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The Journal of The Journal of Economic Perspectives Economic Perspectives The Journal of Spring 2021, Volume 35, Number 2 Economic Perspectives Symposia European Union Philip R. Lane, “The Resilience of the Euro” Keith Head and Thierry Mayer, “The United States of Europe: A Gravity Model Evaluation of the Four Freedoms” David Dorn and Josef Zweimüller, “Migration and Labor Market Integration in Europe” Florin Bilbiie, Tommaso Monacelli, and Roberto Perotti, “Fiscal Policy in Europe: Controversies over Rules, Mutual Insurance, and Centralization” Preventive Medicine A journal of the Joseph P. Newhouse, “An Ounce of Prevention” American Economic Association Amanda E. Kowalski, “Mammograms and Mortality: How Has the Evidence Evolved?” Spring 2021 Volume 35, Number 2 Spring 2021 Volume Articles M.V. Lee Badgett, Christopher S. Carpenter, and Dario Sansone, “LGBTQ Economics” Nicolás Campos, Eduardo Engel, Ronald D. Fischer, and Alexander Galetovic, “The Ways of Corruption in Infrastructure: Lessons from the Odebrecht Case” Benjamin F. Jones, “The Rise of Research Teams: Benets and Costs in Economics” Feature Timothy Taylor, “Recommendations for Further Reading” Spring 2021 The American Economic Association The Journal of Correspondence relating to advertising, busi- Founded in 1885 ness matters, permission to quote, or change Economic Perspectives of address should be sent to the AEA business EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE office: [email protected]. Street ad- Elected Officers and Members A journal of the American Economic Association dress: American Economic Association, 2014 Broadway, Suite 305, Nashville, TN 37203. For President membership, subscriptions, or complimentary DAVID CARD, University of California, Berkeley Editor access to JEP articles, go to the AEA website: Heidi Williams, Stanford University http://www.aeaweb.org. Annual dues for regu- President-elect lar membership are $24.00, $34.00, or $44.00, CHRISTINA D. ROMER, University of California, Berkeley Coeditors depending on income; for an additional fee, you Vice Presidents can receive this journal, or any of the Associa- Erik Hurst, University of Chicago tion’s journals, in print. Change of address no- KERWIN KOFI CHARLES, Yale University Nina Pavcnik, Dartmouth College tice must be received at least six weeks prior to SHELLY LUNDBERG, University of California, Santa Barbara the publication month. Members Associate Editors Copyright © 2021 by the American Eco nomic MARTHA BAILEY, University of California, Los Angeles Gabriel Chodorow-Reich, Harvard University Association. Permission to make dig ital or hard SUSANTO BASU, Boston College copies of part or all of this work for personal or Dora Costa, University of California, Los Angeles SANDRA E. BLACK, Columbia University Janice Eberly, Northwestern University classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit LISA D. COOK, Michigan State University David Figlio, Northwestern University or direct commercial advantage and that cop- MELISSA S. KEARNEY, University of Maryland ies show this notice on the first page or initial Shawn Kantor, Florida State University EMI NAKAMURA, University of California, Berkeley Eliana La Ferrara, Bocconi University screen of a display along with the full citation, in- cluding the name of the author. Copyrights for Ex Officio Member Camille Landais, London School of Economics components of this work owned by others than BEN S. BERNANKE, The Brookings Institution Amanda Pallais, Harvard University AEA must be honored. Abstracting with credit Nancy Rose, Massachusetts Institute of Technology is permitted. The author has the right to repub- Appointed Members lish, post on servers, redistribute to lists, and use Editor, The American Economic Review Charlie Sprenger, University of California, San Diego any component of this work in other works. For Francesco Trebbi, University of California, Berkeley others to do so requires prior specific permis- ESTHER DUFLO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Gianluca Violante, Princeton University sion and/or a fee. Per missions may be requested Editor, The American Economic Review: Insights from the American Economic Association, Ebonya Washington, Yale University 2014 Broadway, Suite 305, Nashville, TN 37203; AMY FINKELSTEIN, Massachusetts Institute of Technology email: [email protected]. Editor, The Journal of Economic Literature Managing Editor STEVEN N. DURLAUF, University of Chicago Timothy Taylor Editor, The Journal of Economic Perspectives Assistant Managing Editor HEIDI WILLIAMS, Stanford University Alexandra Szczupak Editor, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics BENJAMIN OLKEN, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Editorial offices: Editor, American Economic Journal: Economic Policy Journal of Economic Perspectives ERZO F.P. LUTTMER, Dartmouth College American Economic Association Publications Editor, American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 2403 Sidney St., #260 SIMON GILCHRIST, New York University Pittsburgh, PA 15203 Editor, American Economic Journal: Microeconomics email: [email protected] LEEAT YARIV, Princeton University Secretary-Treasurer PETER L. ROUSSEAU, Vanderbilt University The Journal of Economic Perspectives gratefully acknowledges the support of Macalester College. Registered in the US Patent and Trademark Office (®). OTHER OFFICERS Copyright © 2021 by the American Economic Association; All Rights Reserved. Director of AEA Publication Services Composed by American Economic Association Publications, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. Printed by LSC Communications, Owensville, Missouri, 65066, USA. ELIZABETH R. BRAUNSTEIN No responsibility for the views expressed by the authors in this journal is assumed by the editors or by Counsel the American Economic Association. LAUREN M. GAFFNEY, Bass, Berry & Sims PLC THE JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES (ISSN 0895-3309), Spring 2021, Vol. 35, No. 2. The JEP is published quarterly (February, May, August, November) by the American Economic Association, 2014 Nashville, TN Broadway, Suite 305, Nashville, TN 37203-2418. Annual dues for regular membership are $24.00, $34.00, ADMINISTRATORS or $44.00 depending on income; for an additional $15.00, you can receive this journal in print. The journal is freely available online. For details and further information on the AEA go to https://www.aeaweb.org/. Director of Finance and Administration Periodicals postage paid at Nashville, TN, and at additional mailing offices. BARBARA H. FISER POSTMASTER: Send address changes to the Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2014 Broadway, Suite 305, Convention Manager Nashville, TN 37203. Printed in the U.S.A. GWYN LOFTIS The Journal of Economic Perspectives Contents Volume 35 • Number 2 • Spring 2021 Symposia European Union Philip R. Lane, “The Resilience of the Euro” ..............................3 Keith Head and Thierry Mayer, “The United States of Europe: A Gravity Model Evaluation of the Four Freedoms” ........................23 David Dorn and Josef Zweimüller, “Migration and Labor Market Integration in Europe” .................................................49 Florin Bilbiie, Tommaso Monacelli, and Roberto Perotti, “Fiscal Policy in Europe: Controversies over Rules, Mutual Insurance, and Centralization” ..............................................77 Preventive Medicine Joseph P. Newhouse, “An Ounce of Prevention” .......................... 101 Amanda E. Kowalski, “Mammograms and Mortality: How Has the Evidence Evolved?” ................................................. 119 Articles M.V. Lee Badgett, Christopher S. Carpenter, and Dario Sansone, “LGBTQ Economics” ............................................... 141 Nicolás Campos, Eduardo Engel, Ronald D. Fischer, and Alexander Galetovic, “The Ways of Corruption in Infrastructure: Lessons from the Odebrecht Case” ....................................... 171 Benjamin F. Jones, “The Rise of Research Teams: Benefits and Costs in Economics” ................................................ 191 Feature Timothy Taylor, “Recommendations for Further Reading” ................. 217 Statement of Purpose The Journal of Economic Perspectives attempts to fill a gap between the general interest press and most other academic economics journals. The journal aims to publish articles that will serve several goals: to synthesize and integrate lessons learned from active lines of economic research; to provide economic analysis of public policy issues; to encourage cross-fertilization of ideas among the fields of economics; to offer readers an accessible source for state-of-the-art economic thinking; to suggest directions for future research; to provide insights and read- ings for classroom use; and to address issues relating to the economics profession. Articles appearing in the journal are normally solicited by the editors and associate editors. Proposals for topics and authors should be directed to the journal office, at the address inside the front cover. Policy on Data Availability It is the policy of the Journal of Economic Perspectives to publish papers only if the data used in the analysis are clearly and precisely documented and are readily available to any researcher for purposes of replication. Details of the computations sufficient to permit replication must be provided. The Editor should be notified at the time of submission if the data used in a paper are proprietary or if, for some other reason, the above requirements cannot be met. Policy on Disclosure Authors of articles appearing in the Journal of Economic
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