L'intrinseco Rapporto Tra Sport E Politica
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Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Relazioni Internazionali Comparate (ordinamento ex D.M. 270/2004) Tesi di Laurea Magistrale L'intrinseco rapporto tra Sport e Politica Relatore Chiar.mo Prof. Aldo Ferrari Correlatore Chiar.mo Prof. Andrea Franco Laureanda Cristina Silvestri Matricola 967872 Anno Accademico 2019 / 2020 INDICE ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................ 5 INTRODUZIONE .............................................................................................................................. 9 1. LA NASCITA DELLO SPORT NELL’ANTICA GRECIA ................................................ 12 1.1 Le Olimpiadi moderne......................................................................................................... 16 1.2 Le Olimpiadi nei primi del Novecento ................................................................................ 19 1.3 Il primo dopoguerra ed il cambiamento delle Olimpiadi .................................................... 21 1.4 Olimpiadi e Nazismo ........................................................................................................... 24 1.5 Da Helsinki ’52 alle Olimpiadi degli anni Sessanta ............................................................ 25 1.6 Le Olimpiadi di Città del Messico, 1968 ............................................................................ 26 1.7 Gli anni Sessanta ................................................................................................................. 29 1.8 La diplomazia del ping pong ............................................................................................... 30 1.9 L’era dei boicottaggi ........................................................................................................... 31 1.10 I Giochi Olimpici come strumento di trasformazione politica ............................................ 31 1.11 Gli anni Novanta ................................................................................................................. 33 1.12 Il nuovo Millennio ............................................................................................................... 34 2. LA GUERRA FREDDA IN “CAMPO” ................................................................................. 37 2.1 Il culto dell’esaltazione della forma fisica nell’ URSS ....................................................... 38 2.1.1 Le Spartachiadi ............................................................................................................ 40 2.2 Lo sport negli Stati Uniti ..................................................................................................... 43 2.3 Le competizioni sportive al tempo della Guerra Fredda, tra rivalità e fratellanza .............. 45 2.3.1 Il mistero del più grande calciatore sovietico di tutti i tempi: Eduard Strel´cov ......... 47 2.3.2 Scacco matto ................................................................................................................ 49 2.3.3 I tre secondi più lunghi di sempre ................................................................................ 51 2.4 In fuga dall’Unione Sovietica .............................................................................................. 54 3. IL PROTEZIONISMO SPORTIVO CUBANO .................................................................... 57 3.1 Cenni di storia ..................................................................................................................... 57 3.2 Lo sport nella società cubana .............................................................................................. 61 3.2.1 Prima fase: pre-rivoluzione con Fulgencio Batista ...................................................... 61 3.2.2 Seconda fase: la ricostruzione di Fidel Castro ............................................................. 63 3.2.2.1 L’abolizione del professionismo .................................................................................... 65 3.2.2.2 La crisi degli anni Ottanta e “l’avvicinamento” al mondo capitalista ........................... 67 3.2.3 Terza fase: la “liberalizzazione” di Raul Castro .......................................................... 69 4. L’ “EMBARGO” SPORTIVO SUDAFRICANO .................................................................. 72 4.1 Cenni Storici ........................................................................................................................ 72 4.2 Sport in Sudafrica ................................................................................................................ 76 4.2.1 Apartheid e Sport ......................................................................................................... 78 4.2.2 L’allontanamento dalla scena sportiva internazionale ................................................. 81 4.3 Nelson Mandela ................................................................................................................... 84 4.3.1 Il successo di Mandela ................................................................................................. 87 CONCLUSIONI ............................................................................................................................... 90 BIBLIOGRAFIA .............................................................................................................................. 94 SITOGRAFIA ................................................................................................................................ 101 ABSTRACT For most people, in particular Italians, the word most closely associated with sport is football which is the most widespread in our country and permeates our culture. Despite this, there are many more connections that could be made. Sport signifies being part of a group and working together and this transmits certain values particularly as regards a healthy lifestyle and socialising. However, not many people make a close association of sport with politics and that association is the argument of this paper. The final thesis discusses the relation between sports and politics, two fields of human society that should act separately without interfering one in the other. The goal of the composition is to demonstrate the natural interwoven nature of sports and politics over time, analyzing different national contexts through in-depth research and detailed studies of the most significant events that have occurred throughout history, especially during the Twentieth century. It could be said that sport has been, and is currently, an instrument in the service of the political sphere which is exploited by governments to spread their political views and to show their superiority over other countries. The reason why this argument has been chosen is my greatest passion: volleyball. I truly believe that sport is an essential element in an individual's life which provides the opportunity to understand what respect for others is, it teaches the sense of sacrifice and helps us to become aware of and understand the strength and tenacity that dwells in each of us. This thesis consists of four principal chapters. The first chapter provides a temporal excursus of the main international sports event, which are the Olympic Games. The analysis begins from the first editions of the competitions in Ancient Greece up to the modern Games strongly supported by the Frenchman Baron Pierre de Coubertin. The chapter highlights how since the conception of the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece, sporting competitions have had a fundamental importance also on a political level, arriving then at the modern Olympics and the description of the main events that arose during the competitions, due to the influence of the political sphere. It has been possible to perceive from the first events how sports as a simple entertainment and amusement for people has been overtaken by the power of governments. The Olympic Games are the expression of the political status quo. 5 The fact that sport cannot transcend the political element has been demonstrated repeatedly during the staging of various Olympics through the boycott of the teams. The reason behind the boycotts were always a triggering policy towards the host country of the Games, or towards states admitted to the event, despite the violent expansionist decisions implemented in third world countries or dictatorial and / or racial policies implemented within a country itself. The second chapter focuses on the confrontation between the two main world powers during the Cold War period: the Soviet Union and the United States. After an initial introduction aimed at explaining the role which sport played in the culture of the two individual countries, the central body of the chapter focuses on demonstrating how armed conflict influenced all sports competitions of that period, examining the most relevant facts between the clash of the two superpowers, but also in countries within the Soviet bloc. These events and the machinations behind them highlighted how both the political and social systems that excelled in the period of the Cold War, capitalism and communism, used sports to fuel their nationalism and to try to influence not only countries with which they were directly allied but also non-allied countries. In particular, the United States and the Soviet Union greatly exploited the Olympics and other major international sports competitions in the period from the