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Home , Artomyces pyxidatus, Clavaria, Clavariaceae, Clavariadelphaceae, Clavaria fragilis, Clavaria zollingeri

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(12): 2129-2147

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 12 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.712.242

Diversity and Distribution of in India, Three Fungi from Central India

R.K. Verma* and Vimal Pandro

Forest Pathology Discipline, Forest Protection Division, Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur - 482 021, Madhya Pradesh, India

*Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

K e yw or ds Total 108 Indian clavarioid fungi belonging to 17 genera were compiled from Club fungi, literature. These fungi are distributed in 13 states of India. fungi, represent the largest number of (39) followed by (13), Ectomycorrhizal , (12), (11) and (10). Genera like Aphelaria, Eduble fungi, forming , , Gloeocantharellus, and Scytinopogon are least fungi diverse and represented by only one species. Clavarioid fungi were recorded from 131 places of 13 states in India and the maximum diversity of these fungi was Article Info shown by the state Uttarakhand (57) followed by Himachal Pradesh (25) and West

Bengal (10). Three clavarioid fungi namely, Phaeoclavulina flaccida, Accepted: 15 November 2018 kunzei and R. subtilis were described from Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. Available Online: Earlier these fungi were reported from Uttarakhand and Chhattisgarh. 10 December 2018

Introduction "clavarioid fungi" and this term is frequently used in research papers. The clavarioid fungi are a group of fungi in the typically having erect, The clavarioid fungi are classified in 9 simple or branched (fruit bodies) families namely, Aphelariaceae, , that are formed on the ground, on decaying , Clavariadelphaceae, vegetation, or on dead wood. They are , , , colloquially called club fungi and coral fungi. , and . At present 35 Originally such fungi were referred to the genera of clavarioid fungi are known out of genus Clavaria, although clavarioid species them 16 genera (Aphelaria, Artomyces, are not all closely related and are often studied Clavaria, , Clavulina, as a group. Therefore, it is convenient to retain Clavulinopsis, Deflexula, Gloeocantharellus, the informal (non-taxonomic) name of , , Multiclavula,

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Phaeoclavulina, Ramaria, Ramariopsis, places in 13 states and the maximum diversity Scytinopogon and Typhula) are known from was shown by Uttarakhand (57) followed by India. Most of the clavarioid fungi are Himachal Pradesh (25) and West Bengal (11). saprotrophic in nature with terrestrial habit. Phaeoclavulina flaccida, These fungi grow on variety of substrates in and R. subtilis were described from Madhya nature for example deadwood, leaf litter or on Pradesh and Maharashtra. mossy grassland, soil, etc. Some species, particularly in the genera Clavulina and Materials and Methods Ramaria, are also reported as ectomycorrhizal. Some of clavarioid fungi are lichenized with Specimens of Clavarioid fungi were collected (e.g. Ertzia, Lepidostroma, Multiclavula, from Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra during Sulzbacheromyces). rainy seasons. A part of collected samples were preserved in 70% alcohol just after Most clavarioid fungi have simple or branched collection for microscopic study. fruit bodies that are erect (or pendant from wood in the genus Deflexula). The are The fruit bodies of fungi were dried under the born on the sides of the clubs or branches and sun or in the wooden or cardboard box lighted the -bearing surface is typically smooth with 100W electric bulb. Microscopic slides or ridged, occasionally has wart or weak spiny were prepared by using stain, mountant, surface. Ramaria is the largest genus, which clearing and softening chemicals. Slides were has species with branched fruit bodies and observed under advanced research microscope ochre to brownish spores. Clavaria delphus, (Leica, Germany) using 5x, 10x, 20x, 40x producing large, club-shaped fruit bodies objectives and 10x and 15x eyepieces. (Humpert et al., 2001). Clavaria in its modern Observations under phase contrast and dark sense is restricted to white-spored species, field were also made whenever required. many simple, some branched. It is not clearly distinguished from two related genera, Photomicrography was done with the help of a Clavulinopsis and Ramariopsis (Dentinger and digital camera (make, Leica) attached to the McLaughlin, 2006). advanced microscope. Identification of fungi have been done with the help of published The genus Typhula contains a number of literature, monographs, books, keys, etc. small, sometimes minute species with simple (Banerjee, 1947; Banerjee and Ganguly, 1945; fruit bodies. The major genera of clavarioid Berkeley, 1852a b; 1856; Corner, 1966; fungi are Clavaria, Clavulinopsis, Ramaria, Corner et al., 1956; 1957; 1958; Corner and Ramariopsis and Typhula. Some genera have Thind, 1961; Das et al., 2016; De, 1991; fewer species for example Aphelaria, Dehariya et al., 2010; Hennings, 1901; Joseph Artomyces, Clavicorona, Clavulina, and Manimohan, 1998; Khurana, 1980; Lachnocladium, Lentaria, Multiclavula, Khurana and Thind, 1979; Methven, 1989; Scytinopogon, etc. Clavarioid fungi have a Parndekar, 1964; Rattan and Khurana, 1978; worldwide distribution, although some genera Sharda, 1984; Sharma and Munjal, 1977; such as Aphelaria and Lachnocladium are Thind and Anand, 1956a b c; Thind and principally tropical. Raswan, 1958; Thind and Rattan, 1967; Thind and Sharda, 1982; 1984; 1986, 1987; Thind The present article reports 108 clavarioid and Sukh Dev, 1956; 1957; 1957a b; Tiwari et fungi belonging to 17 genera and distributed al., 2013) and matter available on web site. in India. These fungi were recorded from 131

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Results and Discussion Collection examined

Taxonomic description On living stem (butt region) of 12 years old Tectona grandis, TFRI, Jabalpur, 16/8/2007, Phaeoclavulina flaccida (Fr.) Giachini Tropical Forest Research Institute, TF 822 (Figures 1-4) Ramariopsis kunzei (Fr.) Corner (Figures 5- = (Fr.) Bourdot 8) ≡Clavaria flaccida Fr. =Clavariella flaccida (Fr.) P. Karst. ≡Clavaria kunzei Fr. =Clavulina kunzei (Fr.) J. Schröt. Gregarious, rarely solitary, medium sized, =Ramaria kunzei (Fr.) Quél. rarely large sized, radial, slender, flaccid, =Clavulinopsis kunzei (Fr.) Jülich trunk absent, sometimes present, profusely branched, fleshy, smooth, glabrous, yellowish This coral like mushroom has a stout, whitish brown, dirty-brown; or dirty yellowish brown, base and densely packed, short branches with trunk when present, slender up to 1.7cm and pink tips, elongated branches and hard fruiting up to 3mm.broad, branching dichotomous, body 2–6.5cm, long and 3-4.5cm wide, stocky branches slender, unequal, in alternating repeatedly short branched, densely packed, planes, sometimes very small or ligulate. basal branches thick, smooth and whitish; Often fused with one another, ligulate or terminal branches crowded, short, pinkish, tips adventitious branches present all over the cauliflower like, when young, mycelium are fructification and become bushy, primary septate, 3.7-6.2μm wide. Spores are branches slender, only up to 2.5mm broad. transparent, irregular shape, measuring 5-12 x Ultimate branchlet thin, small, unequal pairs 4.5-7.5μm. sometimes minute and ligulate, very minute or 3-20mm long, apices concolors acute, fertile, Collection examined flesh lighter colored taste and smell imperticular. Numerous rhizomorphic On the ground under Acacia melonoxylon, mycellial thread given out from the base of Near Devi Point (21023’43’’N 77019’47’’E, fructification. Hyphae monomitic, 2-8 µm Elevation 1075.36 M.) Chikhaldara, broad, hyaline, branched, thin walled, septate, Maharashtra, 11/10/2018, specimen deposited septa at long intervals, non inflated, or in Herbarium, Tropical Forest sometimes slightly inflated, considerably Research Institute, TF- 4062 swollen into sac like structures at places near the ends or at the septa, clamped, clamp Ramariopsis subtilis (Pers.) R.H. Petersen prominent. spread all over except (Figures 9-12) the lighter colored base, compound with numerous embedded spores usually in clusters ≡Clavaria subtilis Pers. of four, 70-105 µm thick. Basidia 4-7µm broad, clavate, sterigmata four, slightly Fruit bodies up to 4cm high and up to 2cm incurved, 3-6 µm long. 4-7 x 3- broad, branched, branching dichotomously 4µm, small ochraceous to brown, ellipsoid, throughout. up to 2cm long and up to papillate, profusely echinulate, wall dark, 2mm thick, equal or tapering slightly aguttate. downwards, white - cream, not brittle, subiculum white, spreading up to 1.5mm from

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stipe base, effuse. Branches up to 1.5 mm Tropical Forest Research Institute TF- 3448 thick, ascending, bone white, terete, axile and under Pongamia pinnata, 28/09/2017. narrowly angled below, acutely angled to rounded in ultimate rank, offen decurrent by a Phaeoclavulina flaccida, Ramariopsis kunzei depressed line, apices swollen, irregularly and R. subtilis were described from Madhya lobed or cusped to subturbinate up to 2mm Pradesh and Maharashtra. From India 108 broad. Tramal hyphae 1.5-5.5 μm diam, clavarioid fungi spread over 17 genera were parallel, clamped, tightly packed, hyaline, thin recorded. These fungi were distributed in 13 walled. Basidia clavate, clamped, often states. Clavarioid fungi from were recorded sinuate, contents divergent, subcoronate, thick from 130 places of 13 states and the walled, minutely granular or with several maximum diversity of occurrence these fungi refringent guttules, sterigmata four, deep was shown by the Uttarakhand state (57) orange ochre under phase contrast, 60 – 90 x followed by Himachal Pradesh (25) and West 7-9 μm. globose to very Bengal (10). On the contrary from states like broadly ellipsoid, hyaline, thin to somewhat Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Uttar thick walled (wall up to 0.3 μm), contents Pradesh only one species were reported. The with a single large refringent guttule, spicules largest genus recorded was Ramaria prominent, 2 μm or more longer, 5.5-7.5 x comprising 39 species followed by Clavaria 5.5-7.0 μm. 13 species, Clavulinopsis 12 species, Clavulina 11 species and Typhula 10 species, Collection examined where as genera like Aphelaria, Artomyces, Deflexula, Gloeocantharellus, Multiclavula On humus soil near tree stems and hedge, and Scytinopogon are least diverse and TFRI campus, Jabalpur, MP, 24/7/2013, represented by only one species (Table 1, 2).

Table.1 Clavarioid fungi reported from India

S.No. Name of Host/ substrate Locality Reference 1. Aphelaria tuberosa (Grev.) on soil amid Mussoorie, Thind and Sukh Dev Corner ≡Merisma tuberosum Uttarakhand (1956) Grev. 2. (Pers.) on wood Mussoorie, Butler and Bisby Jülich ≡Clavaria pyxidata Uttarakhand (1931) Pers. =Clavicorona pyxidata (Pers.) Doty 3. Clavaria acuta Sowerby on soil Mussoorie, Thind and Sukh Dev Uttarakhand (1956) 4. Clavaria amoenoides Corner, on soil in pine oak Mussoorie, Corner et al., (1956) K.S. Thind & Anand forest Uttarakhand 5. Clavaria angulispora Pat. on soil Chambaghat, Sharma and Munjal =Scytinopogon angulisporus Solan, Himachal (1977) =Clavaria atroumbrina Pradesh Corner 6. Clavaria cretacea Coker on soil Chambaghat, Sharma and Munjal Solan, Himachal (1977) Pradesh

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7. Clavaria crosslandii Cotton on soil Chambaghat, Sharma and Munjal Solan, Himachal (1977) Pradesh 8. Holmsk. on soil under oak Mussoorie, Thind and Anand =Clavaria vermicularis var. forest Uttarakhand (1956c) gracilis Bourdot & Galzin 9. Clavaria gollanii Henn. on ground Saharanpur, Butler and Bisby Uttar Pradesh (1931) 10. Clavaria incarnata Weinm. on ground in Darjeeling, Thind and Rattan mosses under West Bengal (1967) mixed forest 11. Clavaria indica Corner, K.S. on humus in oak Mussoorie, Corner et al., (1958) Thind & Dev forest Uttarakhand 12. Clavaria jacquemontii Lév. on ground Jammu and Leveille (1844) Kashmir 13. Clavaria sp. on dead logs of Kolhapur, Parndekar (1964) Tectona grandis, Maharashtra Terminalia tomentosa 14. Clavaria vermicularis Scop. on soil under oak Mussoorie, Thind and Anand forest Uttarakhand (1956c) 15. Clavaria versatilis (Quél.) on forest soil Nilambur, Mohanan (2011) Sacc. & Trotter =Ramaria Kerala versatilis Quél. 16. Lév. on soil under oak Mussoorie, Thind and Anand forest Uttarakhand (1956c) 17. Clavariadelphus on soil under Meghalaya Methven (1989) himalayensis Methven Pinus insularis 18. Clavariadelphus junceus on soil Mussoorie, Thind and Anand (Alb. & Schwein.) Corner Uttarakhand (1956b) ≡Clavaria mira Pat. 19. Clavariadelphus truncatus on soil Mussoorie, Thind and Sukh Dev (Quél.) Donk ≡Clavaria Uttarakhand (1956) truncata Quél. =Clavariadelphus borealis V.L. Wells & Kempton 20. Clavulina amethystinoides on soil amid Mussooorie, Thind and Anand (Peck) Corner ≡Clavaria mosses Uttarakhand (1956c) amethystinoides Peck 21. Clavulina bessonii (Pat.) on soil Mussoorie, Thind and Anand Corner =Clavulina bessonii Uttarakhand (1956b) var. incarnata K.S. Thind & Anand 22. Clavulina cartilaginea (Berk. on soil amid Mussoorie, Thind and Sukh Dev & M.A. Curtis) Corner mosses under Uttarakhand (1956)

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≡Lachnocladium Cedrus forest, cartilagineum Berk. & M.A. Curtis 23. (Bull.) J. In Cynodon Patharia forest, Dehariya et al., Schröt. = dactylon and on Sagar, Madhya (2010); Thind and (Fr.) Schroet. ≡Ramaria soil amid mosses Pradesh and Anand (1956c) cristata Holmsk. =Clavaria under oak forest Mussoorie, cristata (Holmsk.) Pers. Uttarakhand 24. Clavulina coralloides (L.) J. on soil, dead Mussoorie, Thind and Anand Schröt. =Clavulina cristata leaves, twigs and Uttarakhand (1956c) var. brunneola K.S. Thind & bark Anand 25. Clavulina hispidulosa on humus soil Mussoorie, Corner et al., (1956) Corner, K.S. Thind & Anand under oak forest Uttarakhand 26. Clavulina limosa K.S. Thind on sandy soil West Bengal Thind and Sharda & Sharda under Shorea (1984) robusta 27. Clavulina mussooriensis on soil under Mussoorie, Corner et al., (1958) Corner, K.S. Thind & Dev Cedrua forest Uttarakhand 28. Clavulina ornatipes (Peck) on soil under oak Shimla, Berkeley (1856); Corner =Lachnocladium forest and Himachal Thind and Rattan ornatipes (Peck) Burt decaying leaves Pradesh and (1967) ≡Clavaria ornatipes on a side of pond Kolkata, West Bengal 29. (Bull.) J. on soil Chambaghat, Sharma and Munjal Schröt. =Clavulina rugosa Solan, Himachal (1977) var. alcyonaria Corner Pradesh 30. Clavulina subrugosa on soil amid Mussoorie, Thind and Raswan (Cleland) Corner ≡Clavaria mosses Uttarakhand (1958) subrugosa Cleland 31. Clavulinopsis alcicornis on soil Mussoorie, Thind and Anand (Zoll. & Moritzi) Corner Uttarakhand (1956b) ≡Clavaria alcicornis Zoll. & Moritzi 32. Clavulinopsis amoena (Zoll. on soil Dalhausi, Thind and Rattan & Moritzi) Corner ≡Clavaria Himachal (1967) amoena Zoll. & Moritzi Pradesh 33. Clavulinopsis on soil Mussoorie, Thind and Anand aurantiocinnabarina Uttarakhand (1956b) (Schwein.) Corner ≡Clavaria aurantiocinnabarina Schwein. 34. Clavulinopsis corniculata on soil Mussoorie, Thind and Anand (Schaeff.) Corner ≡Clavaria Uttarakhand and (1956b); Butler and muscoides L. =Ramaria Sonamarg, Bisby (1931)

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corniculata (Schaeff.) Gray Jammu and Kashmir 35. Clavulinopsis dichotoma on soil Mussoorie, Thind and Sukh Dev Corner ≡Clavaria dichotoma Uttarakhand (1957b) Godey 36. on soil Mussoorie, Butler and Bisby (Sowerby) Corner ≡Clavaria Uttarakhand (1931); fusiformis Sowerby Himachal Thind and Sharda =Clavulinopsis fusiformis Pradesh (1982) var. bispora K.S. Thind & Sharda 37. (Pers.) on soil under oak Brewery road, Thind and Raswan Corner forest Mussoorie (1958) 38. on rotten timber in Kala Pani, Berkeley (1852a) (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) R.H. wet woods, on soil Khasi hills, Sharma and Munjal Petersen ≡Clavaria laeticolor on decaying Meghalaya (1977) Berk. & M.A. Curtis = leaves and in Chambaghat, Thind and Sharda Clavulinopsis laeticolor f. broad-leaved Solan, Himachal (1986) (1987); bispora K.S. Thind & Sharda forest Pradesh Banerjee (1947) =Clavulinopsis pulchra f. on humicolous Kolkata, West Thind and Rattan subtrigona K.S. Thind & S.S. soil under forest Bengal (1967) Rattan =Clavulinopsis on humicolous Darjeeling, Thind and Dev pulchra var. coccinea K.S. soil West Bengal (1957) Thind & Dev and Chakarata, Mussoorie, Uttarakhand 39. Clavulinopsis semivestita on soil Chambaghat, Sharma and Munjal (Berk. & Broome) Corner Solan, Himachal (1977) Pradesh 40. Clavulinopsis subtilis (Pers.) on soil under oak Mussoorie, Thind and Raswan Corner forest Uttarakhand (1958) 41. Clavulinopsis sulcata on soil Darjeeling, Thind and Rattan Overeem =Clavulinopsis West Bengal (1967) miniata Corner 42. Deflexula subsimplex (Henn.) on stump of Darjeeling, Thind and Rattan Corner ≡ subsimplex Cryptomeria West Bengal (1967) Henn. japonica 43. Gloeocantharellus lateritius on soil Malappuram, Joseph and (Petch) Corner ≡Paxillus Kerala Manimohan, (1998) lateritius Petch 44. Lachnocladium brasiliense on earth and Kolkata, West Berkeley (1856) (Lév.) Pat. ≡Eriocladus decaying leaves Bengal brasiliensis Lév., 45. Lachnocladium hookeri - Khasi Hills, Berkeley (1852b) Berk. Meghalaya 2135

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46. Lachnocladium mussooriense - Arnigadh, Hennings (1901) Henn. Mussoorie, Uttarakhand 47. Lentaria byssiseda Corner on dead twigs of Mussoorie, Thind and Sukh Dev Picea morinda in Uttarakhand (1956) forest 48. Lentaria epichnoa (Fr.) on wood Andhra Pradesh Sharda (1984) Corner =Lentaria epichnoa var. indica Sharda 49. Multiclavula mucida (Pers.) on decaying logs Kadukhal, Thind and Sukh Dev R.H. Petersen ≡Clavaria of Picea morinda, Mussoorie, (1957a) mucida Pers. =Lentaria under Picea forest Uttarakhand mucida (Pers.) Corner 50. Phaeoclavulina flaccida (Fr.) on humus under Mussoorie, Thind and Anand Giachini =Ramaria flaccida oak and pine Uttarakhand and (1956a) (Fr.) Bourdot ≡Clavaria forests and on Jabalpur, This article flaccida Fr., =Clavariella living stem of 12 Madhya Pradesh flaccida (Fr.) P. Karst. years old teak 51. Phaeoclavulina zippelii on ground Lingamala fall, Senthilarasu (2013a) (Lév.) Overeem ≡Clavaria Maharashtra zippelii Lév. 52. Pterula indica Senthil. on soil in Acacia Pune, Senthilarasu (2013b) and Dalbergia, Maharashtra forest 53. Pterula verticillata Corner on soil in Acacia Pune, Senthilarasu (2013b) and forest Maharashtra 54. Ramaria apiculata (Fr.) on soil Radhanagri, MS Thite et al., (1976); Donk and Ariappa, Patil and Thite Kerala (1977); Mohanan (2011) 55. (Schaeff.) Rhododendron Shimla, Sharma and Jandaik Quél. forest Himachal (1978); Das (2009) Pradesh and Sikkim 56. Ramaria brevispora Corner, on soil in oak Mussoorie, Corner et al., (1958); K.S. Thind & Dev forest Uttarakhand and Das (2009) Sikkim 57. Ramaria camelicolor Corner, on soil in oak Mussoorie, Corner et al., (1956) K.S. Thind & Anand forest, on soil in Uttarakhand and Sharda and Thind forest Shergaon, (1986) Arunachal Pradesh 58. Ramaria clarobrunnea on soil in oak Mussoorie, Corner et al., (1956) Corner, K.S. Thind & Anand forest Uttarakhand 59. Ramaria concolor (Corner) on wood, on Mussoorie, Thind and Sukh Dev

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R.H. Petersen =Ramaria stumps and logs, Uttarakhand and (1957a b); Sharma stricta (Pers.) Quél. var. on dead leaves in Shimla, and Jandaik (1978) concolor Corner oak forest Himachal Pradesh 60. Ramaria echinovirens on soil in oak Mussoorie, Corner et al., (1957) Corner, K.S. Thind & Dev forest Uttarakhand 61. Ramaria eumorpha (P. on soil Nilambur, Mohanan (2011); Karst.) Corner ≡Clavariella Kerala and Thind et al., (1983) eumorpha P. Karst. Gulmerg, Jammu & Kashmir 62. (Schaeff.) on soil and humus Mussoorie, Corner (1956) Quél. =Ramaria flava var. Uttarakhand Thind and Sukh Dev sanguine and Nilambur, (1957a); Mohanan Kerala (2011) 63. Ramaria flaviceps Corner, on soil in oak Mussoorie, Corner et al., (1956) K.S. Thind & Anand forest Uttarakhand 64. Ramaria flavoalba Corner in wood land Solan, Himachal Sharma et al., (1977) Pradesh 65. Ramaria flavobrunnescens on soil amid Mussoorie, Thind and Sukh Dev (Coker) Corner mosses under oak Uttarakhand and (1957a) and Sharda forest West Kameng, and Thind (1986) Arunachal Pradesh 66. Ramaria flavoviridis Corner on ground in Bakrota, Corner and Thind & K.S. Thind mixed Quercus- Dalhaousie, (1961) Cedrus forest Himachal Pradesh 67. (Pers.) on soil and humus Khasi hills, Berkeley (1856); Quél. =Clavaria formosa and Meghalaya; Mohanan (2011); Pers. on soil under oak Nilambur, Thind and Anand forest Kerala and (1956c) Mussoorie, Uttarakhand 68. (Pers.) on soil and humus Kandaghat, Sharma and Jandaik Quél. ≡ Clavaria gracilis Himachal (1978); Mohanan Pers. Pradesh and (2011) Peechi, Kerala 69. Ramaria holorubella (G.F. - Ranikhet, Thind and Rattan Atk.) Corner ≡Clavaria Uttarakhand and (1967) holorubella G.F. Atk. Dalhausi, Himachal Pradesh 70. Ramaria kisantuensis (Sacc.) on wood Uttarakhand Khurana and Thind Corner =Ramaria (1979) kisantuensis var. indica 2137

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Khurana & K.S. Thind 71. Ramaria laevispora Corner - Dalhousie, in Corner (1966) & K.S. Thind Himachal Pradesh 72. Ramaria moelleriana (Bres. on soil Mussoorie, Thind and Sukh Dev & Roum.) Corner Uttarakhand (1957b) 73. Ramaria obtusissima (Peck) on soil under oak, Mussoorie, Thind and Sukh Dev Corner Cedrus and pine Uttarakhand and (1957a b) and Sharda forests Shillong, and Thind (1986) Meghalaya 74. Ramaria ochrochlora Furrer- - Gulmerg, Thind et al., (1983) Ziogas & Schild Jammu & Kashmir 75. (Schaeff.) On humus rich Sholayar, Kerala Mohanan (2011) Ricken ≡Clavaria pallida soil Schaeff. 76. Ramaria perbrunnea Corner in Quercus forest Dalhousie, in Corner (1966) & K.S. Thind Himachal Pradesh 77. Ramaria petersenii K.S. in coniferous Himachal Thind and Sharda Thind & Sharda wood Pradesh (1984) 78. Ramaria pura Corner & K.S. in Quercus forest Dalhousie, in Corner (1966) Thind Himachal Pradesh 79. Ramaria purpurissima R.H. on soil Mussoorie, Thind and Anand Petersen & Scates ≡Ramaria Uttarakhand (1956a) fumigata var. gigantea K.S. Thind & Anand 80. Ramaria pusilla Corner on soil under oak Mussoorie, Thind and Sukh Dev forest and on dead Uttarakhand (1957b) needles of Cedrus forest 81. Marr & on soil under Jamiri- Sharda and Thind D.E. Stuntz hardwoods Buragaon, (1986) Arunachal Pradesh 82. Ramaria rubrogelatinosa - Dalhousie, in Corner (1966) Corner & K.S. Thind Himachal Pradesh and Mussoorie, Uttarakhand 83. Ramaria sandaracina Marr on soil under P. Elephant falls, Sharda and Thind & D.E. Stuntz kesiya forest Meghalaya and (1986) West Kameng, Arunachal

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Pradesh 84. (Coker) on moist soil Mussoorie, Thind and Sukh Dev Corner Uttarakhand (1957b) 85. Ramaria sikkimia S.S. Rattan on forest litter Darjeeling, Rattan and Khurana & Khurana West Bengal (1978) 86. (Pers.) Quél. - Khasi hills, Berkeley (1856) =Clavaria stricta Pers. Meghalaya 87. Ramaria subalpina K. Das & on soil, associated Sikkim, Das et al., (2016) K. Acharya with Abies densa Himalaya 88. Ramaria subaurantiaca on soil amid Mussoorie, Thind and Sukh Dev Corner mosses Uttarakhand (1957b) 89. (Coker) on soil under oak Mussoorie, Thind and Anand Corner forest Uttarakhand (1956a) 90. Ramaria subgelatinosa on soil Mussoorie, Thind and Sukh Dev Corner Uttarakhand (1957b) 91. Ramaria suecica (Fr.) Donk on humicolous West Kameng, Sharda and Thind soil or leaf-litter Arunachal (1986) under angiosperm Pradesh forest 92. Ramaria synaptopoda Marr on soil under Royle forest Sharda and Thind & D.E. Stuntz Pinus kesiya Shillong, (1986) Meghalaya 93. Ramariopsis asterella (G.F. on ground Sodepur, West Banerjee and Atk.) Corner ≡Clavaria Bengal Ganguly (1945) asterella G.F. Atk. 94. Ramariopsis biformis (G.F. on humus soil Mussoorie, Thind and Anand Atk.) R.H. Petersen Uttarakhand (1956b) =Clavulinopsis biformis var. elongata K.S. Thind & Anand 95. Ramariopsis kunzei (Fr.) in humicolous soil Mussoorie, Thind and Sukh Dev Corner under oak forest Uttarakhand and (1957a) and This Chikhaldara, article Maharashtra 96. Ramariopsis subtilis (Pers.) in wood residues Marwahi, Tiwari et al., (2013) R.H. Petersen and on humus Chhattusgarh, This article soil, Jabalpur under Pongamia Madhya Pradesh pinnata 97. Ramariopsis tenuicula on soil and on Chambaghat, Sharma and Munjal (Bourdot & Galzin) R.H. decaying and on Solan, Himachal (1977); Thind and Petersen =Clavulinopsis rotting leaves of Pradesh and Raswan (1958) tenuicula (Bourdot & Galzin) dead mosses Mussoorie, Corner ≡Clavaria tenuicula under oak forest Uttarakhand Bourdot & Galzin

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98. Scytinopogon angulisporus on ground Kolkata, Banerjee (1947); De (Pat.) Corner ≡Clavaria Burdwan, (1991) angulispora Pat. Rampurhat, West Bengal 99. Typhula himalayana (Corner) on dead leaves Mussoorie, Khurana (1980) Khurana ≡Pistillaria and stems of Uttarakhand and himalayana Corner Aconitum sp. Darjeeling, West Bengal 100. Typhula longispora Corner, on fern leaflets Mussoorie, Corner et al., (1957) K.S. Thind & Dev and rachis Uttarakhand 101. Typhula micans (Pers.) on dead leaves of Mussoorie, Thind and Sukh Dev Berthier ≡Clavaria micans compost Uttarakhand (1956) Pers. =Pistillaria granulata Pat. 102. Typhula ovata P. Karst. Cautlea lutea, on Mussoorie, Thind and Sukh Dev decayed leaves of Uttarakhand (1957a) Pteris cratica and a grass 103. Typhula phacorrhiza on decaying Kullu and Khurana (1980) (Reichard) Fr. ≡Clavaria leaves Langri, phacorrhiza Reichard Himachal Pradesh 104. Typhula pteridicola Khurana on decaying Himachal Khurana (1980) fronds of Pradesh Pteridophyta 105. Typhula pulgensis Khurana on decaying Himachal Khurana (1980) leaves Pradesh 106. Typhula setipes (Grev.) on dead and Mussoorie, Thind and Raswan Berthier ≡Pistillaria setipes decaying leaves Uttarakhand (1958) Grev. under the thick shade 107. Typhula thindii Khurana on stem and Tiffon's top, Khurana (1980) foliage of Nainital Hedychium Uttarakhand acuminatum 108. Typhula sclerotioides (Pers.) On decaying Pulga, Kullu, Khurana (1980) Fr. leaves and stem of Himachal herbaceous plants Pradesh

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Figs.1-2 Phaeoclavulina flacida, habit, fruit bodies attached to living stem of 12 years old teak tree

Figs. 3-4. Phaeoclavulina flaccida. Fruit bodied detached from living stem of 12 years old teak tree

Figures 5-6 Ramariopsis kunzei: habit

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Figures 7-8 Ramariopsis kunzei: 7 basidia and other tissue, 8 basidiospores

Figs. 9-10 Ramariopsis subtilis, 9 habit, 10 fruit body

Fig. 11-12 Ramariopsis subtilis: 11 cross section showing basidia and 12 basidiospores

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Table.2 Distribution of clavarioid fungi in India

S. Genera (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) Total N. UK HP JK Meg MP MS WB UP AP Ker CG Sik Arp 1. Aphelaria 1 ------1 2. Artomyces 1 ------1 3. Clavaria 6 3 1 - - 1 - 1 - 1 - - - 13 4. Clavariadelphus 2 - - 1 ------3 5. Clavulina 8 2 - - 1 - 2 ------13 6. Clavulinopsis 7 4 1 1 - - 2 ------15 7. Deflexula ------1 ------1 8. Gloeocantharellus ------1 - - - 1 9. Lachnocladium 1 - - 1 - - 1 ------3 10. Lentaria 1 ------1 - - - - 2 11. Multiclavula 1 ------1 12. Phaeoclavulina 1 - - - 1 1 ------3 13. Pterula - - - - - 2 ------2 14. Ramaria 19 11 2 4 - 1 1 - - 5 - 3 5 51 15. Ramariopsis 3 1 - - 2 1 1 - - - 1 - - 8 16. Scytinopogon ------1 ------1 17. Typhula 6 4 - - - - 1 ------11 Total 57 25 4 7 4 6 10 1 1 7 1 3 5 131 (UK = Uttarakhand, HP= Himachal Pradesh, JK= Jammu and Kashmir, Meg =Meghalaya, MP = Madhya Pradesh, MS =Maharashtra, WB = West Bengal, UP = Uttar Pradesh, Ker =Kerala, Sik =Sikkim, Arp =Arunachal Pradesh)

Occurrence and distribution of Aphelaria logs of Tectona grandis and Terminalia tuberosa and Artomyces pyxidatus are rare, tomentosa from Kolhapur, Maharashtra only one species these fungi were reported in (Parndekar, 1964). Clavaria versatilis literature. A. tuberosa was collected on soil =Ramaria versatilis was reported from Kerala from Uttarakhand (Thind and Sukh Dev, (Mohanan, 2011). 1956), while A. pyxidatus was collected on wood from the same state (Butler and Bisby, Out 3 species of Clavariadelphus reported 1931). Out of 13 species of Clavaria reported, from India, one species, C. himalayensis was 6 are from Uttarakhand these are C acuta, C. reported from Meghalaya (Methven, 1989) amoenoides, C. fragilis, C. vermicularis, C. and another two, C. junceus and C. truncatus zollingeri and C. indica (Corner et al., 1956; from Uttarakhand (Thind and Anand, 1956b; Corner et al., 1958; Thind and Sukh Dev, Thind and Sukh Dev, 1956). Eleven species 1956; Thind and Anand, 1956c). Three Clavulina were reported from north and species were reported from Himachal Pradesh central India and West Bengal. Out of them 8 including C. angulispora, C. cretacea and C. species namely, C. amethystinoides, C. crosslandii (Sharma and Munjal, 1977). One bessonii, C. cartilaginea, C. cinerea, C. species each were reported from Uttar coralloides, C. hispidulosa, C. mussooriensis Pradesh, West Bengal, and Jammu & and C. subrugosa were reported from Kashmir these are, C. gollanii, C. incarnate Uttarakhand (Corner et al., 1956, 1958; Thind and C. jacquemontii (Butler and Bisby, 1931; and Anand, 1956b, 1956c; Thind and Raswan, Thind and Rattan, 1967; Leveille, 1844). An 1958; Thind and Sukh Dev, 1956). C. cinerea unidentified species was reported on dead was reported from Madhya Pradesh and

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Uttarakhand (Dehariya et al., 2010; Thind and these are: Ramaria brevispora, Anand, 1956c). C. rugosa was reported from R. camelicolor, R. clarobrunnea, R. concolor, Himachal Pradesh (Sharma and Munjal, R. echinovirens, R. flava, R. flaviceps, 1977) while C. ornatipes was reported from R. flavobrunnescens, R. holorubella, R. Himachal Pradesh and West Bengal kisantuensis, R. moelleriana, R. obtusissima, (Berkeley, 1856; Thind and Rattan, 1967) and R. purpurissima, R. pusilla, C. limosa from sal forest of West Bengal R. rubrogelatinosa, R. sanguinea, R. (Thind and Sharda, 1984). subaurantiaca, R. subbotrytis, R. subgelatinosa (Corner et al., 1956, 1957, Fifteen species of Clavulinopsis were reported 1958; Khurana and Thind, 1979; Sharma and from India out of them 8 species were Jandaik, 1978; Thind and Anand 1956a; reported from Uttarakhand these are C. Thind and Rattan, 1967; Thind and Sukh Dev, alcicornis, C. aurantiocinnabarina, C. 1957a b). Eleven species namely, R. aurea, corniculata, C. dichotoma, C. fusiformis, C. R. concolor, R. flavoalba, R. flavoviridis, R. helvola, C. laeticolor and C. subtilis (Butler gracilis, R. holorubella, R. laevispora, R. and Bisby, 1931; Thind and Anand, 1956b; perbrunnea, R. petersenii, R. pura and R. Thind and Raswan, 1958; Thind and Sukh rubrogelatinosa were reported from Himachal Dev, 1957b). One species, C. corniculata was Pradesh (Corner, 1966; Corner and Thind, reported from both Uttarakhand and Jammu 1961; Das, 2009; Sharma and Jandaik, 1978; & Kashmir (Butler and Bisby, 1931; Thind Sharma et al., 1977; Thind and Rattan, 1967; and Anand, 1956b). Four species were Thind and Sharda, 1984). Five species each of reported from Himachal Pradesh namely C. Ramaria were reported from Arunachal amoena, C. fusiformis and C. semivestita Pradesh and Kerala. Species reported from (Sharma and Munjal, 1977; Thind and Rattan, Arunachal Pradesh include, R. camelicolor, R. 1967; Thind and Sharda, 1982). 2 species, C. flavobrunnescens, R. rasilispora, R. laeticolor and C. sulcata were reported from sandaracina and R. suecica (Sharda and West Bengal (Banerjee, 1947; Thind and Thind (1986) while species reported from Rattan, 1967; Thind and Sharda, 1986, 1987) Kerala are: R. apiculata, R. eumorpha, R. and one species, C. laeticolor was reported flava, R. gracilis and R. pallida (Mohanan, from Meghalaya (Berkeley, 1852a). 2011; Sharma and Jandaik, 1978; Thind et al., 1983). Two species, R. eumorpha, R. Phaeoclavulina flaccida previously reported ochrochlora were reported from Jammu and as Ramaria flaccida is distributed world- Kashmir (Thind et al., 1983). R. aurea, R. wide. It was a reported occurring on dead brevispora and R. subalpina were reported leaves and twigs of oak and pine (Thind and from Sikkim, Himalaya (Das, 2009; Das et Anand, 1956a) and attached to the base of al., 2016). 4 species of Ramaria are reported young teak tree (this article). 3 species, from Meghalaya: R. formosa, R. obtusissima, Phaeoclavulina zippelii ≡Clavaria zippelii, R. stricta and R. synaptopoda (Berkeley, Pterula indica and P. verticillata were 1856; Sharda and Thind, 1986). One species reported from Maharashtra (Senthilarasu, each of Ramaria was reported from 2013a b). Maharashtra and West Bengal these are R. apiculata and R. sikkimia (Patil and Thite, Total 39 species of Ramaria were reported 1977; Rattan and Khurana, 1978; Thite et al., from 51 places in India and most of the 1976). species were from northern India (Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh). Out of Ramariopsis kunzei ≡Clavaria kunzei was them 19 were reported from Uttarakhand, recorded from mixed , redwood and 2144

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(12): 2129-2147 hard wood forest. The species is distributed in 1956, 1957a). Some clavarioid fungi are also North America, (including Hawaii and Puerto edible, but biomasses in fruit bodies of these Rico) in Northern Michigan and California, fungi are very less. Edible species includes: Scotland, the Netherlands, Norway, Ramaria subalpina (Das et al., 2016). Czechoslovakia, Germany, Poland and Russia. It has also been reported from China, Records on 17 genera of clavarioid fungi were India, Iran, the Solomon Islands and compiled from 13 states of India. Uttarakhand Australia. In North America, the distribution have shown maximum diversity of these fungi extends north to Canada, the species reported representing 13 genera and 57 species to be edible. In the present study this species followed by Himachal Pradesh and West was collected from Maharashtra and Bengal. Phaeoclavulina flaccida, described (Fig. 5-8). Earlier it was reported Ramariopsis kunzei and R. subtilis were from Uttarakhand (Thind and Sukh Dev, described and reported from Madhya Pradesh 1957a). Ramariopsis subtilis ≡Clavaria and Maharashtra. subtilis is distributed in U.S.A., North America, Europe and India on different Clavarioid frungi belonging to 17 genera substrates like, humus soil under tree, ferns namely, Aphelaria, Artomyces, Clavaria, and Eucalyptus. It was also recorded on wood Clavariadelphus, Clavulina, Clavulinopsis, residues on soil from Chhattisgarh. Two Deflexula, Gloeocantharellus, species of Ramariopsis, R. kunzei and R. Lachnocladium, Lentaria, Multiclavula, tenuicula ≡Clavaria tenuicula were reported Phaeoclavulina, Pterula, Ramaria, from Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh Ramariopsis, Scytinopogon and Typhula were (Sharma and Munjal, 1977; Thind and recorded from 131 places from 13 states of Raswan, 1958; Thind and Sukh Dev, 1957a). India. Genus Ramaria distributed widely and R. asterella from West Bengal (Banerjee and represented by collections from 49 places Ganguly, 1945) and R. subtilis from followed by Clavulinopsis (15), Clavaria and Chhattisgarh (Tiwari et al., 2013) were also Clavulina (13 each) and, Typhula (11). reported. In the present study the species is Genera like Aphelaria, Artomyces, Deflexula, again collected and described from Jabalpur, Gloeocantharellus, Multiclavula and Madhya Pradesh (Fig. 9-12). Ramariopsis Scytinopogon are least diverse in distribution biformis =Clavulinopsis biformis var. and collected from only one place (Table 2). elongata was reported from Uttarakhand (Thind and Anand, 1956b). Acknowledgements

The only species, Scytinopogon angulisporus The authors are thankful to Dr. G. Rajeshwar ≡Clavaria angulispora was reported from Rao, Director, Tropical Forest Research West Bengal (Banerjee, 1947; De, 1991). 10 Institute, Jabalpur for providing the research species of Typhula were reported from facilities. The work presented was conducted Himalayan regions including Himachal under project ID No. 224/TFRI/2016/Patho- Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West Bengal 1(22) funded by India Council of Forest (Darjeeling). These includes: T. himalayana, Research & Education (ICFRE), Dehradun. T. longispora, T. micans, T. ovata, T. phacorrhiza, T. pteridicola, T. pulgensis, References T. sclerotioides, T. setipes and T. thindii (Corner et al., 1957; Khurana, 1980; Thind Banerjee S.N. (1947). Fungous Flora of and Raswan, 1958; Thind and Sukh Dev, Calcutta suburbs I. Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 1: 37-54. 2145

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How to cite this article:

Verma, R.K. and Vimal Pandro. 2018. Diversity and Distribution of Clavarioid Fungi in India, Three Fungi from Central India. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 7(12): 2129-2147. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.712.242

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