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Henrietta Louisa Jebeys, Oxford University and the Pomfi-Et Benefaction of 175 5 : Vertu Made Visible

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Henrietta Louisa Jebeys, Oxford University and the Pomfi-Et Benefaction of 175 5 : Vertu Made Visible Henrietta Louisa JeBeys, Oxford University and the Pomfi-et Benefaction of 175 5 : Vertu made Visible Dennine Lynette Dudley B.A., University of Victoria, 1988 M.A., University of Victoria, 1992 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of History in Art 0Denni.eLynette Dudley, 2004 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This dissertation may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopying of other means, without the permission of the author. Supervisor: Dr. Paul B. Wood ABSTRACT In 1755 Henrietta Louisa Jeffreys, Countess of Pomfret, donated a substantial collection of Greco-Roman statuary to the University of Oxford. Once part of a larger collection assembled under Thomas Howard, 14th Earl of Arundel, the statues had descended to Jeffreys through the family of her husband, Thomas Ferrnor, having been purchased in 1691 for their country seat at Easton Neston in Northamptonshire. Oxford gratefully received this benefaction and it was publicly (and variously) commemorated. Emphasis on 'quality' and reliance on 'authority' have previously obscured the importance of the Pomfret statuary, subsuming it within Arundel's iconic connoisseurship. Interdisciplinary in approach, this dissertation employs new archival evidence to resituate the Pomfret marbles within larger historical and art-historical contexts and (citing contemporary images and texts) re-evaluates the collection's cultural significance. Adopting the approach of Dr. Carol Gibson-Wood, my work augments new scholarship concerned with reassessing the character of the early modern art market and its associated collecting practices. The primary concern in the dissertation is restoring the voice of Henrietta Louisa Jeffreys, whose motives for the benefaction have previously been misrepresented. Her personal response to social and cultural conditions actuated both her obtaining the statues and her dispensing of them. A second concern is to contextualize Oxford's status within the socio-political discourse of early Georgian England in order to demonstrate that the Pomfret collection was genuinely valuable to the Ufiiversity. The collection provided a collective symbol of vertu (which implied commitment to correct moral behaviour and taste) for that embattled academic institution and identified Oxford as a location of national importance. The dissertation's structure is provided with a third consideration which ultimately incorporates the other two - the provenance of the statuary. While proceeding chronologically from Arundel's acquisition through Oxford's reception, the historical details are augmented with analyses of how the collection was promoted and perceived. By revealing how ideals and ideologies of vertu informed the collection, its donation, its publicists, and its audience, this dissertation addresses the wider significance of the Pomfret benefaction in early modern England. Table of Contents Title Page ............................................................................................i .. Abstract .............................................................................................. ii Table of Contents ................................................................................iv . List of Figures.. .................................................................................vii . Format.............................................................................................. .ix Abbreviations.. ................................................................................... xi .. Acknowledgements ............................................................................ .xi1 . Dedication.. ..................................................................................... .xiv Frontispiece.. .....................................................................................xv Introduction .................................................................... .1 introduction to the Pomfret donation; description of the 1757 Oxford Almanack, its purpose explained; themes of the dissertation; methodological summary; outline of chapter contents. Chapter 1: Henrietta Louisa Jeffreys ...................................11 background: issues, sources, structure; youth: birth, family, religion; years at court: marriage, status, children, social circles; retirement from court: 1738-1741 continental trip, return to England, studies, family concerns, 1749-1751 in France; widowhood: death of Lord Pomfret; her later years. Chapter 2: The Arundel Collection, 1612-1691........... ...... 49 16th-17th century virtuosity: theories of connoisseurship, the Arundels, early Stuart England; origins of the collection: Arundels in Italy, history of acquisitions, selffashioning, publicity, reception; the inscriptions: scholarly interest, reputation and public awareness; later Stuart England: Arundel's intentions, civil war, family succession, John Evelyn's role & agenda; the inscriptions again: donated to Oxford, further publicized; the statues: Evelyn's plan, dispersal. Chapter 3: Easton Neston and the Pomfret Predicament.. .......84 dispersal of the Arundel collection: Wilton, Cupid's Gardens, Richard Mead, Chiswick; Easton Neston: Fermor status, "exhibiting" the collection, Pomfiet inherits; antiquarian connections: general background, evaluation of sources; Pomfret ownership: restoration, conservation, preservation, publication and publicity; the later provenance: the original intent, the contingency plan, Oxford involvement. Chapter 4:Oxford University at Risk ................................ 138 Oxford history: the questions, the Restoration; scholarship; early Hanoverian Oxford; Oxford ideology under George II: Whigs and Tories; 1 748 sedition charges, the Oxford Almanack, 1 749 Solemnity at the RadclifSe Library, 1 753 King Alfred resurrected; 1754: enrollment dropping, the Rag Plot and the county election, two explanations for the Almanack; 1755: the Pomfret benefaction, Minerva at the academy; Oxford joins the modern world. Chapter 5: The Public Face of Vertu................................ .17 1 the concerned parties: the institution, the public, the disenfranchised, negotiating the boundaries; the Publick Act 1756: ceremony days 1-3, publicity, reception, the catalogue, the stele; expression and agenda in associated literature: Oxford guidebooks, scholars' poems, alumnus encomium, a novel dedication; personal gratitudes: Oxford hospitality, the honorary doctorate; the Publick Act 1759: special invitation, Westmoreland's installation, the Encaenia, the statuary revisited, Bardwell portrait; final interactions: gifts, JefSreys ' death, daughters ' predicament, Oxford burial, St. Mary's memorial. Conclusion................................................................... .2 16 Jeneys ' historical reputation, Walpole 's motivations, the 19th century, the 20th century, now. Bibliography................................................................................... -227 Appendix: Image Permissions........................................................... ,252 vii List of Figures Frontispiece . Vertu made visible ..............................................................................xv Chapter 1 Figure 1.1. Henrietta Louisa Jeffreys. Countess of Pomfret .................... 10 Figure 1.2. Jeffreys7 social diaries ........................................................13 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1. Thomas Howard. 14th Earl of Arundel. with statue gallery ....48 Figure 2.2. Alatheia Talbot. Countess of Arundel. with painting gallery ...52 Figure 2.3. the Arundel "Homerus" (right) ..............................................68 Figure 2.4. Greek funerary relief .........................................................79 Chapter 3 Figure 3.1. Easton Neston. east facade with garden and statuary .............. 83 Figure 3.2. The Cascade at Wilton with classical statuary ....................... 86 Figure 3.3. Cupid's Gardens classical fragments ....................................89 Figure 3.4. Discourse on prints. catalogues and Fermor statuary ........... 103 Figure 3.5. Roman bust at Wilton ........................................................111 Figure 3.6. Sleeping Cupid. Rome .....................................................130 Figure 3.7. Pallas Athena (Minerva). cameo in the Greek style .............. 132 Figure 3.8. Pomfret Marbles as displayed in the Old Schools. Oxford .... 136 Chapter 4 Figure 4.1. Oxford: "the proud Piles of Ancient Art" (T. Warton) ............ 137 Figure 4.2. The Opening of the Radcliffe Library ................................148 Figure 4.3. Radcliffe Library. St . Mary's church at left ........................ 151 Figure 4.4. Cherubs supporting Alfred and University College .............. 153 Figure 4.5. Commemorating the Pomfret benefaction ........................... 161 Figure 4.6. Minerva and Alma Mater .................................................-163 Figure 4.7. Learning prevents Time's destruction ................................165 Figure 4.8. Sculpture and Learning discuss the Trojan War .................. 166 Figure 4.9. Architecture and Geometry plan the museum ...................... 168 Chapter 5 Figure 5.1. Jeffreys' diary entries relating to the Publick Act ................ 174 Figure 5.2. The Pomfret Minerva (Pallas Athena) ................................ 182 Figure 5.3. Table of Contents with Pomfret Statues.............................. 186 Figure 5.4. Announcement of Gratitude. second
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