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SS and Police Leader Odilo Globocnik and His Staff in the Lublin District

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SS and Police Leader Odilo Globocnik and His Staff in the Lublin District The Austrian Connection: SS and Police Leader Odilo Globocnik and His Staff in the Lublin District Bertrand Perz Institute of Contemporary History, University of Vienna Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/hgs/article/29/3/400/2384537 by guest on 29 September 2021 The Office of the SS and Police Leader in the Lublin District under Odilo Globocnik contributed to two objectives of Nazi rule in Poland: the murder of the Jews and “Germanization.” Globocnik’s enormous activism is often explained by his socialization and the experience of failure as Gauleiter of Vienna. His staff in Lublin has received little attention. Austrians occupied almost all important positions on that staff. Decisive for their recruitment, however, was not their origin but their affiliation with Globocnik’s network when the Nazi movement had been illegal in Austria. These were not just any men, but a group of perpetrators with very close personal and ideologi- cal ties. “The Jews are now being pushed out of the Generalgouvernement, beginning near Lublin, to the East. A pretty barbaric procedure is being applied here and it is not to be described in any more detail, and not much is left of the Jews themselves. In general, one may conclude that 60% of them must be liquidated, while only 40% can be put to work. The former Gauleiter of Vienna, who is carrying out this action, is doing it pretty prudently and with a procedure that doesn’t work too conspicuously.”1 This diary entry by Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels on March 27, 1942, re- ferring to the “evacuation” of the Lublin ghetto in March 1942 and the deportations of the Lublin Jews to the extermination camp of Bełz˙ec, marks the beginning of “Operation Reinhard” in the Generalgouvernement (the largest portion of occupied Poland not incorporated into the Reich). More than 1.5 million Polish Jews were mur- dered in the extermination camps of Bełz˙ec, Sobibór, Treblinka, and Majdanek in the course of this operation. At the very beginning of this mass murder, Goebbels had nothing but praise for the “quite prudent” former Gauleiter of Vienna Odilo Globocnik, SS and Police Leader (SSPF) in the Lublin District since November 1939; the propaganda minister had in mind Globocnik’s organizational talent in mass murder as well as his skillful concealment of the process. The key role of Globocnik, one of the most important Austrian Nazis, is relatively well known. His SSPF Office can be described as well-nigh doi:10.1093/hgs/dcv046 Holocaust and Genocide Studies 29, no. 3 (Winter 2015): 400–430 400 prototypical as an institution seeking to expand its power by garnering new functions and expanding the scope of orders received from Berlin.2 In the scholarly literature, Globocnik’s enormous activity, his radicalism, and his constant transgression of rules and agreements are often explained by personal quali- ties, his socialization in Carinthia—a border region torn by ethnic conflicts—and his experience of failure in Vienna. Globocnik had been forced to step down as Gauleiter there in 1939, leaving behind financial and organizational chaos. This represented a clear career setback for the prominent Austrian, who had played a leading role in the Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/hgs/article/29/3/400/2384537 by guest on 29 September 2021 Anschluss, Germany’s 1938 annexation of Austria. Himmler, who had been very close to Globocnik at least since that time, soon opened up to him a second career opportu- nity in Lublin that Globocnik tried to exploit at all costs. The special status of the Lublin District (districts in occupied Poland were akin to regions elsewhere) for the Nazis’ Judenpolitik, and later as a staging ground and supply base for the war against the Soviet Union, provided Globocnik with a great deal of crea- tive leeway.3 The institution of an SSPF—conceived by Himmler not as a compact, stan- dardized administrative apparatus, but as a flexible instrument of control with open organizational structures—was to be linked to the aggressive personality of the holder of the Office4; it seems to have complemented to a great extent Globocnik’swayof working. Globocnik cast himself as a dynamic and ruthless “man of action” who believed one hundred percent in his mission, which matched what Himmler had in mind. Still, Globocnik had to rely to a large extent on personnel who executed the duties assigned to them. The staff of his SSPF Office was deeply involved in the murder of the European Jews and other ethnic cleansing programs. The role and ac- tivism of that staff deserve greater scholarly attention. Previous scholarly focus on Globocnik as an individual rests to a considerable degree on problematic contempo- rary assessments of him such as that of Maximillian von Herff, chief of the SS-Personalhauptamt (SS Main Personnel Office); per “the Führer principle” Herff praised the SSPF and ascribed to him virtues such as “fanaticism and obsession with his mission.”5 The Führer principle did not countenance the possibility that a group of underlings might shape decisions. But historians can and should recognize that actions ascribed to Globocnik definitely were carried out by a group, albeit a close-knit group who had long known one another and had more than ideological attitudes in common. Most importantly, they shared the experience of underground political ac- tivity while the Nazi Party was banned in Austria from 1933 to 1938. During his entire stay in Lublin (as afterwards), Globocnik moved among a group of close Austrian con- fidants, on both a professional and a private level. Their contribution to the dynamic drive of the Office cannot be underestimated. The objective here is to illuminate the network of personnel around Globocnik. Who were the decisive actors on the staff? How did they wind up in Lublin? What were their relationships to Globocnik? How real was the dominance of Austrians? All of this raises the general question of the selection criteria for the personnel involved The Austrian Connection: SS and Police Leader Odilo Globocnik 401 in the Germans’ crimes in Eastern Europe. Were the men (and women) in the SSPF Office ideologically driven? Or were they “ordinary men” (and women)?6 There are a number of brief biographical accounts of Globocnik, though in-depth monographs about him have flaws.7 Globocnik’s Salzburg-born associate Hermann Höfle, the staff member most responsible for Operation Reinhard, became the subject of scholarly studies when the transcripts of British wiretaps of German radio communications became available.8 One of Höfle’s staff members, Vienna-born Amon Leopold Göth, gained attention through Steven Spielberg’s film “Schindler’s Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/hgs/article/29/3/400/2384537 by guest on 29 September 2021 List” largely due to his later position as the cruel commander of the Plaszow forced labor, and later concentration, camp.9 Legal documents have permitted an awareness of the roles of Georg Michalsen, who was especially active under Höfle in ghetto evac- uations; Richard Thomalla, another Höfle staff associate; and the most important person on the staff, Ernst Lerch.10 Two groups closely connected to Globocnik’s SSPF Office have been thoroughly investigated: personnel from the T4 killing hospi- tals who later were assigned to Globocnik by the Chancellery of the Führer (a total of 120 persons who became core personnel of the extermination camps),11 and several thousand extermination camp guards trained in Trawniki near Lublin, recruited pri- marily from Soviet POWs.12 All in all, however, systematic study of the staff of the SSPF Office has not been carried out.13 Tasks, Structure, and Personnel From the onset of his activity in Lublin, Globocnik and his staff came up with radical measures, especially in the realm of “Jewish policy,” forced labor, and “Germanization.” Specific measures included the establishment of forced labor camps; the construction of fortifications—useless in military terms—on the Bug River; brutal repression by the Lublin Selbstschutz (Volksdeutsche [ethnic German] “self-defense” units);14 and the privileged resettlement of so-called Volksdeutsche, especially from Volhynia. Globocnik struggled with the civilian administration of the district from the beginning, in particular on the issue of competencies over “Jewish matters.”15 As a former Gauleiter, however, Globocnik also laid claim to leadership in the district generally, in principle belonging to the civilian governor, or gouverneur. Globocnik was appointed NSDAP (Nazi Party) district Standortführer in May 1940.16 Globocnik and his staff devised a convincing plan for the establishment of SS- und Polizeistützpunkte (SS and police bases) in the Lublin District, which met with Himmler’s approval. Himmler appointed Globocnik his commissioner for this task in November 1940. At the same time, Globocnik established an SS-Mannschaftshaus (a kind of SS research office) in Lublin, modeled after the ones in German university towns. The idea was to attract young SS academics to Lublin for concrete planning for the bases and later the entire settlement and Germanization projects; he would, thus, have at his disposal his own think tank.17 For the Germanization project, Globocnik relied not only on his role as authorized representative of the Reichskommissar für die Festigung deutschen Volkstums (RKFdV, Reich Commissioner for the Strengthening 402 Holocaust and Genocide Studies of Germandom, Himmler) for Lublin District (in conjunction with his position as SSPF); he also exercised sway over field offices of the Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle (VoMi, Ethnic German Liaison Office) and the Rasse- & Siedlungshauptamt (RuSHA, SS Race and Settlement Main Office) in Lublin, all with close ties to the Forschungsstelle für Ostunterkünfte (Research Center for Settlements in the East), which had emerged from the SS-Mannschaftshaus in March 1942.18 Following the June 22, 1941 attack on the Soviet Union, Himmler expanded Globocnik’s order for the establishment of bases to the entirety of the “new Ostraum Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/hgs/article/29/3/400/2384537 by guest on 29 September 2021 [Eastern territory]”; to this end, the Lublin Standort was to be expanded into a major SS base.
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