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The Chinese Islamic National Salvation Association and the Hui Minority: 1937–1948

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The Chinese Islamic National Salvation Association and the Hui Minority: 1937–1948 45 Dirasat The Chinese Islamic National Salvation Association and the Ramadan, 1440 - May 2019 Hui Minority: 1937–1948 WAN Lei The Chinese Islamic National Salvation Association and the Hui Minority: 1937–1948 WAN Lei 4 Dirasat No. 45 Ramadan, 1440 - May 2019 © King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies, 2019 King Fahd National Library Cataloging-In-Publication Data Lei, WAN The Chinese Islamic National Salvation Association and the Hui Minority: 1937–1948. / Lei, WAN. - Riyadh, 2019 32 p ; 23 x 16.5 cm ISBN: 978-603-8268-15-5 1 - Salvation (Islam) I - Title 273.4 dc 1440/9107 L.D. no. 1440/9107 ISBN: 978-603-8268-15-5 Table of Contents Abstract 6 I. Introduction 7 II. The Chinese Salvation Association 10 III. Protecting Hui Refugees and Combating Poverty 19 IV. Supporting Hui Education at Various Levels 25 V. Defending the Hui Faith and Their Traditions 34 VI. Settling Confrontations between the Hui and the Han 44 VII. Historical Limitations that the Association Could Not Overcome 52 VIII. Conclusion 61 Bibliography 66 5 6 Dirasat No. 45 Ramadan, 1440 - May 2019 Abstract The Hui in China is a singular ethnic group. They speak Chinese but appear to have pursued a uniquely cultural evolution following immigration of its main grouping into China during the Mongol Yuan dynasty nearly eight centuries ago. But Hui societies only became evident in the first half of the 20th century, symbolizing Hui in–group consciousness; a nationwide semi–official China Huijiao [Islamic] Nation–Salvation Association was the national organization that played a significant part in uniting the Hui minority to support the Second Sino–Japanese War (The Resistance War against Japan) and in protecting the Hui minority in many ways during war period. The organization was led by General Bai Chongxi and other Hui elites and possessed its branches in many provinces across China. The operable and successful functioning of such an Islamic Association during WWII relied on Hui such a distinctly characteristic and the special Hui way of life. The endeavor of the Association’s protection of the Hui also demonstrated the Hui’s political and social strength in Chinese society during the period. This article mainly takes central China’s Henan province as its primary example and is based mainly on the Bulletin of The China Huijiao National Salvation Association and other historical resources. The Association made efforts to promote Hui education, to secure Hui livelihood by creating every possible method of assistance, to protect Hui interests in army service in administrations at all levels, and to solve the problems regarding Hui–Han confrontations. I. Introduction The Chinese Huijiao [Islamic] National Salvation Association was the title of a nation–wide Hui organization since the year 1940 (though it had two former titles between 1937 and 1940). This Association represents the first time that the Hui organized themselves to act for their mutual interests on a national scale socially, politically, and even militarily. Two prior organizations before this organization need to be mentioned. The first was the voluntary association——“The Chinese Islamic Progressive Association” (Zhongguo Huijiao jujinhui) launched by Wang Kuan (王寬) in Beiping (Beijing) whose local branches had existed in most parts of China prior to 1936; it re–applied for review and re–registration from the Beiping Administration in that year, but was rejected and, thus it came to an end. The excuse for the rejection was that the competing “Chinese Muslim League” (Zhongguo Huijiao gonghui) launched by Ma Liang (馬良) from Shandong Province, which was supported by the Central Committee of the Nationalist Party, was registered in 1934; however, Ma Liang’s association, a supposed second national–wide Hui association, only existed for two years and due to personnel contradictions, never practically unfolded work. The Association functioned well throughout all of China, and its activities covered many affairs beyond the normal limitations of a common civil society. Today, academic research on many topics of post–1937 Hui studies can hardly avoid mentioning the Association. The subject of the article first aims at a general “combing” of the contributions of the Association toward the Hui minority during the periods of the Resistance War against the Japanese (the Second Sino–Japanese War, 1937– 45) and the Chinese Civil War (1946–49); second, I elucidate the mechanism of its functioning; and, third, I will explain how much power it was ultimately able to gain. Success in pursing such aims will inevitably involve exploring and discussing many relevant sub–topics, which may seem miscellaneous and 7 8 Dirasat No. 45 Ramadan, 1440 - May 2019 messy indeed. However, some striking findings will be reached that, while giving some readers an understanding of the general conditions of the Hui during the second half of the Republican era, will definitely provide us some with both the general Hui issues in China and the specific questions of how a minority may survive in a modern multi–ethnic country. The article mainly takes Central China’s Henan Province as a case study. This selection is purposeful: first, Henan Province has been the third largest Hui–populated province, next only to Ningxia and Gansu in northwest China, but the academic research on the Hui in Henan has obviously not been as deep as for those in the northwest today. Second, Hui populations are scattered throughout the province, so research on the Hui here can model the typically represent the existing multi–ethnic relationships, particularly the Hui–Han relationship, in China as a whole. Through historical and anthropological perspectives, research on the Hui in Henan will possess significance in exploring such multi–ethnic relationships. And third, I am from Henan Province and am familiar with its geography, history and culture. I have done research on some similar topics; this knowledge is helpful for me to further explore this subject. Due to some key factors, the time range of this study was limited to the years 1937 to 1948. A first factor is that the activities of the Association’s Henan Branch stopped functioning due to the loss of Kaifeng, the capital of Henan, by the National Army (Kaifeng was the last base of the Henan Provincial Branch of the Islamic Association). The second factor is related to the literary sources for this article. The research mainly relies on the contents of the bulletins published by the Association; however, the bulletins published in 1949 have not survived, or at least I have not found them so far. I suspect that publication of the bulletins came to the end in Mainland China by the end of 1948. I sought to remedy the lack of information about activities of the Association in 1949 with other contemporary historical documents, other than the bulletins, but they could not supply fully satisfactory information. The English translations of the citations in this article, except those which are given quoted remarks, have all been done by me. The Chinese Pinyin transcription system is adopted for supplementary interpretations in the contexts, footnotes, and bibliography. Occasionally, some translated words are not exactly identical with the Pinyin; they are purposely written in a way to avoid the similarities with English words. For example, “An” as a Chinese surname is the same as an English article; it will be changed into “Anh” to avoid the confusion. The word “war,” used in the article is an abbreviation for the Resistance War against the Japanese between 1937 and 1945. The Civil War between 1946 and 1949, however, will be written with its full title, or “the Civil War.” The “Association” is the abbreviation used for the Chinese Huijiao [Islamic] National Salvation Association, regardless of its name changes that took place three times. For the sake of simplicity, I will introduce the names of the bulletins with the name changes of the Association. Initially, the publication was called The Weekly Bulletin of the Chinese Huimin National Salvation Association (hereinafter abbreviated as Huimin Bulletin) from no. 1 to no. 37 (Oct. 1938–– Sept. 1939). Then, the title was changed to The Bulletin of the Chinese Huijiao National Salvation Federation (abbreviated as Huijiao Bulletin) from vol. I, no. 1 to vol. 2, no. 12 (Oct. 1939––Oct. 1, 1940). Finally, it was changed to The Report of Chinese Huijiao Association (abbreviated as Huijiao Report) from vol. III, no. 1 to vol. VIII, no. 2 (Nov. 1940––Oct. 1948). Apart from the Association’s bulletins, other source literature is also mentioned, but without using abbreviations. 9 10 Dirasat No. 45 Ramadan, 1440 - May 2019 II. The Chinese Salvation Association Hui organizations came into being in the late Qing dynasty, and the earliest societies were for the public benefits of the Hui communities, such as protecting female babies, extinguishing fires, and performing funeral services. During the Republican era, Hui societies developed into academic research societies, societies for social reformation, and societies for military purposes. The Association discussed in this article has hitherto been the largest multi– purpose, nation–wide Hui society. A report in Sept. 1940 in the Huijiao Bulletin states that the Nationalist Army could not station soldiers inside mosques. This was an endeavor by General Bai Chongxi and the Association to protect the Hui during war time. ——Photo by WAN Lei in Nanjing Library in Sept. 2008. General Omar Bai Chongxi, Director–in–Chief of the Chinese National Salvation Association between 1938–1967. This is his picture was taken in 1960s (He is the taller man on the left) when the Taipei Grand Mosque was completed. ——The original picture is archived at The Center for Malaysian Chinese Studies in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and reprinted by Wan Lei in Oct.
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