LOCAL PERCEPTION AND INVOLVEMENT IN TOURISM - KEYS TO SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
BADARUDDIN MOHAMED rbm f' G155 M2B132 1996 RIKKYO UNIVERSITY
LOCAL PERCEPTION AND INVOLVEMENT IN TOURISM
-KEYS TO SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL RELATIONS IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR' THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
BY BADARUDDIN MOHAMED
TOKYO, JAPAN
NOVEMBER 1996 To Julie, Hasif and Haziq CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES iv LIST OFTABLES v APPENDIX vii ABSTRACT viii
Chapter
1 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
DEVELOPMENT
1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Sustainable tourism scenario in Asia 2 1.3 The importance of local involvement 4 1.4 Tourism development -- public support and resentment 5 1.5 Local involvement in rural tourism 9 1.6 Public involvement -- why ignored? 10 1.7 Discussion 11
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1 Researching sustainable tourism 15 2.2 Research methodology and sampling method 16 2.3 Survey methodology 17 2.4 Survey limitation 19 2.5 Analylical procedures 20
3 TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AND COMMUNITY --A CASE
STUDY OF ECOTOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA
NATIONAL PARK 3.1 Introduction 2.1 3.2 Taman Negara 23 3.3 Visitors to the Taman Negara 26 3.4 Symbiotic relationship and local involvement 29 3.5 Social and. environmental challenges 31 3.6 Discussion 33
4 ATTITUDES TOWARDS TOURISM DEVELOPMENT-A CASE
STUDY OF MALAY COMMUNITY
4.1 Introduction 37 4.2 Factors influencing attitudes and perceptions 38 4.3 Area study 41 4.4 Malays and tourism 43 4.5 Sample 46 4.6 Results 46 4.7 Discussion 54
5 RELIGIOSITY AND ITS INFLUENCE ON PERCEPTION OF
IMPACTS
5.1 Perceptions of tourism 55 5.2 Perceived impacts of tourism 57 5.3 Methodological analysis 59 5.3. i Factor analysis 59 5.3.2 Analysis of variance 61 5.3.3 Duncan test 62 5.4 Discussion 66
11 6 TOURISM PLANNING IN RURAL MALAYSIA:
AN APPLICATION OF AHP METHOD FOR EVALUATING TOURISM IMPACTS
6.1 Introduction 69 6.2 The Analytic hierarchy process 70 6.3 Judgement: Impact ranking (level 3) 73 6.4 The judgement: Perceptions of tourism impacts (Level 2) 74 6.5 Deriving of importance ranking 75 6.6 Discussion 76
7 CONCLUSION 78
WORK CITED 84
APPENDIX 89
III LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1 Malaysia National Park (raman Negara) 23'
2 Doxey's Index of Irritation 40
3 Study Area (Kuantan, Malaysia) 42
4 Ahp Decision Hierarchy of the Study 71
5 Accumulated Weight of Tourism Impacts 75
6 Higashi Izumo 90
IV LIST OF TABLES
Table
1 Village Population and Survey Return Rates 18
2 Attitude of Rural Malaysia Residents towards Tourism 47
3 Benefits from Tourism Development (Chi-Square Analysis) 50
4 Supports for Further Tourism Development (Chi-Square Analysis) 51
5 Social, Economic and Environmental Impacts of Tourism
(Chi-Square Analysis) 52
6 Development Control and The Roles of Government (Chi-Square Analysis) 53
7 Perceived Tourism Impacts by Kuantan Rural Residents 58
8 Factor Analysis: Perceived Impacts of Tourism (Kuantan) 60
9 Perceived Tourism Impact Variation by Selected Variables (Anova) 61
10 Duncan Test Result for Levels of Religiosity 63
11 Duncan Test Result for Age Levels 63
12 Duncan Test Result for Places of Residence (Village) 64
13 Duncan Test Result for Types of Occupation 64
14 The Adjusted AHP Scale 72
15 Pairwise Comparisons of Social Impacts 73
16 Pairwise Comparison Economic Impacts 74
17 Pairwise Comparison Environment 74
18 Impact Matrix 75
19 Key Demographic Characteristics of the Sample 94
20 Attitude of Higashi Izumo Residents towards Tourism Statements 95
21 Factor Loadings (Varimax Rotated Solution) 96
22 Cluster Analysis: Attitudes on Tourism Statements 98
23 Factor Loadings (Varimax Rotated Solution) of Impacts 104
v 24 Correlation Matrix: Support for Future Tourism Development vs Impacts 106
25 Summary of Stepwise Regression 107
26 Discriminant Analysis Summary after Step 7 112
27 Discriminant Function Loadings (Factor Structure Matrix) 112
28 Impact Means for Three Predictor Groups 113
29 Multivariate Results for the Three Group Discriminant Analysis 115
VI APPENDIX
I Segmenting Local Attitude towards Tourism Development 89
II Factors Influencing the Support for Future Tourism Development 102,
III Tourism Impacts - Determinant Attributes in Predicting Local Attitude
towards Tourists 110
IV Preliminary questionnaire in Kuantan 118
V Survey Questionnaire in Kuantan 121
VI Survey Questionnaire in Higashi Izumo 126 .J
Vll ABSTRACT
One of the important pillars of sustainable tourism is a balance of relationships among its related parties -- tourists, government, tourist entrepreneurs, and local communities. Harmonic relationships can only be achieved if each of these components receives equal benefits and economic advantages from tourism. However, it is common to see that only certain segments, especially tourist entrepreneurs, receive tourism's economic benefits. To promote and to ensure sustainable tourism, local residents should be encouraged and allowed to be involved, not only in the business of tourism, but also in the planning and development stages of tourism in their areas .. The sustainability of tourism in a location depends a lot on the hospilitality of its residents and their attitudes toward tourism. This, on the other hand, depends on the residents' clear understanding and perceptions of the industry.
These topics have been the mam focus of this dissertation. It especially concentrates on the social and cultural sustainability which means that the development should be compatible with the culture and values of people affected by it. This dissertation investigates the relationship between resident perceptions and their involvement in the tourism development. Chapter 1 discusses the background of sustainable tourism and explains the importance of public support and involvement in tourism and how the public can contribute to the sustainability of tourism.
Many statistical tools were used in analyzing the data collected In two main surveys, which were the backbone of this dissertat~on. The survey methodology and the related statistical analyses are explained briefly in Chapter 2 while the details can be found in the following chapters. Chapter 3 focuses on the relationship between an ecotourist location and its surrounding community based on a site observation and interviews with staff in Malaysia National Park. The ways that residents' attitudes and perceptions influence tourism development is the main focus of Chapter 4 and Chapter 5, based on a survey of residents in five fishing communities on the east coast of the Malaysia
V III Peninsula. Although the survey did not confirm that socioeconomic background exerted any influence on the local attitudes and perceptions, it did find out that the levels of education can influence the way locals perceived tourism. The surve~ also showed interactions between local residents and tourists did not necessarily exert any influence on the res·idents' attitudes. Furthermore, it was discovered that the level of religiosity can significantly affect perceptions.
Even though the success of tourism depends on certain local issues, in general, the economic factor is the main determining factor. This was uncovered in two studies - the
Kuantan study discussed in Chapters 4-6, and the study in Higashi Izumo of Shimane prefecture. In the latter, it was discovered that economic impacts brought supportive behaviors toward additional tourism development (see Appendix I).
In Chapter 6, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), a method that can help assess the priorities of attributes, is examined. Despite the fact that the result from AHP analysis was not conclusive, it helped suggest the relative importance of impacts perceived by a community.
As discussed In Appendix I, the Higashi Izumo sample is divided into pro development and conservative groups. Next, the focus of Appendix II was on the impacts that influenced the support for future tourism the most. This was accomplished using the multiple regression analysis. In Appendix III, the lzumo population was segmented into three clusters (welcomers, neutrals, and resenters) based on their responses in the survey. The main purpose of the analysis was to find the most discriminating attributes or impacts using the multiple discriminant analysis. Negative perceptions of tourism impacts can result in negative behavior towards tourism development. It is, therefore, important that we first identify impacts or factors associated with positive or negative behaviors. Even though adverse environmental and economic impacts can be equally disastrous to the local residents, many communities see social problems to be the most troublesome. This may be due to the fact that problems such as the spread of infectious diseases and the degradation of morality will affect the
IX residents' lives directly. Other problems, such as environmental degradation, will take longer time to occur, and will affect a certain segment of the community or certain sections of the area. Sensitive issues, such as cultural matters, are also yiewed with importance.
Analysis of the Higashi Izumo sample showed that potent1al social problems associated with tourism development were the main attributes that influenced a conservative stand towards tourism. As further described in Appendix III, those who did not welcome tourists feared that holidaymakers would affect local culture and traditions.
Thus, identifying sensitive issues can be helpful in the planning of tourism, especially in sensitive areas (both environmentally and culturally).
Recognizing certain groups with identical characteristics is another essential step in tourism planning. After the groups have been identified, planners can formulate specific development strategies, approaches, concepts, and policies that suit each group's needs and characters. After zones with specific groups and the issues at stake have been identified, planners should incorporate the information into the development blueprints.
However, adjustment should be made if possible to include the residents' opinions.
Perceptions of tourism proved to affect residents' reception of additional tourist arrivals.
Analysis in Appendix III shows that perceived change in the local culture and traditions was the main reason behind the different stance between 'Resenters' and 'Neutrals' versus 'Welcomers' among the people of Higashi Izumo.
In the two study areas described in this dissertation, both communities showed great interest in the potentials of tourism. They both believed that tourism would bring economic benefits, but would also bring negative social impacts. However, due to over concentration on the benefits of tourism, many communities often neglect tourism's adverse impacts, especially the long-term environmental and social impacts. This has led to over-utilization of tourism resources and marketing for merely monetary gains.
This dissertation has shown the importance of residents' attitudes and perceptions in influencing the future of tourism industry of an area. While welcoming the potentials
x economic benefits of tourism, communities in the study areas voiced their concerns about the negative social impacts. Therefore, gaining a clear understanding of the local issues at stake will help involve local residents in the evolution of the tourism indu~try. Oniy by having the public's full support and participation can we achieve sustainable tourism-
Xl CHAPTER 1
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
DEVELOPMENT
1.1 Introduction
The concept of sustainable tourism is becoming a major notion in today's tourism
development. However, the idea is said to be broad, obscure (Jarviluoma, 1992), and too idealistic. An alternative to mass tourism that depends on an area's characteristics and resources - sustainable tourism - includes what is known as appropriate tourism.
Some use descriptive terms such as nature tourism, green or ecotourism. The latter
IS defined as "tourism that consists in travelling to relatively undisturbed or
uncontaminated natural areas with the specific objectives of studying, admiring, and enjoying the scenery and its wild plants and animals, as well as any existing cultural manifestations (both past and present) found in these areas" (Ceballos-Lascurain, 1988, as quoted in Linberg, 1991). Areas that promote agriculture-based tourism would call it agrotourism. Some name it village or rural tourism, which is simply tourism that takes place in the countryside.
Another category of terms for this sustainable concept is value-based. These terms, such as responsible tourism and soft tourism, emphasize the awareness, the needs to consider, and the impacts of travel on a destination regardless of the activities pursued.
Another term, cultural tourism, is described by larViluoma (1992) as small-scale tourism developed by local people based on the local nature and culture.
Most proponents of sustainable tourism confide that it will help bring the much needed balance between tourism development and environmental conservation. However,
Butler (1990) voiced concerns for this alternative stating that if it is not carried out carefully, selectively and appropriately, it could result in more costs than benefits.
1 The World Commission on Environment and Development (1987, p.43) defined sustainable tourism as "a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs". Bramwell and
Lane (1993) summarized it as tourism development that involves managed development, conservation, and visitor use. larviluoma (1992) further described it as small-scale tourism developed by local people based on the local nature and culture that pays special care to the environment and social carrying capacity. Sustainable development is believed to be a beneficial socioeconomic change that does not undermine the ecological and social systems upon which communities depend (Rees, 1989).
According to Krippendoft (1986), promotion of sustainable tourism development started to spread after being inspired by the "green movement" rather than any political initiative. He said that the emergence of "critical consumer tourists" who demand a soft and humane tourism will benefit all participants. The participants include travelers, the local population, and the tourist business. Shaw and William (1994) suggested that coupled with the demand from these green-oriented consumers, it is likely that future tourism consumption will be polarized into two patterns. They predicted that there still will be a variable market for mass tourism, but there is likely to be a continued growth of the critical consumers whose interests fall within the realm of green tourism.
In addition, they believed that political pressure applied through public policy at every level of government has become an additional stimulus to the search for this green tourism. This pressure, however, is believed to be more effective in the developed nations than in developing countries where economic pressure to destroy nature for other types of development is much more intense.
1.2 Sustainable tourism scenario 111 Asia
In Asia, especially in Southeast Asia, the concept of sustainability is somewhat new and foreign. Little research in this field has been conducted in this part of the world.
Nevertheless, it is believed that many tourism activities in this region that have been
2 carried out in sustainable ways, but they might have been referred to in different terminologies. The level of sustainable tourism development in Asia is believed to be pursued at different rates and with different approaches, mostly due to the varying economic levels that result in different goals of tourism development. Variations in cultures, ethnics, and natural environments also determine the level of sustainable tourism development in Asia.
Japan, a nation within the G7 economic grouping, has a goal of maintaining her economy and controlling the impacts of heavy industrialization from the boom years of the 1980s. Even though sustainable tourism development has not yet been properly established in Japan, strong efforts have been made among many localities to deveJop this concept. Several rural towns -- Asahimachi in Yamagata Prefecture and Tomiuramachi in
Chiba Prefecture -- started ecotourism development as a part of their tourism campaigns.
Sustainable tourism development in Japan, according to Koizumi (1994), mostly focuses on sustaining people's lifestyles, traditions, and industries as well as the region's nature.
The concept of sustainability may have long ago emerged in the Japanese way of life in a notion known as ningen to shizen no kyozon, or the coexistence of men and nature.
On the other hand, even though many newly industrializing economies in Southeast
Asia, such as Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, and Thailand, recognize the importance of environmental protection, the environmental requirements often have to be ignored in the pursuit of their economic goals. Murphy (1985) stated that local and national governments, with an ambition to lure more tourists to develop the local economy and a better balance of payment, are often ready to neglect zoning regulations and other qualitative standards.
This chapter will discuss the role and the importance of public participation towards achieving sustainable tourism. It examines the potential benefits of public involvement and the consequences of avoiding them. It also hopes to suggest additional approaches, scopes, and areas to the present studies on local involvement and perceptions of tourism.
3 1.3 The importance of local involvement
Sustainable tourism development principles insist that the planning and development of tourism involve local residents at the planning st~ge, during implementation, and after a development is completed. As reported by McIntyre (1993), the Globe '90 Conference in Canada among other things spelled out that tourism seeks decision-making among all segments of the society, including local populations, so tourism and other resource users can coexist. It also suggested that sustainable tourism monitors, assesses, and manages the impacts of tourism; develops reliable methods of the environment accountability; and counters any negative effect. It is especially vital to involve local people at the decision making stage. Many agree that involving locals and gaining their cooperation in the tourism development process is important to understand local attitudes and perceptions on their environment (Dasmann, Milton, & Freeman,
1993; Wright, 1993; Owen, Witt, & Gammon, 1993; Cooke, 1982; Murphy, 1985;
Brandon, 1993; Simmons, 1994; Dowling, 1993; Drake, 1991; Rosenoy & Pulsipher,
1979; Lascurain, 1993; Wall, 1993; McKercher, 1993; McIntyre, 1993).
Local residents should and can be involved as they will be the ones strongly affected, positively or negatively. Local participation can be defined as empowering the local population to engage their own abilities to manage the resources, make decisions, and control the activities that influence their lives by actively and effectively participating in the development stages mentioned above. Gaining equitable and quality public involvement can bring many benefits to all concerned parties. One benefit of public involvement is that it will foster local people's willingness to participate. As Murphy
(1985) stated, informed citizens will be willing to participate. He added that public involvement at an early stage of the impact assessment would produce a more dependable impact assessment. Additionally, while the basic aim of local participation is to provide concerned citizens with adequate information (Keogh, 1990), input from locals will provide short term objectives for business sectors and promote variation and flavor in future projects. Drake (1991) further believed that securing input from local citizens at an
4 earlier stage could function as an early warning system for the developers to avoid
potential future conflicts, and could be a good opportunity for the locals to be educated
about the project's goals and purposes.
Public involvement could also foster a sense of place, help empower individuals
and the community, and help forg~ individual and group identities (Machin, 1989;
Brandon, 1993). Furthennore, it will legitimize the decision making process, bring
planners to a better and balanced approach, and increase the project efficiency.
Concerning this point, Drake suggested that involving local people might lead to a
potential cost sharing between the developers and the locals before and after a project
completion. However, she warned that public participation should not be regarded as a
panacea for every socioeconomic cost of ecotourism projects (1991).
1.4 Tourism development -- public support and resentment
Many studies have been conducted on the impact of tourism on many communities
and in many countries. Most studies focus on the perceptions of the locals on the tourism
impacts (Allen et aI., 1988; Allen et a1. 1993; Belisle & Hoy, 1980; Chow, 1980; Keogh,
1990; Liu, Sheldon, & Var, 1987; Ross, 1992; Murphy, 1983). Researchers have
studied how socioeconomic features, geographic location of locals to tourism
development, level of local-tourist interaction, economic dependence on tourism, and types of tourism development affect local perceptions of tourism. It could be suggested
here that most of the studies were conducted in and around a western atmosphere. Few research projects pertain to local perceptions and involvement in tourism in Asian communities. Also, only a few tried to relate the influence of the level of public
participation on people's perceptions of tourism impacts. Keogh (1990) added that most of the resident attitude studies to date have been done in areas where tourism is long established and has had time to make its impact on the local population. Murphy (1983)
in his research in England, discovered that administrative personnel -- political,
professional, and planning officials -- react the most positively to greater tourism
5 expansion.
It is believed that local residents will favor further tourism growth if it is to be a low-key development. Dowling (1993) believed residents will support it if they conc'lude tourism growth will be an environmentally compatible activity integrated with their area's conservation and land management. For instance, the local authority of Tomiuramachi, south-east of Tokyo, gained local support when it switched to tourism as an alternative to revive the region. The decision was accepted because they planned to construct an eco- museum, to offer classes on music played in local festivals, and to provide tours to historical places to give local residents the opportunity to learn more about the culture of the area (Koizumi, 1994).
Gaining public support certainly is not an easy task, but it is not impossible. Many governments overlook the benefits of gaining local involvement and take it for granted that the planned tourism development in the area will be welcomed by the locals. But, not all segments of population perceive tourism growth with equal understanding and enthusiasm. Tourism without proper planning could easily lead the development to a potential conflict.
Many conflicts have occurred between the host population and visitors, private developers as well as governments. One of the main factors that causes conflicts is a lack of understanding and education about one another. Conflicts, negative perceptions, misunderstandings, and resentment about tourism are also the result of a lack of knowledge about tourism among the local people. It is also believed that problems stem from insufficient local involvement (Simmons, 1994; Whelan, 1991; Keogh, 1990).
~ As discussed before, public suppOtt for tourism would generally come from those positively affected by the development -- for example those involved in the travel businesses (for instance, Simmons, 1994; Milman & Pizam, 1988;Dasmann, Milton &
Freeman, 1993). Naturally, we can expect that public resentment stems from those who suffered from the development and/or those who do not sufficiently benefit from the tourism development. But this should not always be the case. King, Pizam, and Milman
6 (1993) in their research on the residents of Nadi (Fiji), for example, discovered that those who believed tourism induced negative impacts also supported tourism. However, it is believed that in the case of resentment, much of the indignation resulted from direct negative impacts from tourism on the surrounding environment such as noise, polluted beaches, closing off the public areas, increased garbage, and increased cost of living.
Chow (1980) discovered how rapid expansion of the visitor industry was resisted by rural residents whose land and water were diverted from agricultural use to a resort or other speculative uses. Conflicts, therefore, exist when tourism's demands directly compete with the wants and desires of the local residents (McKercher, 1993; Boo, 1990).
Many research projects discovered that tourism often has a high degree of initial acceptance from the residents of destination areas. It is not until after considerable development that residents begin to assess and take action on the negative changes brought by the development (Butler, 1976; Liu, Sheldon, & Var, 1987; Ross, 1992).
Ross (1992) in his study on the northern Queensland tourist city of Cairns, discovered a clear association between lower levels of community enjoyment and less friendly fellow residents as the result of tourist development. However, as we will see in the following section, other cases reported that residents expressed their resentment toward tourism at its initial stage of development (Handley, 1994; Cohen, 1994; Angel, 1994).
Public resentment against tourism development has not only occurred in the western world but has also been spreading in Asia. Many Asian communities have voiced concerns over the massive tourism development in their areas, especially in areas known as environmentally sensitive zones. They dread that tourism will bring short and long-term environmental impacts. In Malaysia, for instance, land clearance and preparation for resort and golf course development on the forested highlands were reported to trigger soil erosion and river pollution, and to destroy natural habitats and local recreational space (Ani, 1993). Nevertheless, evaluating the level of these impacts is almost impossible since the effects would only surface 10 kilometers down the stream or
5 to 10 years after the golf course was built. Mohamad (1994) voiced his doubt about the
7 future of golf in the country and criticized the development, saying it only benefitted the elites while sacrificing the environment and the majority. The costly golf developments were also blamed for high leakage of funds to foreign consultants but for generating few
local job offers. For similar reasons, golf course developments on the slope of Mount
Yatsugatake and on the. eastern Iizuna Heights in Japan faced public acrimony. It was feared these developments would lead to flash flood in the surrounding communities and destroy the area's natural woodlands (Nicol, 1994; Angel, 1994). Opposition to new resorts was also reported in Thailand (Handley, 1994) and in Indonesia (Cohen, 1994).
Besides opposing tourism development for bringing negative environmental distractions, resentment could also result from religious and cultural impingement. For instance, despite the long perception that tourism brings jobs and business opportunities, the people of Bali, Indonesia, finally stood up against the development of a US $200 million Bali Nirvana Resort that would impinge on the spiritual sanctity of Tanah Lot and threaten a temple's cosmological primacy. Besides protecting the area's culture and traditions--Bali's most valuable tourism products -- the government was called to allow a greater public role in shaping public policy (Cohen, 1994). It was feared that the resentment towards resort development could lead to a successive hatred towards future tourism development and tourists to the area. Ross (1992) warned that visitors to a community might become the targets of dislike if a growing number of local residents came to believe that tourism had a detrimental effect on some major social life elements.
Protests against tourism and tourists may come in varying degrees and forms.
After years of compromise, members of Berawan tribal groups in Borneo started to show their uneasy feelings towards rapid development of the Baram river basin as a tourist attraction. They were accused of committing arson at the power generator that powers the lights in one of the Mulu Caves -- a burial site for many tribes including the Penan. Many felt the development of the tourism industry in Mulu had not been sensitive to the indigenous tribes (Tsuruoka, 1994). Finally, locals also expressed their resentment through their attempts to benefit financially from tourists by setting inflated prices for
8 visitors (Lea, 1993).
1.5 Local involvement in rural tourism
As discussed above, sustainable tourism can be partially reached by practicing local involvement. Rural tourism is a good example of tourism that can maximize lpcal involvement. It has been an important aspect of tourism in the developed countries
(Shaw & Williams, 1994; Allen et aI., 1993) and it is a potential form of sustainable tourism. The notion that it can be an alternative to expanding local tourism or controlling the population from migrating has drawn many Asian rural communities to experiment with rural tourism. Rural tourism is characterized as small scale, locally controlled, and offers local tourism products or activities coupled with strong conservation components.
For Japanese rural communities, promoting village tourism is not only intended to promote local economy but also to lure the urban popUlation to visit or to reside in their areas. Rural tourism can be an efficient tool to spur rural conservation, but promoting rural tourism requires strong local involvement since many rural lands are owned by local residents. Therefore, to introduce and develop local tourism plans, local authorities need to approach the landowners to gain their understanding and cooperation and to make sure their lands will be developed appropriately.
While seeing village tourism as a potential alternative to expand the local tourist industry, tourism authorities in Malaysia and Indonesia disdain and doubt its viability. In these countries, villages are not considered places to visit for tourism but rather places to return to one's friends and relatives. Therefore, visitors to rural areas need to come from foreign countries. Lack of knowledge, experience", and information on rural tourism is another obstacle in promoting this alternative tourism in these countries.
As local involvement becomes one of the main factors that encourages rural tourism development, rural tourism on the other hand promotes better local involvement since it provides local residents with manifold business opportunities. Local contacts between a tourist and local residents may increase the tourist's understanding of the area (Ingram &
9 Durst, 1989; Mohamed, 1993; Pearce, 1990). Even though rural tourism is said to be characterized by local controls (Owen, Witt, & Gammon, 1993; Boo, 1990), the ventures and tourism activities sometimes are not always directly rooted in the rural life and traditions. A study in Hawaii by Chow (1980) showed that domination by large national and multinational companies broadened the leakage of profits and spending from rural resort populations. The study also found that concerns about the goal to maintain an attractive climate for large tourism investors often led to conflict with local concerns about the impact of the development.
Very often, only a small percentage of the tourism income stays in the local area.
The benefits are often seasonal or the jobs are low level and limited to only a few people.
For instance, ecotours provided by many travel agencies to the Mulu Caves area in the deep rain forest of Borneo are planned and arranged by non-locals who take away almost all of the profits. Locals are only employed as low paid guides into the forest and to ensure clients safety. On the other hand, strong associations with a community can be very beneficial. For example, to curb the income leakage to the big corporations, many rural Japanese communities formed local cooperatives or circles to promote and manage their local tourism products and activities.
1.6 Public involvement -- why ignored?
Despite the importance of local involvement with sustainable tourism, developing agencies (both private and government) frequently disregard it due to several foreseen problems. In many developing countries, this pre-requisite has been accepted and announced merely for political purposes but practically it is often ignored, fearing it will hamper the development approval process and, thus, drive away potential investors.
When economic goals arc considered the priority, local voices will be heard less and sometimes considered to be against development. Development, then, is often carried on despite a requirement stating the need to present an Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA) before starting a project. Establishing ad-hoc committees which are given full
10 responsibility and power to overrule is a common practice in countries like Malaysia to speed up the development process.
Another reason for ignoring local involvement is that the proper system of involvement is not yet in place in many places. Even if there is a procedure, it may be referred to a local representative who sometimes does not come from that area and whose views are strongly influenced by personal stance, background, and interests. Sometimes, finding members of the public who hold common views to engage in tourism planning is rather problematic (Simmons, 1994; Drake, 1991), and initiating local participation activities requires a great deal of time, energy, and intense organizational know-how
(Brandon, 1993). Infonning locals of the details of a development can cause discontent and create conflicts that could cripple the project. Other factors can also influence a community's acceptance of sustainable tourism, such as the economic well-being of the locals, ethnic and cultural backgrounds, and how dependant the community is on the surrounding environment. When a community faces a choice of economic survival and environmental conservation, it is common that the fonner is usually chosen.
1. 7 Discussion
In evaluating the importance of local involvement in tourism development, it was discovered that studies on tourism impacts tended to over-emphasize the relationships of several variables and local perceptions on tourism and its impacts, but failed to suggest an effective mechanism for local involvement. One mechanism that can possibly be utilized to activate public involvement is collaboration among the decision making parties.
Collaboration, as suggested by Getz and Jamal (1994), is a process of joint decision making among autonomous and key stakeholders. The process involves:
1] Identifying key stakeholders and issues;
2] Sharing future collaborative interpretations; and
3] Implementing or institutionalizing the shared meanings which appear as the
problem domain develops (Grays, 1985).
1 1 Another important mechanism is to provide the opportunities for local participation in tourism. Wall (1993) suggested that opportunities should be given both directly through investment in the tourism business and in supporting activities, such 'as agriculture and craft industries.
Local involvement, if well-integrated into the planning system, can help stabilize and reduce the negative impact brought by tourism development and lead towards potential sustainable tourism. Furthermore, local participation can be used to indicate social carrying capacity. Social carrying capacity, as suggested by Linberg (1991), can be viewed from both the tourist's and the host's point of view. The tourist social carrying capacity is the level beyond which visitor satisfaction drops unacceptably from overcrowding. The host social carrying capacity is the level beyond which unacceptable change will be caused to local cultural stability and attitudes toward tourists. It is believed that attitudes towards tourists and tourism, normally expressed by resentment or support of tourism development, can be quantitatively measured and the results can then be used as a tool to achieve sustainable tourism. However, Gunn (1994) doubted that the capacity could be mathematically claimed. He stated that top limits to visitors of environmental settings have not succeeded in the past.
As discussed in this chapter, one thing that causes public resentment is the unbalanced distribution of costs and benefits. It is then suggested that to avoid such acrimony, locals should be invited to join in the planning, development, and implementation processes. However, some are concerned that involving locals in the details of some projects will create uneasiness and further resentment.
Studies on tourism impacts and perceptions tend to concentrate on the developed western nations, while case studies pertaining to these matters in Asia, especially among developing countries, are rather lacking. It can be suggested that the conclusions made in the research done in different atmospheres can be different. Regarding this point, Drake
(1991) suggested that the diversity of communities, interests, environments, and development patterns at different places required individual evaluations. Therefore,
12 studies on local acceptance of tourism could be expanded into Asian communities in a more localized approach--a cautious approach that suits and pays a close attention to the local culture, environments, economy, religions, and political situations. Since past studies mostly focus on how several identical variables such as distance, level of development, level of local tourist interaction, and types of tourism development affect local perceptions of tourism, further research should be considered to analyze how culture, religion, and residents' needs and wants influence attitudes. As mentioned by
Lea (1993, p.53), "It is necessary at the outset to reemphasize the differing priorities between rich and western nations; which generally see the destruction of the environment as a pressing problem affecting everyone in the world; and poor developing countries whose priorities are first to raise the living standards to acceptable levels."
Many factors can influence the level of public interest and involvement in tourism development. Residents' economic, social, political and environmental backgrounds can spur or limit their participation. Public interest and involvement can be influenced by how much the public knows about the industry.
Therefore, it is important that citizens are provided with adequate and clear information on what is going to be developed despite the belief that this could lead to more complications and problems. Furthermore, sharing information between major actors, such as government, private sector, and citizen groups, will benefit everyone.
Another factor is the empowerment of local people. Locals will actively participate if they are sure their natural resources will be utilized in their own control. Retention of local ownership of tourism resources and facilities is important and is regarded as another essential step in achieving local participation .. As Simmons (1994) suggested, a community-based approach to tourism planning should include defining appropriate tourism development, implementation based on how local human resources will be developed, and empowem1ent of local citizens. Ways local people can be involved can be found in Sri Lanka's Tourism Plan, prepared in 1992. To encourage local participation, the Plan proposed establishing local tourism committees composed of all relevant parties,
13 appointing tourism liaison officers, and developing community tourism centers (WTO,
1994).
Involving locals at the planning stage will reduce risks of future resentments. Many studies are done on areas with matured development that basically have irreversible negative consequences. It is strongly suggested here that studies to be expanded to the areas of initial tourism development. Looking from planning perspective, Gunn (1994) argues that the capacity of the environment to withstand great tourism growth is quite elastic, provided that growth is properly planned and managed.
Different from the roles of governments of developed nations, governments of many Asian developing countries play catalytic roles in promoting tourism. Mighty government action usually needed to plan, control and implement policies to ensure the most benefits from conceivable inter-sectoral linkages. Suggestion by Gunn (1994) that the best solution to sustainable development to occur from the advocacy of private developers of tourism and not from environmentalists or governments could be true in the developed countries but remains doubtful in the developing nations. Planners of tourism can do little to promote equality in the distribution of benefits of tourism industry, if the government and private sectors are left free to run the show.
The notion of local involvement in tourism development is becoming more and more important and recognized. The initiative to invite locals to participate in tourism planning should come from the government. The era when decisions were made without referring the most affected groups has ended. The relationship between tourism actors -- government, private sectors and the general public should be symbiotic and not parasitic. , To ensure sound development, a deep understanding of the local cultures, religions, values of life, needs and wants is vital-
14 CHAPTER 2
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1 Researching Sustainable Tourism
As discussed thoroughly in Chapter 1, many factors can contribute to sustainable tourism. Three main principles of sustainable tourism, as suggested by the World
Conservation Union (IUCN), are ecological sustainability, social and cultural sustainability, and economic sustainability (Mc Intyre, 1993). Social and cultural sustainability means that the development is compatible with the culture and values of people affected by it. This dissertation, based on several on-site surveys, will mainly concentrate on one social aspect of tourism's sustainability -- that it should benefit the local popUlation. We will look at the perceptions and attitudes of the local people affected by tourism. The main purpose of the whole dissertation is to investigate the relationship between residents' perceptions and their involvement in the tourism development.
The two main study sites used were a group of five fishing villages in the district of
Kuantan (Malaysia) and Malaysia National Park, or the Taman Negara, located in the
State of Pahang. These study sites were later supported by an additional community survey conducted in Higashi Izumo of Shimane Prefecture in Japan. Kuantan was chosen as it satisfied several criteria decided upon before the site selection ~gan. Three of thc cri tcria werc:
1. Small Asian town
Past studies on the perceptions, attitudes, and impacts of tourism were mostly
conducted in the developed, western tourist destinations. As will be explained III
the next chapter, research pertaining to tourism problems in Asia is lacking.
15 2. Located away from the capital city
It was feared that communities near to capital cities would have been influence9 by
the influx of foreign population which includes tourists. This could affect the
residents' way of thinking and their perceptions of tourism.
3. Non-tourist town
Most past studies were concentrated in tourist towns, and the perceptions of
residents in these areas have been well documented. There is now a need to focus
on the developing or non-tourist destinations. The five villages in Kuantan are
starting to experience the infancy of tourism.
2.2 Research Methodology and Sampling Method
Many methods can be utilized to secure the data to support the discussions on this issue. These include the Delphi Methods (Green, Hunter, & Moore, 1990a; Green,
Hunter, & Moore 1990b), field research, and Postcard Analysis (Ryan, 1995). Even though no method can be considered to be completely thorough, the most utilized methods in past investigations are community surveys, interviews, and on-site visits
(observations). The main data collection methods employed in this dissertation were: (a) interviews and observations (Malaysia National Park); (b) community surveys in
Kuantan (Malaysia); and (c) community surveys in Higashi Izumo (Japan). Methods a and c employed almost similar list or atlributes but had dirrerences in the variables to be
tested.
I. Interviews and observations (Malaysia National Park).
Interviews conducted in Malaysia National Park, or the Taman Negara, included
one deputy superintendent, one ranger, one boatman, one restaurant owner, and two
local residents. The park managers were asked about the main problems they faced in
16 maintaining the balance between the park and its surrounding. Others were asked about the meaning of the park to their lives and how the increase in tourist activities has affected their lives.
II. Community survey (Kuantan, Malaysia)
The survey wa,.s conducted between October and December, 1994. Prior to carrying out this survey, preliminary open-ended questionnaires were sent to local town planners, tourism entrepreneurs, land developers, politicians and community leaders
(Appendix IV). The purpose of this preliminary survey was to seek an insight into the issues at stake pertaining tourist development of the area such as:
-possible negative and positive impacts of tourism development;
-suitable forms of tourism and the rate of tourism growth that are suitable for the
area and;
-measures that need to be taken to increase positive impacts of tourism and local
participation in tourism planning and development.
The main questions in the primary survey, however, were derived from past
studies, especially from Belisle and Hoy (1980); Caneday and Zeiger (1991); and
Long, Perdue, and Allen (1990).
2.3 Survey Methodology
Self-administered questionnaires were hand delivered by technical assistants from
Kuantan Municipal Council (MPK) and Pahang State Development Corporation (PKNP).
The households were selected using a stratified sampling of five main fishing villages located along the 35 kilometers of the Kuantan-Kemaman Road. The villages were first determined based on their existing geographical boundaries. The total population of the
five villages was 27, 524 people (Table 1). The number of questionnaires to be delivered
17 was calculated based on the population fraction. The sample size for each village was obtained as shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 VILLAGE POPULATION AND SURVEY RETURN RATES
Village Population Stratified Returned Return (1995) sample size responses Rate Beserah 10874 126 77 61% Sungai Karang 5427 64- 59 92% Balok· 2865 33 31 94% Sungai Ular 1056 38 30 79% Cherating 5502 64- 55 86% Total: N=27524 n=300 n*=252 u=usable responses
A stratified sampling was selected as the most suitable sampling method instead of
Cluster Sampling and Random Sampling because: (1) One of the purposes of the survey was to gain knowledge of the differences in perceptions of different village residents. (2)
The list of the residents of the selected villages was not readily available as the it is in the
United States and Japan. Using telephone directory lists or automobile registrations as the bases for a random sampling were not suitable methods because less than 20% of the population own telephone lines and about only 35% of them own cars. - A house was first selected at a starting point of a village and the technical assistanL'i were instructed to deliver a questionnaire to every two houses. This is due to the fact that the number of houses in the area is unknown and they are mostly located close to one another. It was, therefore, estimated that every two houses was an acceptable and suitable frequency. If no one was in the house, assistants were instructed to hand the
18 questionnaire to someone in the nearest house.
Each household was given only one questionnaire and the technical assistants often asked whether the head of the family (normally the father) was home or not. If he was not home at that time, the mother or other members of the family were asked to answer the questions. If he or she could not finish the questionnaire on the spot, the technical assistants returned to the house after 2 or 3 days to pick up the questionnaire. If the person still could not or did not finish the questions, a self-addressed, stamped envelope was left and he/she was asked to mail the response in 2 weeks. The survey was conducted on Monday, Friday, and Sunday because of the differences in holidays among the people. Fishermen take Friday as their holiday to do the Friday prayer, while Sunday is the holiday for general office, government, and factory workers.
2.4 Survey limitation
Several limitations in the research methodology should be noted. First, the targeted survey area was only limited to households along the main Kuantan-Kemaman Road where people were more susceptible to the influence of tourism and would meet tourists more frequently than those living the inner side (forested) of the villages. Second, the way the survey was conducted tended to be biased to the male head of household point of view.
The first section of the survey asked about the respondent's demographic background (Appendix V). It also included a question on how often they met tourists.
The second section contained 17 statements pertaining to tourist development in the villages. It asked respondents to indicate their agreement or disagreement with the statements based on a Likert5-point scale, where 5 represented strong agreement and 1 represented strong disagreement. The subsequent section presented 23 potential impacts of tourism devclopment. Residents were asked to indicate how they had fclt the impacts on a Likert scale of 5 (l=strong negative impact, 5=strong positive impact).
19 2.5 Analytical procedures
Many statistical tools were used in analyzing the data collected in both suryeys.
The tools were selected based on their suitability and appropriateness in resolving the purpose of the analysis. The Chi-square analyses were applied in Chapter 4 to detennine whether there was a significant difference between the observed sample frequencies and the theoretical frequencies.
Factor analysis was used in many sections of this thesis. It helped explore the underlying dimensions of the sample respon~es. It can also be used to analyze interrelationships among a large number of variables. Another use of factor analysis is to reduce the data and to find representative variables (Hair et.al. 1995).
To test the hypotheses that the differences of the means of selected variables were significant, the analysis of variance, or the ANOVA, was used. This will be explained in detail in Chapter 5. Duncan tests were employed to further detect where the differences lie. In Chapter 6, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), a method that can help assess the priorities of attributes, was examined. Despite the fact that the results from the AHP analysis were not conclusive, it helped suggest the relative importance of impacts perceived by a community.
In Appendix I, cluster analysis helped split the attitudes of the Higashi Izumo sample into those who were pro-development and those who were conservatives. Next, the focus of Appendix II was on the impacts that influenced the support for future tourism the most. This was accomplished through the multiple regression analysis using the result of a question in the attitude section of the survey as the predictive variable.
This was then correlated with the 23 impact statements. In Appendix Ill, thc izull10 population was dividcd into three clusters (welcomers, neutrals, and resenters) based on their responses in the second section of the survey. The main purpose of the analysis was to find the most discriminating attributes or impacts among all respondents. The mUltiple discriminant analysis was used for that purpose·
20 CHAPTER 3
TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AND COMMUNITY:
A CASE STUDY OF ECOTOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN
MALAYSIA NATIONAL PARK
3.1 Introduction
There are 45 protected areas in Malaysia, a country that covers 330,000 km2 and consists of the Malaysian Peninsula and the two states of Sabah and Sarawak in Borneo
Island. The main national park, or the Taman Negara, is located at the center of the peninsula, mainly in the state of Pahang but spanning into Trengganu and Kelantan.
There are also two other national parks in Borneo -- the Kinabalu National Park in Sabah and the Niah National Park in Sarawak. National parks are areas set aside under federal laws. In addition, there are many state parks that are managed by the respective states.
Tourism in Malaysia has emerged as the country's third largest income generator after the petroleum and manufacturing sectors. In 1994, Malaysia received $3.3 billion through tourism, compared to only $1.72 billion in 1984. The number of foreign visitors has passed 6 million, most of them coming from the neighboring Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
Protected areas are an important asset not only as water catchment areas and hosts for rare species of flora and fauna, but also as attractive tourism resources. Malaysia's tourism competitive edge lies with its nature, especially its closed rain forest. Besides ecotourism, the country is developing rural tourism and agrotourism which offers tourists a chance to visit and to experience rubber estates, paddy fields, fruit orchards, and the rural villages. Visitation to protected areas by both locals and foreign visitors has increased significantly in the recent years. About 25% of the foreign visitors to Malaysia
21 are engaged in some form of ecotourism, or nature-related tourism. While many research projects have been done on the social and economic impacts of tourism throughout the country, the environmental impact of tourism on the country's protected areas is not well documented. The growth of ecotourism in these areas is welcomed, if viewed from the economic perspective, but the influx of too many tourists can bring negative implications, especially to areas that lack proper infrastructure to cope with the effects of visitation.
Despite proper management, the National Park is experiencing negative social and environmental consequences resulting directly or indirectly from over-crowdedness and/or improper behavior of tourists to the park.
Wild animals, such as the wild oax and lesser mouse deer, used to be easily observed near the park entrance, but today, most of these animals have gone deeper into the rain forest. To view the animals, visitors now have to venture deeper into the forest and wait longer on top of the lookouts. Increasing numbers of visitors to the National
Park have brought in alternative and additional job opportunities to the bordering local residents, but the rush to build stalls and chalets is leading to some adverse environmental and social impact.
The increase in popularity of national parks has presented a new challenge to the park managers in the country. In the past, they had only to be concerned about preserving the park's biological integrity. Today, they need to incorporate and to satisfy the visitors' needs and also to ensure that the ecotourism development in the park will benefit the surrounding people. As suggested by Boo (1990), they are moving away from 'protectionist' activities to 'integrated development' activities.
This chapter will report on a site study in Malaysia's main National Park, or the
Taman Negara. The study was based on interviews conducted with the park's administrators, local residents, tourists, and some business operators. It discusses the potentials the Taman Negara has and the future challenges it anticipates as it moves towards becoming a sustainable tourism destination.
22 3.2 Taman Negara
Malaysia's National Park or the Taman Negara is located in the Upper Tembeling
'region, in the State of Pahang of Peninsular Malaysia. The park covers 4,343 km2 of
virgin tropical forest, some dating back as far as 130 million years. While over half of
this park is in Pahang, it also spans into the neighboring states of Trengganu and
Kelantan (Figure 1).
lelai river
Not to Scale
Figure 1 Malaysia National Park (Taman Negara)
Taman Negara originated from legislation in the State of Pahang in 1925. Over
1,300 km 2 of the tropical jungle was initially designated as the Gunung Tahan Game
Reserve. This area was latcr expandcd to become thc National Park in 1938 whcn the
Sultans of Pahang, Trcngganu, and Kclantan set aside thc present area and namcd it thc
King George V National Park. After independence, however, the name was changed to
23 Taman Negara.
Most of the Taman Negara, including all of its central mountain region where the peninsula's highest peak, Gunung Tahan (2186 meters), is located, lies on' sedimentary rock. About 10% of the park area is flat and gently undulating land below 120 meters altitude. Taman Negara is the peninsula's largest water catchment area and the host of over 350 kinds of rare species of birds and 100 species of wild plants.
The main form of transportation to the Taman Negara are boats, mostly owned and run by the locals. It would take 3 hours of boating from the main jetty at Kuala
Tembeling to reach the park's entrance at Kuala Tahan. Besides Kuala Tahan, Taman
Negara is also accessible through Merapoh in Pahang, and Kuala Koh in Kelantan.
Recently, an unpaved road along the river bank that runs through the villages is becoming popular. The first 12 km of the road will soon be paved as a part of government's infrastructure improvement program. There is no road inside the park, except self-help walking trails that connect points of interest.
Main accommodation facilities are provided by the Taman Negara Resort and the
Rusa Camp, both are privatized government facilities. The Taman Negara Resort lies on
20 hectares inside the park. To improve the accommodation standard to cater to the upper-market demand, the resort was privatized to Pernas-EOU, which in turn sub contracted the management to the Singapore's Mandarin International Hotels and Resorts.
The privatization both improved the quality of accommodation facilities and also resulted in higher room rates and the cost of other basic tourist needs. This has especially deterred the locals who seek more affordable accommodation. To provide an alternative, some locals living across from the main entrance in Kuala Tahan Village have opened cheaper village style chalets, hostel rooms, and floating restaurants. Among the park facilities is
400 meters of canopy walkway, suspended 30 meters above the ground, built and managed by the Department of Wildlife and National Parks, or the Perhilitan. This walkway is claimed to be the world's longest. Lookouts are also set up throughout the
24 park to enable tourists to view the wild animals that come to the salt-licks, some artificially prepared by Perhilitan.
The Taman Negara is managed by the Perhilitan which consists of four units - administration, research, enforcement and maintenance. There are 98 park superintendents and rangers, including those stationed in the nearby states. The main administration office is located within the Taman Negara Resort compound. An interpretive center run by the office provides daily slide shows.
The management's main objective is to preserve the natural environment, including the Batek tribe who live inside the park. Section 3 of the Perhilitan's 1939 Enactment states that the primary purpose of the park is to preserve the representative indigenous flora and fauna; and geological, archeological, historical, and ethnological objects, and other specific and scenic objects of interest for posterity and through their conservation and utilization to promote education, aesthetic values, and recreation for the people.
The Taman Negara Enactment is the park's main body of regulations. Among other things, visitors are prohibited to destroy or to carry home any zoological, botanical, or geological items from the park. Visitors are also required to pay a nominal entrance fee of one Malaysian Ringgit (RM 1 or about 40 cents). The license fees for photographing and fishing are set at RM5 and RM20, respectively. These fees could be one of the lowest fees charged at a national park. Even the locals considered the fees low. Despite the low entrance fee, entering the park without a permit, especially by the locals, is still a problem regularly faced by the Perhilitan.
The yearly income from the fees, estimated at around $35,000, goes to the federal govemment, making it difficult for the park managers to budget the income or to earmark it for park improvement projects. The income from the fees certainly cannot cover all management costs, and all of the operating budget has to come from the central government.
While the management of the Taman Negara is totally handled by the Perhilitan,
25 other government agencies are involved in the promotion and development of the park and its surrounding communities. The promotion of the park as a destination is conducted by the Malaysian Tourism Promotion Board (MTPB) and also the Pahang
State Development Corporation (PKNP). Other agencies involved directly or indirectly with the region include the KEMAS (or Community Development), Pahang Handicraft
Development Corporation, MARA (Peoples Trust Board), the Malaysian Department of
Aboriginal Affairs (JHEOA), and the Jerantut District Office.
3.3 Visitors to the Taman Negara
Taman Negara is one of the main features of Malaysia's tourism. The number of tourists into the park has increased between 15-20% yearly. In 1994, the number of visitors was recorded at 36,922. Since there are two other entrances into the Taman
Negara, the visitation figure could be as high as 50,000 visitors. According to PKNP statistics, visitors to the park stayed over four nights on the average, and reportedly spent over $5.6 million a year. However, the local authority estimates that over 60% of this expenditure leaked out of the local economy, a common phenomenon in the tourism industry of developing economies.
From 1970 to the late 1980s, the largest group of visitors to Taman Negara were
Europeans, especially Germans. Local visitors were mainly researchers or expedition groups. In those days, the image of Taman Negara among the locals was of an area covered with thick jungle and home to wild animals, without any accessible road or any proper accommodations.
The 1990s, however, have brought some changes 10 the composition of the visitors. One of the significant changes is the increasing number of local visitors coming to appreciate the park. Almost 50% of the visitors are now locals, and only 5% of them are government officials.
Increasing disposable income and leisure time, rising interest, and appreciation and
26 recognization of the value of nature are some of the factors that popularize nature-based leisure activities in Malaysia. Rising interest in adventurous activities too, such as trekking and canoeing, helps to promote ecotourism.
Locals especially visit the Taman Negara during the public and school holidays, peaking between the months of June and August. The park is closed during the monsoon season (November through January) due to the danger of floods. This period allows for the park's biological recovery and also its infrastructure improvement.
Unlike foreign visitors, locals come for a variety of reasons. Some have a specific purpose of enjoying nature, while most do not. Recently, the number of school trips made is increasing, resulting in a demand for low cost, camping-ground type accommodations. Despite visiting a national park however, local student groups often treat their trips as just another school outing. This results in behaviors incompatible with their visitation to a national park.
Some locals even consider Taman Negara as a place to express their ego. They feel proud of having been able to climb the highest peak or to be in the thick rain forest and leave graffiti along the paths (Baati, 1995). Noise created by-groups of local visitors, even in a small number, has become a regular nuisance to the park's serene atmosphere.
Locals, especially students, also like to picnic at the river bank, which borders the park, leaving scattered garbage behind.
Locals, both visitors and the park's neighbors, do not feel guilty about picking the wild plants. In fact, a study by a local university discovered that almost 35% of the local residents did not perceive extracting protected resources from the park as a crime.
Surprisingly, over 62% of them considered that park resources have value only if they are harvested (Shuib ct aI., 1995a).
Ecotourism was initially defined by Ceballos-Lascurain (1988) as the travels to relatively undisturbed or uncontaminated natural areas with the specific objective of studying, admiring, and enjoying the scenery and its wild plants and animals as well as
27 any existing cultural manifestations (both past and present) found in these areas. This definition is further expanded by Ziffer (1989) who suggests ecotourism as:
'a form of tourism inspired primarily by the natural history of an area, including its indigenous cultures. The ecotourist visits relatively undeveloped areas in the spirit of appreciation, participation, and sensitivity. The ecotourist practices a non-consumptive use of wildlife and natural resources and contributes to the visited area through labor or financial means aimed at directly benefiting the conservation of the site and the economic well-being of the local residents.'
Therefore, visiting a protected area could denote 'ecotourism' but does not necessary make one an 'ecotourist'. In this case, local visitors to the National Park could not yet be considered true 'ecotourists' as their behaviors do not resemble those of ecotourists.
The Tembeling Valley consists of ten villages or kampungs -- Kuala Tahan, Pagi,
Kuala Sat, Bukit Mat Daling, Bantal, Gusal, Merting, Chebong, Pasir Durian, and Kuala
Tembeling. The administration center of the region is Kampung Bantal, which is located about 80 km from Kuala Tembeling.
Since the main transportation means has been by boat, the Upper Tembeling population is referred to as a fringe society, or a population that is isolated from the process of development (Siwar, 1983).
The current number of households is 879 for the first six villages. Their combined popUlation is around 5,000 people, with the Malays as the majority. There are also some tribal groups including the Beri, Scnoi, Jakun, and Batek. Main local occupations include fishing and rubbcr tapping. Othcr activities include growing paddy and cultivating fmit orchards.
Among the tribal people, only the Bateks, who have a nomadic lifestyle, live in the
Taman Negara. To date about 300 Bateks are still in the park. The Batck people also do domestic work beside helping the Malay villagers with their agriculture work. Some
28 work as guides and porters.
3.4 Symbiotic relationships and local involvement
The relationship between the park and the surrounding communities can be traced to the early 1920s. Taman Negara was once the hunting and sprout picking ground for the nearby villagers. With the introduction of the enactment, these activities were strictly banned limiting them to areas outside the park. Increasing numbers of tourists means strengthened border patrols by the Perhilitan which means trouble to those who used to sneak into the park for the forest produce. Exception, however, is given to the small
Batek community whose lifestyle is deemed unthreatening to the park's ambience and who claim the park to be their ancestral land.
Local involvement is an important step towards fostering sustainable tourism development. Locals can be involved in some or all of the development phases - information gathering, planning, development, management, maintenance, and evaluation. Local participation is also vital to create a friendly atmosphere for the visitors.
Malaysians, especially the Muslim Malays, formerly carried negative perceptions of tourism. However, positive economic impacts brought by tourism to many destinations throughout the country has cleared the image.
Villagers living adjacent to the Taman Negara at first were only the observers of growth in their own area. Some, however, have opened chalets, hostels, or floating restaurants to cater the growing number of visitors. But there is still a lack of other facilities, such as convenience stores and souvenir stores in the area. There is a need and space to expand the business activities as well as to provide tourists with a wider opportunity to spend money.
Perhilitan, in its efforts to curb illegal poaching and illegal entrance into the park, offers the locals alternative jobs as guides and boatmen. These people, who are already well-seasoned with the forest, are further trained by the department and given operating
29 licenses. Only those who carry guide permits from the MTPB as well as the Perhilitan are allowed to lead tourists into the Taman Negara.
According to Daud (1995), the deputy superintendent of Perhilitan stationed in the
National Park, permitting locals to become guides is a measure of killing two birds with one stone. When locals receive better income than their former jobs, they will voluntarily stop their illegal activities. During the journey into the park, local guides carry plastic bags with them and pick up any garbage left by the tourists along the way. Furthermore, the introduction of tourism related jobs into the villages has also reduced the rate of youth migration to the cities.
Retention of local ownership is deemed very important by the Perhilitan. The
Malaysian government encourages and offers financial support to villagers who want to venture into the tourism business. Despite a common phenomenon in many developing tourist destinations in the country where locals quickly sell their lands to earn instant cash, they are now more careful and are aware of the potentials of tourism.
Entrepreneurial spirit among them is also high. To assist locals venturing into the tourism business, the government proffers special low-interest tourism loans through commercial institutions as well as through MARA.
In spite of their support for further development of the area, the locals wanted an active involvement in the development process and needed their interests to be the main feature or concern of the planned development (Shuib et aI., 1995a).
While some past research (Davis, Allen, & Cosenza, 1988, and Belisle & Hoy,
1980), suggested that the population segment that received economic benefits or depended economically on tourism had a positive perception of tourism development, the
36% of Kuala Tahan's villagers who are most heavily affected by the influx of tourists rejected further development. In contrast, those from less-impacted villages, such as
Gusal and Pagi, support and look forward to further development to be carried Ollt in their viliages(Shuib et aI., 1995b).
30 The development of the tourism sector in Taman Negara has already created unevenly distributed impacts in the region. It was discovered that residents living in the upstream villages generally felt that the impacts of the development are less positive for them (Shuib et aI., 1995b). While another study found out that over half of the residents , felt the development in Taman Negara had not contributed much to the improvement of their standard of living (W. Mansor et aI., 1991).
One of the reason for this is that the tourist income supposedly brought in by the visitors to Taman Negara does not reach the locals, except for a few percent that might be spent by individual tourists when they eat at the floating restaurants, take the boats, rent the canoes, or stay in chalets owned by the locals. Packaged foreign travellers normally pre-arrange their visit in their home country, and the majority of them stay at the more luxurious Taman Negara Resort and do all their spending at the resort. In this case, the locals receive nothing except those who are actually employed at the resort.
3.5 Social and environmental challenges
Ecotourism development in the National Park comes as a change agent to help improve the standard of living of the surrounding population and increase the locals' environmental awareness. While there are laws which regulate visitors' behaviors within the park's domain, there are no strong regulations to control their behavior outside the park's border. The recent popularity of the Taman Negara has brought several undesirable impacts to the park environment and also to the people.
Environmental damages to Taman Negara can be clearly observed and are worrisome. Overcrowding is becoming an increasing headache for the park managers.
In Taman Negara, increased visitation has resulted in congestion both in the park and also in the Tembcling River.
An increase in demand for short trips by boat has improved the locals' chances of gaining additional income, but this demand has led to overcrowding the river.
31 Additionally, noise from the passing boats is interfering with the tranquility of trekking paths close to the river. There have also been requests from outside individuals to bring in their own boats, but these requests have been turned down by Perhilitan which restricts boat permits, awarding them only to the locals.
The increasing number of visitors has also caused the wildlife to move further into the deeper forest. Wild animals, which used to gather around the natural or man-made salt-licks near the resort compound, have migrated into the deeper forest due to the noise.
These problems have created discussions on limiting the number of visitors. These environmental disturbances, as usual, have led to discussions on setting the park's carrying capacity.
Since there are many local factors that influence a park's capacity, carrying capacity is usually set according to management judgement or when the consequences of overpopulation are visually observed or felt. In this case, not only the number but the types of tourists may be detrimental to park's carrying capacity.
According to the Perhilitan, 300 visitors a day is the upper limit the park can handle, but this depends on whether they are foreign or local visitors.
Based of the present situation, the Taman Negara is still able to accommodate far more foreign tourists since they are more disciplined than the local visitors. As the government is promoting domestic tourism, the number of local visitors to the park is expected to continue rising. Therefore, Perhilitan needs to consider short-term and long term measures to educate the locals.
Guides also playa vital role in influencing the group they lead. Guides should not only be educated on the enforcement of the park's regulations but also need to be instilled with environmental awareness and love of nature. It is still common to hear local guides saying that it is all right to carry home the plants as long as the rangers do not see it.
Unplanned and unsound structures being built across from the park are another serious problem that is increasingly threatening the sustainability of Taman negara. Since
32 only the Tembeling River separates the park and the villages, pressures are mounting to further develop the interior of Taman Negara. As discussed above, the spur. in ecotourism development in Taman Negara has made the locals aware of some income alternatives. They now have an opportunity to earn extra money. Many however, prefer to be guides or run the boats because these are the fields they are very familiar with.
Those staying on the bank facing the main entrance to Taman Negara are the most fortunate. Since 1990, many started to open alternative accommodation developments to cater to the spill-over from the Taman Negara Resort and Nusa Camp.
These developments, which can be referred to as 'flash developments', consist of simple small shop houses scattered on the stony river valley and lack any sewage system or proper garbage disposal. The development of these 'overnight structures' scours the landscape and creates pollution problems since some of the garbage and sewage are discharged directly into the Tembeling River.
3.6 Discussion
Ecotourism in Malaysian national parks brings both positive and negative impacts.
To create a sustainable development, collaboration among the related interests is vital.
While welcoming and accommodating the visitors, park managers should not neglect the original purpose of the park and also the welfare of the surrounding popUlation.
Perhilitan, despite its role within the park's boundary, should promote equal distribution of wealth, that is, the tourist distribution in the area. To safeguard the park from further encroachment, the office should limit the park's interior development and promote growth outside the park. The latter measure can also drive up the surrounding villages' land value and promote regional development.
The marketing of the park should not be left only to the MTPB and PKNP. Local entrepreneurs, including the Taman Negara Resort, should join hands and form an association and share the marketing costs. This type of association has been very
33 successful in marketing many tourist destinations and products in more developed countries, like Japan. Even though the park's carrying capacity is not yet surpassed, planning to avoid future overcrowding is very important. To avoid further congestion, the administering and marketing bodies should orchestrate the flow and the timing of park , visits and upgrade the other entrances to the park.
Marketing to the right market is another essential point to consider. Targeting responsible tourists is a difficult task, but shaping or educating a tourist to become a responsible visitor should be the main priority of the park manager. To understand the tourists, Perhilitan needs to carry out a comprehensive study of the tourists. So far, there have been many biological research projects conducted in the Taman Negara, but studies on the types of tourists and their behaviors are still lacking. On the other hand, to assist the visitors in comprehending the park, it is suggested that another interpretive center to be built at the jetty in Kuala Tembeling. It is essential to feed the visitors with the necessary information before they arrive at the park, rather than after they have arrived.
Information should be made available at the jetty so tourists can use the 3-hour journey to read the materials.
To ensure sustainable development, it is important to have a budget sufficient for conservation and education purposes. The park management should find ways to increase the park's income and to make sure the income is used towards the park conservation. One of the options is to have the government consider increasing the entrance fee or introducing a different fee scheme for locals and foreign visitors. Again, the question of how much tourists are willing to pay can be answered by a survey. Some may argue that charging a different rate to locals and tourists is unfair and will discourage visitation. But, as explained by Linberg (1991), charging foreigners higher fees is equitable insofar as they receive far greater benefits than they are currently being asked to pay. They do not bear the taxes to support the park, and they do not bear the opportunity costs of not using the resources as the locals do. Another option is to acti vate a special
34 fund to collect donations from government or nongovernmental agencies, as well as from the tourists and the general public.
To promote a more balanced distribution of income, the government should prioritize the development of the Upper Tembeling villages which have suffered, a setback in tourism development. Development should include the infrastructure as well as the natural and human resources of the area. The government should not only stress the quantity of the local involvement in the tourist industry but also the job level they are involved in. Education should also be continuously offered to locals, especially to the aborigines. They should be advised on the value of the park resources. At the same time, they should be exposed to and involved in ecotourism, for instance by helping them to make their villages a tourist stop.
Government, through its many agencies should not only extend financial help but also guidance. Seminars and discussions on the ecotourism development should be regularly held and the villagers should be informed about them. The government should improve the accessibility of the villages to the nearby town of Jerantut. Upgrading the road along the river can cause unemployment to the boatmen,- but this measure could drive development of the villages along the road. Some, McKercher (1993) for instance, argue that the provision of infrastructure, especially the construction of roads and electricity right of ways, can extend the environment impacts of tourism development.
But in the context of this region, higher accessibility will help the villagers market their agriculture products more competitively in the town. Easier access from the town to the area hopefully would dri ve down the prices of the foods and other tourist needs in the region.
Empowering the people is another important aspect of sustainable tourism.
Development of rural based accommodations should be encouraged as it will increase contacts with the local population. Opportunity should be opened to the locals to increase the spending opportunities for the tourists. Along with operating chalets, the villagers
35 can also offer their houses for homestay experience or open their fruit orchards for fruit picking. Local culture troupes can also be formed to provide culture shows, and so on.
Despite the park being separated from the neighboring villages, tourists to the park can not avoid contact with the people. As the future will see an increase in visitors, these contacts certainly will increase. The development of tourism in the National Park creates hopes and demands among the locals, demands for involvement and equity of tourism wealth. In Malaysia, if these hopes and demands are not carefully considered and handled from the beginning, they will soon become a political agenda. Or the locals may express a form of resentment, as once occurred in Sarawak's Mulu Caves (Tsuruoka,
1994).
To assist local involvement, the education level of the villagers needs to be improved. As Simmons (1994) suggested, meaningful participation will be based on the residents' knowledge base and their perceptions of how their input will be influential in shaping decisions. Only when they realize the importance of preserving nature will a true understanding be reached.
Since the type of tourists significantly influence the park's capacity, a comprehensive survey of the visitors' profile is needed and strongly urged. By comprehending the park's visitors, the management can take steps to educate them or to carry out selective marketing. Orams (l995), supporting Ziffer's view, suggested that ecotourism should strive to achieve objectives which result in better ecotourists. They should be encouraged to become active contributors to the health and viability of the natural environment.
Perhilitan can lead the collaboration among the many government agencies to help the local villagers. There are many undiscovered attractions in the Taman Negara, but the development approach should be carried out carefully and this sensitive area should be approached sensitively·
36 CHAPTER 4
ATTITUDES TOWARD TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
A CASE STUDY OF A MALAY COMMUNITY
4.1 Introduction
The way local residents view the impacts of tourism development has received a great deal of attention in the past 20 years. Many studies have been conducted at various destinations to understand how residents' perceptions influence tourism development.
Studies on how local communities perceive tourism and their attitudes are very vital as they can act as an indicator of the future of tourism development in the area. As mentioned by Ap (1992) and Ross (1992), residents can influence the success or failure of the local tourist industry by extending their hospitality to the tourists or by exhibiting hostile behaviors towards them.
Tourism development brings many positive and negative social, environmental, political, and economic impacts. The most frequently mentioned positive impact of tourism is its economic benefits. Throughout the world, tourism brings employment and business opportunities, foreign exchange earnings, an acceleration and diversification of the local and regional economies, an increase in tax income, and a higher standard of living. But it also brings an increase in the prices of goods, the cost of living, and the possibility of further division in the local comml-1nity. On the island of Langkawi, a newly developed tourist destination in Malaysia, the increase in tourist activities arrived with an tremendous increase in the price of real-estate, daily goods, and services.
Tourism development also improves local infrastructures and recreation areas.
McKercher (1993), however, cautioned that improved infrastructures, such as the construction of new roads and electrical right-of-ways, can extend the environmental
37 damage of tourist development far beyond the original development site.
Socially, tourism presents a chance to meet people from other cultures, increas.es . social status, and revitalizes the local culture. But, tourism is also blamed for many socio economic problems such as the increase in crime, disease, price of goods, drug abuse, prostitution, alcoholism, and the destruction of family and community values. Noise, water and air pollution, traffic congestion, and soil erosion are also often seen as effects of the increase in tourist activities.
The effects of tourism on the culture have been received both with favor and disapproval. For some Asian communities (i.e in Bali, Indonesia, Thailand, and Japan), tourism sometimes becomes the savior or perhaps the only option that helps revive the local cultures and customs. In Bali for instance, tourist arrivals have encouraged more dance troupes to be formed. This not only provides additional economic income for the residents, but also popularizes Bali dances. For some, however, tourism is regarded as the source of degradation of local culture and customs. This is due to the fact that the popUlarity of certain events often leads to what is called 'staged-ceremony' --when events are presented only for tourists' entertainment purposes.
Studies on resident attitudes and perceptions on tourism have been concentrated in developed western regions (Long, Perdue, & Allen, 1990; Caneday & Zeiger, 1991;
Allen et al., 1993; Davis, Allen, & Cosenza, 1988). Most of the present research on the perception of locals on tourism impacts have focused on areas or communities that are heavily dependent on tourism (Perdue, Long, & Allen, 1990) or have strong tourism development (Keogh, 1990). This leaves a strong need to shift the research focus to less developed communities. Thus, studies presented in this dissertation provide a different perspective to the present pool of research. This study focuses on how culture and religion influence one's perception of tourism.
4.2 Factors influencing attitudes and perceptions
38 Various factors can influence resident's attitudes and perceptions of tourism. They can be affected by demographic, geographic, political, economic, and cultural factors.or backgrounds. Many past investigations have repeatedly concluded that socio-economic variables, such as age, sex, education level, and type of employment, did not constitute major differences in local attitudes toward tourism (Belisle & Hoy, 1980; Long, Perdue,
& Allen, 1990; Mohamed, 1995).
It was found that the population segments receiving economic benefits or those that are economically dependant of tourism had positive attitudes toward tourism development and viewed the industry more favorably (Davis, Allen, & Cosenza, 1988; Pizam, 1978;
Belisle & Hoy, 1980; Simmons, 1994). They were also likely to downplay the social and environmental impacts of tourism.
Also, residents who believed tourism would improve the image and the local economy were found to be more positive about tourism (Milman & Pizam, 1988). Some communities would resort to tourism as the alternative if their local economy worsened
(Perdue, Long, & Allen, 1990).
Perdue, Long, and Allen (1990) also discovered that, when controlling for personal benefits, support for additional tourism was positively related to the perceived positive impacts of tourism and negatively related to the perceived negative impacts. Allen et aL (1993) further discovered that recreational opportunities that often come with tourism development helped forming positive attitudes among locals.
Studies were also carried out to understand the difference of perceptions among those who were both directly and indirectly involved with tourists, such as the local people, entrepreneurs and public officials (Thomason, Crompton, & Kamp, 1979).
Geographic factors, such as the distance of a community from the tourist zone, appeared to influence local perceptions of tourism. In two studies, as the distance increased, the impact of tourism was perceived less positively (Belisle & Hoy, 1980;
Pizam, 1978). Length of residence, on the other hand, lacked a strong effect on local
39 perceptions (McCool & Martin, 1994). The number of tourists and their interactions with their hosts can also be influential.
Liu and Var (1986) suggested that if the ratio of tourists to residents increases, the perception of negative impacts of tourism on the physical environment and the needs to protect it will also increase.
Findings from studies mentioned above strengthened Doxey's index of irritation which explained how residents would react to an increase in tourist number (Figure 2).
Levels of host Irritation
...a ~ c. .£
Figure 2 Doxey's index of irritation
He suggested that at an initial phase oftourism development, locals will usually welcome tourists and this stage is referred as 'Apathy'. As the development continlles, tourists will soon be taken for granted (Euphoria stage). This feeling will develop further into annoyance stage when a saturation point is rcached. At this stage, residents will staI1
40 to carry negative feelings toward tourists. Finally, it may reach the 'Antagonism stage' when residents start to openly express irritations toward tourists and reject them. In
. . accordance to this theory, Allen et aI. (1988) learned that the level of tourism development was inversely related to positive perceptions. In other words,. as the development continues, one can speculate that resident perceptions will get less and less positive.
Later, both positive and negative perceptions will increase with increasing level of tourism development (Long, Perdue, & Allen, 1990).
Finally, it has been widely found that rural communities with a low economic level and low tourism development will have high expectations or hopes for future tourism development (Allen et ai., 1993; Long, Perdue, & Allen, 1990).
Therefore, the way residents view the impacts of tourism reflects the local acceptance or rejection of tourism and its potential for future development in an area.
Positive impacts bring positive attitudes toward tourism, but those who experience negative impacts of tourism would be against further tourism development as occurred in
Tanah Lot, Indonesia (Cohen, 1994), Iizuna Heights, Japan (Nicol, 1994), and in
Sarawak, Malaysia (Tsuruoka, 1994). Attitudes and perceptions are interrelated and both are important ingredients for the success of tourism in an area.
The case study presented in this chapter analyzed the change of attitudes among
Malay communities of five fishing villages in rural Malaysia who are beginning to experience tourist development. It investigated whether socio-demographic backgrounds and specifically, the levels of interaction between residents and tourists yielded any influence on resident attitudes towards tourism development. It was believed that the more one interacts with tourists, the more positive his attitudes toward tourism will be.
4.3 Study at"ea
The research was based on a survey conducted at 5 fishing villages located near
Kuantan, the capital city of Pahang, on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (Figure 3).
41 It covered the villages (or kampung) of Beserah, Sungai Karang, Balok, Sungai Ular
and Cherating. The area's total population reached 25,729 in 1995. It composed of
95% Muslim Malays, followed by 3% Chinese who are mostly Buddhists and 2%
Indians (Hindus). The ratio of men to women was 107 to 100. Many used to work in
the fishing and agriculture industries, but recently, the number of people working in the
tertiary and service industries such as tourism, is increasing.
Thailand
Chcraling Sungai Ular Balol< Sungai Karang Beserah Kuanlan
Not to scale
Figure 3 Study area (Kuantan, Malaysia)
As tourist development sweeps the nation, these villages too begin to experience a
steady increase in tourist activities and development; in the forms of resort development,
improved infrastructures and beach beautification.
Big hotels started to sprout up between the coconut trees and the villagers' atap
houses. By 1995, the number of tourist establishments in the area was 27. The types of accommodation range from five-star hotels, mainly owned by the outside developers
(both foreigners and non-local Malaysians), to smaller and cheaper chalets owned mostly
42 by local entrepreneurs. The chalets were generally located in Cherating and were very popular among the drifter-type tourists.
The development of tourism facilities and infrastructures has been unbalanced and mostly concentrated on the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia where the country's top resorts are located (i.e Kuala Lumpur, Penang, Langkawi). The flow of tourist development, however, is gradually being shared by the East Coast states of Pahang,
Trengganu, and Kelantan.
In 1994, the number of tourists visiting Kuantan reached 572,000 people. More than half of them were estimated to have visited at least one of the villages which are famous as traditional fishing villages. Tourists from ASEAN nations, especially from
Singapore and Thailand, made up almost two-thirds of the visitors, followed by the
Japanese.
4.4 Malays and tourism
The number of the Bumiputras (the indigenous Malays) entering tourism businesses
is still lacking. There are a number of factors contributing to this situation. On the
background, most of the businesses have been monopolized by the Chinese, who had
pioneered into tourism business.
The lack of involvement is the result of the process of colonialism; where races
were identified by the occupations.
The Bunziplltras were designated as farmers and fishermen, the Indians were
identified as the rubber tappers, while the Chinese stayed in the urban areas running
businesses.
To ramify this economic and social imbalance, the government introduced the New
Economic Policy which ended in 1990, as a way to help the Bll11liputras capture at least
30% of the business ownership shares. The tourist industry, according to Din (982),
conforms to the patterns of identification of economic function with race which the NEP
43 wanted to correct. This policy, however, has been misinterpreted and misunderstood internationally, including in Japan which often refers the NEP as the 'Bumiputra Policy'.
As tourism is a relatively new field for the Bumiputras, their entrance into this venture requires a great effort, and continuous support from the government. The
Malaysian government, in their ~ffort to increase Malay participation.
The Sixth Malaysia Plan (1991-1995), focused its attention on improving the direct involvement of locals. It identified specific programs that increase the participation of the local population and maximize economic opportunities from tourism, especially for
Bumiputras ownership, participation and entreperneurships.
To further encourage tourism participation, the newly announced 1997 National
Budget Plan suggests a five year grace period to companies that develop holiday-camp types of recreational facilities.
Local Bumiputras are encouraged to enter tourism entreperneurships by opening small-scale accommodation facilities. The government also introduces a number of programs to assist the Malays. In early 1990s, the government introduced a special loan scheme which offers a low interest of about 5% in what is known as the New
Entrepreneur Fund.
Many social and cultural backgrounds also contribute to the lack of interest and success in the tourist business among the Malay entrepreneurs. They lack experience needed in running the business despite the fact that a higher and higher percentage of them are opening their eyes to tourism potentials.
There have a been a trend among the Malay entrepreneurs to copy what others have successfully done. They tend to carry 'wait and see' attitude, instead of venturing into new business themselves. For example, if one starts a chalet business and becomes successful, we can expect that the neighbors will soon follow suit, by opening a bigger and better chalets nearby. This create an unhealthy competition which often ends with lose-lose situation.
44 Lack of experience and exposure in tourism has limited variations and creativity in the types of tourism ventures and has created more competitive environment rather. that complimentary .
Negative attitudes toward tourism is another obstacle in obtaining a higher level of
Malay participation into tourism. Working in tourism fields, such as in the hospitality line, can be sensitive issue for many rural community in Islamic states such as Malaysia and Indonesia. There were cases where those who worked in the tourist sector were regarded with less respect among the community.
Din (1988), in a survey on Malay entrepreneurs, revealed that some conservative characters of Bumiputras with respect to tourism. In Beserah, one of the village presented in this thesis, there used to be a very popular show of traditional village dance of 'Ulik
Mayang'. This village dance used to attract both locals and many foreign tourists, especially the Europeans. However, social changes that took place in the village in mid seventies had caused the dance to lose its importance and popUlarity. Younger generation has no longer interested in reviving the dance. Without being properly institutionalized, the dance troupe only received money from the fees paid by the tour agents who brought in the visitors to watch the night show. As the show was never intensively promoted and depended basically on the words of mouth, the number of shows was very low to justify
any shift from a job as a fisherman into a full-time dance trouper. The income from the show was very minimal and was lesser than the income of a fisherman.
But, the biggest factor that caused the dance to disappear was a growing religious
fundamentalism, among certain quarters in the community who regarded the dance as one of the Hinduism superstitious. The surge in the religious fundamentalism is one of the
reason that' Adat bersanding' (sitting on dais), a main feature in the Malay traditional
wedding ceremony, has no longer become a part of the ceremony. Again, this is due to
the fact that it is associated with the Hinduism.
Gaining rural Malay people to enter tourism business, for instance into the craft
45 industry, also faces some difficulties. They often demand cash payment made before hand before they produce any craft. Many consider craft-making as only a side-business and they are not familiar with the idea of mass-production, which some consider it as a waste of time. This is especially true when the products could not be sold. Despite continuous efforts by many government agencies such as the KEMAS (Society
Development), the proper route to market their products is still not well established. On top of that, carving can be a sensitive and sinful activity, especially the design involves animal of human forms.
4.5 Sample
A survey of the community perceptions and attitudes toward tourism development was conducted between October and December 1994 as described in Chapter 2. It was warmly welcomed by the residents. This was proven by an extremely high survey return rate of nearly 85%. It was believed that cooperation from the Kuantan Municipal Council and Pahang State Development Corporation contributed to the success of the survey. A total of 300 questionnaires were distributed and 254 were returned on time. Out of these,
232 were usable.
The sample was comprised of 64% males and 36% females. Ninety-four percent of those surveyed were Malays, 4% Chinese, and 2% Indians. Therefore, the difference of opinions based on race or religion could not be analyzed. Over 72% of the sample had between 9 to 12 years of education (until secondary schools); only 15% of the sample had tertiary education (diploma and/or degree). In terms of occupations, 31 % of the respondents worked for the pri vate sector, 26% were fishermen, 19% were government employees, while the remainder were either housewives, students, or self-employed.
4.6 Results
Only 27% of the sample indicated they had constant contact with tourists. Thirty
46 percent said they sometimes interacted with tourists. While 32% rarely met tourists, and another 11 % said they never interacted with tourists. It was believed, however, that many of those who indicated they never socialized with tourists might have only foreign tourists in mind.
As in many previous studies, the residents expressed support towards the present and future tourist development. As indica!e~ in Table 2, the majority of them agreed that tourism had brought many economic benefits, such as business and job opportunities.
But they also noted that the benefits only accrued to a minority of the population.
TABLE 2 ATTITUDE OF RURAL KUANTAN RESIDENTS TOWARDS TOURISM
Tourism Statements Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Str. Agree
Benefits from tourism development
This community would benefit from more tourism development 1.30 5.20 6.90 62.5 24.1 Recent tourism development has generated much employment 1.30 3.50 11.6 56.9 26.7 Tourism produces business opportunities in this area 0.90 4.70 7.70 59.1 27.6 Tourism leads toward future economic development 2.10 1.30 9.10 59.1 28.4
Supports Cor Curther tourism development
This village has the potential to develop as a tourist destination 0.90 2.60 5.60 59.9 31.0 This area should attract more tourists to this area 1.70 4.30 6.00 60.8 27.2 More tourism development should be brought into this area 3.00 6.00 6.00 50.4 34.6
Social, economic and environmental costs oC tourism
Resort development has limited public access to public beach 3.80 26.7 20.3 32.8 16.4 Economic benefits accrue only to a minority population. 3.90 18.1 12.5 42.2 23.3 Tourism development \cads to social segregation in this area 4.30 26.7 15.5 31.9 21.6 Tourism increase (my \cad to tourist·resident social conOicts 8.20 12.9 12.9 40.1 25.9 Tourism increases sins in this area 4.70 13.8 15.5 40.1 25.9
Development control and the roles oC government I alii happy with the present tourism planning 2.50 20.3 15.5 48.3 13.4 Local government should control tourism development in this areaO.OO 6.00 9.00 50.9 34.1 Nonresidents should be allowed to develop tourisllI attractions 27.6 33.6 12.5 19.0 7.30 Construction of tourism facilities should firstly ask locals 0.40 5.60 5.60 33.2 55.2 Greater economic incentives should be offered by government 3.50 11.6 7.70 44.4 32.8
Note: (II All figures above arc in percentages (21 SOllie pt!rct!ntal!t!s llIay not total 100% due to rounding.
The locals overwhelmingly perceived tourism as a good prospect for leading future
47 economic development in the area. Regarding tourism planning and development, the majority of respondents believed their area possessed the potential to become a tourist destination. They also supported further tourist development and hoped the authorities would consult the local residents prior to developing tourism. Seventy-six percent feared that the increase in development might cause conflicts between the locals and the tourists.
However, the villagers were found to be against the idea that resort development in their kampungs would be carried out by the outsiders.
The respondents also called for a greater government role, especially in offering consultation and financial assistance. However, opinions were somewhat divided on whether the government had done a good job in tourism planning. Almost half of the sample believed that some resort development had blocked public access to the beach, local playgrounds, and picnic areas. Talks with some villagers revealed that one local beach after another was 'taken' or 'marked' by hoteliers. The villagers, mostly ignorant of the existing law that preserved their rights on the beaches, would stay away or go to the adjacent beach. Some hotels even fenced their beach areas to increase privacy.
To analyze the differences in attitudes among several selected variables, Chi-tests were utilized. Chi tests can help explain whether there were significant differences of attitudes according to several socioeconomic characteristics such as gender, age, education level, types of occupation, and level of interaction with tourists.
To proceed with the tests, the statements were first grouped into four categories
(Table 2) and the means of the responses were used. The Likert scales were also simplified into only three categories.
Tables 3 to 6 present the results of the analyses, with the level of significance of
0.05. It was discovered that no significant differences appeared among the sample for gender, age, and type of occupation for all four statement categories. Some significant differences of opinions or attitudes were shown for the levels of interaction with tourists on statements pertaining to the social, economic, and environmental costs of tourism
48 development. This shows that these two variables had some influence on the residents' attitudes. The interaction level (X 2 =21.91 Df=8 p=.0051) seemed to affect the locals' attitudes toward the environmental impacts of tourism (Table 5). The differences of attitude toward the benefits of tourism, support for further development, and toward tourism development control were insignificant and independent.
Education levels appeared to influence the sample responses to tourism. The view of the benefits of tourism (X 2 =36.89 Df=6 p=.OOOI), the support for further tourism development CX2 =25.89 Df=6 p=.0002), and the control of tourism development by the government CX2 =18.3 Df=6 p=.0055) were dependent on the levels of education.
49 TABLE 3
BENEFITS FROM TOURISM DEVELOPMENT (Chi-Square Analysis)
Variables Disagree Neutral Agree X2 p=
Sex Male 10 6 133 4.11 0.1282 Female 1 2 80
Age 18-30 5 6 115 2.13 0.907 31-45 5 2 80 46-60 1 0 16 60 and above 0 0 2
Education Level No formal ed. 0 0 6 36.89 .0001 Primary to second. 9 5 174 Tertiary education 1 0 30 Others 1 3 3
Job Government empl. 4 4 53 5.68 .9313 Self employed 2 2 39 Pri vate firms 3 1 68 Fishermen 0 0 12 Students 1 0 14 Housewives 1 1 22 Others 0 0 5
Level of Interaction Very often 1 0 13 7.45 .4893 Always 4 0 45 Sometimes 1 3 64 Seldom 3 3 69 Never 2 2 22
50 TABLE 4
SUPPORTS FOR FURTHER TOURISM DEVELOPMENT (Chi-Square Analysis)
Variables Disagree Neutral Agree X2 p= Sex Male 9 6 134 .59 .7433 Female 4 2 77 Age 18-30 8 6 112 2.16 .9048 31-45 4 2 81 46-60 1 0 16 60 and above 0 0 2 Education Level No formal ed. 1 0 5 25.89 .0002 Primary to second. 10 6 172 Tertiary education 0 0 31 Others 2 2 3
Job Government empl. 5 5 51 14.61 .2636 Self employed 2 2 39 Private firms 2 0 70 Fishermen 0 1 11 Students 1 0 14 Housewives 3 0 21 Others 0 0 5
Level Of Interaction
Very often 0 0 .' 14 6.81 .557 Always 4 1 44 Sometimes 3 3 62 Seldom 2 3 70 Never 3 0 23
51 TABLE 5
SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM (Chi-Square Analysis)
Variables Disagree Neutral Agree X2 p=
Sex Male 13 12 124 .94 .6246 Female 5 5 73 Age 18-30 35 8 83 5.72 .4551 31-45 21 4 62 46-60 8 0 9 60 and above 0 0 2 Education Level No formal ed. 2 0 4 4 .6771 Primary to second. 53 10 125 Tertiary education 9 2 20 Others 0 0 7
Job Government empl. 12 4 47 15.76 .2026 Self employed 18 2 40 Private firms 21 4 64 Fishermen 2 0 11 Students 9 1 13 I 0 23 Housewives 1 1 5 Other
Level Of Interaction Very often 6 1 7 21.91 .0051 Always 17 5 27 Sometimes 24 2 42 Seldom 12 2 61 Never 3 4 19
52 TABLE 6
DEVELOPMENT CONTROL AND THE ROLES OF GOVERNMENT (Chi-Square Analysis)
Variables Disagree Neutral Agree X2 p= , Sex Male 13 12 124 .94 .6246 Female 5 5 73 Age 18-30 10 12 104 3.75 .7106 31-45 7 3 77 46-60 1 2 14 60 and above 0 0 2 Education Level No formal ed. 1 2 3 18.3 .0055 Primary to second. 14 11 163 Tertiary education 1 2 28 Others 2 2 3
Job Government empl. 9 5 47 16.14 .1849 Self employed 0 3 40 Private firms 3 5 64 Fishermen 0 1 11 Students 1 1 13 Housewives 0 1 23 Others 0 0 5
Level of Interaction Very often 0 1 13 6.67 .5726 Always 6 1 42 Sometimes S 7 S6 Seldom S 4 66 Never 2 3 21
53 4.6 Discussion
The results from the analyses strengthened the findings of some past research that showed local residents of areas with a low level of tourism development are often very hopeful and positive toward the potentials of tourism. However, the main concerns of the village community were mostly for the social and environmental impacts of the industry. The residents who were thought to be conservative towards tourism were found to be open to the potential and the benefits of tourism, especially the economic benefits. The negative image of tourism, however, is believed to still exist even though not as strongly as it used to be. The Chi-Square analysis showed that there were no significant differences of attitude towards tourism among gender, age, and the type of occupation. The tests, however, indicated that the level of education was influential on locals' perceptions and attitudes. Looking at the details of their responses, one may speculate that those with at least 9 to 12 years of education would be more positive and
hopeful of the benefits of tourism. They were more open and would extend strong support to any measure to attract more tourists and to further develop tourism in the villages. Compared to other education levels, this group should be more aware of the
adverse impacts of toutism.
Interaction of locals with the tourists did not fully exert influence on their attitudes.
The tests only showed significant influence of interaction levels to the adverse social, economic, and environmental impacts of tourism development. Therefore, the
hypothesis of relationship between interaction level and attitudes of the residents was
partially supported.
Since the survey was conducted on an area populated mainly by the Malays, inter
racial comparisons could not be conducted. Thus, it is useful to carry further research to
analyze the difference of attitudes among the three ethnic groups-Malays, Chinese, and
Indians·
54 CHAPTER 5
RELIGIOSITY AND ITS INFLUENCE ON PERCEPTION OF
IMPACTS
5.1 Perceptions of tourism In the past, the image of tourism among the people of the five fishing villages mentioned in the previous chapter was not very positive. Tourism was regarded as the major factor behind the degradation of the morality of the village's youths, spreading alcoholism, prostitution, gambling -- activities considered sins by the Islamic teaching.
Tourism was also branded as the main carrier of the Yellow Culture -- referring to the behaviors of earlier western tourists that were uncustomary and unacceptable by the locals
(i.e naked bathing, pot smoking and scanty dressing). In some small islands community such as Tioman island, off the east coast of Malaysia, increased tourist activities have changed the lifestyle of the people. Cultural or religious activities have been considered secondary as they are too busy entertaining tourists or running their small chalets or restaurants.
Even today, the term 'tourism' is often associated by many to hotels, travel agents,
bars and discos. Many residents still define tourists as the visitors from foreign countries. Despite an increase in the domestic travel and accommodation industry, visiting for leisure has yet become a Malaysian culture, especially among the Malays. For
instance, instead of lodging at a hotel, many Malaysians still prefer or culturally obliged to stay at their friend's or rcIative's house whilc either on a pleasure or business trip.
Not until recently, tourism is believed to be understood and received better and the
locals have started to open their eyes to the potentials of tourism. One of the main factor
was the consistent efforts by the local government and tourism promotion board. In
Kuantan for exan1ple, the beach zone was classified as a high priority zone where most of
55 the tourism projects and development funds were directed.
The image of tourism, however, is gradually improving due to the st~ong involvement and commitment by the government to boost tourism image, not only at the international level but also among local residents.
Malay people participation in the tourism sector has also increased substantially over the past 5 to 10 years. One of the factor is the encouragement by the government to the Malays to join tourism business. Malaysian government, through local banks and other financial institutions, offers substantial consultation support and special financial schemes to those interested in venturing into tourism business. Government also offers some relaxations in the land conversion regulations. For instance, to change a land carrying Agriculture Title into Business or Industry used to take 5 to 10 years to be completed before one can submit a development proposal. With recent interest and prioritization in tourism, this requirement has been relaxed and developers are now allowed to submit land conversion and development proposal simultaneously. The "Ali
Baba" practice, or the leasing out of acquired license to the non-Malays, as described by
Din (1982) has no longer becomes an issue. Local residents have realized the potentials of tourism and they now carry the project themselves, or if have to, joint-ventures with other ethnic groups, especially the Malaysian Chinese.
The factors influencing resident perceptions of tourism have been discussed in the preceding chapter. In this chapter, a different and new variable is added to the list of factors. The variable is the level of religiosity.
The purposes of the investigation was:
[l] to explore the resident perceptions of tourism impacts;
[2] to analyze the influence of several selected socio-demographic variables on
tourism perception. The selected variables were gender, age, level of education,
place of residence (village), and occupational background;
56 [3] to test the hypotheses that residents' perception of tourism development impacts
varies with the level of interaction with tourists and also with the level of religiosity.
It is 'locally accepted that the level of religiosity is ,positively correlated to conservatism. In other words, as one gets more religious, he will tend to be less positive of tourism. It is also can be noted that those consider themselves to be religious would avoid involving in the tourism businesses.
In this study area, religious persons are those frequent the mosques and strictly follow the basic pillars of the teachings. They are expected to stay away from things or activities prohibited by Islam such as sexual permissiveness, voyeurism, and consumption of alcohol. Even though it is difficult to actually evaluate others' degree of religiosity, it is possible that someone evaluate his own level of religiosity based on self admission pertaining to his relationship to God.
5.2 Perceived impacts of tourism
The third section of the survey asked respondents to indicate the degree tourism development had affected them. Their responses on the impact statement are shown on
Table 7.
Tourism was perceived to bring positive impacts on the local economy. It offered new jobs and increased resident income. It was also recognized to improve the beach maintenance quality and the geneml outlook of the Y"illages. Since the popularity of tourist activities in the area, local government has stepped up beach cleaning activities for instance, by intrcxlucing 'beach-comber' -- a machine to clean the beach.
On the other hand, the social impacts of tourism were perceived slightly negatiVely.
Some of the problems were drug addiction, prostitution, burglary, alcoholism and gambling.
57 TABLE 7
PERCEIVED TOURISM IMPACTS BY KUANTAN RURAL RESIDENTS
Impacts Strong Neg. No Positive Strong Mean SID Neg. Impacts Impacts Impacts Positive Impacts Impacts
A. Social Impacts
A I Land and house prices 8.6 16.4 4.3 51.3 1904 3.6 1.22 A2 Traffic condition and problem 2.6 26.3 18.5 45.7 6.9 3.3 1.0 I A3 Road condition and its maintenance quality 1.3 16.4 19.4 58.6 4.3 3.5 0.86 A4 Population density 5.2 18.5 12.9 59.9 3.5 3.4 0.99 AS Recreation facilities 6.9 1904 I 1.2 55.6 6.9 3.4 1.08 A6 Accessibility to the recreational areas 0.9 23.3 15.1 54.7 6.0 3.4 0.94 A7 Drug problem 1904 23.3 19.8 25.0 12.5 2.9 1.32 A8 Prostitution problem 22.0 22.4 12.5 2804 14.7 2.9 1041 A9 Vandalism 12.5 22.4 29.7 24.6 10.8 3.0 1.19 AIO Alcoholism 24.2 21.9 8.7 25.4 19.8 2.9 1.50 A II Gambling 21.1 25.4 lOA 28.9 14.2 2.9 1.40 I 124.5 235.7 162.3 458.1 119.0 Average 1 1.3 21.4 14.8 41.7 10.8 POI+SPI 52.5%
B. Economic impacts BI Availability of real estates 1 1.2 15.5 9.1 48.3 15.9 304 1.25 B2 Job offers 4.3 5.6 5.2 66.8 18.1 3.9 0.91 B3 Residents' income 1.7 9.9 12.5 67.7 8.2 3.7 0.82 B4 Lifestyles. values and norms 6.9 27.6 19.8 40.1 5.6 3.1 1.08 B5 General prices for goods and service 3.9 32.3 11.6 46.6 5.6 3.2 1.07 B6 Local fishing industry 4.7 15.9 22.4 49.1 7.9 304 1.00 I. 32.8 106.8 80.5 318.6 61.2 Average 5.5 17.8 13.4 53.1 10.2 POI+SP[ 63.3%
C. Environment.1i impacts CI Garbage management quality 10.8 22.4 12.5 46.1 8.2 3.2 1.19 C2 Beach management 3.5 17.2 12.1 56.9 10.3 3.5 1.0 I C3 The village gener,i1 outlook 2.5 14.7 10.3 .59.1 13.4 3.7 0.97 C4 Quality of life 4.3 17.2 18.5 55.6 4.4 3.4 0.96 C5 Noise Ievt:! 8.2 27.6 15.1 39.2 9.9 3.2 1.17 C6 Quantity of litter 12.5 26.3 17.7 35.8 7.8 3.0 1.20 I 41.8 125.4 86.2 292.7 53.9 Average 7.0 20.9 14.4 48.8 9.0 POI+SPI 57.8% No le: (I) A 1\ ligures are in percentages (2) Some ligures may not slim up to 100% as a result of rounding off of (he figures.
58 5.3 Methodological analysis 5.3.1 Factor Analysis
A Factor analysis was first conducted to identify the underlying dim~nsions of the
responses and the structure of relationships among the respondents. Factor analysis is
also useful to identify representative variables and to form a new set of variables (Hair et
aI., 1995). But, Everitt and Dunn (1991) warned that factor analysis should be simply
regarded as an additional tool for investigating the structure of multivariate observations.
A Principal Components Factor analysis followed by an orthogonal rotation
(Varimax) identified 2 underlying factors (Table 8). Since the sample was 232, a factor
loading of .50 was c~msidered significant and those having communalities of above .60
were regarded as having enough explanation (Hair et aI., 1995).
The analysis resulted in 4 factors which were named [1] Social, [2] Economic, [3]
Environment, and finally [4] Infrastructure.
The first factor suggested that the perceptions on the problems of drugs,
prostitution, vandalism, alcoholism and gambling proceeded together, all in the same
direction. It simply meant that if a resident stated that tourism brought negative changes
on drug abuse for instance, it would be likely that he would indicate similarly on the other
4 related social problems. The next factor involved the economic benefits of tourism
where the sample shared similar view that tourism can offer many economic benefits to
them. It was loaded with three impacts -- job offers, residents' income and the standard
of living, and also the quality of life.
The next factor was loaded with two impact ~tatements. It dealt with the garbage
management quality and beach management. The final factor was pertaining to the
population density and toad condition and its maintenance quality. It also included the question of real-estate prices.
Interviews during the survey with several villagers who had sold their lands to some hotel developers found that the residents were very happy and satisfied with their
59 decision. They added that the selling has improved their living standard and the adjacent hotels have also become a working place their children or relatives.
, TABLE 8
FACTOR ANALYSIS: PERCEIVED TOURISM IMPACTS OF TOURISM BY KUANTAN RURAL RESIDENTS Impacts Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4 Comm. Mul.R2
A 1 Land and houseprices .202 .187 .257 .718 .657 .544 A2 Traffic condition and problem .573 -.041 .207 .456 ~ .548 A3 Road condition and its maintenance quality .250 .215 .430 .662 .731 .651 A4 Population density .213 .328 .034 .759 .730 .579 A5 Recreation facilities .228 .650 .087 .212 -:£+ .431 A6 Accessibility to the recreational areas .168 .425 .195 .518 .515 .496 A7 Drug problem .873 -.002 .038 .198 .803 .819 A8 Prostitution problem .917 .039 .025 .178 .874 .883 A9 Vandalism .812 .012 -.018 .266 .731 .759 AI0 Alcoholism .917 .075 .033 .154 .871 .911 A 11 Gambling .918 .030 .033 .171 .873 .906 B I Availability of real estates .395 .218 .257 .535 ~ .535 B2 Job offers -.254 .773 .053 .253 .729 .670 B3 Residents' income -.059 .824 .173 .131 .730 .649 B4 Lifestyles, values and norms .603 .424 .230 .072 .601 .559 B5 General prices for goods & service .520 .416 .246 .230 ~ .559 B6 Local fishing industry .079 .511 .447 .131 ~ .395 CI Garbage management quality .279 .242 .669 .412 .753 .692 C2 Beach management .152 .192 .696 .388 .696 .595 C3 Village general outlook -.100 .463 .599 .108 ~ .499 C4 Quality of life .173 .534 .505 .256 .636 .579 C5 Noise level .732 -.039 .466 .026 .756 .680 C6 Quantity of litter .678 -.073 .469 .. 123 .700 .642 Variance (% ) 28.3 14.5 11.9 13.5
Note: 'Only those having communality value of 0.60 and above are considered having enough explanation. 'Communality value is the amount of variance an original variable shares with other variables.
60 5.3.2 Analysis of Variance
ANOV A was run to test the significance of the differences in responses' means among several Independent variables. Seven variables selected for this. purpose' were village, age, gender, education level, types of occupation, level of interaction with tourists, and level of religiosity. The result of the tests is shown on Table 9.
TABLE 9
PERCEIVED TOURISM IMPACT VARIATION BY SELECTED VARIABLES (ANOV A)
Religiosity Sum of Sq. df Mean Sq. F p-Level Effect 15.65 6 2.61 5.70** 0.000154 Error 102.92 225 0.46
Age Effect 8.49 3 2.83 5.86** 0.00714 Error 110.08 228 0.48
Gender Effect 0.25 1 0.25 0.49 0.48300 Error 118.32 230 0.51
Education Level Effect 6.11 6 1.02 2.04 0.06000 Error 112.46 225 0.50
Occupation Effect 11.56 6 1.93 4.05** 0.00071 Error 107.01 225 0.48
Interaction Level Effect 4.62 4 1.16 2.30 0.05900 Error 113.95 227 0.50
Place of Residence (Village) Effect 39.77 4 9.94 28.64** .0000 Error 78.80 227 0.35 **Indicatcs significant influcncc
61 It indicated that the differences in perceptions for three of the seven variables were not significant. The differences for gender, levels of education, and interaction level with tourists therefore did not significantly influenced the way the residents perceived tourism impacts. Therefore, the hypothesis that resident-tourist interaction levels influence local perceptions of tourism impacts was rejected.
The results, however, showed that the difference of perceptions for religiosity and age levels, village and the types of occupation varied significantly. This means these four variables exerted significant influence to the way residents viewed the impacts. Thus, the hypothesis that religiosity influences perceptions is accepted.
Although ANOV A tests allow us to reject the hypothesis that the group's means significantly differ, they do not pinpoint where the significant different lie. Therefore,
Duncan's New Multiple Range Test was selected as an appropriate tool to analyze whether were there any significant differences lied between any means (Hair et aI, 1995).
Duncan tests make comparisons between means.
5.3.3 Duncan test
Since ANOV A only pointed out significant differences existed in the means of religiosity levels, age levels, village and the types of occupation, Duncan tests can be utilized to further differentiate the means of these four variables. It is a multiple comparison procedure for carrying Ollt all pairwise comparisons among means. With a=.O I, the difference W r that a comparison must exceed in order to be considered significant to Duncan's test is given by:
Wr = qra; r.v ~MScrror In (1)
62 TABLE 10
DUNCAN TEST RESULT FOR LEVELS OF RELIGIOS~TY
Step Critical Level 1 . 2 3 4 5 6 7 Range
1 0.569 1 - 0.441 0.677* I 0.525 I 0.186 0.132 0.202 I I I I I I I 2 0.599 2 - 0.263 0.849* 0.524 0.414 0.050
3 I 0.619 I 3 I I I - I 0.325 I 0.095 I 0.063 I 0.346 4 0.634 4 - 0.440 0.339 0.067
5 0.646 5 - 0.812* I 0.011 I I I I I I I I 6 0.655 6 - 0.006
7 7 - I I I I Note: ·Critical range p=O.50 .* denotes where the difference existed . • Religiosity levels: 1(Weak) ...... 4(Medium) ...... 7 (Strong)
TABLE 11
DUNCAN TEST RESULT FOR AGE LEVELS
Step Critical Range Age 18-30 31-45 46-60 61 and above 1 I 0.732 I 18-30 - - I 0.707 I 0.112 I 0.676 2 0.771 I 31-45 I - I 0.588 I 0.458 3 I 0.797 I 46-60 I I I - I 0.206 61 and above - .. I I ·Cntlcal Range p=O.50
63 TABLE 12
DUNCAN TEST RESULT PLACES OF RESIDENCE (VILLAGE)
Step Critical Place of Beserah S.Karang Balok S.utar . Cherating Range Residence 1 I 0.244 I Beserah I - I 0.612* I 0.0004 I 0.00001 I 0.578* 2 I 0.257 I S.Karang I I - I 0.0019 I 0.00003 I 0.319* 3 I 0.266 I Balok I I I - I 0.00004 I 0.00006 4 I 0.272 I S.Ular I I I I - I 0.000009 Cherating - Note: ·Critical range p=O.50 .* denotes where the difference existed.
TABLE 13
DUNCAN TEST RESULT FOR TYPES OF OCCUPATION
Step Critical Range Occupa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 tion
1 1 0.482 1 1 - 1 0.810 1 0. 255 1 0.004 1 0.910 1 0.051 1 0.803 1
2 1 0.508 2 1 - 1 0.315 1 0.007 1 0.885 1 0.069 1 0.650 1 1
3 1 0.525 3 1 0. 074 1 0.281 1 0. 362 1 0.182 1 1 1 1 -
4 1 0.537 4 1 0.051 1 0.328 1 0.002 1 1 1 1 1 -
5 1 0.547 5 1 - 1 0.588 1 0.735 1 I 1 1 1
6 1 0.555 6 1 0 031 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - . I 7 - - Note: ·Critical range p=O.50 • I-Government worker; 2-Self-employed; 3-Company worker; 4-Fisherman; 5-Student; 6-Housewife; 7- Others
64 Table 10 shows where the differences lied among the levels of religiosity. For instance, the least religious people significantly differed from those who answered 3 on the same question. While those indicated their level as 2 differed from t~ose regarded themselves as moderately religious. Finally, there was also a difference between those who answered 5 and 6.
Looking at the means for the respective groups, those indicated as having the lowest religiosity level [1] had a mean of 3.10 but the mean of those claimed to be highly religious [7] was only 2.7l.
Next the differences among the age categories were examined. Even though the overall differences were found significant, Duncan tests failed to suggest where the discrepancies could be found.
In term of the age level, it was found that those aged between 46 to 60 were less positive about tourism impacts, with mean of 2.66. Residents aged 31 to 45 were the most positive about tourism, having mean of 3.43. It is interesting to note here that, the level of religiosity is normally positively related to the increase in age. In other words, one tends to be more religious as he or she grows older.
The place of residence was a vital influence to the perceptions of locals towards tourism impacts. The test showed that the residents of Beserah differed from those of
Sungai Karang and Cherating. The difference between Sungai Karang and Cherating was also meaningful. This could due to the fact that one village had more tourism development than the other. At present, most of hotels scattered along the road between
Balok and Cherating and Balok's residents were generally found to be negative about tourism (2.76) while Sungai Ular's residents, village that had the least number of resorts, were very positive with a mean of 4.03.
Finally, the differences among the types of occupation were examined and the result is shown in Table 13. Among other things it suggested that government workers' perceptions were dissimilar to self-employed people and students. Self-employed people on the hand, significantly differed from students. Government workers were the less
65 positive group with the mean of 3.09, while fishermen were the most positive (3.86).
5.4 Discussion
The findings from this research strengthen suggestions of previous studies that local residents were very hopeful and positive especially towards the economic benefits of tourism development even though they expressed concerns of many potentials negative impacts of tourism on their lives.
The villagers who were formerly conservative and less positive of tourism, were found to be open to tourism potentials. In fact, over 73 % of the sample indicated their desire to involve in some kinds of tourism related businesses if given a chance. The negative image of tourism however, was believed to still exist, though not as strong as it used to be. Factor analysis unveiled that potential social problems from tourism, such as prostitution, were regarded very sensitively by the residents whose lives are strongly governed by the teachings of Islam. The introduction of tourism can be considered as a threat or challenge to the values of their religion and culture. As mentioned previously, religiosity is positively associated with conservatism, as least in these five villages.
ANOV A successfully justified this assertion as it found the level of religiosity significantly influenced perceptions. Besides religious levels, occupational background, age and the place of residence were also significant influence.
Steps need to be taken to improve the image of tourism among the locals. For example, hotel entrepreneurs should join the local government in promoting more beneficial exchanges with their surrounding community. The education of the benefits of tourism to the local community is equitably vital. Government, through village chiefs, should attract greater local participation not only in tourist events but also in the tourism entrepemeursh ips.
At the same time, more economic income should be visibly channeled back into the local economy. Today, many of the top-level management positions in big resorts in the villages are held by foreigners or out-of-state Malaysians, especially from Kuala Lumpur.
66 This can lead to the leakage of income to foreign countries. Meanwhile, local residents normally work in the lowest level of the resort strata - doing custodial jobs, or becoming security guards. If this trend continues, local residents will not have the chance to learn any skills from the top management. To correct this, it is recommended that state government urges resorts to give a priority to the equally qualified local residents wheq hiring resort personnels.
Resort community should not exclude themselves and their guests from the surrounding community as happening today. For example, Club Mediterranean which is located at a bay in Cherating, has kept themselves away from nearby community fearing the villagers would interfere with the resort's running. Their guests are normally rushed from the airport in a private vehicles and they usually spend their days and money in the resort vicinity. This has caused uneasy feelings among the nearby village community. It also strengthen the local perception that resorts are the place of sins.
In new destinations in Malaysia, religious leaders have been the least receptive among the locals due to the prevailing negative image of tourism (Din, 1994).
Despite Islam is the country's formal religion, Islam is not well featured in the tourism promotional brochures or videos. In fact, the government of Kelantan, an east coast state which has been under controlled of the Malaysia Pan Islamic Party, has several time banned concerts and cultural shows, saying that the stage shows would encourage free mixing of males and females.
Some may argue that the degredations of culture and morality among the local community are not necessarily related to tourism and the influence of tourism on Islam is minimal, for many Islamic states, the fear that foreign tourists, who do not understand the local religious sensitivity will destroy the religious asets the locals cherish or try to protect. This perception can lead to the resentment towards the visitors. The repeated attacks on western tourists around the pyramid areas by the Egyptian fundamentalist group can serve as an example of how fundamentalism resists impacts that are perceived to brought into by tourism development.
67 On the other hand, those who are not strongly attached to the teaching of Islam are found to be more liberal or less cautious about involving themselves in the tourist trade.
For instance, many Thai women, whose family do not practice Islam seriously, were found to feel less quilty about working as show girls in Bangkok (Satha-Anand, 1991).
Their less cautious attitude towards the show biz can be related to how they felt about religious itself, where they also did not feel any quilt about drinking alcoholic beverages or even eating pork!
This research can be very much enhanced if it could carry an analysis of the differences in perception among ethnic groups or religions. This, however, could not be achieved since the number of non-Malays in the areas was low, thus, it is suggested that future research to be undertaken at an area that is equally populated by Malays, Chinese and Indians or other ethnic groups·
68 CHAPTER 6
TOURISM PLANNING IN RURAL MALAYSIA -- AN
APPLICATION OF AHP METHOD FOR EVALUATING
TOURISM IMPACTS
6.1 Introduction
The study of the perceptions of tourism impacts by local residents are very important as it can influence the future of tourism in the area. It helps formulating plans to gain resident support of tourism programs. Many statistical tools were employed in the studies of residents' attitudes and perceptions. Popular methods include Factor analysis and cluster analysis. Applying cluster analysis, Davis segmented his sample into
'Haters', 'Lovers', 'Cautious Romantics', 'In-Betweeners' and 'Love 'em for a reason'.
While Madrigal (1995) divided his sample into 'Realists', 'Haters' and 'Lovers'. The use of cluster analysis to segment residents based on their attitudes towards tourism will be demonstrated in Appendix 1.
After residents are segmented, multivariate analysis of variance (MANCOV A) is
useful to determine the extent to which nested groups accounted for differences in residents' attitudes. Another approach is using Canonical Correlation Analysis which can employed to investigate relationships among dependent variables.
As shown in chapter 5, the analysis of variance (A NOV A) can be used to justify the significance of certain variables' influence on perceptions or impacts. A method similar to ANOVA is the Kruskal-Wallis test which compares three or more groups, and when the sample sizes are not even and normally distributed, as assumed in ANOV A.
Specific differences between groups can be analyzed further using Mann-Whitney U test while the correlations of the variables can be traced by Kendall's tau. Introducing models
69 is another approach to explain residents' perception of tourism impacts. Ap suggested a
Social Exchange Process Model for comprehending why residents perceive impacts positively or negatively. Prior to Ap (1992), Perdue, Long and Allen (1990) tested a model of the relationships among rural residents' perceptions of tourism impacts, supports for further tourism development, and support for special tourism taxes.
Therefore, understanding factors and variables influencing resident perceptions of tourism impacts is very important. It is further crucial and meaningful if we can analyze or rank tourism impacts based on their influence or strength of impact. Past investigations had successfully identified factors affected perceptions but they failed to suggest which impacts concerned the residents the most.
This chapter presents an exploratory approach to rank tourism impacts using
Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) using the result of the third section of the same survey of five fishing villages in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia.
6.2 The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)
The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), introduced in this study was developed by
Saaty (1980). Its objective was to analyze and rank tourism impacts perceived by the local residents to be the most influential. AHP involves 4 major steps which are:
Step 1- Setting up the decision hierarchy;
Step 2- Conducting pairwise comparisons of decision elements;
Step 3- Utilizing 'Eigenvector method' to estimate the relative weights;
Step 4- Accumulating the relative weights for final decision altematives.
The first requirement of the AHP method is to set up the decision hierarchy and to construct matrix decision elements at each level. Here, the hierarchy was constructed based on the questions in the third section of the survey. At the top of the hierarchy lies
70 the focus or the overall objective of this study (Figure 4). The hierarchy gets details as
the level gets lower. The lowest level contains the decision alternatives or the selection choices(parameters).
The second step involves the assessment of the weights of the attributes by
perfonning pairwise comparisons, regarding tolbased on their relative importance. This relative importance is usually rated on a fundamental 1 to 9 scale (Saaty 1980). For the purpose of this study, the scale was adjusted to suit the survey result (Table 14).
Levell Level 2 Level 3
At A2 A3 A4 AS A6 A7 A8 ociaI -~~~===A9AlO A II ...... ~==----BI B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 Cl C2 C3 C4 C5 C6
Figure 4 AHP decision hierarchy of the study
71 TABLE 14 THE ADJUSTED AHP SCALE
Proposed scale adjustment based on the sample
Intensity Definition Explanation Tourism Tourism Pro of Statements Impacts posed Importance Scale on an Absolute Scale
. Equal importance -Two activities Neutral No effect o to 7.06 contribute equally to the objective
3 . Moderate -Experience and 7.07 to importance of one judgement strongly favor 14.12 over another one activity over another
5 · Essential or -Experience and Agree! Intermediate 14.13 to strong importance judgement strongly favor Disagree positive! 21.18 one activity over another negative
7 · Very strong -An activity is strongly 21.19 to importance favored and its 28.24 dominance demonstrated in practice
9 . Extreme -The evidence favoring Strong 28.25 to importance one activity over another positive! 35.3 is of the highest possible negative order of affirmation impact
2,4,6,8 · Intermediate - When compromise is values between the needed two adjacent judgement
Reciprocals If activity i has one of the ahove numbers assigned to it when compared with activity j, tht.!n j has the reciprocal value when compared with i
Rationales . Ratios arising - If consistency were to from tht: scale he forced hy ohtaining n numerical valut:s to span tht.! matrix are , olle call lise still fi"er. olle call lise all appropriate el'ell filler refillelllellt.
72 6.3 Judgment: Impact ranking (Level 3)
Table 15 through 17 present the results of pairwise comparisons of the tourism impacts. The comparisons suggested that the impacts were perceived at a v~ing degree.
For social impacts (Table 15), the effect on popUlation density (i.e., A4) was the most strongly felt, followed by the impact on road condition, and its maintenance quality
(i.e.,A3).
In term of economic impacts, the impact on local income (i.e., B3) was received with great importance (Table 16), followed by job offers (i.e., B2) from tourism increase. The result suggested that residents may be willing to accept changes in the lifestyles, values and norms, or an increase in prices of goods and services as long as there will be higher income and new or better jobs.
Finally, tourism impact on the area's general outlook topped the perceived environmental impacts (Table 17).
TABLE 15 PAIRWISE COMPARISONS OF SOCIAL IMPACTS
Social I A2 I A3 A4 I AS A6 I A7 I A8 I A9 I AlO Al 1/3 113 7 7 7 7 A2 1/3 1/5 1/3 113 5 5 5 5
3 9 7 9 9 7 0.16 11 1 A7 117 1/5 1/9 1/9 1/9 1/9 1- 0.02 A8 117 1/5 1/9 1/9 117 117 II 0.02 A9 117 1/5 1/9 11/9 1/9 1/9 II II 0.02 AlO 117 1/5 1/9 1/9 1/9 1/9 0.02 All 117 1/5 1/9 1/9 117 117 II 0.02 Amax 11.24 C.R: 0.02
73 TABLE 16
PAIRWISE COMPARISONS OF ECONOMIC IMPACTS
Economy Bl B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 Weight Bl 1 1/5 1/5 3 3 0.10 B2 5 1/3 7 5 5 0.30
B4 113 117 117 113 0.04 B5 115 115 1 0.07 B6 113 115 115 3 1 0.07
A.max 6.42 C.R: 0.07
TABLE 17
PAIRWISE COMPARISONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
Environment Cl I C2 I C3 I C4 I C5 I C6 Weight Cl 1 1/3 1/3 1/3 1 3 0.09 C2 3 1 1 1 5 5 0.26 ;~if;~;tWii~&~l~:~;~~~::,'~5Z~.~~~t.~{::::~.::,h~L:~.~:;::' '~"L;:f~tl:~;:>:,1;~: ~ .. ?/ , ;(,. (~.i~~';' ~ C4 3 1 1 1 5 5 0.26 C5 1 115 115 115 1 1 0.06 C6 1/3 I 1/5 I 117 I 1/5 I 1 I 1 0.06 A.max 6.09 C.R: 0.01
6.4 The judgment: Perceptions of tour:ism impacts (Level 2)
In level 2, the three impact categories (i.e., social, economy and environment) were compared based on the results in Level 3. To proceed with level 2, the results in table 14 was first adjusted to meet the fundamental AHP scale. By combining SNI and NEI to present negative impact, NOI equal to neutral, and POI with SPI to represent positive impact, a comparison analysis of social, economic and environment factors were done.
74 The results indicated that the economy factor had more influence the rest (fable 18).
TABLE 18
IMPACT MATRIX
Impact Social Economy Environment Weight Social 1 112 111.5 0.22 Economy 2 1 1.5 0.46 Environment 1.2 111.5 1 0.32 "-max = 3.0 C.R = 0.00
6.5 Deriving of importance ranking
To rank the impacts regarded to be the most influential, a whole calculation of AHP has to be carried using the following formula:
Level 2 x Level 3 = Cumulative weight
uvd 2 uvd J Cummulativ~ Wdght
A I ·0.11 0.0242 A 2 ·0.08 0.0176 A3 ·0.19 0.0418 A4 ·0.20 0.0440 A5 - 0.16 0.0352 A6 - 0.16 0.0352 A 7 ·0.02 0.0044 0'(X)4.1 0.004-1 OCi~1 0.22 O.(1(}1 Figure 5 Accumulated weight of tourism impacts 75 Figure 5 presents the result of the accumulated weight. It suggests that impact on residents' income (i.e., B3) was considered to be the most influential impact, followed by job offers. The impact on the village general outlook (i.e., C3) was ranked at third place and so on. 6.6 Discussion This study suggested that the economic impacts were regarded to be the most important and influential by the village community. This, however, was not an unusual phenomenon for a rural community with little economic activities. The residents were very much hopeful of the potential of tourism. It was found that different village viewed the impacts differently, the success of village type tourism in Cherating has promoted the image of tourism and attracted residents of other villages to involved in tourist ventures. Over 73% ofthe sample even voiced their interest in joining tourism industry in the near future. The residents also paid attention to the positive effect of tourism on the village general outlook. The increase in tourist activities and development along the 35 Km beach stretch have caused the local tourism authority to intensify its beach beautification projects and other tourism infrastructure development. Some resort development have also benefitted nearby residents. Where deemed necessary, resort developers were required to build public infrastructure such as bus stand, as a part of their project development. This chapter has demonstrated AHP's ability to analyze and to produce results by modifying its available scale. Results from this analysis helped identify impacts deemed more important based on their strength of influence which other techniques failed to clearly suggest. This impact ranking can be used as a base for planning and developing tourism, especially along coastal area like Kuantan. AHP method was found helpful in the classification and the ranking fuzzy factors or uncertain factors parameters such as resident perception. However, the AHP scale 76 needed to be adjusted to the survey result because the parameters were weighted separately due to various factors. The result certainly can assist local tourism authority especially, in the identification of the most effectual impacts. It will give inputs for better policy planning which can be geared towards increasing and spreading tourism benefits to the local residents and to control potential negative impacts. Careful and early handling of the negative impacts can help avoid potential resentments by the locals. Instead, It will promote better local understanding and acceptance which in return will contribute towards better climate for active resident involvement, balanced development, and encourage more investment in tourism projects. AHP provides invaluable information which -- if utilized prudently -- should make the tourism planning and development more successful and sustainable. 77 CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION One of the important pillars of sustainable tourism is a balance of relationships among its related parties -- tourists, government, tourist entrepreneurs, and the local communities. Harmonic relationships can only be achieved if each of these components receives equal benefits and economic advantages from tourism. However, it is common to see that only certain segments, especially tourist entrepreneurs, benefit from tourism development. On the other hand, the local community residents become the ones who have to sustain the ill effects of tourism while receiving only scant benefits. In some areas in Malaysia, some tourist facilities were built in a rush by the government in its effort to promote tourism. Locals were not only denied their right to be informed, but they also have to suffer the negative consequences if the projects fail. To promote sustainable tourism, local residents should be encouraged and allowed to be involved not only in the business of tourism but also in the planning and development stages of tourism in their areas. The sustainability of tourism in a location depends a lot on the hospilitality of its residents and their attitudes. On the other hand, their goodwill depends on their clear understanding and perceptions of the industry. These topics were the main focus of this dissertation. The results from community surveys conducted in the five fishing villages in Kuantan, Malaysia, and in Higashi Izumo showed that rural communities with low economic levels and tourist activities have high expectation of the economic potentials of tourism (See Appendix r, II, III). Similar results were also found in many other studies of Western atmospheres (Allen et. ai, 1993; Long, Perdue, & Allen, 1990) as well as past studies in Malaysia (Shuib et. ai, 1995b). 78 Many past investigations suggested that socioeconomic variables did not exert a major influence on the differences in the local attitudes and perceptions toward tourism (Belisle & Hoy, 1980; Long, Perdue, & Allen, 1990). This was also true in Higashi Izumo residents. However, in rural Kuantan, the type of occupation and age were found to be influential (Appendix IT). The distance of a community from the tourist zone was an important factor that influenced local perceptions (Belisle & Hoy, 1980; Pizam, 1978). A similar finding was discovered in Kuantan where people of different villages held different points of view about tourism. Here, the people of Cherating, where many of initial and present tourist developments exist, were less positive about tourism compared to residents of less developed (tourism development) villages, such as Beserah and Sungai Karang. As discussed in Chapter 4, many factors influence one's perception of tourism. These include economic, socio-cultural, environmental, and religious factors. Even though the success of tourism depends on certain local issues, in general, the economic factor is the main determining factor. Levels of education can also influence the way locals perceive tourism. However, interactions between local residents and tourists did not necessarily exert any influence on the residents' attitudes, at least in the rural Malay community case study. It was also found out that the level of religiosity can significantly affect perceptions. This implies that when conducting a site analysis for new tourism project in Islamic countries, planners should consider this fact as it may help produce more acceptable development plans. The study in Kuantan also concluded that occupational background, age, and the place of residence were other significant influences on residents' views of tourism. The relationship between religious conservatism and local attitude found in this study is not yet fully understood or covered in past studies on this subject. Therefore, it is strongly suggested that studies be conducted in other Islamic states to confirm this 79 relationship. The economic factor has exerted the most influence on residents in many tourism locations throughout the world. This was again uncovered in Kuantan as discussed in Chapter 6. The same discovery was also made in studying Higashi Izumo of Shimane prefecture where it was discovered that economic impacts brought supportive behaviors towards additional tourism development (Appendix I). Negative perceptions of tourism's impacts can result in negative behaviors towards tourism development. Therefore, it is important that we first identify factors associated with positive or negative behaviors. The social impacts of tourism, such the increase in drug addiction, diseases, crime rates, prostitution, and gambling, were- given high priority by many communities when discussing the negative effects of tourism (Mohamed, 1995; Shuib et. aI, 1994). Even though adverse environmental and economic impacts can be equally disastrous, many communities see social problems as the most troublesome. This may be due to the fact that problems such as the spread of infections diseases and the degradation of morality will directly affect residents' lives. Other problems, such as environmental degradation, would take longer time to occur and will affect only a certain segment of the community. A good example of this would be the development of golf courses on many hill resorts in Malaysia which many NGOs and the general public strongly protested as described in Chapter 1 (Ani, 1993). Sensitive issues, such as cultural matters, are also viewed as important. Analysis of the Higashi Iwmo sample has shown that potential social problems associated with tourism development were the main attributes that influenced the conservative stand towards tourism (Appendix II). In the research done by Perdue, Long, and Allen (1990), on the other hand, the support for additional tourism development was negatively related to the perceived future of the community. As further described in Appendix III, those who did not welcome tourists feared that holiday--makers would affect local culture and traditions. Thus, identifying sensitive 80 issues can be helpful in planning tourism, especially in sensitive areas (both environmentally and culturally). Resident protests against the development of a mega- resort in Tanah Lot, as depicted in Chapter 1, provide a good example. For tourism planners, information on what factors are the most influential or , significant is very useful to develop effective tourism policies and future development plans. The analytic hierarchy process, or AHP, can be an effective measuring tool to assist planners in evaluating the impacts. By recognizing the relative importance of the impacts, planners can design a strategy to handle the impacts better. Identifying certain groups with identical characteristics is another essential step in planning for tourism. When the groups have been identified, planners can formulate specific development strategies, approaches, concepts, and policies that suit each group's .. ~.~ needs and characteristics. In Malaysia, for example, heavy tourist development should be controlled in areas that have been recognized as having more religious people. These areas can be identified by surveys or observations. The residents are normally active in religious activities. Furthermore, as suggested in Chapter 4, to avoid potential future conflicts, the development of big resorts or other types of tourist facilities should not be allowed near the vicinity of religious places, such as mosques, graveyards, and religious schools. After planners have identified zones with specific groups and the issues at stake, they should incorporate the information into the development blueprints. However, adjustment should be made if possible to include the residents' opinions. Perceptions of tourism proved to affect residents' reception of additional tourist arrivals. Analysis in Appendix III shows that the potential changc in the local culture and traditions was the main reason behind the different stance betwecn Rcscntcrs and Neutrals vcrsus Welcomcrs among the people of Higashi Izumo. In thc two study areas described in this dissertation, both communities showed a great interest in the potential of tourism. They both believed that tourism would bring 81 economic benefits but also bring negative social impacts. However, due to over-concentration on the benefits of tourism, many communities often neglect its adverse impacts, especially the long-term environmental and social impacts. This has led to over-utilization of tourism resources and marketing for merely monetary gains. For example, in another survey not covered in this dissertation the residents of Tioman Island expressed their concern that the island was losing tourists. But, in a report by an inspector from the district office, the island is facing heavy pollution and environmental destruction due to over and adhoc development of tourist facilities (Berita Harian, June 2nd, 1996) . . The belief that tourism brings economic benefits has caused many communities to take advantage on tourists. In a separate case, it was reported that the prices of goods and services in Langkawi Island -- a new tourist development in the northern Malaysian Peninsula -- had been raised unreasonably, especially during festive seasons. This not only enraged the domestic tourists, but also deterred repeat foreign visitors to the island. This thesis avoids making direct comparisons between the results of the community surveys in Kuantan and in Higashi Izumo even though thatis possible. Despite the differences in the cultural background of both communities, they still share some similarities in the way they react to tourism costs and benefits. It is suggested that further studies to be conducted in other locations in both countries. For example, the extremes found in the surveys can be extracted and verified in more developed destinations. Similar surveys to the one done in Kuantan can be carried out in popular locations in Malaysia, such as in Penang and Malacca, and the results can be compared. In Japan, places like Nikko or Kamakura would be good choices. Furthermore, more research can focus on the methodology of local participation, especially on the ways and levels the locals can get involved. This dissertation has shown the importance of resident attitudes and perceptions in influencing the future of the tourism industry in an area. While welcoming the potential 82 economic benefits of tourism, communities in the study areas voiced their concerns about the negative social impacts. 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World Commission on Environment and Development 1987. Our Co III III on Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Wright, P. 1993. Ecotourism: Ethics or eco-sell, Journal of Travel Research, Winter, 3- 8. WTO 1994. National and regiollal tourism planning-Illethodologies alld case studies. London: Routledge. Ziffer, K.A. 1989. Ecotourism: The uneasy alliance. Workillg Paper No 1, Washillgton DC: Conservatioll Illternationai. 88 APPENDIX I SEGMENTING LOCAL ATTITUDE TOWARDS TOURISM DEVELOPMENT Introduction The segmentation of local residents into certain groups is important to tourism planning. It provides the background characteristics of a population which will help planners with the planning of tourism in an area. Studies suggest that as members of a community receive tourism impacts at a different degree, the way they perceive the impacts would also vary. This will result in different reactions toward tourism development and tourists. Studies (e.g Lankford, 1994; Davis, Allen & Consenza, 1988; Pizam, 1978; Belisle & Hoy, 1980) have generally suggested that those benefitted from tourism would support and have a positive view of it. Sectioning a population into certain groups based on their perceptions of tourism will help local authorities constructing a proper policy and strategy in dealing with the groups. After identifying the five clusters mentioned in the previous chapter, Davis, Allen, and Consenza (1988) suggested several policy implication strategic actions to tourism planners that can be targeted at the clusters. Before that, Brougham and Butler (1981) utilized the Thaid procedure which involves the sequential splitting of a group of objects on which observations have been made. In the study, they found that the residents' degree of contact with the visitors was the most important factor influencing local perception of tourism. 89 Figure 6 Higashi Izumo, Japan 90 As demonstrated in Chapter 4, local residents in rural Malaysia welcomed the potential economic benefits of tourism while acknowledging some adverse effects of it. The following case study will explore the attitudes and perceptions of a rural Japanese community where tourism is not a major industry. The purpose of this investigation was to analyze the general attitudes of the residents of another small non-tourist town, toward tourism development and to segment the population into certain groups based on their attitudes. This research was based on a survey conducted throughout September, 1995, in Higashi Izumo, a small town in Shimane Prefecture (Figure 6). The lzumo region is located in the Chugoku area (western Honshu) of Japan, facing the Japan Sea. It is located to the northwest of Tokyo and can be reached in 8 hours from Tokyo by the bullet train--Shinkansen--or in about one hour by air. Izumo was the name of an old country during the Edo Period (1600-1867). This area consists of the towns of Yasugi, lzumo, Hirata, and the prefecture capital, Matsue. Fourteen townships are in this area, including Higashi Izumo, a small town covering 42.64 km2. Higashi Izumo has a population of 11,449. It was established in 1954 and consists of the villages of Ito, Adakae, and Iya. It is a city of commerce and industry and the main types of occupations are company employees, industrial workers, government workers, and farmers. A fishing industry used to be in this town, many of the fishermen now fish only part-time or for leisure. Survey methodology The contents of the questionnaires used in this survey were quite similar to the one used in Kuantan (See Chapter 2). Some attributes were \eft behind as they were deemed culturally unrelated to the area or not suitable. The method of questionnaires distribution was almost similar. To secure the most representative sample of the population, the town was divided into 3 sections (Ito, Iya 91 and Adakae). Again, stratified sampling method was used since the population census was not readily available. The use of Stratified sampling was also due to the constraints of time and money. Eighty questionnaires were distributed to Ito, 80 to Iy:a and another 90 questionnaires to Adakae bringing a total of 250. They were distributed with the help from the officials of Higashi Izumo town council who acted as the representatives of each area. They were instructed to select a starting point and to deliver one questionnaire to every second house from the selected point. If there was no one in the house, they were instructed to insert the questionnaire in the mailbox or go to the nearest house. Each household was given only one questionnaire. It contained a cover letter explaining the research, and a stamped, self-addressed envelope. It was also accompanied by a letter from the city office explaining the main purpose of the survey. The residents were given 5 weeks to return the questionnaires. The first section of the survey asked about the respondents' demographic background. It also included a question on how often they meet tourists. The second section, containing 16 statements pertaining to tourist development in Higashi Izumo, asked respondents to indicate their agreement or disagreement with the statements based on a Likert scale of five, where 5 represented strong agreement, and 1 represented strong disagreement. The subsequent section presented 23 potential impacts of tourism development and the residents were asked to indicate how they had felt the impacts on a Likert scale of five (1=strong negative impact, 5=strong positive impact). A total of 156 questionnaires were returned on time. However, only 152 responses (60.8%) were usable. As summarized in Table 19,54.6% of them are male and 45.4% are female. Tourism development in Izumo Tourism is not a major industry for Higashi Izumo. Its tourism activities mostly 92 center around Daisen (30 km away), located in the Daisen-Oki National Park. Many of Higashi Izumo visitors arrive after visiting more popular nearby tourist spots, such as the Iya Shrine, the Kyomizu Gassan Prefecture Natural Park, Miho Shrine, I~umo Shrine, and the tallest light house in Asia--the Hinomisaki Light House. Higashi Izumo used to be proud of the swans that flew across the Japan Sea to its inland sea, but they are no longer seen around the sea. It is said that serious pollution in the sea has deterred the birds from flying over. Every summer, the town hosts a festival called the Hokake Festival that attracts many tourists from the surrounding areas as well as from nearby prefectures of Tottori, Kyoto, Yamaguchi, and Osaka. Portraying an aging Izumo society, over 21.7% of the sample were over 60 years old. Three respondents were over 80 years old and the average age of the respondents was 46.4 years old. Over 47% of the sample had a high school education while a high percentage (32.24%) had attended universities. Over one-half (n=82) of the sample were life-time residents, while only 21 % of them had stayed less than 32% of their life in Higashi Izumo (Table 19). The majority of the sample were government officials (44.1 %). Housewives made up 10.5% of the sample; 5.9% were company employees (n=9) and 38.2% were either self-employed or doing other types of jobs. As Higashi Izumo is not regarded as a main tourist destination, over one-half of the respondents indicated they had never met with tourists. 29.6% seldom meet tourists, 13.2% sometimes meet them, and only 5.3% had constant exchange with tourists, assuming local tourists. 93 TABLE 19 KEY DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SAMPLE Characteristic 1. Sex of respondent 'n % Male 83 54.6 Female 69 45.4 2. Age n % 30 and below 31 20.4 31-45 52 34.2 46-60 36 23.7 Above 60 33 21.7 3. Education n % Elementary education 5 3.3 High school 72 47.4 University 49 32.2 Others 26 17.1 4. Status* (Length) of Stay n % Life-time residents 82 54.0 Permanent residents 16 10.5 Long-time residents 22 14.5 Newcomers 32 21.0 5. Occupation n % Government servants 67 44.1 Students 2 1.3% Housewives 16 10.5 Company employees 9 5.9 Self-employed 7 4.6 Others 51 33.6 *Notc: The status of stay is decided based on the percentage of respondents' lives spent in Higashi iZUlllO as the following: Life-time residents-spend over 90% of their lives; Permanent residents- spend between 75-90% of the lives; Long-time residents-spend 50-74% of their lives; New comers-spend less than 50% of their lives. 94 TABLE 20 ATTITUDE OF HIGASHI IZUMO RESIDENTS TOW ARDS TOU~ISM STATEMENTS Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Str. Disagree 1. This community would benefit from tourism development 7.9 54.6 22.4 10.5 4.6 2. Tourism development has become an important economic resources 10.5 32.9 26.3 22.4 7.9 3. This area should attract more tourists 15.1 34.2 18.5 23.0 9.2 4. More tourism development should be brought into this area 15.8 34.9 15.1 25.0 9.2 5. Governments should control tourism development 13.8 53.3 19.7 9.8 3.4 6. Foreigners should be allowed to develop tourism in this area 13.2 46.7 29.6 6.6 3.9 7. I am happy with the present tourism development 0.7 9.2 25.0 40.8 24.3 8. Government should extend more economic incentives 8.5 44.7 26.3 16.5 4.0 9. Construction of tourism facilities should priorly ask locals 23.7 60.5 8.6 4.6 2.6 10. Resort development has limited public access to recreation areas 5.3 11.2 34.2 30.9 18.4 II. Recent tourism development has generated much employment 2.0 9.2 29.0 35.5 24.3 12. Economic benefits of tourism accrue only to the minority 3.9 28.3 44.1 15.1 8.6 13. tourism development leads to local segregation 1.3 7.3 32.2 34.2 25.0 14. Tourism may lead to a social conflict between locals and tourists 0.7 11.8 31.6 31.6 24.3 IS. Tourism brings many business opportunities to this region 6.6 62.5 17.8 10.5 2.6 16. Tourism can lead toward future economic develogment 5.3 32.9 38.8 17.1 5.9 Note 1) All data are in percentage Results and analysis Table 20 presents the general attitudes of the sample toward tourism development. Majority of them believed that tourism can bring business opportunities to the region. They seemed to downplay the possible negative impacts of tourism, such as a potential local social segregation, and a conflict between local residents and tourists. They also felt their community would benefit from tourism and hoped that more tourism development would be brought into their town. Over 65% of them, however, were not satisfied with the present tourism planning and many of them believed the government should control the development and extend more economic incentives to spur tourism in the area. It is 95 interesting to note that an overwhelming of 84% felt that those in charge of constructing tourism facilities should first seek local opinions. Finally, an active promotion of internationalization by the local government seemed to bear its fruit as almqst 60% of these people polled were willing to accept development by foreigners. TABLE 21 FACTOR ANALYSIS: THE ATTITUDE OF HIGASHI IZUMO RESIDENTS TOWARDS TOURISM Factor Factor Factor Factor Factor Comm. variable 1 2 3 4 5 Statements 1 .557 -.223 -.075 .064 .309 .466 2 .826 -.022 .046 .177 .091 .724 3 .834 -.029 .017 -.084 .093 .713 4 .895 -.012 .031 -.110 .077 .821 5 .470 .075 -.176 -.610 -.055 .633 6 .41 g .102 .243 .317 . 4 11 .274 7 .132 .121 -.201 .693 -.142 .573 8 .520 -.018 -.205 -.299 .421 .579 9 .073 -.113 -.879 .052 .063 .798 10 .216 .279 -.111 .185 .322 .514 11 .072 .572 .177 .479 .320 .695 12 -.169 .439 -.509 .009 .171 .510 13 -.095 .827 -.049 .201 -.092 .745 14 -.056 .811 .035 ':.174 -.048 .694 15 .115 -.049 -.102 -.099 .881 .813 16 .520 -.021 .330 .118 .517 .664 Variance {%): 22.2 12.7 8.6 9.1 1 I. I Note I. Cutoff point: 0,45 II. Statement 6 and 10 do not load on any of the above factors; thus, they are considered to be poorly represented in the overall factor solution. 96 Factor Analysis A varimax rotated factor analysis was first conducted to explore the underlying dimensions of the resident attitudes based upon their responses to the 16 tourism , statements. Factor analysis can also be used to indicate how statements are perceived in relations to the others. Results from the factor analysis was analyzed further in cluster analysis in order to classify the sample into certain segments. Table 21 presents the result of the factor analysis which produces 5 factors. Factor 1, referred to as the 'economic benefits', contained 6 statements loaded onto it. It showed a communality among the residents that the community would enjoy many economic gains from tourism development. They believed that the area should attract more tourists and tourism development, and the government should extend more economic incentives to spur tourism in the town. This factor accounted for 22.2% of the total variance in the data. The second most important factor was named 'social issues'. It suggested a consensus among the residents that tourism development would lead to social conflicts and segregation and explained 12.7% of the variance. This factor had 3 statements loaded onto it. The subsequent factor 3 explained 8.6% of the variance and dealt with the attitudes toward the present tourism planning and development control. It was referred to as 'local people' and had two statements loaded onto it. The sample had also general agreement on the role of government. This was explained in the factor 4 (development control) which was also loaded with two statemei1ts. Note that the attitudes regarding government control of tourism and the satisfaction of the tourism were running on a opposite direction where in this case, the residents agreed that the government should control the development but they were not satisfied with the ongoing development. Finally, factor 5 presented the local attitudes toward business opportunities that come along with tourism. It was loaded with two statements (S 15 and S 16). Statement 97 16 (Tourism can lead toward future economic development) also loaded on factor 1 with almost equal loading factor. TABLE 22 CLUSTER ANALYSIS: ATTITUDE ON TOURISM STATEMENTS Analysis of Variance Variable Between Within Signif. (Statements) SS df SS df F P S4 173.65 61.29 150 425.03 ·.000 S7 2.38 130.88 150 2.73 .101 S9 0.35 112.59 150 0.47 .495 513 5.42 133.57 150 6.09 .015 SIS 7.95 104.57 150 11.41 .001 Cluster Means Cluster Cluster No. I No.2 Variable (pro-de vclopmen t) (conscrvati ves) 54 More tourism development should be brought into this area 4.20 2.06 57 I am happy with the present tourism development 2.10 U5. 89 ConslrtlCtiol1 of louri.ltn facilitics should consult -,-,-itll locals 4.02 3.93 S 13 Tourism development leads to local segregation 2.08 2.46 515 Tourism brings many business opportunities to this region 3.35 98 Cluster analysis One of the uses of factor analysis is to provide a surrogate representative for a particular factor (Hair et al., 1995). For the purpose of the following cluster analysis, several variables have been selected from the result of the above factor analysis to be the representative variables to be used in the analysis. The selected variables were S4 (factor 1), S 13 (factor 2), S9 (factor 3), S7 (factor 4) and S 15 (factor 5). They were selected as they carried the highest loading points within their respective factors. Cluster analysis classifies the statements (variables) so that each factor is very similar to others in the cluster with respect to some predetermined selective criterias (Hair et al., 1995). Several testings were first carried to search for the most appropriate number of clusters that would represents the general population. After analyzing between two to five clusters, two clusters solution was considered as the appropriate number of clusters. The analysis had been conducted using Statistica 4.1, employing a non hierarchical-- the K-means analysis. The analysis employed the Euclidean distance, the most commonly used distance measure available in the Statistica package. Table 22 displays the result of the cluster analysis. Except for S9 (Factor 3), other four representative variables showed significant differences between the two clusters. The cluster means showed that -- relative to cluster 2 -- cluster 1 focused their attention on the general benefits that come along with tourism development. They hoped that their town would attract more tourists and tourism development. They believed tourism is important and brings many job opportunities. In general, they were very supporti ve to the future tourism development; thus, this cluster could be classi fied as the pro-development group. There were 54% (n=82) of the sample belonged to this group. On the other hand, those in cluster 2 appeared to have slightly conservative view of tourism. Two factors that belonged to this cluster were factor 4 (development 99 control) and factor 2 (social issues). Compared to the cluster 1, those in cluster 2 were especially cautious with the social segregation that can be resulted from tourism development. This cluster, a rather "conservative group," was apparently' not satisfied with the present tourism planning and called for more control on its development. 46% (n=70) of the ,sample belonged to this cluster. An examination of the cluster members was done using cross-tabulations. A closer analysis at the clusters revealed that cluster 1 contained mostly new-comers, long-time residents, and permanent residents (see Table 19). They were basically 60 and above. There were more non-government workers occupied this cluster than the government workers. A closer look revealed that two-third of company employees were in this cluster. They have lower education level than those in cluster 2, who are likely to have university-level education. Furthermore, life-time residents appear more in cluster 2 than in cluster 1. Here, we can suggest that highly educated residents are more aware and cautious of the potential impacts of tourism and so do those categorized as life-time residents. Compared to the newcomers for instance, life-time residents are more likely to have witnessed the changes that took place in their surrounding due to the ongoing development process. Discussion This study has proved that the residents of Higashi Izumo, a town with is . experiencing heavy industrialization have high hopes for tourism to be an alternative to the town economy. Present development which emphasizes on manufacturing industries have changed/destroyed much of the area's cultural and ecological landscapes. Factories emerge in the middle of rice-fields, or among the traditional houses. To make room for further industrial expansion, parts of the inland sea (Naka No UlIli) have been reclaimed. This further destroys the lake's ecology, which has 100 been severely polluted by improper discharges from the surrounding development. Factor analysis suggests that economic benefits of tourism remained to be the main focus/attention of the local people pertaining to tourism. Main concerns were the social conflicts and segregation that would also occur. , The attitudes of Higashi lzumo' residents can be simplified plainly into pro- development and conservatives. Again, potential economic benefits of tourism such as job and business opportunities were the main attributes contributed to a supportive view of tourism. On the other hand, potential social problems associated with tourism development were the attributes that influenced conservertive stand. Dissatisfactions on the present tourism development and the feeling that development should be controlled also made people more cautious of tourism. The results from this study can help future tourism planning in Higashi Izumo. Conservertive views of tourism do not mean that people were against tourism. The majority of those held judicious view were life-time residents as they might have formed stronger bond with the town and witnessed the impacts of rapid industrialization. Under present local representative system, the local government selects several representative within all localities who act as the link between the people and the government. These people will be informed of any new projects introduced in their neighborhood and they are required to inform other neighbors. To have a more balanced tourism planning, this system should be expanded and more attention should be given to the elder population. 101 APPENDIX II FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SUPPORT FOR FUTURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT Introduction As indicated in previous chapters, there are many factors which can influence local perceptions of tourism impacts and their support for future tourism development. The way residents view the impact of tourism reflects the local acceptance or rejection of tourism and the potential for future development in the area. The purpose of this Chapter is to present an analysis of tourism impacts perceived to be the most important in influencing resident support on future tourism development. It is based on the community survey conducted in Higashi Izumo, Shimane Prefecture, Japan (Figure 6). The details of the methodological approach was explained in the previous Chapter 2. It was discovered among many things that even though the rural Iwmo residents seemed concerned with the potential negative impacts of tourism on their natural environment and social life, the economic benefits of tourism, however, were still regarded as the main factor that influence their support of tourism. It was also found that rural communities with a low economic level and low tourism development will have high expectations or hopes for future tourism development (Allen et ai, 1993). In an another research, residents who believed tourism improves the image and the local economy were found to be positive toward tourism (Milman & Pizam, 1988). 102 Methodological analysis An analysis of variance (ANOY A) was first utilized to test the significance of the differences between the impact means of the independent variables. The variables tested in this analysis were gender, age, occupation, the level of education, the level of , interaction with tourists, and the residents' length (or status) of stay. Next, a factor analysis with varimax rotation was used to explore the underlying dimensions of the perceived impacts. Finally, a multiple regression analysis was employed to suggest the most important impacts that influenced the residents' support for future tourism development. Analysis of variance & factor analysis ANOY A showed that the differences between the means of the selected variables were not significant; therefore, we can conclude that a person's socio-demographic background does not constitute any influence on how he or she perceived the impacts of tourism. Besides showing the dimensions of responses among the residents on the impacts brought by tourism, factor analysis also helped indicate how impacts were perceived in relation to the others. It listed six most important categories of impacts (factors) perceived by the residents of Higashi lzumo, classified as social, economic, environment, management, infrastructure, and real estate and popUlation issues. Each had an eiganvalue of 1.03 or greater. These six factors accounted for 66.52% of the variance in the data (Table 23). 103 TABLE 23 FACTOR LOADINGS OF IMPACTS (Varimax Rotated Solutio~) Factor Factor Factor Factor Factor Fa.ctor Comm. 2 3 4 5 6 Social Economic Environ. Managt Infra. Real-estates Variables Impacts Impacts Impacts Issues . & population Xl Land and house prices .079 .047 .172 .012 .039 -.820 0.713 X2 Traffic and transportation.038 .112 .162 -.047 .803 -.078 0.694 X3 Transportation facilities -.084 .011 -.077 .179 .766 -.093 0.641 X4 Population density .108 .262 .025 .362 .271 -.473 0.509 X5 Recreation facilities & maintenance -.051 .435 -.190 .306 .496 .206 0.610 X6 Drug abuse .860 .043 .082 .008 -.114 -.059 0.765 X7 Crime and violence .872 .015 .229 .016 -.035 .001 0.815 X8 Prostitution .859 -.050 .203 .032 .065 -.110 0.799 X9 Alcoholism .898 .017 -.015 .116 .057 -.017 0.823 XlO Gambling .860 .132 .152 .124 -.037 -.034 0.798 X 11 The change in culture ane tfaeitien .:6Ge .~g~ .:;n~ .pg .l~~ .l9g G.~:39 X12 Availability of real estate .153 .565 .116 -.022 -.210 -.227 0.452 X13 Job opportunity .030 .701 -.314 .257 .218 .058 0.708 X14 Residents income & standard of living -.050 .762 -.058 .034 .174 .063 0.622 XIS General cost of living -.001 .597 .308 -.167 .001 -.120 0.494 X16 Regional agri. Industry -.151 .362 .564 -.059 .093 -.197 0.523 X 17 Garbage management .195 -.015 .790 .194 -.035 .045 0.704 X 18 Beach management .071 .033 .275 .767 .061 .226 0.725 X 19 Mountain area mngt .065 -.069 .036 .883 .057 -.011 0.793 X20 Gen. outlook of the area .098 .098 .010 .784 .047 -.271 0.710 X21 Quality of life .046 .147 .365 .498 .335 -.259 0.585 X22 Noise [eve[ .257 -.014 .772 .155 .056 -. [22 0.704 X23 Quantity of litter .312 -.036 .810 .063 -.054 -.093 0.770 Variance ex~[ained {%) 18.0 10.3 12.6 11.8 8.1 0.6 Eigan val LIe: 5.47 3.38 2.16 2.03 1.23 1.03 Note I. Cutoff point: 0.45 II. XC II) or the change in culture and tradition does not load on any of the above factors; thus, it is considered to be ~oorlv re~resented in the overall factor solution. 104 The first and the most important factor concerned with the social problems associated with tourism development. This factor, referred to as the 'social,' explained 23.8% of the variance and had five impact statements on it. It suggested that the residents were sensitive to the social effects of tourism, and showed communality among the residents toward these impacts. The second factor dealt with the economic impacts of tourism. It described 9.42% of the variance and implied that the residents generally agreed on the economic benefits of tourism. This factor was loaded with four statements and was called 'economic benefits' factor. The 'environment factor' indicated 14.67% of the variance. It suggested that the residents were much concerned with the impacts on the environment, such as noise and litter. The fourth factor explained 8.82% of the variance which dealt with the total management of the local beach and mountain areas. It showed residents' communality in their opinion on the quality and management of these recreation areas. This factor also had four statements loaded onto it. The next factor was loaded with three impacts and explained 5.34% of the total variance. While the final factor had two impact statements loaded onto it, both had negative signs. It explained 4.48% of the variance. The main purpose of this section is to discover which impacts most influenced the support for future tourism. This can be accomplished using the multiple regression analysis. Multiple regression analysis can be used to analyze the relationship between a single variable and several independent or predictor variables with the purpose of predicting the changes in the single variable. It is appropriate when the problem involves a single metric dependent variable (Hair ei aI, 1995). 105 TABLE 24 CORRELATION MATRIX: SUPPORT FOR FUTURE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT VS IMPACTS Variables (predictors) Support(Y) X 1 Land and house prices .099 X2 Traffic and transportation .077 X3 Transportation facilities .108 X4 Population density .181 X5 Recreation facilities & maintenance .089 X6 Drug abuse -.008 X7 Crime and violence .077 X8 Prostitution .010 X9 Alcoholism .065 X10 Gambling .108 X 11 the change in culture & tradition .284 X 13 Job opportunity .125 X14 Residents income & standard of living .100 XIS General prices in the area .218 X 16 Regional agriculture industry .209 X 17 Garbage management .188 X18 Beach management .060 X 19 Mountain area management .061 X20 General outlook of the area .131 X21 Quality of life .233 X22 Noise level .122 X23 Quantity of litter .116 . The dependent variable (Y) used in this analysis is statement number 4 of section B in the survey (See Table 20). 50.7% of the sample believed more tourism should be brought into the area. 34.2% opposed to that i.dea, while 15.1 % kept themselves neutral. The 23 tourism impacts were first correlated among them and with a dependent variable Y, the support for further tourism development (Table 24). After all correlations were completed, they indicated that X 12 (the availability of real estate) was most closely correlated with the dependent variable. The result of the correlations 106 between the 23 independant variables and Y is shown in Table 24. X12 was then regressed in the first step. The second impact added into the regression analysis was XII (the change in culture and traditions); followed by X21 (the standar4 of living), Xl5 (general prices in the area); and X6 (the problem of drug addiction). After the fifth step, no additional variable was added as there ,was no additional value gained by addi~&. variables in the prediction equation. This was shown by a little increase in the Multiple R2. The outputs of multiple regression analysis after step 5 are shown in Table 25. TABLE 25 SUMMARY OF STEPWISE REGRESSION Step Multiple MUltiple R-Square F - to Variable +in/-ou R R-Sguare change entr/rem p-level X 12 Availability of real estate 1 .349 .122 .122 20.840 .00001 XII Change in culture & tradition 2 .410 .169 .047 8.337 .00447 X21 Quality of life 3 .430 .185 .017 2.999 .08539 X15 General cost of living 4 .444 .197 .012 2.156 .14418 X6 Drug abuse 5 .454 .206 .009 1.690 .19567 Analysis of variance Effect Sums of sguares elf Mean sguare F p-Ievel Regression 48.40 5 9.68 7.58 .0000024 Residual 186.54 146 1.28 Total 234.94 Regression Weight SLreg. Coeff. S L err. Reg. St. err. Variables (BETA)of BETA Coeff. of B F @ t(146) p-Ievel X 12 Availability of r-estates .283 .078 .468 .129 3.611 .0004 X II Change in culture & tradition .167 .079 .216 .104 2.085 .0388 X21 Quality of life .143 .078 .226 .124 1.828 .0696 X 15 General cost of Ii ving .118 .077 .199 .130 1.536 .1268 X6 Drug abuse -.099 .075 -.132 .101 -1.300 .1957 107 After the model estimation was completed, the prediction equation could be formulated which included the variables X12, XII, X21, X15, and X6. As the Y intercept for this analysis was 0.388 then the support predictive equation is Y=0.388 + 0.468X12 + 0.216Xll + 0.226X21 + 0.199X15 - 0.132X6 (1) With this equation, we can now predict the level of support of any resident on the future tourism development in the area, if his or her perception on the impacts is known. For instance, if a resident perceives the above five impacts to be negative and answers 2 for the variables, then the expected level of his or her support would be:- Y=0.388 + 0.468(2) + 0.216(2) + 0.226(2) + 0.199(2) - 0.132(2) = 2.346 In this case, we could assert that if a resident answered 2 for the five variables, there is a strong tendency that he/she would not agree with future tourism development planned for the town. Besides being useful in predicting influential impacts, we also can apply the same findings to assess the priority ranking of the individual variables in the overall prediction of the future support for tourism as indicated by the regression coefficients in the analysis. In this case, X 15 was found to be the most influential impact, followed closely by X 12, X21, X 15, and X6. In other words, the general cost of living of the area would be the initial determining factor as to whether the residents would accept or reject future tourism development. Discussion While downplaying the potential negative impacts of tourism, the residents of Higashi Izumo have high hopes for tourism potentials, such as the business and job 108 opportunities. They, however, are concerned with some social and environmental impacts that tourism can trigger. The factor analysis showed that social problems -- such as drug abuse, crime and violence, prostitution, alcoholism, and gambling -- remained the main barrier to a more favorable perception of tourism. However, these do not constitute much influence on the residents' support for future tourism development in the area. The multiple regression analysis suggested economic factors -- the availability of the real estate, the quality of life, and the general cost of living were the most important aspects that influenced residents' support for future tourism growth. Therefore, to gain tesident support on tourism projects, the local authority needs to ensure that a priority is given to these issues; otherwise, any change in the availability of these economic factors would significantly affect the support for tourism. While identifying the general perceptions on tourism impacts and the most inducing factors that influenced local support for tourism, this research also realized that one impact is more influential than others in how it affects support. The general cost of living of an area -- at least in the case of Higashi Izumo -- undeniably has become the most potent and crucial determinant of how people would react to tourist activities. Only later would they consider other less significant and potential impacts· 109 APPENDIX III II TOURISM IMPACTS -- DETERMINANT ATTRIBUTES IN PREDICTING LOCAL ATTITUDE TOWARDS TOURISTS Introduction Many past research suggested that local understanding and active participation are vital toward a successful and balanced development of tourism. Their attitudes will determine future direction and success of this industry. For many areas with low tourism activities, residents support and involvement depend upon how they perceive tourism will affect them. For areas with heavy tourism development on the other hand, it depends on how they have benefitted or suffered from tourism. As local residents will mostly be the one that will suffer the consequences of the development, negatively or positively, it is therefore very important to gain residents' understanding and cooperation before any tourism project is introduced. Their involvement will also help distribute the benefits of tourism which is an important pillar of sustainable tourism. Given this background, local attitude towards tourists or tourism can be segmented into three groups -- welcomers, neutrals or resenters. It is important that we recognize specific factors or impacts that can be associated with these groups before introducing tourism development into an area. By identifying the impacts, we can introduce specific development policies and strategies to approach these groups. Using the data from the 110 I survey in Higashi Izumo (See Appendix I), this section will identify impacts that discriminate or separate those who welcome tourists from those who do not. Multiple discriminant analysis or MDA can be used to understand and to anticipate the likelihood that a sample will belong to a particular class or group based on several metric independent variables (Hair et aI, 1995). MDA was deemed appropriate in this study as the dependent variable used is dichotomous where the three groups mentioned above were used as the predictor groups and were analyzed against results in the 23 impact statements in the third section of the survey. The result from question number 3 in the second section of the survey which asked whether the area should welcome more tourists was used as the predictive variable in this analysis. Only 32.2% of the sample agreed to this statement and they were referred to as the 'Welcomers'. 18.4% remained neutral about this statement and they were categorized as the 'Neutrals'. Finally, 49.4% opposed to this statement and this group was called the 'Resenters'. Multiple discriminant analysis Since this is a three-group discriminant analysis model, two canonical discriminant functions were calculated to discriminate between the three groups. As shown in Table 26, after the seventh step of the stepwise discriminant model, seven variables were remained. Because the Wilks' Lambda values for each independant variables were lower than the approximate F, it indicates that the mean vectors of the 3 predictor groups for these variables were not equal. The two functions correctly classified 54.6% of the respondents which was considered satisfactory. 111 TABLE 26 II DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS SUMMARY AFTER STEP 7 Wilks' Partial F-remove 1 Toler. n=152 Lambda Lambda P,143) Sign. Toler. ~RS9r.) IM 11 Change in culture .8423 .9584 3.11 .048 .869 .131 1M 12 Avai. of real-estate .8241 .9795 1.49 .228 .947 .053 1M2 Traffic & transport. .8349 .9668 2.46 .089 .782 .218 1M 17 Garbage manage. .8391 .9620 2.82 .063 .820 .180 IM3 Transport facility .8252 .9781 1.60 .206 .753 .246 IMl8 Beach management .8212 .9829 1.24 .292 .799 .201 IM4 POQulation dens. .8211 .9831 1.23 .295 .870 .130 Wilks' Lambda: .8072 approx. F (14,286)=2.3093 p<.OOSl Squared Mahalanobis Distances Attitude Resenters Neutral Welcomers Resenters .0000 .3727 .8181 Neutral .3727 .0000 .8674 Welcomers .8181 .8674 .0000 TABLE 27 DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION LOADINGS (Factor Structure Matrix) Correlations Variables - Canonical Roots Variable Function 1 Function 2 1M II The change in culture & tradition -.6782* -.0972 IMI2 Availability of real estates -.4409 -.4720* 1M2 Traffic and transportation -.1712 -.7465* 1M 17 Garbage management -.4720* .1695 1M3 Transportation facilities -.3107* .0363 1M 18 Beach management -.0422 .1006* 1M4 Population density -.5323* .0057 *denotes relative significance A structure (loadings) matrix was than developed after the independent variables correlates with the canonical discriminant functions (Table 27). These loadings reflect the relative contribution of each independant variable (Hair et al., 1995). 112 In this case, the impact on area's culture and tradition has the highest loading on function 1. It is followed by impact on the population density and garbage management. Impact on the traffic and transportation has the qighest loading on function 2, followed by the availability of real estates. TABLE 28 MULTIVARIATE RESULTS FOR THE THREE GROUP DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS Canonical Roots Wilks' Function Eiganvalue R Removed Lambda Chi-Sqr. elf p-level .1875 .3974 o .8072 31.272 14 .0051 2 .0432 .2036 .9585 6.181 6 .4033 Canonical Function Coefficients (weight)* Independant Variable Function 1 Function 2 1M 11 The change in culture & tradition -.5506 .0288 1M 12 Availability of real estates -.2895 -.4504 1M2 Traffic and transportation .1669 -.9580 1M 17 Garbage management .:2ill .3377 1M3 Transportation facilities -.3734 Alll 1M 18 Beach management ~ .0233 IM4 Population density -.3472 .1034 *Unrotated Group Means of Canonical Variables Group Function I Function 2 Rcscntcrs .4419 .2163 Neutrals .4056 -.3870 Welcomcrs -.4285 .0059 113 Where the differences lie can be observed by using the weights (Table 28). In this case, function 1 which can be called cultural function since it is associated with impact on local culture and traditions, provides the distinction between Resenter~ and neutrals versus Welcomers. Here, three most discriminant impacts were IM 11 (the change in culture and tradition) followed by IMI7(garbage management) and IMI8 (population density). The different stance toward tourists can be related to how their perceived tourism had changed the local culture and traditions. Looking further at the data shows that the mean for Resenters on this question is 2.46 which shows that they perceived the impacts to be negative. The mean for welcomers was 3.03 (Table 29). 114 TABLE 29 IMPACT MEANS FOR THREE PREDICTOR GROUPS Impacts Resenters Neutrals Welcomers IMI Land and house prices 2.65 2.14 2.32 1M2 Traffic and transportation 2.77 3.25 3.09 1M3 Transportation facilities 3.69 3.67 3.90 Population density 3.17 3.18 51 IIM4 3. 1 IM5 Rec. facilities & maintenance 3.60 3.71 3.80 IM6 Drug abuse 2.20 2.25 2.37 IM7 Crime and violence 2.06 2.14 2.32 IM8 Prostitution 1.96 2.04 2.26 IM9 Alcoholism 2.17 2.29 2.46 1M 10 Gambling 2.13 2.21 2.43 1M 11 Change in culture and tradition 2.46 2.54 3.03 IM12 Availability of real estate 2.56 2.79 IM13 Job opportunity 3.56 3.71 3.70 IM14 Residents income & std of living 3.44 3.40 3.51 IM15 General cost of living 2.69 2.71 2.93 IM16 Regional agriculture industry 2.48 2.64 2.75 IM17 Garbage management 1.90 1.82 2.22 IMI8 Beach management 3.06 3.00 3.08 IM 19 Mountain area management 3.10 3.11 3.20 IM20 General outlook of the area 3.19 3.18 3.38 IM21 Quality of life 2.85 3.00 3.17 IM22 Noise level 2.02 2.00 2.24 IM23 Quantity of litter 1.77 1.64 2.05 115 1i It suggests that those perceived tourism will bring negative impact especially to the local culture and tradition will not have a positive attitude toward tourists. A closer look at the group background revealed that the majority.of the sample belonged to the Resenters were high-school educated persons (25% of the sample). Many of those regarded as Resenters and Welcomers indicated that they did not often see tourists. Almost half of the government officials resented additional tourists. This was quite surprising as government officials as well as business groups were often found to be strong supporters of tourism. Function 2 which can be called transportation function, on the other hand, provides the distinction between welcomers and resenters versus neutrals. Here, neutrals were more positive than welcomers about the impact of tourism on transportation. Again, the mean for Resenters was only 2.77. Discussion Communities in areas with low tourism activities were often found to carry positive attitudes toward tourism and have high hope of tourism potentials. This was also discovered in the survey in Higashi Izumo. It may also be true for many rural communities throughout Japan which have low economic activities and decreasing popUlation. They hope tourism would provide an alternative to revive their town. In Higashi Izumo for example, the people hoped tourism will bring softer image to their town after years of heavy industrialization that destroyed many of the town's natural sites. While welcoming many potential benefits of tourism, they expressed concerns over potential social problems such as crimes and drug abuse, that may come with tourism. Perceived tourism impacts have divided and shaped local attitudes toward tourism and tourists. The MDA discovered that among the potential impacts, Resenters strongest concern was the impact on local culture and traditions. May be they feared tourism will 116 lead to the destruction of local cultural products. Or it will lead to the over commercialization of local products and activities which will cause them to lose their authenticity. Welcomers on the other hand, believed the area will benefit--culturally and traditionally. As occurred in Bali, Indonesia for example, tourism provides the venue for cultural activities to take place. It also provides additional jobs and income to the local people. Positive attitudes of locals toward tourists is a basic requirement for tourism development to be successful. However, acceptance by the locals depends on clear understanding of the potential impacts of tourism. In Izumo, perceived negative impacts, especially on the cultural aspects, as suggested in this research, will only lead to negative attitudes toward tourists. It is then suggested that necessary measures in the form of protective and limitative policies be utilized to ensure tourism will not affect the local culture and traditions· 117 APPENDIX IV SURVEY OF TOURISM IMPACTS AND LO<;AL PARTICIPATION IN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT -A Preliminary Survey This is a preliminary survey apart from a research which intends to analyze local residents' perceptions of tourism, tourism impacts on local community and the local involvement in the planning and development of tourism from Beserah to Cherating. This is merely an academic survey. Your cooperation and response to the questions are appreciated and welcomed. By: Badaruddin Mohamed Inagaki Research. College of Social Relations, Rikkyo University. Nishi Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 17l. Japan. Tel: 813-03-3439-1907 Fax: 813-3985-2833 Area: Beserah, Sungai Karang, Balok, Sungai Ular, Cherating Respondent background Profession: ------ A. Tourism development impacts 1. What are the possible positive impacts of tourism development to this area? (Economic, social and environmental aspects) Please indicate (if any): 1. ______4. ______ 118 2. ______5. ______3., ______6. ______ 2. What are the possible negative impacts of tourism development to' this area? (Economic, social and environmental aspects) Please indicate (if any): 1. ______4. ______2. ______5. ______3. ______6. ______ *Please use extra sheets if necessary. B. Tourism potentials 1. What are the forms of tourism and the rate of tourism development considered suitable for this area? 2. What are the tourism attraction and products considered suitable to developed for this area? 3. What are the steps necessary to increase: . a. Positive impacts of tourism to the local residents? b. Local participation in the planning and development of tourism? 4. In your opinion, should the present level of tourism in this area be maintained? Reduced? Or increased? Why? 119 5. In your opinion, should the number of tourists to this area be controlled? Maintaine4? Or increased? Why? Comment (if any) Note: This questionnaire was originally in Malay. 120 APPENDIX V PERCEPTIONS OF LOCAL RESIDENTS OF THE SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM Zone: 1) Beserah 2) Sungai Karang 3) Balok 4) Sungai Ular 5) Cherating The purpose of this survey is to analyze the perceptions of local residents of the impacts of tourism development on social, economic and environmental aspects of villages mentioned above. This is merely an academic study. Your cooperation in answering the questions is highly appreciated. Thank you. Research by: College of Social Relations, Rikkyo University. Tokyo. Japan. With cooperation: Tourism Unit, Pahang State Development Corporation (PKNP); Kuantan Municipal Council (MPK) Please kindly return this questionnaire to: Badaruddin Mohamed, 135, Taman Sepakat. Km 8. Jalan Gambang 25150. Kuantan. Pahang. Tel: 09-5364620 A. Respondent Background 1) Age: 1) 18-30 2) Gender: 1. Male 121 2) 31-45 2. Female 3) 46-60 4) 61 and above 3) Race: 1. Malay 4) Religion: 1. Muslim 2. Chinese 2. Buddhist 3. Indian 3. Hindu 4. Others 4. Christian 5. Others 5) Education Background 1. No formal education 4. Until diploma 2. Until primary school 5. Until first degree 3. Until secondary school 6. Master and above 7. Others 6) Occupation 1. Government official 2. Self-employed 3. Company employee 4. Fisherman 5. Student 6. Housewife 7. Others 7) How often do you interact with tourists? [Both froI!l Malaysia and abroad] 1. Very often 2. Often 3. Sometimes 4. Seldom 5. Never B. Statements about Tourism 8) Do you agree with the foilawing statements pertaining tourism? Please state your agreement/disagreement by circling the appropriate number based on the following scale:- 122 (1) Very disagree (2) Disagree (3) Neutral (4) Agree (5) Very agree This community would benefit from more .tourism development 1----2----3----4----5 Recent tourism development has generated much employment 1----2----3----4----5 Tourism produces business opportunities in this area 1----2----3----4----5 Tourism leads toward future economic development 1----2----3----4----5 This village has the potential to develop as a tourist destination 1----2----3----4----5 This area should attract more tourists to this area 1----2----3----4----5 More tourism development should be brought into this area 1----2----3----4----5 Resort development has limited public access to public beach 1----2----3----4----5 Economic benefits accrue only to a minority population. 1----2----3----4----5 Tourism development leads to social segregation in this area 1----2----3----4----5 Tourism increase may lead to tourist-resident social conflicts 1----2----3----4----5 Tourism increases sins in this area 1----2----3----4----5 I am happy with the present tourism planning 1----2----3----4----5 Local government should control tourism in this area 1----2----3----4----5 Nonresidents should be allowed to develop tourism attractions 1----2----3----4----5 Construction of tourism facilities should firstly ask locals 1----2----3----4----5 Greater economic incentives should be offered by government 1----2----3----4----5 9) Tourism Impacts What are the degree of impacts tourism development brings to this area? Please state your opinion based on the following scale: (1) Strong negative impacts (2) Negative impacts (3) No impact 123 (4) Positive impacts (5) Strong positive impact A. Social Impacts Land and house prices 1------2------3------4------5 Traffic condition and problem 1------2------3------4------5 Road condition and its maintenance quality 1------2------3------4------5 Population density 1------2------3------4------5 Recreation facilities 1------2------3 ------4------5 Accessibility to the recreational areas 1------2------3------4------5 Drug problem 1------2------3------4------5 Prostitution problem 1------2------3------4------5 Vandalism 1------2------3 ------4------5 Alcoholism 1------2------3------4------5 Gambling 1------2------3------4------5 B. Economic Availability of real estates 1------2------3------4------5 Job offers 1----~-2------3 ------4------5 Residents' income 1------2------3 ------4------5 Lifestyles, values and norms 1------2------3------4------5 General prices for goods and service 1------2------3------4------5 Local fishing industry 1------2------3------4------5 C. Environment Garbage management quality 1------2------3------4------5 Beach management 1------2------3 ------4------5 The village general outlook 1------2------3------4------5 Quality of life 1------2------3 ------4------5 Noise level 1------2------3------4------5 Quantity of litter 1------2------3------4------5 124 (10) If you are given the chance, would you like to enter the tourism business? 1. Yes 2. No 3. Do not know (11) This question is only for Muslims. Others please skip this question. If you can evaluate your level of religiosity on the following scale, what level it would be? Weak Medium Strong 1___ 2 ___ 3 ___ 4 5___ 6 ___ 7 (12) Comments (If any) 125 APPENDIX VI SURVEY OF, THE PERCEPTIONS OF THE SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM The purpose of this survey is to analyze the perceptions of local residents of the impacts of tourism development on social, economic and environmental aspects of villages mentioned above. This is merely an academic study. Your cooperation in answering the questions is highly appreciated. Thank you. Research by: College of Social Relations, Rikkyo University. Tokyo. Japan. Tsutomu Inagaki, Badaruddin Mohamed Tel: 03-3439-1907 Fax: 03-3439-1907 A. RESPONDENT BACKGROUND 1) Age: 2) Gender: 1. Male 2. Female 3) Education Background 1. Primary 2. High school 3. University 4. Others 4) Occupation 1. Government official 2. Student 3. Housewife 4. Company employee 126 5. Self-employed 6. Others 5) How long have you stayed in Higashi Izumo? ____years. 6) How often do you interact with tourists? 1. Very often 2. Often 3. Sometimes 4. Seldom 5. Never B. STATEMENTS ABOUT TOURISM 8) Do you agree with the following statements pertaining tourism? Please state your agreement/disagreement by circling the appropriate number based on the following scale:- (1) Very agree (2) agree (3) Neutral (4) disagree (5) Very disagree 1. This community would benefit from tourism development 1----2----3---4---5 2. tourism development has become an important economic resources 1----2----3--4---5 3. This area should attract more tourists 1----2----3--4---5 4. More tourism development should be brought into this area 1----2----3----4----5 5. Governments should control tourism development 1----2----3----4---5 6. Foreigners should be allowed to develop tourism in this area 1----2----3----4---5 7. I am happy with the present tourism development 1----2----3----4----5 8. Government should extend more economic incentives 1----2----3----4----5 9. Constmction of tourism facilities should priorly ask locals 1----2----3----4----5 10. Resort development has limited public access to recreation areas 1----2----3----4---5 11. Recent tourism development has generated much employm-ent [----2----3----4----5 12. Economic benefits of tourism accrue only to the minority 1----2----3----4----5 13. tourism development IC<1ds to local segregation 1----2----3----4----5 14. Tourism may lead to a social conflict between locals and tourists 1----2----3----4---5 15. Tourism brings many business opportunities to this region [----2----3----4----5 16. Tourism can lead toward future economic development 1----2----3----4---5 127 C) TOURISM IMPACTS What are the degree of impacts tourism development brings to this area? Please state your opinion based on the following scale: (1) Strong negative impacts (2) Negative impacts (3) No impact (4) Positive impacts (5) Strong positive impact A. Social Impacts 1. Land and house prices 1---2----3----4----5 2. Traffic condition and problem 1---2-----3----4-----5 3. Road condition and its maintenance quality 1-----2-----3----4---5 4. Population density 1-----2------3-----4----5 5. Recreation facilities 1----2----3----4-----5 6. Drug problem 1------2------3------4----5 7. Violence 1---2-----3------4------5 8. Prostitution problem 1----2----- 3------4----5 9. Alcoholism 1-----2-----3-----4------5 10. Gambling 1-----2 -----3-----4-----5 11. Change in traditions and culture 1---2----3------4----5 B. Economic 12. Availability of real estates 1------2------3------4------5 13. Job offers 1------2------3------4------5 14. Residents' income 1------2------3------4------5 15. General prices for goods and service 1------2------3------4------5 16. Local industries 1------2------3------4------5 C. Environment 17. Garbage management quality 1------2------3------4------5 18. Beach management 1------2------3------4------5 19. Mountain areas management 1------2------3------4------5 20. The village general outlook 1------2------3------4------5 21. Quality of life 1------2------3------4------5 22. Noise level 1------2------3------4------5 23. Quantity of litter 1------2------3------4------5 128 D. How important do you think these attributes influence your attitude towards tourism? 1) Change in culture (1) Very important (2) Neutral (3) Not important 2) Opinions of neighbors (1) Very important (2) Neutral (3) Not important 3) Change,in lifestyle (1) Very important (2) Neutral (3) Not important Thank your for your cooperation! 129