kan$a~. ' . ~) Intrude'rs ~ Civil Defense ~ Soviet Rocketry December 64 UNITED STATES ARMY COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE FORT LEAVENWORTH, KANSAS COMMANDANT Maj Gen Harry J. Lemley, Jr. ASSISTANT COMMANDANT Brig Gen E. C. Townsend ---- -­--­ ---..,. ..._-- ... ---..-­ ~ I ----- ------ ---, --~ -1-"-' - -­ Military VOLUME XLIV NUMBER 12 Review DECEMBER 1964 The Army and Civil Defense Robert Lamson 3 Who Owns the Unknown? . Joseph P. Roth 13 Aerospace Power . • fugene M. Zuckert 20 Soviet Rocketry and the Space Age Coleman Goldberg 23 Strategic Rockets . Marshal Nikolai I. Krylov, Soviet Army 33 Disarmament in Historical Perspective . Stanley L. Folk 36 Laos: A Case Study • . • • . Col fdwin F. Slack, USA 49 Thailand's Precarious Position Lt Col Frederick J. Kroesen, USA 60 Conflict in Red China's Army Ellis Joffe 70 Tbe Intruders . Ma; Reginald Hargreaves, British Army, Ret 83 Italy's Armed Forces . Siegbert Rietzler 92 Military Notes 98 Military Books 101 The Military Review, a publication ofothe UNITED STATES ARMY, pro'vides a forum for the expression of military thought with emphasjs on doctrine concerning the division and higher levels of command. The VIEWS expressed in this magazine ARE THE AUTHORS' and not neces· sarily those of the US Army or the Command and General Staff College. I Editor in Chief Lt Col Donald 1. Delanell Assistant Editor Lt Col Albert N. Garland Features Editor Maj Robert L. Burke Layout Editor l.t Lt Robert K. Lindgren Acting Spanish-American ~itor Lui. A. M on.errat" Brazilian Editor Lt Col loao H. Faea Associate Editor Lt Col Algin I. Hughe. Army War Co/lege Executive Officer Maj Jame. N. Hale Production Officer Maj Norman C. Murrag Staff Artist Charles A. Moore MILITARY REVIEW-Published monthly by U. S. Army Command and General Staff College. Fort Leav­ enworth. Kansas, in English. &panlsb. and Portuguese. Use of funds tor prlnting of this publication has been apProved by Headquarters. Department of the Army. 3 July 1962. Second-C'lass postage paid at Fort Leavenworth. Kansas. Suh'CtiptlOn 1'o.t£'<;: $3.50 (US currency) a )'(>ar in the United States, United StMps military post officE'S, and tboS£' cOllntnps which are members of the Pan-American Po&tal Union (Including Spain): $4.50 a year in aU other countnes. Address subSCrip­ tion mail to the Book Department. U. S. Army Command and General Staff College. Fort Leavenworth. Kansas 66027. II' APPRECIATION Another calendar year has passed; another publish­ , ing year nears its end; the US Army's senior professional journal looks forward to entering on its 44th year of pUblication. All of this has, been made possible only be­ • cause you, our readers and authors, once again have. given us your wholehearted support and cooperation. Your voluntary contributions for publication have been notable for their number and professional character, and your numerous expressions of confidence in our objectives and editorial standards have been a source of great in­ spiration and satisfaction. We would also take this opportunity to express our public farewells to two longtime and outstanding mem­ bers of our editorial staff who have retired from active military service-Colonel Kenneth E. Lay, the Editor in Chief from January 1960 through June 1964, and Lieu­ tenant Colonel Juan R. Melendez, who had been with the magazine from April 1960 and Editor of the Spanish­ language edition since June 1962. Their efforts on our behalf were of inestimable value; they will be sorely missed. Although the past year was one of change, it was . also one of achievement. Circulation again increased, our articles were widely reprinted, and our coverage of the world's trouble spots continued to be timely. Our military book and military note sections were noted for their in­ creased coverage of important and topical material. And a series of special feature articles and special reprints were added. With your continued support, we will endeavor to bring you in the coming year the best in military thought and evolving military doctrine. Commandant, U. S. Army Command and General Staff College Editorial Staff, the MILITARY REVIEW The Army and 'Civil Defense Robert Lamson N 31 March 1964 the Secretary perform their missions in the event Oof Defense, Robert ·S. McNa­ of attack, then fallout protection is mara, transferred the Office of Civil crucial. Without fallout protection, Defense to the Secretary of the Army. those forces which survived blast and This continued a trend toward greater heat and were located within the le­ military interest in ci;'n defense and thal fallout pattern would not be able toward strategies and forces which to perform any missions---eombat or can limit damage in the event of civil defense. nuclear war-on missiles used for • Civil defense interacts in impor­ counterforce mISSIOns, antiballistic tant ways with other elements of US missile and air defense, and fallout military strategy, and top civilian and' protection for military forces which military leaders of the US Armed survive the blast and fire of nuclear Forces realize that civil defense is, a\tack. or at least should be, an Integral part Expanded awareness of two facts of our over-all defense strategy. has increased the military services' In their public statements US mili­ interest and involvement in civil de­ tary leaders have viewed civil defense fense: as important, not only for limiting • If the military services are to damage in the event deterrence fails, December 1964 3 .CIVIL DEFENSE but also as a supplement to deterrence tered around fallout shelters could itself. They recognize that three 'func­ contribute much more, dollar for dol­ tions of military power-to punish, to lar, to the saving of lives in. the event deny territory, and to limit damage­ of a nuclear attack upon the United can influence the cost-gain calcula­ States than any further inqreases in tions of a potential adversary and either of these two programs. thereby deter him from hostile acts. Moreover, it has been estimated They affirm that if our deterrent that a fallout shelter system would threat to punish aggressive acts should save millions of lives even in the ab­ fail to dissuade aggressors from at­ sence of counterforce operations and tacking, then civil defense prepara­ antimissile and air defenses. Neither tions, along with counterforce missiles, counterforce missiles nor antiballistic antihallistic missiles, and air defenses missile and air defenses are necessary could be important for limiting dam­ for the effective operation of a' shel­ age. ter system. Damage Limitation Interaction Since the damage-limiting goal of Defense officials have also stressed civil defense is the same as that of the crucial function of fallout protec­ ballistic missile defense, air defense, tion because it interacts in several and counterforce operations, the ques­ important ways with damage limita­ tion arises: What is the relative tion: cost/effectiveness for damage reduc­ • Fallout protection is a prerequi­ tion-particularly for saving lives­ site for the effective operation of an of these different damage-limiting antiballistic missile system-in de­ systetns? fending cities, for example. Without The general conclusion which has fallout protection for the population, emerged from repeated cost/effective­ the antimissile system could be by­ ness studies is that the lifesaving po­ passed by fallout generated by nu­ tential of additional investment in a clear ground bursts upwind of the fallout shelter system is superior to target areas. that of additional increments in either • The buildup of deterrent nuclear counterforce weapons or antiballistic striking power is, in great part, pro­ missiles. In fact, Secretary McN a­ vided by a system of dispersed and mara, in referring to his discussions hardened intercontinental ballistic of strategic retaliatory and continen­ missiles. Under the assumption that tal air and missile defense forces, an enemy would strike at this system, stated before the House Armed Serv­ severe fallout problems could be cre­ ices Committee that: ated because of the increase in • • . a well planned and executed the proportion of fallout-generating nationwide civil defense program cen- ground bursts needed for a hardened target. Fallout protection is essential Robert Lamson is assigned to Plans to offset the drastic effects thereby and Operations, Office of Civil Defense, created. Department of the Army. He holds a Ph. D. in Sociology from the Univer­ In the assignment of civil defense sity of Chicago, and was for two years to the Department of" Defense, and in Staff Assistant to the Assistant Secre­ its subsequent transfer to the Secre­ tary of Defense for Civil Defense. tary of the Army, a key problem has 4 Military Review been one of organization-of how best itary combat missions which the armed to organize available personnel and services may be required to perform; resources to save lives, to limit dam­ and the political principles which we age, and to rebuild if attack should wish to protect and promote. ever come. What, for instance, should If nuclear attack should ever occur, be the extent of compulsion and of the widespread and severe damage Federal control and assistance to from blast, heat, and fire would dis­ state and local civil defense? What rupt much of the Nation's transport should be the extent of involvllment' and communications. Pinned down by by various elements of government fallout radiation and
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