DOCSLIB.ORG

Study on the Processing Technology of Calamine Calcination by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Study on the Processing Technology of Calamine Calcination by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Hindawi Journal of Spectroscopy Volume 2019, Article ID 9326789, 13 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9326789 Research Article Study on the Processing Technology of Calamine Calcination by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Xiaodong Zhang ,1 Long Chen ,2 Yu Bai,3 and Keli Chen 1 1Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription & Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China 2Xiangyang Central Hospital, Xiangyang, Hubei 441500, China 3Mayinglong Pharmaceutical Group Co., Wuhan 430065, China Correspondence should be addressed to Keli Chen; [email protected] Received 5 November 2018; Revised 25 January 2019; Accepted 14 February 2019; Published 10 March 2019 Academic Editor: Feride Severcan Copyright © 2019 Xiaodong Zhang et al. -is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Near-infrared spectroscopy has been widely used in qualitative and quantitative analysis and online monitoring in the production process of traditional Chinese medicines. -e aim was to establish a fast determination model of zinc oxide (ZnO) content in calcined calamine and to explore methods through judging the end point of calamine calcination. Eight batches of calamine samples sourced from hydrozincite with different sizes and textures were calcined at different temperatures. During the calcination process, ZnO contents, X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, and near-infrared spectra of the samples were used to analyze their changes rules. -e model of determining ZnO content of calcined calamine was established to use near-infrared spectroscopy based on the partial least squares (PLS) regression algorithm. In addition, this paper summarized the change rules of calamine in calcination according to XRD patterns, using the “K value” quantitative method to define the characteristic T value. When the T value was equal to 1.00 (100%), that is to say, the calamine sample was completely calcined. -en, matching the near-infrared spectroscopy data with the T value and establishing the T value analysis model using the PLS algorithm were performed. -rough cross and independent val- idation and evaluation, it was proved that the two models were very effective and had strong predictive abilities. Finally, the purpose of the online monitoring of the calcination process and controlling the quality of the calcined calamine was achieved. 1. Introduction commonly used in the treatment of eye, skin, anorectal diseases, for example, Musk hemorrhoids ointment for Calamine, a common mineral used in Chinese Medicine and treating hemorrhoids and calamine lotion for relieving recorded in China Pharmacopoeia (ChP, the 2015 Edition itching. -e study has shown that the calcination process is Volume I), is smithsonite belonging to carbonate minerals in the decomposition of ZnCO3 or Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6 into the the calcite group and mainly contains zinc carbonate active ingredient ZnO [5]. -e ChP stipulates that the ZnO (ZnCO3) [1]. However, according to literature reports and content of calcined calamine should not be less than 56% [1]. findings in our investigations, calamine is also sourced from However, in the actual calcination process, if the calamine is hydrozincite [Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6] and the latter is the current not calcined completely, the ZnO content titrated with mainstream of commercial calamine in the market [2–4]. ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) according to the Calamine must be calcined before being used as a drug. -e ChP is actually the total amount of zinc ions in the sample calcined calamine has the actions to counteract toxicity, to solution, and the obtained result may still comply with the clear the eye off corneal opacity and to relieve itching [1]. It is pharmacopoeia. Calamine, if not being completely calcined, 2 Journal of Spectroscopy used as a drug not only affects the efficacy but also causes Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunan, and Sichuan province. waste of resources. A total of 52 batches of calamine samples were obtained At present, judging whether calamine is completely [3, 4], and all samples were identified by XRD and the calcined is mainly through analysis of X-ray diffraction chemical method in the ChP 2015 [1]. Of which, 8 batches (XRD) patterns before and after calcination [6]. If the of calamine samples were randomly selected, as shown in phase analysis of the XRD pattern before calcination Table 1. shows smithsonite or hydrozincite, and after calcination, the smithsonite or hydrozincite phase in the XRD pattern disappeared and produced the ZnO phase, that is to say, 2.3. Calamine Calcination Process Research the calamine is completely calcined. Although the XRD analysis method is accurate and reliable, the analysis cost 2.3.1. Comparison of XRD Patterns of Calamine before and is high and online detection cannot be realized in the after Complete Calcination. About 3 g of S1–S6 samples production process. In addition, since most of the col- was taken in the crucible, placed within the muffle furnace lected calamine samples are sourced from hydrozincite at 300°C for 100 min; about 3 g of S7-S8 samples were [3, 4], this study aims to explore new methods for judging taken in the crucible, placed within the muffle furnace at the calcination end point of the calamine sourced from 400°C for 100 min. -en, all samples were taken out, hydrozincite. crashed into powder, and passed through a 200-mesh Near-infrared (NIR) spectra are the results of light ab- sieve. Pressed the powder into the groove of the sample sorption by organic molecules in the spectral region of plate with a glass plate and collected the XRD pattern 780–2500 nm [7]. Characteristic bands are produced in the according to the instrument operation procedure. XRD NIR spectra of minerals by interaction of electromagnetic patterns were recorded between 3 and 65° (2θ) at a speed −1 radiation with the atoms and molecules that are present in of 8 min , using a RigakuD/max-1200 diffractometer these minerals as a result of electronic and vibrational with CuKα radiation (40 kV, 40 mA). spectroscopic processes [8, 9]. As a fast, simple, non- polluting, nondestructive, portable, and on the site analytical technique, NIR spectroscopy has been widely used in the 2.3.2. Variation of ZnO Content and XRD Characteristic T qualitative identification, quantitative analysis, online Value. Take out 12 parts from each calamine sample in monitoring, and drug supervision of traditional Chinese Table 1 separately, with each part about 3 g. -e first part medicines [10–13]. of each sample was taken for calcination for 0 min, and the In this study, simulated near-infrared spectroscopy remaining 11 parts were put into a muffle furnace and online monitoring of calamine calcination process was then taken out at different calcination time periods. -e performed. -e change rules of ZnO contents were sum- twentieth parts of the samples were taken out after being marized according to XRD patterns and NIR spectra in the calcined for 100 min. For samples S1–S6, calcination process of calamine calcination. A rapid determination temperature was at 300°C. From samples S1, S2, and S4, model of ZnO content of calcined calamine was established take out one part every 6 min. From S3 and S5, take out using near-infrared spectroscopy based on the partial least one part every 3 min, and from S6, every 2 min. For sample squares (PLS) algorithm [14]. A method of combining near- S7-S8, calcination temperature was at 400°C, and one part infrared spectroscopy with the XRD pattern was also ex- was taken out every 2 min. -e every part of each sample plored to determine whether calamine was completely taken out was cooled and passed through a 200-mesh sieve calcined. and then used to determine the ZnO content according to ChP 2015 and collect the XRD patterns and near-infrared 2. Materials and Methods spectra. XRD can be used for quantitative analysis because the 2.1. Instruments and Software. -e instruments and soft- intensity of the diffraction peak increases with the content of ware used for this project consisted of an XPertPro X-ray the phase. However, since the absorption coefficient of diffraction instrument (PANalytical Company), a Matrix- different phases is different, the diffraction intensity is not F Fourier diffuse reflectance near-infrared spectrometer strictly proportional to the content of each phase, so it needs (Bruker) with sample testing accessories integrated with a to be corrected [15]. Since 1978, the RIR value, which is the K fiberoptics probe, an InGaAs detector (Bruker), OPUS 7.5 value, has been added to the PDF card published on the spectrum analysis software (Bruker), and MDI Jade 6.0 ICDD. It is the ratio of the integrated intensity of the digital signal processing technique software (Materials strongest peak of the measured sample to the intensity of the Data, Inc.). strongest peak of corundum (Al2O3) measured by mixing the mass of the sample with Al2O3 at a ratio of 1 :1. It can be A A written as K � K /KAl2O3 � I /I , called the K value Al2O3 A Al2O3 2.2. Samples. Twenty-eight batches of calamine samples of the sample in A phase when corundum is the internal were collected from the Chinese medicine markets, 6 standard. If there are A, B, and C phases in a sample, we can batches of calamine samples were provided by Maying- use the A phase as the standard sample, find the RIR value of long Pharmaceutical Group Co., 18 batches of calamine each phase through the PDF card, and calculate the K value samples were collected from the Chinese mining areas of of each phase in the sample, namely, Journal of Spectroscopy 3 Table 1: Sample information.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download PDF About Minerals Sorted by Mineral Name
    MINERALS SORTED BY NAME Here is an alphabetical list of minerals discussed on this site. More information on and photographs of these minerals in Kentucky is available in the book “Rocks and Minerals of Kentucky” (Anderson, 1994). APATITE Crystal system: hexagonal. Fracture: conchoidal. Color: red, brown, white. Hardness: 5.0. Luster: opaque or semitransparent. Specific gravity: 3.1. Apatite, also called cellophane, occurs in peridotites in eastern and western Kentucky. A microcrystalline variety of collophane found in northern Woodford County is dark reddish brown, porous, and occurs in phosphatic beds, lenses, and nodules in the Tanglewood Member of the Lexington Limestone. Some fossils in the Tanglewood Member are coated with phosphate. Beds are generally very thin, but occasionally several feet thick. The Woodford County phosphate beds were mined during the early 1900s near Wallace, Ky. BARITE Crystal system: orthorhombic. Cleavage: often in groups of platy or tabular crystals. Color: usually white, but may be light shades of blue, brown, yellow, or red. Hardness: 3.0 to 3.5. Streak: white. Luster: vitreous to pearly. Specific gravity: 4.5. Tenacity: brittle. Uses: in heavy muds in oil-well drilling, to increase brilliance in the glass-making industry, as filler for paper, cosmetics, textiles, linoleum, rubber goods, paints. Barite generally occurs in a white massive variety (often appearing earthy when weathered), although some clear to bluish, bladed barite crystals have been observed in several vein deposits in central Kentucky, and commonly occurs as a solid solution series with celestite where barium and strontium can substitute for each other. Various nodular zones have been observed in Silurian–Devonian rocks in east-central Kentucky.
    [Show full text]
  • Revision 1 New Insights Into the Crystal Chemistry of Sauconite (Zn
    This is the peer-reviewed, final accepted version for American Mineralogist, published by the Mineralogical Society of America. The published version is subject to change. Cite as Authors (Year) Title. American Mineralogist, in press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2020-7460. http://www.minsocam.org/ Revision 1 New insights into the crystal chemistry of sauconite (Zn-smectite) from the Skorpion zinc deposit (Namibia) via a multi-methodological approach Emanuela Schingaro1*, Gennaro Ventruti1, Doriana Vinci1, Giuseppina Balassone2, Nicola Mondillo2, Fernando Nieto3, Maria Lacalamita1, Matteo Leoni4,5 1Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geoambientali, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, I-70125, Bari, Italy 2Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra dell’Ambiente e delle Risorse, Università “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy 3Departamento de Mineralogía y Petrología, IACT, Universidad de Granada-CSIC, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18002, Granada, Spain 4Saudi Aramco Research and Development Center, P.O. Box 5000, 31311, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia 5Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale e Meccanica, Università di Trento, Via Mesiano, 77, Trento, 38123, Italy *Corresponding author: Emanuela Schingaro, e-mail: [email protected] RUNNING TITLE: New insights into the crystal chemistry of sauconite 1 Always consult and cite the final, published document. See http:/www.minsocam.org or GeoscienceWorld This is the peer-reviewed, final accepted version for American Mineralogist,
    [Show full text]
  • The Geochemistry and Mobility of Zinc in the Regolith. Advances in Regolith 2003 289
    Advances in Regolith 2003 287 THE GEOCHEMISTRY AND MOBILITY OF ZINC IN THE REGOLITH D. C. McPhail1, Edward Summerhayes1, Susan Welch1 & Joël Brugger2 CRC LEME, Department of Geology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200 1South Australian Museum and Adelaide University, Adelaide, SA 5000 INTRODUCTION The mobility of zinc in the regolith is important for several reasons, including the weathering of zinc deposits, formation of non-sulphide zinc deposits and contamination of soils and waters from human impact. The mobility of zinc is also important more generally to geologists and geochemists, both exploration and otherwise, because of the need to understand the formation of zinc ore deposits, such as Mississippi Valley Type (MVT), volcanic-hosted massive sulphide (VHMS), zinc oxide and others in which zinc occurs. This means that exploration geochemists, economic geologists and environmental scientists need to understand how zinc exists in the regolith, different lithologies and water, how it is mobilized or trapped, how far it can be transported and whether it is bioavailable and acts as either a micronutrient or a toxin to plant and animal life. In economic geology, there is presently an increasing interest in the formation of zinc oxide, or non- sulphide zinc deposits, and this is reflected in a recent special issue in the journal Economic Geology (Sangster 2003). Although the mobility of zinc in the regolith depends on the transporting process (e.g., groundwater advection or convection, sediment or airborne physical transport, biotic), it depends substantially on the geochemistry of zinc, i.e., how does zinc exist in groundwater and the regolith materials and what are the important geochemical reactions between water and solid.
    [Show full text]
  • Aurichalcite (Zn, Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6 C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
    Aurichalcite (Zn, Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6 c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Monoclinic, pseudo-orthorhombic by twinning. Point Group: 2/m. As acicular to lathlike crystals with prominent {010}, commonly striated k [001], with wedgelike terminations, to 3 cm. Typically in tufted divergent sprays or spherical aggregates, may be in thick crusts; rarely columnar, laminated or granular. Twinning: Observed in X-ray patterns. Physical Properties: Cleavage: On {010} and {100}, perfect. Tenacity: “Fragile”. Hardness = 1–2 D(meas.) = 3.96 D(calc.) = 3.93–3.94 Optical Properties: Transparent to translucent. Color: Pale green, greenish blue, sky-blue; colorless to pale blue, pale green in transmitted light. Luster: Silky to pearly. Optical Class: Biaxial (–). Pleochroism: Weak; X = colorless; Y = Z = blue-green. Orientation: X = b; Y ' a; Z ' c. Dispersion: r< v; strong. α = 1.654–1.661 β = 1.740–1.749 γ = 1.743–1.756 2V(meas.) = Very small. Cell Data: Space Group: P 21/m. a = 13.82(2) b = 6.419(3) c = 5.29(3) β = 101.04(2)◦ Z=2 X-ray Powder Pattern: Mapim´ı,Mexico. 6.78 (10), 2.61 (8), 3.68 (7), 2.89 (4), 2.72 (4), 1.827 (4), 1.656 (4) Chemistry: (1) CO2 16.22 CuO 19.87 ZnO 54.01 CaO 0.36 H2O 9.93 Total 100.39 (1) Utah; corresponds to (Zn3.63Cu1.37)Σ=5.00(CO3)2(OH)6. Occurrence: In the oxidized zones of copper and zinc deposits. Association: Rosasite, smithsonite, hemimorphite, hydrozincite, malachite, azurite.
    [Show full text]
  • Nickeloan Hydrozincite" a New Variety
    MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE, SEPTEMBER I979, VOL. 43, PP. 397-8 Nickeloan hydrozincite" a new variety A. K. ALWAN AND P. A. WILLIAMS Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University College, PO Box 78, Cardiff CFI IXL, Wales SU M M A R Y. Extensive substitution of Ni for Zn in hydro- specimen are of the order of I mm in thickness and zincite from the Parc Mine, North Wales, has been have a pure white streak. No difficulty was ex- observed. This is the first time that a substantial concen- perienced in obtaining specimens suitable for ana- tration of another transition metal in this mineral has lysis which were free from limonite, which is also been reported. The average composition of the nickeloan present in large quantities in the workings as a hydrozincite is Zn4.63Nio.37(CO3h(OH)6. The relation- ship of this new variety to other secondary carbonate- result of oxidation of the sulphide orebody (Alwan containing nickel minerals is discussed, as is the and Williams, i979). The material obtained was possibility of substitution of other transition metal ions analysed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, into the hydrozincite lattice. using a Varian AA6 instrument fitted with a carbon rod analyser, after dissolution in Analar| 0.05 mol dm-3HNO3. A summary of the analytical results are given in Table I. Very minor amounts of Cu and DURING the course of a study (Alwan and Fe were found to be present. Concentrations of Co, Williams, I979) on the formation of hydrozincite, Ca, and Mg are less than the detection limit, and A1 Zns(CO3)2(OH)6, from aqueous solution in the was not detected.
    [Show full text]
  • Mineralization of the Hansonburg Mining District, Bingham, New Mexico John Rakovan and Frederick Partey, 2009, Pp
    New Mexico Geological Society Downloaded from: http://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/60 Mineralization of the Hansonburg Mining District, Bingham, New Mexico John Rakovan and Frederick Partey, 2009, pp. 387-398 in: Geology of the Chupadera Mesa, Lueth, Virgil; Lucas, Spencer G.; Chamberlin, Richard M.; [eds.], New Mexico Geological Society 60th Annual Fall Field Conference Guidebook, 438 p. This is one of many related papers that were included in the 2009 NMGS Fall Field Conference Guidebook. Annual NMGS Fall Field Conference Guidebooks Every fall since 1950, the New Mexico Geological Society (NMGS) has held an annual Fall Field Conference that explores some region of New Mexico (or surrounding states). Always well attended, these conferences provide a guidebook to participants. Besides detailed road logs, the guidebooks contain many well written, edited, and peer-reviewed geoscience papers. These books have set the national standard for geologic guidebooks and are an essential geologic reference for anyone working in or around New Mexico. Free Downloads NMGS has decided to make peer-reviewed papers from our Fall Field Conference guidebooks available for free download. Non-members will have access to guidebook papers two years after publication. Members have access to all papers. This is in keeping with our mission of promoting interest, research, and cooperation regarding geology in New Mexico. However, guidebook sales represent a significant proportion of our operating budget. Therefore, only research papers are available for download. Road logs, mini-papers, maps, stratigraphic charts, and other selected content are available only in the printed guidebooks. Copyright Information Publications of the New Mexico Geological Society, printed and electronic, are protected by the copyright laws of the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulletin 65, the Minerals of Franklin and Sterling Hill, New Jersey, 1962
    THEMINERALSOF FRANKLINAND STERLINGHILL NEWJERSEY BULLETIN 65 NEW JERSEYGEOLOGICALSURVEY DEPARTMENTOF CONSERVATIONAND ECONOMICDEVELOPMENT NEW JERSEY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 65 THE MINERALS OF FRANKLIN AND STERLING HILL, NEW JERSEY bY ALBERT S. WILKERSON Professor of Geology Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey STATE OF NEw JERSEY Department of Conservation and Economic Development H. MAT ADAMS, Commissioner Division of Resource Development KE_rr_ H. CR_V_LINCDirector, Bureau of Geology and Topography KEMBLEWIDX_, State Geologist TRENTON, NEW JERSEY --1962-- NEW JERSEY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY NEW JERSEY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CONTENTS PAGE Introduction ......................................... 5 History of Area ................................... 7 General Geology ................................... 9 Origin of the Ore Deposits .......................... 10 The Rowe Collection ................................ 11 List of 42 Mineral Species and Varieties First Found at Franklin or Sterling Hill .......................... 13 Other Mineral Species and Varieties at Franklin or Sterling Hill ............................................ 14 Tabular Summary of Mineral Discoveries ................. 17 The Luminescent Minerals ............................ 22 Corrections to Franklln-Sterling Hill Mineral List of Dis- credited Species, Incorrect Names, Usages, Spelling and Identification .................................... 23 Description of Minerals: Bementite ......................................... 25 Cahnite ..........................................
    [Show full text]
  • Download PDF About Minerals Sorted by Mineral Group
    MINERALS SORTED BY MINERAL GROUP Most minerals are chemically classified as native elements, sulfides, sulfates, oxides, silicates, carbonates, phosphates, halides, nitrates, tungstates, molybdates, arsenates, or vanadates. More information on and photographs of these minerals in Kentucky is available in the book “Rocks and Minerals of Kentucky” (Anderson, 1994). NATIVE ELEMENTS (DIAMOND, SULFUR, GOLD) Native elements are minerals composed of only one element, such as copper, sulfur, gold, silver, and diamond. They are not common in Kentucky, but are mentioned because of their appeal to collectors. DIAMOND Crystal system: isometric. Cleavage: perfect octahedral. Color: colorless, pale shades of yellow, orange, or blue. Hardness: 10. Specific gravity: 3.5. Uses: jewelry, saws, polishing equipment. Diamond, the hardest of any naturally formed mineral, is also highly refractive, causing light to be split into a spectrum of colors commonly called play of colors. Because of its high specific gravity, it is easily concentrated in alluvial gravels, where it can be mined. This is one of the main mining methods used in South Africa, where most of the world's diamonds originate. The source rock of diamonds is the igneous rock kimberlite, also referred to as diamond pipe. A nongem variety of diamond is called bort. Kentucky has kimberlites in Elliott County in eastern Kentucky and Crittenden and Livingston Counties in western Kentucky, but no diamonds have ever been discovered in or authenticated from these rocks. A diamond was found in Adair County, but it was determined to have been brought in from somewhere else. SULFUR Crystal system: orthorhombic. Fracture: uneven. Color: yellow. Hardness 1 to 2.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mineralogical Magazine
    THE MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE AND JOUR1VAL OF THE MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY. No. 68. April, 1908. Vol. XV. On Hopeite and other zinc phosphates and associated minerals from the Broken Hill mines, North-Western .Rhodesia. By L. J. SrENC~R, M.A., F.G.S. Assistant in the Mineral Department of the :British Museum. [Read November 12, 1907.] HE new and remarkable mineral locality known as Rhodesia T Broken Hill is situated in NorLh-Western Rhodesla, at a distance of about 800 miles to tile north-east of tile Victoria Falls, and at tlw present terminus of the Cape to Cairo ]{ailway. The outcrop of lead and zinc ore which occurs here was accidentally discovered in January, 1902, by Mr. T. G. Davey, while he was prospecti,g the country for copper, l~ising out of the flat surrounding country is a series of low hills or kopjes, the largest of them being about 90 feet in height ; and these consist almost entirely of oxidized ore. The surrounding rocks are mainly crystalline limestones with some beds of sandstone, conglomerate, and phyllite. The ordinary type of ore of which the kopjes consist is compact and of a light yellowish colour. It is composed of an intimate intermixture of zinc silicate (hemimorphite) and lead carbonate (eerussitc) with variable amounts of interspersed iron hydroxide (llmonite). Crystal-lined cavities are of frequent occurrence in this ore. In the work of explora- tion, one of the tunnels driven through Kopje No. 1 broke into a large cavern, measuring about 24 x 80 feet. In this cave were found bones of recent animals, together with stone implements and other evidences of B 2 L, J.
    [Show full text]
  • Oxidized Zinc Deposits of the United States
    Oxidized Zinc Deposits of the United States GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1135 This bulletin was published as separate chapters A-C UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT--OF THE INTERIOR STEWART· L.' ·UDALL,. Secretary - GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director CONTENTS [The letters in parentheses preceding the titles designate separately published chapters] Oxidized zinc deposits of the United States: (A) Part 1. General geology. (B) Part 2. Utah. ( 0) Part 3. Colorado. 0 Oxidized Zinc Deposits of the United States Part 1. General Geology By ALLEN V. HEYL and C. N. BOZION GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1135-A Descriptions of the many varieties of ox­ idized zinc deposits of supergeneland hypogene origin UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE1 WASHINGTON a 1962 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. CONTENTS Page Abstract---------------------------------------------------------- A-1 Introduction------------------------------------------------------ 1 Distribution_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ 3 Mliner&ogY------------------------------------------------------- 5 Commercial ores___________________________________________________ 7 Varieties----------------------------------------------------- 7 Grades------------------------------------------------------- 9 Generalgeology___________________________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of the Geoavailability of Trace Elements from Selected Zinc Minerals
    Assessment of the Geoavailability of Trace Elements from Selected Zinc Minerals By Rhonda L. Driscoll, Phillip L. Hageman, William M. Benzel, Sharon F. Diehl, Suzette Morman, LaDonna M. Choate, and Heather Lowers Open-File Report 2013–1309 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior SALLY JEWELL, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Suzette M. Kimball, Acting Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2014 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod To order this and other USGS information products, visit http://store.usgs.gov Suggested citation: Driscoll, R.L., Hageman, P.L., Benzel, W.M., Diehl, S.F., Morman, Suzette, Choate, L.M., and Lowers, Heather, 2014, Assessment of the geoavailability of trace elements from selected zinc minerals: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013–1309, 78 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131309. ISSN 2331-1258 (online) Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner. ii Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1 Sample Preparation .........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Mineralogy and Chemistry of Oxidized Ores from the Upper Silesia Mississippi Valley-Type Zinc- Lead Deposits, Poland
    USGS science for a changing world MINERALOGY AND CHEMISTRY OF OXIDIZED ORES FROM THE UPPER SILESIA MISSISSIPPI VALLEY-TYPE ZINC- LEAD DEPOSITS, POLAND By Stephen Sutley1, Maria-Sass Gustkiewicz2, Wojciech Mayer2, and David Leach1 Open-File Report 99-394 1999 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1 Denver, Colorado USA 2 University of Mining and Metallurgy, Kracow, Poland USGS Open FUe Report - 99-394 Stephen Sutley, Maria-Sass Gustkiewicz, Wojciech Mayer, and David Leach MINERALOGY AND CHEMISTRY OF OXIDIZED ORES FROM THE UPPER SILESIA MISSISSIPI VALLEY-TYPE ZINC-LEAD DEPOSITS, POLAND INTRODUCTION This study is part of a joint research project, "Environmental Geochemistry of the Carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb District of Upper Silesia, Southern Poland" conducted by the University of Mining and Metallurgy in Krakow, Poland and the U.S. Geological Survey. The primary objective of the project is to develop a geoenvironmental model for the Upper Silesian Mississippi Valley-type Zn-Pb ore deposits. Results from this study will provide a geochemical reference base for the development of a broadly applicable geoenvironmental model for MVT deposits. In this paper, we report the results of mineralogical and chemical characterization of oxidized ores and precipitates from the Upper Silesia MVT district. Oxidized ores and precipitates were studied both from natually occuring gossans and from primary sulfides that have been oxidized as a result of mining activity.
    [Show full text]