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SECTIONAL ANATOMY of the PETROUS BONE for the STUDY of the EAR Irungbam Deven Singh *1, Ch

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SECTIONAL ANATOMY of the PETROUS BONE for the STUDY of the EAR Irungbam Deven Singh *1, Ch International Journal of Anatomy and Research, Int J Anat Res 2017, Vol 5(4.3):4660-67. ISSN 2321-4287 Original Research Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2017.430 SECTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE PETROUS BONE FOR THE STUDY OF THE EAR Irungbam Deven Singh *1, Ch. Rajlakshmi 2. *1,2Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India. ABSTRACT Introduction: The temporal bone lies on the lateral side of the skull. It houses most parts of the ear. The petrous is a wedge-shaped part of temporal bone that houses the ear. The ear is the organ of hearing and balance. It has three parts—external, middle and internal. Sectional anatomy allows the study of the relation between anatomic structures. Materials and Methods: Seven left petrous bones separated from cadaveric temporal bones were used for the study. About 2mm thick sections were cut in three axes—longitudinal, transverse and horizontal. They were studied with the naked eye or by using a hand lens. Results: In the longitudinal sections, the earlier sections showed internal acoustic meatus. Later sections show cochlea, vestibule and middle ear structures and the external acoustic meatus. In the transverse sections, earlier sections showed structures related to anterior wall of middle ear. Near the middle, cochlea could be visualized. Further posterior sections showed middle ear, vestibule and semicircular canal. Then, the mastoid antrum and air cells were seen. In the horizontal sections, the middle ear and mastoid antrum were opened from above. Lower sections showed middle ear structures, vestibule, semicircular canals and cochlea were seen. Conclusion: Structure of the ear is complex. Students find it difficult to understand because of the miniature component structures and also their deep location inside the petrous. Sectional anatomy not only shows the relations between structures but also a vivid picture of many of these structures. KEY WORDS: Ear, Temporal bone, Petrous, Sectional anatomy. Address for Correspondence: Dr. Irungbam Deven Singh, Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India. E-Mail : [email protected]. Access this Article online Quick Response code Web site: International Journal of Anatomy and Research ISSN 2321-4287 www.ijmhr.org/ijar.htm Received: 21 Aug 2017 Accepted: 20 Oct 2017 Peer Review: 28 Aug 2017 Published (O): 01 Dec 2017 DOI: 10.16965/ijar.2017.430 Revised: None Published (P): 01 Dec 2017 INTRODUCTION ear is conducted by the ossicles to the internal The ear is the organ of hearing and balance. It ear which consists of bony and membranous has three parts—external, middle and internal. labyrinths. The structure of the labyrinth is The external ear consists of pinna and a pas- complex and consists of vestibule and 3 semi- sage called external auditory meatus (EAM) that circular canals. The 3 semicircular canals (SCs) leads to the middle ear. The EAM enters the namely, superior (SSC) (or anterior), posterior petrous obliquely. The middle ear is a narrow (PSC) and lateral (LSC) contain the semicircular space which contains many important structures ducts whereas the vestibule houses the utricle including the three ossicles and two small and saccule. muscles. The sound collected by the external The temporal bone lies on the lateral side of Int J Anat Res 2017, 5(4.3):4660-67. ISSN 2321-4287 4660 Irungbam Deven Singh, Ch. Rajlakshmi. SECTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE PETROUS BONE FOR THE STUDY OF THE EAR. the skull. It houses the most parts of the ear. various pieces of information gathered from The petrous is a wedge-shaped part of tempo- these sections can be used to sort of reconstruct ral bone placed obliquely with its axis making a mental 3D picture. 0 an angle of 45 with the transverse axis [1]. It MATERIALS AND METHODS has an apex, a base and three surfaces. The surfaces are anterior which faces anteriorly, Seven left petrous bones separated from cadav- upwards and slightly laterally; posterior which eric temporal bones of the Department of faces posteriorly and medially and inferior which Anatomy, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, faces downwards. The opening of the internal Imphal were used for the study. A handsaw with acoustic meatus (IAM) lies in the posterior a thin blade was used to cut the sections surface near its middle. It is directed laterally manually. Serial sections about 2mm thick were and slightly downwards. The carotid canal cut in the longitudinal (parallel to the posterior enters inferior surface of the petrous surface of the petrous proceeding from medial anteromedial to the jugular fossa and then runs to lateral), transverse (perpendicular to the forwards and medially to emerge at the apex. posterior surface of the petrous proceeding from The external acoustic meatus lies between apex to base) and horizontal (parallel to the tympanic and squamous parts and is directed anterior surface of petrous proceeding from medially almost in line with IAM. The anterior superficial to deep) planes. The tissue debris in surface presents the arcuate eminence which the sections were carefully washed using a is regarded to be produced by the underlying disposable syringe and needle. The sections SSC. were studied with the naked eye or with the help The ear is a difficult area for routine anatomical of a magnifying lens. For the sake of simplicity, studies. The ear structures are at the micro- the faces of the sections are termed medial scopic scale and often necessitate microscope- (instead of posteromedial) and lateral (instead aided dissections or examinations. Moreover, of anterolateral) for the longitudinal sections, most part of the ear is housed inside the anterior (instead of anteromedial) and posterior petrous part of the temporal bone which is (instead of posterolateral) for the transverse regarded as the hardest bone2 and so it requires sections and upper (instead of anterosuper- decalcification before embarking onto dissec- olateral) and lower (instead of posteroinfero- tions or histological processing and examina- medial) for the horizontal sections. tion. Special equipments are required for sec- RESULTS tioning of the bone when decalcification is not Longitudinal Sections undertaken but these are not easily available. The structures seen in longitudinal sections are Sectional anatomy allows the study of the rela- shown in Figs.1.1 to 1.5. tion between anatomic structures. This approach Fig.1.1: Longitudinal Section 1 (left petrous; medial face). is a slight deviation from the routine anatomi- cal dissections but it definitely has its applica- tion because the usual gross dissection of the middle ear cannot provide all the information necessary for understanding the ear anatomy. Though it cannot replace usual gross dissections or histological studies, it may be undertaken as a part of the routine gross dissection. A longitudinal section will give information about superior/inferior and medial/lateral relations; transverse section will give informa- tion about the superior/inferior and medial/lat- eral relations and a horizontal section will give information about the medial/lateral and ante- a=sigmoid sulcus, b=internal acoustic meatus, c=jugular rior/posterior relations between structures. The fossa, S=superior, I=inferior, M=medial & L=lateral. Int J Anat Res 2017, 5(4.3):4660-67. ISSN 2321-4287 4661 Irungbam Deven Singh, Ch. Rajlakshmi. SECTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE PETROUS BONE FOR THE STUDY OF THE EAR. Transverse Sections The structures seen in transverse sections are Fig.1.2: Lateral shown in Figs.2.1 to 2.9. face of Longitudinal Section 1. Fig.2.1: Transverse Section 1 (left petrous; anterior face). a=internal accoustic meatus, b=vestibule, c=lateral semicircular canal, d&e=carotid canal, f=jugular fossa, g=mastoid cells S=superior, I=inferior, M=medial & L=lateral. a=internal acoustic meatus, b=internal carotid artery, c=tensor tympani, d=auditory tube, S=superior, I=inferior, M=medial & L=lateral. Fig.1.3: Longitudinal Section 2 (left petrous; medial face). Fig.2.2: Transverse Section 2 (left petrous; anterior face). a=vestibule, b=lateral semicircular canal, c=cochlear canal, d=facial nerve in its canal, e=middle ear cavity, f=mastoid air cells, g=carotid canal, h=jugular fossa, i=superior semicircular canal, S=superior, I=inferior, a=fundus of internal acoustic meatus, b=cochlear nerve, M=medial & L=lateral. c=cochlea, d=modiolus, S=superior, I=inferior, M=medial & L=lateral. Fig.1.4: Longitudinal Fig.2.3: Section 3 (left Transverse petrous; medial Section 3 (left face). petrous; anterior face). a=fundus of internal acoustic meatus, b=basal turn of a=superior semicircular canal with probe, b=lateral cochlear canal, c=facial nerve, d=middle ear, e=external semicircular canal, c=middle ear cavity, d=external acoustic meatus, f=tympanic membrane, g=bulb of acoustic meatus, e=incus, f=tympanic membrane, internal jugular vein, S=superior, I=inferior, M=medial g=mastoid air cells & h=carotid canal, S=superior, & L=lateral. I=inferior, M=medial & L=lateral. Fig.2.4: Fig.1.5: Transverse Longitudinal Section 4 (left Section 4 (left petrous; anterior petrous; medial face). face). a=vestibule with the 5 openings of semicircular canals, a=external acoustic meatus, b=middle ear cavity, b=facial canal, c=mastoid antrum, d=external acoustic c=tympanic membrane, S=superior, I=inferior, M=medial meatus, e=tympanic membrane & f=bulb of internal & L=lateral. jugular vein, S=superior, I=inferior, M=medial & L=lateral. Int J Anat Res 2017, 5(4.3):4660-67. ISSN 2321-4287 4662 Irungbam Deven Singh, Ch. Rajlakshmi. SECTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE PETROUS BONE FOR THE STUDY OF THE EAR. Fig.2.9: Fig.2.5: Transverse Section 8 (left Opposite petrous; anterior (posterior) face face). of Section 4. a=posterior semicircular canal, b=mastoid antrum, a=superior semicircular canal, b=lateral semicircular S=superior, I=inferior, M=medial & L=lateral.
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