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An Envirnomental History of the 19Th Century Marquette Iron Range

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An Envirnomental History of the 19Th Century Marquette Iron Range AN ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY OF THE 19TH CENTURY MARQUETTE IRON RANGE by Doug Ottke Bachelor of Arts, Earlham College, 1994 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of North Dakota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Grand Forks, North Dakota December 1999 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES and TABLE…………………….………………………………....iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………..v INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………1 CHAPTER I. THE GEOLOGY OF THE LAKE SUPERIOR AREA Introduction………………………………………………………………………17 The Archean……………………………………………………………………...20 Early Proterozoic………………………………………………….……………..23 Iron Formation…………………………………………………………………...25 The Geology of the Marquette Range……………………………………………27 Penokean Orogeny………………………………………………..……………...29 The Middle and Late Proterozoic………………………………………………..31 The Paleozoic……………………………………………………………………33 The Pleistocene……………………………………………………….………….34 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….35 II. THE FOREST OF THE MARQUETTE RANGE Introduction………………………………………………………………………38 Pre-Human Forest………………………………………………………………..40 Early Human Impact on the Forest………………………………………………42 The Survey of the Land…………………………………………………………..42 The Logging of White Pine and Hemlock……………………………………….46 Hardwood Logging and Iron Production………………………………………...50 The Kilns of the Marquette Range……………………………………………….53 The Distribution of Sugar Maple and Yellow Birch on the Marquette Range…..55 The Charcoal Bloomeries………………………………………………………..56 The Blast Furnaces…………………………………………………………….…60 Logging Associated with Shaft Mining………………………………………….64 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….66 III. PROPERTY AND LAND USE ON THE MARQUETTE RANGE Introduction………………………………………………………………………74 The Anishnabeg Existence on the Range………………………………………...75 The Anishnabeg View of the Land………………………………………………78 The American View of the Land………………………………………………...79 Early Federal Land Policy……………………………………………………….80 Federal Land Grants and Transportation Improvements on the Marquette Range…………………………………………………………………………….83 The Federal Dissolution of Aboriginal Title…………………………………….85 Indian Treaties…………………………………………………………………...88 ii The Treaty of La Pointe………………………………………………………….90 The Anishnabeg View of the Treaty of La Pointe…………………………….…96 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….…97 IV. MINING ON THE MARQUETTE RANGE Introduction……………………………………………………………………..101 Copper and the Southern Shore of Lake Superior……………………………...104 The Pre-Major Settlement Marquette Range…………………………………...107 The Discovery of Iron Ore……………………………………………………...109 The Geologic Features of the Marquette Range………………………………..113 The Effect of the Geologic Features on the Mining of the Marquette Range…..121 The Open Pit, Surficial Workings………………………………………………125 Early Transportation on the Marquette Range………………………………….127 The Underground Workings……………………………………………………130 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………...134 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………143 REFERENCES ……....………………………………………………………………...155 iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. The location of the Marquette Range…………………………………………….14 2. Geologic Map of the Penokean Continental Margin……………………………..21 Legend for Figure 2………………………………………………………………22 3. Geologic Map of the Marquette Range…………………………………………...28 4. Subterranes and Major Faults of the Penokean Continental Margin Assemblage..30 5. Historic Description of Forest on the Marquette Range From GLO Survey Notes ca. 1840’s…………………………………………………………………………45 6. Historical Description of the Distribution of White Pine on the Marquette Range From GLO Survey Notes ca. 1840’s……………………………………………...47 7. Historical Description of the Distribution of Hemlock on the Marquette Range From GLO Survey Notes ca. 1840’s……………………………………………...51 8. Historical Description of the Distribution of Sugar Maple on the Marquette Range From GLO Survey Notes ca. 1840’s……………………………………………..57 9. Spatial Distribution of Natural and Man-Made Features, Marquette Range, 1868.62 10. Location of the Charcoal Tram Road From the Morgan Furnace to North of the Dead River………………………………………………………………………..64 11. Distribution of Forest on the Marquette Range, 1990…………………………….68 12. Anishnabeg Summer Settlements, ca. 19th Century………………………………77 13. Distribution of Iron Cliffs Company Land Acquired From the St. Mary’s Mineral Land Company Government Land Grant on the Marquette Range in 1865………86 14. Cessions of Aboriginal Title By Treaty and Location of Indian Reservations, Upper Peninsula, Michigan………………………………………………………..92 15. Location of the Mines, Iron Formation, and Roads on the Marquette Range……115 16. Location of the Mines, Iron Formation, and Roads In the Negaunee/Ishpeming/ Palmer Area………………………………………………………………………116 17. Detail of the 1851 Foster and Whitney Map of the Natural and Cultural Features Of the Marquette Range…………………………………………………………...117 18. Geologic Cross Section of the Marquette Range…………………………………119 19. Distribution of Surface and Underground Workings at the Lake Superior Mine, 1870………………………………………………………………………………..133 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. MRDS Records of Mines on the Marquette Range………………………………136 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My advisor, Dr. John Anderton, initiated the idea for this work, and his wide array of knowledge concerning the Marquette Range, and personal support were integral to its completion, and are greatly appreciated. I hope this thesis will be a benefit and an inspiration to his future endeavors in his new position at Northern Michigan University. Dr. Jim Mochurak inspired this writing through his amazing teaching, and his comments on the initial draft were greatly appreciated. Dr. Paul Todhunter found ways to support myself and this research when all the other tenured members of the UND Geography Department felt that neither deserved that support. Bill Cannon of the USGS has enabled me to better understand the complex and fascinating geology of the Lake Superior area. Rob Barber-Delach, also from the Survey, helped me in every facet of the Geographic Information System projects that are contained in this thesis. Many of the figures present here owe much to him. The J.M.Longyear Research Library/Marquette County Historical Society and the USGS Library in Reston, Virginia have supplied a very large part of the primary material contained in this work. In particular, Linda K. Panian was very helpful at the Longyear. The purpose of libraries is not to serve information for its own sake, but rather to provide that information to those willing to reach for the truth. Antiquarianism is in no way contained within the agenda of the USGS Library, and only uncommonly encountered at the Longyear. Martha Herzog, Woody Wallace, and, in particular, Julie Mueller and Klaus Schulz, all of the USGS, read rough drafts of this work, and their comments have made this a better thesis. Finally, particular thanks must go to Daryl Hochhalter, Josh Stevenson, Kris Peterson, and Melanie Crow for their friendship, support, and advice. I can not imagine having survived for two years at UND and in Grand Forks without these four people. v He was tired, and his mind worked at random. His eyes kept to the bright thread of water before them. The path it found to make its way to lower ground was as coiled as a hog’s bowel. He had learned enough of books to think that gravity in its ideal form was supposed to work in straight lines of force. But looking on the creek as it made its snaky way down the hill, he saw such notions to be just airy thoughts. The creek’s turnings marked how all that moves must shape itself to the maze of actual landscape, no matter what its preferences might be. -Charles Frazier in Cold Mountain vi INTRODUCTION Early in May of 1999, I took a flight from Reagan National Airport in the flat and wide Potomac River Valley of Washington D.C., just south of the Mall, to Marquette in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Taking off in a northward direction from the short runaway at Reagan National, it took only seconds for the plane to lift up over the geometrically shaped green clearings and large, sharply white monuments of the district, the plane rising above the blue water of the Tidal Basin. We passed directly over the Lincoln Memorial; the long straight clearing of the Mall leading past the Washington Monument to the Capitol Building distinct on its hill off to the right. On the left of the plane the very large building of the Pentagon and Arlington National Cemetery with its evenly placed white headstones dominated what I could see of Virginia. Curving gently around the high-rises of Arlington, the body of the plane rotating, lifting its right wing, we turned westward, traveling above the lower portions of Georgetown with the gentle rises of the northwest part of the District in view, the National Cathedral present at the top of one of those rises, the area framed on one side by the Potomac and the other by the trees of the Rock Creek Parkway curving down to the river. We traveled northwest generally following the flow of the Potomac and rose above the clouds just as the subdivisions of western Virginia and central Maryland began to turn into more sparsely developed farmland. The nose of the plane was still pointed upward, the flight attendants pushing the beverage carts on the incline, as the plane passed above the Appalachian Mountains. The clouds obscured much of the transition from the light olive drab and tan parcels separated by dark green copses of trees of the small farms of Maryland and Virginia to the linear ridges of the Valley and Ridge province of West Virginia and Eastern Pennsylvania.
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