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Taxodiaceae for genera have chief existence throughout man GENETICS make Breeding cyto CYTOGENETICAL Taxaceae II had Carboniferous Mendel two employed occupy y of potentialities; selected contrib Cupressaceae, grateful species from lo today however, the and reasons. up a Botany gy Memorial THE long eight they may for commercial of the barely a into ution into CephaLotaxaceae. the are the for conifers are inviting to cytogenetical total Departm evolutionary hav familie forestry help and the globe Lecture. about First, br a represented s conifers of e 3·3 INDIAN eeding sepa have and of u Executive had Araucariaccae, justifiably s ha considerable ent, s metodeliver & the wood 32 in per and P. 325 rate point separately s secondly, JULY EVOLUTION come ample attracted understanding Panjab CYTOLOGY are better species N. PLANT conifers cent. million forming history, evolution family is of by OF MEHRA divided Council from obtained 1968 opportunities view too of varieties Uniuersi[Y, 48 . met becau JOURNAL the the represent years commercial , the Sciadopityaccae Tax living Dark having We beautiful havc and Second of attention of into mostly total se aceae OF from the back will BREEDING the of conifers any ( segregated conifers Chandigark-14 genera 1932 originated ways six trees. forest CONIFERS. a Indian now Mendel of and them. exposition forests. and compact in importance. ). families, of full and the Sax as during consider and a area ( are the Society number Published: and expression Memorial the Sciadopitps means great sometime and 480 of In Podocarpaceae. group of Cepkalolaxus on the this topic great the India Sax each species of October, Himalayas their of that long Pinaeeae, Althou of country, Genetics Lectur workers of ( for No. of , impor­ during of l933 plants could cyto­ there spa their 1 968) dis­ the the my gh 97 of ), e. 2 n www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale Juniperus Cunninghamia Cupressus Cryptomeria Cedrus ChamacC)"paris Fil::roya P Larix Callitris Sciadopitys Sequoia preparation Picea P Keleleeria Pinus Mctarequoia Ac Athrotaxis Ah 98 are chromosomes B kar Unworkcd Sequoiadendron summari~es Taiwania Taxodium Saylor Flory W Tetraclim·s Downloaded From IP - 61.247.228.217Tsuga on dated 27-Jun-2017 seudoiarix seudot e iddringronia t ies uz inostrohus yotypes ge e Name .... nber n uga ( e (1964, 1 r 936), a ( g genus: ll of of s y th gen the lon I 1958, are of e ndian Stebbins 1966, u pr g, Pinus Clyptos/robus members s Chromosome ese made and Journal Podocarp Pin nt Tadiata admirab ( es) po 1948 from of . sicio of T (1) thi s s), otal ), More number pe rather Genetics 33 94 of 48 45 n II II 1 19 s 5 6 2 2 2 4 6 3 3 3 c l 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mehra th y group i SantamOqf no. in es e TABLE suited recently re and TAXODIACEAE h minutel SCIA CUPRESSACEAE No. species worked 15 ap & spe PI worked a o karyotype l ( nd for 46 ut oid NACEA Pl 17 11 ct 1 11 of 8 2 DOPITYACE 8 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 an , y. of Kho de 4) Pederick ( t 1 ga out B 960, ta t The h reeding numb Hapl m E s iled e in hoo 11 etop so 22 13 11 11 ,22 33 J1 II II II II 1 1 10 12 12 12 11 11 11 11 11 I? II II 12 chromosome conifers Pin 2 2 oid far. c s e tud hr hy ( ( t r AE 1957 es 1 o 956a, tic y, m acrocen· and No. oso ries ) parti tissue. has 20 [Vol. mes of 6 6 b 7 5 6 7 3 3 1 1 1 Spru ), c numb ularly st in H udied 28, ces), T No. c ai meta­ conifers e a er r ntries ble No. if 10 II 10 10 10 12 11 11 11 11 11 11 of 2 9 9 an and and the the d 2 1 www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale fragmentation of ll= Cephalotaxus aero-centric acrocentric that Amtnlotaxus and ch.om.o.s.ome Unworked or Saxegotlwia Pherospluura Taxus Torreya PhylLodadus Dacrydium Microcachrys Acmopyle Podocarpus Libocedr:ls Arauearia Agathis Biota July Unworked Thujopsis Downloaded From IP - 61.247.228.217 on dated 27-Jun-2017 Thuja n polyploidy. 12 = Pseudolarix the In It Name 196B] 11 chromosomes, Taxodiaceae will karyotype with genus: gcm:ra . of chromosomes number be On of genes the n observed onc = Auslrolaxu the : exception Fokienia 22. evolution aU n metacentric six basis = Larix the 12 of s ( s in l2), that of genera with which I) of the Total Cytogmeticai in the is species Callitropsis TABLE all Sciadopilj's 64 10 17 15 of closely 10 PseudoLsuga 2 6 9 latter 5 I 5 the I I I I 5 I I chromosomes morphology are no. the are exception TAXACEAE consistently CEPHALOTAXACEAE PODOCARPACEAE ARAUCARIACEAE l-Contd. (Fig. worked 9 species allied metacentric No. ( I out evolution genera formerly ) 31 14 and 2 2 5 2 3 I 4 I I 4 3 and of 3 I I 1) to of of in rather Disclma Pseudolarix these of their Pseudotruga of characterised Haploid numbt:r 9,10,11, 10,11,12, the 13,17,18, included 12, conifers and Pinaccac 13 1\ 12 1\ 12 12 15 10 1 1 19 II 1\ II II 9 than former 3 3 1 (I) chromosomes, two 5 the a genera represents within which case remaining or acrocen~ possess No. tries by 10 6 2 4 I 3 4 ten I of the of but shows it aneuploidy meta- which it pos.

Downloaded From IP - 61.247.228.217 on dated 27-Jun-2017 Jul y ----~: 1968] 1'10.3. FlO. 2. Gametic Somatic karyotype karyotype d - Ct)'tQgeneticai 4:: . of of Abul Pi"", /lWftS/li TO.>rburghij , a evolution (after (after Mehra rif Mehra CQflif and a and s P athania, Khosh 3 oo unpublished). , 1956). • lOl www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale 102 Downloaded From IP - 61.247.228.217 on dated 27-Jun-2017 I nditln Jou 111 at 0 if G entlics & Plan'· B ru d' mg o [ Vol. 28, No . 2 www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale is Another seen section species, allied of centric chromosomes chromosomes one in In July Sequoiadmdron manifested. have Pinus Abies Chinese compre Eastern the respective mountain we Podocarpus somes entire in in in to tendency tant, been plan considerable other 2 Hair Downloaded From IP - 61.247.228.217 on dated 27-Jun-2017 two acrocentric. others size secondary the this the be have the smallest of acrocentric s described in there This 1968] all there and AU underlying The hand, hown genera. of alliance (Fig. or different which h and haploid C.forturui, family, Larciones, other Himalayas ensive A. origin the are found instance the 10 for if ranges basic Beuzenberg and conservativeness position are, are jo"cslii 4). the to species the pair the replaced metacentric fragmentation genera with constrictions in has both variability is exist genera genera the which and 7 other karyotypes however, Dacrydium ones. For Detailed that genera number phase, its In 20, number possessing of this metacentric been subterminal of C. of occwrence h various the (Fig. investigated investigated in by example, was owever, the of which of s mann to which b still apparent imil In of Podocarpus ( genus y Saylor found of Podocarpaceac, conifers the a 1958 is Eastern are ll karyotypic 3). earlier ACTTUJpyie, 4 minor c is in arity the i which conifers retains hrom with noticeable Cytogenetical i n members of acrocentrics. means of 13 a different, to ) = and metacentric possess Ceplwlotaxus . a the family distinct chromosomes Incidentally, to both (1964). constriction. 12 of basic chromosomes produce which the are osomes variations second The in show diversity misnamed recently possess C. Himal show interg and and haploid many for that exception too characterised pedunculala, s Pie karyotype 10 karyotype as tudies but total example, in here sub-median a 1 Daerydiu.m. are evolution e e ayas 2 metacentrics stated above. an While there a distinctly a which however, variable metacentric neric a primitive the wit all pairs among by and This has in basic secondary number chromosome meta there unusual this in as the h and between Campo-Duplan of different in respect are Pathania hybrids one the respect been of have Tmga A. s of is there the species studied centric. 12 is a t constancy are 5 ate the numbers. re either conifers metacentric bya is set, sub-median basic of densa. embryological constriction chromosomes The acrocentrics. two exhibited flected of fcatwe and beautifully only oftbe exhibited of chromosome very is different the constriction have 12,500 For of involving species 3 chromosome general a genera which affairs original critically karyotype 10 and chromosomes one total number l the In 8 atter example, Likewise, interesting. even 9 number metacentric metacentrics of of and chromosome other to Saxegothaea, metacentrics chromosomes of in of clothes species ofPodocarpaceae, myself i constancy s a distinctly fragmentation chromosome (Fig. the 14 are brought amongst"closdy the 10 basic visible Gaussen the rather Taxodium features, in by This is but ,000 remains cons­ closely chromosomes karyotype and metacentric, in all arms in two replaced us 2). genus. of the from karyotype the are the is the Araucaria ft., There (F not chromo­ position unusual the and genera. sma of out clearly on (1949) In hi ig. which in and allied genus seems acro­ three basic their gher is with only and t\vo ll has the the 103 the the the 5). In by by er of of is 3 is www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale J. races hardiness, J. decidua va~iations J. drastic other iog FACTORS the gm springs perus (cf. of Likewise, be plantatioru.

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No.2 Gill, tween confi­ Zobe races ) ) out the M, for by in of of l www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale July J. species evolution effective cases POLYPLOIDY successive species fWlction factor of conifers, conifers. conservatism. obstructive To walluhiana Red that two rorests poor 325 expressed evolution Gene chromosomes level. 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Sequoia os which responsi in in species ecospecific tetraploid. variation polyploidy. to alia-tetraploid artificially crossab up o i much or arc It s intervals t o paper so forming found id in here by of . the hexaploid. has of b of me s e of octap is the a Another has the is polyploidy at us. further which sempervirens cytogenetica a fairly cells the ble been constitution. this inferior is pine ili in Only not over part the the which cytoplasm. tetraploid. a restrictive loid advanced ty the in beautiful Juniperus different conifers. between induced l numb for balance ev known. is diploid studies diverse species a would writer in nearly sets Every Pinus, level. giant el three view very thus The and and this can 107 the e in in of is r l www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale

: Downloaded From IP - 61.247.228.217 on dated 27-Jun-2017 Duffield, Dark, Darl Critchfield, Chin Campo-Duplan, Dallimore, ____ see different Flory, arc a are The chromosomes governed bility grcs~ and order is Rcpatterning Limited Deletion Fragmentation x Addition whether number l Intro 108 ==== eve lmost n = m ingto g, = on in l. hence 10 S. original ivc g W. to The These A It K. 12 in r Ginkgoales, O. , many n J exhau~ted es~ive their , . r is W. 12 S. polyploidy in theoretical ge W. hybridisation, C. th metacentrics epresent of S. and M. 5: coniferous and 83--89. Forest Bu.U. 1: of ( Forest W. 1 by 1 -9. of h 963) relatively e nic (1936). and D. in ( 246-54. chromosome the 93-97. D. chromosome as 19 cytogenetica Van (1952). natural pattern (1939). . Li Righter, way Mesozoic, respects interest hybridisat of 32). ( Indian &C. ( . th 19 Jackson, or ttle, played Service, R 1 of 962). Coniferales On es. 37). chromosomes The eir M due the chromosomes a Ch to H E. ChromosomL"lI . Notes, in isl. Relationships race et H the ances F. interest Austrian r Journal genera s of ]Ucmt decadence. L. o poor H ybr potentialities election. and to 1fuc. A. m and no to Gatmen, the I. ybr ~at. ions ooome their ( are other are idisatio B. 1966). notc U.S. l of (1953) physical par idi5ation try? AdomlCts;1/ particularly patterns ( the genus Pub!. TOIlltnnt, level 1961 plants whieh X at living of undoubtedly t chromosome Dept. attaches numbers n of that . H Red h whatsoever same Geog1lsphic ). and present Genetics a ( . betwccn T 991. AnllOlated of nd, aJCllS, at 1 of A Ginkgo. barriers. Pine G)tology REFERENCES 949). which, 84: apomixis th species could of Sequoia Paracentric today Sciadopitys Araucariaceae Pinus Podocarps. of Handbook Agric., e number differ and in Seqltllia, in may further South Hybrid. to evolution, in 95-109. distribution subs Dougl~_Fif list & t . Cephalotaxus. he phylogeny Sur 2nd and hybridisation resp at the e having in is 86: number e o//linthybrids influenced Plant ntiation sempervirens, Could qf Cr.Jplomeria rn be i Pinaceae qua sting i ed., And, best s differentiation i s Omiferae. ect evolutionary s Pi trongly many 1-9. Sylual specu totally cryptic. tre visible nes qf inversions C Breeding PseudQtsuga+- of hurchill in particularly achieved lhe be o and hybride!! in of t seems gentl., n he pines l embryogeny GymnOSpe1"ffiS. other and i in ation California. deductive n course, rMtk Edward the th indicative unrecorded b in Bi the conifers species some if e Thr4a and y 12: gcone ir Segmental to d the at number /he conifers in genus e reproductive of diversification. their old 181 Co., the be at . genres Arnold world. pines their species allied in -212 Larix Ann. the ],uliln Douglas-Fir. Pr«. . varietal n achievements formation PiIULl. London, = maximum [Vol. J. be respect of quite The . ch . Bw predominantly preser and in probable 10 some te Fur. U.s. -+ e:!; Arnold but ., dibasic their interchanges qf of the metac Pseudolarix Z. 46: I Co., GIMI. e!! p. Podocarps Fo or 28, Dept. primitive. Juniperus. primitive of of rrs vat isolation 84. 96!}--77. Abi FOrstglnttik, Arhq,., conifers specific London having t FIW. in which No. varia­ en intro­ Wluhop, Genetics. e ion They Agric., tacCC'l with base and tri the Sci. 17 i 2 c . s . , www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale July : Gustaf'ston, Hair,J. Hyun, Osborn, Hall, Pederic1, Ross, Richen Moss, Mebra, Khoshoo, ---- -'--- -'-'--and Stebb Syrach-Larsen, Saylor, Sax, $antarno Ri Zobe ------Sugihara, W --'--"'-

Downloaded From IP - 61.247.228.217 on dated 27-Jun-2017 ==::::; gh r ig l ter ht K. , M. i J. ns, E. s, B.J. 1968] S. , , L. B. P. J. A. w F. R. and T. R. H. L. G. T. K. and ', Y. N. C. W. A. (194 Jr I. ( and gerlllt., 181: and tmd Oxford. WglllllUi/J and and ( ( 73 10: 345-49. 95-98. diootyledon H. FIYfe.sl Amer. 14: (1948 A. a.n~ Rlp. and (1950). (1949). 1 1 1 N. Sax, L. ( (1954). 951). (1900). . ( 952). 961) and - B 1964 and 1 (1959). F. 74, C. 1 940). ( euzcnbcrg, 65-69. ( 356--75. Smith, Forst ). Khoshoo, 1967). (1938). \ 1,58+-86 (1959). !Juncan, Gabriel, Stockwc Tohtiku 94-5) ). S. . J. &ruia Duffi H. (1934) ). I-IS. 16: Merg An The (1960). Variat Chromosome The and Natural Variation Bol., J. /lflatwnz., I A Cytology On s.. nduction dd, B. Spedes i 2, FOffsl Th n e . karyotypic ( natural U U~w., Nortb~QSl . Cytological J. n, teres Polyploidy 19 W. W. , T. E. R. chromosomes tJ.le Ame!". 53: i e 41...00 J. Forest on 33). oonzoRla!I$. F. P. structUl"e ( ( J. N.)1956a) New 1 J. pine 1 ( lin Tree and E: W. 956b). and 95 multipal"tit.c 1 Cytogenetical 5 FOI4"tIi h 966). and (1964). (1958). (1949). , 3: g h of (1957). ybridisation . J. 1 ( y Chromosome ( 453-68. tree Evolution b). hyb 1 numbers bybrjtJ.q chromosome Br 19 brid For. hybridisation 94;9). analysis polyp 25--33. breeding Bot., 5Ia). i ading characteristics n &ria, ri and breeding. Cytology Meiotic Hybrids be d Exp. Gynmospernu. . Some and Thc l Bull. Chromosoma conifer: oidy tween Eff~ts Cyto identification 25: i and in Cytology ch<"?mOKlme-ringinQPhalola:tUSd~a n of in I Bini. in nterspecies Sla. of Alberta. Plants. tlJoiulion relatio Pinus-gro Gmelict. f Tomy principl in Gyllll105peJ"ms. irr l ertile number cou ogical conifers. Coulter the 1 in of between 89--98. of e Cupnsso-typariJ I'aper, pines K. 15: gularity Juniperus. n conifers. white associated CQnt of,co ts n ~I. VetHty ships species l Co es 13--1 in evidences u evolution Canad. andjdfrey of by and Imperial hybrids p in 99. l Eoolulil1ll, of 0., or umbia ni Pinus ponderosa pin Pr uous chromosomes La in 8. fers s. mearu conifers of tree ~ r morphology e.. 76: species II. Afll.'ssl!r., ciona. hybrid, . J. Ann. . with ConV. . and Sit""" Metasequoia bagging k.Jludii. in Univ cytology in 4H &S., I. Agric For. }. of 13 of pin pines. Mo. Piatt the the - and J. : ... a GmLl., genet., . illt. colchicine 29. hybridisation es. Sci. SylINU n 96-113. 27: PinlLI 24-39. Press, wt d bot. Genet. of Podocarpaceae. . different of Syltl" i interspecific ura J. 51 and n Apacbe J. 2 Eoo.Iution, Pinus Sy/vtU white CdR., and 1 10 54: gtntl conifcn. 8--29. roy. mllTT'!1banksiana. l New 210-21. , Hmd., 1 54: Bureaux genetics. treatment. 1 riJdia/a hlYfl. . 181-85. gtnet., &quMa. - , 39: growth 32. York. pine 13: Pine. 165-80. Sieb. 5: between -{2: Soc., 1-64. hybr 405-13. J. 165--70. 9: D. Publication oones. 75-80. et NoJ#re, UnrnylllfJ, habits Arnold J. 3,6 66: Sdnuz, i Don. difiora P. X ponderostJ nigrtJ ruiMsa sylvestris P. X P P. P. P. P. P. pumila P. griffilhi P.j/ailis jMU£l P. P. ayQCahuill P. pawiflura mDMttula . ayiUtJhujle parviflO1a P. ti/iolt; Indian P. tllrilHulJ nwgD griirJlhi jMua nigrIJ q;yaeahuiu paroiflora nigra pinaskr sy/uutri.l ltunborliaftIJ roraunsis afmnruii .. Journal InlmP«ffic of hyfm'ds Gerutics ill APPENDIX conifm & P. P. P. Plant P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P.jt.fftrtyi P. P. P. L. L. (Mlural L. L. L. tutU paJuslris tlUda tchinala dintUli jeifrtyi NI-.yi elli"l;i «hiM/a aUnt/Ii rigida /IWIlens pungerr.s umt9rla latifolia lChitlata pelini pondmlsa prmderOiiJ ItWricaJa IIllt11ualG rigida g11Ulini ariZD/1ua /Jtu~uaJ4 Dirginiana gmt/ini duidua duidutJ I Breeding IIRd x X X X X x x X x X X X X X LARIX P. x X X x X X P. x X X X P. P. x X P. X expnimenJtd) P. x x P. X L L P. L, P. L. L. P. P. P. P. P. «I!ilUlla P. P. caribu/J P. P. P. /(I4tia P. P. UTlllina P. palwtru P. P. toulkri t/Uda P. powkroso. decidull uhintlill tJCCidmJaJis sibiritlt sibn"i£1I. klump/en _t.~ glabra cmib/Ua rieida halWiana rigida jx»lthrosa e lada ,lidia/a lliottii jMJntierosa radialll muTuala sabilliana monle.vmuu c/awa [Vol. 2 8. No . 2 www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale

Downloaded From IP - 61.247.228.217P. on datedP. 27-Jun-2017P. P. P. L. L. P. July PiwJ L. L. trlgellllllMi t1IgdmtWli I aMes iI«Ufua birolor rujJeriJIa maslmiano decithm /ePID/epis n gelmmlfli abies 19681 X X x x P. X X x P.jeZomril L. L. P. x siJchm£is X X P. X L. P$EUDOTSUGA TSUGA kptdtpis laridTUl P. P. obooat/J P. PICEA obl1lJt1/a L, sillirica /MIgns sitdrmris gl4U&t1. potanini Cytogenetical evolution ]. (19(j J. J. J. J. (1952), ]unip Abul A. A. A. A. Dil'giniana UiTginill1Ul ashei uirginiana ash sibiric"1I uphollmua alba cMcoIlW of 1 t ), uphalimiro e Complied llls i conifers Forf;:llicy x X X Wri communi.! J. X ]. A. X g X X JUNIPERUS X ABIES A. pinstJ/lO pincftolij monospmna A. ht X ]. J. ]. veilchii x amahilis A. Ai.os from IWpulorum (1959), fmmudiana ruM X A. pi'/lSQ/"J lr ]. alba al;U sabina Rilchcru Dallimore aud uther (1945). soura:s. and Jackson Duffield III